Family 19. GRAMINEAELiterature:Bor, NL. 1960. The Grasses of Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan.Henty, A. 1969. A Manual of the Grasses of New Guinea.Gilliland, HB. 1971. Flora of Malaya 3Veldkamp, JF. Checklist

Acroceras Stapf Acroceras munroanum (Balansa) Henrard, Blumea 3 (1940) 444.Panicum crassiapiculatum Merr., PJS 1 (1906) SuppI. 356; EPFP 1 (1922) 63.E India, Sri Lanka to S China, Java. PALAWAN, BALABAC, MINDANAO (Agusan). In thickets and along trails in forests at low altitudes.

Agrostis Linnaeus Revision:Veldkamp, J.F. 1982. Agrostis (Gramineae) in Malesia and Taiwan. Blumea 28 (1982) 199-228. Agrostis infirma Buse, Pl. Jungh. 342.Agrostis rigidula Steud., Syn. 1 (Apr. 1854) 171; --Veldk., Blumea 28 (1982) 214, map 1. Agrostis elmeri Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 29 (1905) 7, PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 375, 5 (1910) Bot.

328; EPFP 1 (1922) 81; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 53, t. 1.var. infirma S China, Taiwan, Malesia: New Guinea, Lesser Sunda Isls (Timor), Sulawesi, Java, and The Philippines. LUZON (Cordillera Highlands), NEGROS: Negros Occidental (Mt Canlaon), MINDANAO, 1600-2800m. Agrostis stolonifera L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 62.var. ramosa (SF Gray) Veldk., Blumea 28 (1982) 223. Agrostis alba auct. non L., --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 81.Widespread in temperate and subtemperate countries, a native of Europe and Asia. In Malesia: Sumatra (Gunung Kirinci), introduced elsewhere, e.g. Java (Gunung Tengger), Borneo (Mt Kinabalu) and Philippines: LUZON: Benguet (Mt Sto Tomas), along trails in open forest, c. 1500m.

Alloteropsis C Presl 1. Alloteropsis cimicina (L.) Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9 (1919) 487.Africa to China and N Australia. LUZON, CEBU, MINDANAO. 2. Alloteropsis semialata (R Br.) A Hitchc., Contr. US Nat. Herb. 12 (1909) 210; --Chase in Proc.

BioI. Soc. Wash. 24 (1911) 159; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 70; --Santos, Guide to Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986): 53, t. 2.

Africa to S China, Taiwan, and tropical Australia. LUZON: Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, Ilocos Norte, Cordillera Highlands, Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, Zambales, Laguna, MASBATE, MINDANAO. Perennials. Open grassy slopes at low and medium altitudes, ascending to 1800m.

Amphilophis (Hackel) Nash =Botriochloa

Ancistrachne ST Blake Ancistrachne ancylotricha (Quisumb. & Merr.) ST Blake, Univ. Queensl. Papers, Dept.

Biol., i. No. 19, (1941) 6. Panicum ancylotrichum Quisumb. & Merr.; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 55, t. 3MINDANAO: Davao Oriental (Mati), only known from one collection, Clemens 266. In thickets or open lands, alt. c. 650m.

Andropogon LinnaeusNo indigenous representative of Andropogon sensu stricto has been reported in the Philippines, but Bothriochloa, Capillipedium, Dichanthium and Schizachyrium has been placed in the genus by earlier authors. Andropogon gayanus Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1 (1829) 163.var. bisquamulatus (Hochst.) HackelSaid to have been introduced in the Philippines, but not where. PROSEA 4 (1992) 44 has 3 (!) vernacular names for it! This is a ‘new’ genus for Malesia. Native of Africa.

Andropogon (Philippine spp.) =various genera, see preceding.

Aniselytron Merrill Aniselytron agrostoides Merr., in Merr. & Merritt, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 329; EPFP 1 (1922) 82. –

Type: Aulacolepis agrostoides (Merr.) Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 4 (1935) 30. Taiwan and the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet (Mt Pulog). Alt. 2400-2800m. Easily confused with Agrostis infirma.

Anthoxanthum Linnaeus Revision:Schouten, Y. & JF Veldkamp. 1985. A revision of Anthoxanthum including Hierochlöe

(Gramineae) in Malesia and Thailand. Blumea 30 (1985) 319-351. Anthoxanthum horsfieldii (Kunth ex Bennett) Mez [in Fedde, Repert. 17 (1921) 291, nomen]

ex Reeder, J. Arnold Arb. 24 (1950) 325, 327.var. luzoniense (Merr.) Y Schouten, Blumea 30 (1985) 337; --Anthoxanthum luzoniense Merr., PJS

1 (1906) SuppI. 178; 372; EPFP 1 (1922) 78; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 55, t. 4.

LUZON: Benguet, unless synonymous with var. formosanum (Honda) Veldk., J. Jap. Bot. 68 (1993) 344, from Taiwan. In open grasslands and forest edges, 2000-2800m.

Apluda Linnaeus 1. Apluda mutica L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 82; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 79; EPFP 1 (1922) 36.Apluda mutica var. aristata (L.) Rendle ex Forbes & Hemsl., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 36 (1904) 279; --Merr., Fl.

Manila (1912) 80; EPFP 1 (1922) 36.Arabia eastward to India to S China across Malesia to Australia, New Caledonia and Polynesia. Throughout the Philippines in thickets and open grasslands up to 1800m.

Aristida Linnaeus 1. Aristida adscencionis L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 52.Worldwide in warm regions; variable. –Not in Veldkamp’s checklist. 2. Aristida chinensis Munro, Proc. Amer. Acad. 4 (1864-65) 363.Thailand to S China and the Philippines: MINDANAO. 3. Aristida culionensis Pilger ex Perkins, Frag. FI. Philip. (1904) 145; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1923)

78; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 56, t. 5.Thailand, N Peninsular Malaysia to S Vietnam, Philippines: BUSUANGA, CULION. In open grasslands at low altitudes. Perennials. 4. Aristida cumingiana Trin. & Rupr., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI 7 (1849) 141; --Merr., FI. Manila

(1912) 99; EPFP 1 (1922) 79.Aristida diminuta (Mez) CE Hubb., Kew Bull. 1949 (1950) 480.Tropical Africa to India, China, across Malesia and Queensland. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cordillera Highlands, Pangasinan, Rizal, BUSUANGA, CULION, and MINDANAO: Bukidnon. In open dry grasslands at low and medium altitudes, ascending to 1500m. Annuals. 5. Aristida holathera Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 85 (1915) 340.Aristida tenuisetulosa (Pilger) Mez, Fedde Repert. 17 (1921) 147; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 79.W Australia to Queensland, Philippines: LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Zambales, Pampanga, Ba taan. In dry open sandy soil at low and medium altitudes.

Arthraxon Palisot de Beauvois 1. Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 26 (July, 1912) 214; --Merr., PJS 7 c

(1912) Bot. 229; EPFP 1 (1922) 41; 4 (1925) 241.Arthraxon quartinianus (A Rich.) Nash, N. Am. Flora 17 (1912, Sept. 18) 99; --Merr., PJS 7 (1912, Sept. 30)

Bot. 229; Fl. Manila (1912) 77; EPFP 1 (1922) 42.var. hispidusAfrica to Japan and Queensland. Widespread in Malesia. LUZON: Cagayan, Cordillera Highlands, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, MINDANAO: Lanao. In damp places about streams, in old rice paddies, etc., at medium altitudes, ascending to 1600m. Occasionally near sea level. 2. Arthraxon lancifolius (Trin.) Hochst., Flora 39 (1856) 188. Arthraxon microphyllus (Trin.) Hochst., Flora 39 (1856) 188; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 42. Africa to SE Asia, and here and there in Malesia. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, MountainProvince, Benguet, open slopes in the pine region, 1200-2000m, MINDANAO.

Arundinella Raddi4 species.1. Arundinella ciliata (Roxb.) Nees ex Miq., Verh. Nederl. Inst. 3, 4 (1851) 30; --Merr., EPFP 1

(1922) 52.India to the Philippines: LUZON: Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, Benguet. On open slopes, about cliffs, etc., 800-1600m. Note: Not in Veldkamp’s checklist

2. Arundinella humilior (Hackel) Jansen, Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 232.Arundinella miliacea Nees in Hook., J. Bot. Kew Miscel. 2 (1850) 102; --Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885)

158; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 52.Arundinella montalbanica Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3807, pro syn., no Latin descr.Lesser Sunda Isls (Sumba). LUZON: Apayao, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, SAMAR, PANAY. Perennial. 3. Arundinella holcoides (Kunth) Trin., Bull. Sc. Acad. Petersb. 1 (1836) 71.Arundinella agrostoides Trin., Sp. Gram. Icon. (1836) 23, t. 265; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 85; EPFP 1

(1922) 52; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 57, t. 6.Myanmar to New Guinea. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan, Rizal, MINDORO, MINDANAO. Open grasslands and ledges along small streams at low altitudes. 4. Arundinella pubescens Merr. & Hackel, PJS 2 c (1907) Bot. 419; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 52.Taiwan and the Philippines: PALAWAN. On river banks at low altitudes. Annual. 5. Arundinella setosa Trin., Diss. 2 (1824) 63; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 52.India to China through Peninsular Malaysia to New Guinea. LUZON: Cagayan, Isabela, Mountain Province, Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya, Zambales, Rizal, MINDORO, BUSUANGA, CULION, MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Open grasslands, on cliffs, etc., at low and medium altitudes, ascending to 2000m.

Arundo Linnaeus 1. Arundo donax L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 81; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 58, t. 7.Mediterranean to S China. In the Philippines: LUZON, SAMAR. forma versicolor (Miller) Beetle, Phytologia 38 (1978) 174. Leaves with white longitudinal stripes. Cultivated as an ornamental and escaping. In Java the leaves has disappeared in some populations. Propagation apparently vegetatively only. 2. Arundo formosana Hackel, Bull. Herb. Boiss. 7 (1899) 724; --Hatusima, Mem. Fac. Agr.

Kagoshima Univ. 5 (1966) 55. Ryukyus (Iriomote), Taiwan and the Philippines: BATAN, SAMAR.

Asthenochloa Büse 1. Asthenochloa tenera Büse in Miq. PI. Jungh. (Feb. 1854) 367; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 49; --

Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 59, t. 8.Pulau Condor (‘Andor’), Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Sulawesi and the Philippines: LUZON: Benguet, PANAY. Steep open slopes up to 1400m. A monotypic genus. One of the few endemic Malesian grass genera.

Aulacolepis Hackel =Aniselytron

Avena Linnaeus 1. Avena fatua L., Sp. PI. (1753) 80; --Merr.; EPFP 1 (1922) 83.

Probably originated in the Near East, introduced elsewhere. LUZON: Benguet, alt. 1500m.

2. Avena sativa L., Sp. PI. (1753) 79; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 83.Probably originated in the Near East, cultivated in many forms. LUZON: Mountain Province, above 1500m.

.

Axonopus Palisot de Beauvois 1. Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P Beauv., Ess. Agrost. (1812) 12, 154, 167; --Santos, Guide

Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 59, t. 9.Native of tropical America, now throughout the tropics. Introduced in the Philippines after World War II, now widely cultivated as a lawn grass. 2. Axonopus fissifolius (Raddi) Kuhlm., Comm. Linh. Telegr. Matto Grosso Amaz., Annexo 5

Bot., 11 (1922) 87.Axonopus affinis Chase, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 28 (1938) 180.Native of (sub-) tropical America, introduced elsewhere. LUZON. Often confused with the preceding and so under-collected. Usually above 900m.

Bothriochloa Kuntze 2 species.1. Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz.) ST Blake, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensl. 80 (1969) 62.Andropogon intermedius var. haenkei (C Presl) Hackel in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 486; --Merr., FI.

Manila (1912) 83; EPFP 1 (1922) 46.Bothriochloa glabra (Roxb.) A Camus, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 1930, n. s. 76 (1931) 164.Africa to Australia. LUZON: Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, La Union, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Rizal, Batangas, MINDORO, PALAWAN, NEGROS, BOHOL, MINDANAO. Open grasslands at low and medium altitudes. 2. Bothriochloa ewartiana (Domin) CE Hubb., Kew Bull. (1934) 444. Australia, Sumbawa, Timor. LUZON. 3. Bothriochloa kwashotensis (Hayata) Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. & Geobot., Kyoto 11 (1942) 168.Capillipedium kwashotense (Hayata) Hsu, J. Jap. Bot. 37 (1962) 280; --Hatusima, Mem. Fac. Agr.

Kagoshima Univ. 5 (1966) 55.S Ryukyus, Taiwan, Lanyu and the Philippines: BATAN. On littoral rocky cliff, locally frequent. Reported on LUZON by Veldkamp.

Brachiaria Grisebach =Urochloa

Brachypodium Palisot de Beauvois1 species.1. Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P. Beauv., Agrost. (1812) 146. (or is it 155?)Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P. Beauv., subsp. luzoniense Hackel, PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 269; --Merr.,

EPFP 1 (1922) 93. According to Henty, the authority is: (Hackel) Hara, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 52 (1938) 227.

Brachypodium sylvaticum var. asperum Hackel, PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 269; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 93.Bromus luzonensis C Presl, ReI. Haenk. 1 (1828) 262; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 93.Bromus pauciflorus auct., non (Thunb.) Hackel; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 92.

var. pseudo-distachyon JD Hook. Kashmir to Taiwan and New Guinea. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province. Open slopes, steep slopes in damp shaded ravines, 1600-2500m.

Bromus Linnaeus1 species.Bromus catharticus Vahl, Symb. Bot. 2 (1791) 22; --Veldk., Blumea 35 (1991) 487.Native of S America, introduced to many countries as a forage and naturalized. In the Philippines thus far known only from LUZON: Benguet (Haight’s Place) Bromus morrisonensis Honda, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 42 (1928) 137; --Veldk., Blumea 35 (1991) 492.Bromus pauciflorus auct., non (Thunb.) Hackel; --Merr. in PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 386; EPFP 1 (1922) 92.Taiwan and the Philippines: LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet. In wet open grassy places, 1500-2400m.

Calamagrostis Roth =Deyeuxia

Capillipedium (Hackel) Stapf4 species.1. Capillipedium arachnoideum Henrard, Blumea 3 (1940) 458.Andropogon cinctus auct. non Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1 (1854) 398; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 43.Widespread in Malesia from Sumatra to New Guinea. BATAN, BABUYAN ISLS, LUZON (Cordillera Highlands) and MINDANAO. Open grasslands to 1800m. 2. Capillipedium assimile (Steud.) Camus in Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Indo -Chine 7 (1922) 314.India to S China, Taiwan and the Philippines: LUZON, MINDANAO. 3. Capillipedium parviflorum (R Br.) Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop. Africa 9 (1917) 169.Andropogon micranthus Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1 (1829) 165; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 46.N Africa to China through Malesia to tropical Australia and the Pacific. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Zambales, MINDANAO. Open grasslands chiefly at medium altitudes, ascending to 2300m. 4. Capillipedium spicigerum (Benth.) ST Blake, Dept. Biol. Univ. Queensl. 22 (1944) 43;

--Andropogon micranthus Kunth var. spicigerus Hackel in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 489; --Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 336.

An Australian species, also known from New Guinea, Timor, Flores and the Philippines. CAMIGUIN, CEBU.

Cenchrus Linnaeus3 species.Cenchrus brownii Roemer & Schultes, Systema Vegetabilium 2 1825Cenchrus echinatus auctt. males., non L.Cenchrus viridis Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1 (1825) 301; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 74.S America, introduced elsewhere. LUZON, CULION, PALAWAN, NEGROS, MANTIGUI, SAMAR, MINDANAO, JOLO, Annuals. A widely distributed weed in settled areas, occurring generally in open waste places in and about towns. Cenchrus caliculatus Cav., Ic. v. 39. t. 463. Merrill (1923) *

N Australia, to New Zealand, S Pacific; Malesia: Lesser Sunda Isls (Timor, Alor), Papua New Guinea; MINDANAO. Perennials. Cenchrus echinatus L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 1050.Cenchrus echinatus C Presl, ReI. Haenk. 1 (1830) 317; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 95.Warmer regions of the New World, introduced elsewhere, e.g. LUZON: Manila, PALAWAN, CEBU, SAMAR (1 collection each). Most specimens so far seen from the Philippines were misidentified C. brownei.

Centosteca Desvaux =Centotheca

Centotheca Desvaux Centotheca lappacea (L.) Desv., Nuov. Bull. Soc. Philom. 2 (1810) 189.Centotheca latifolia Trin., Fund. Agrost. (1820) 141; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 100; EPFP 1 (1922) 91.India to Polynesia, Australia. Widespread in the Philippines: BATAN, LUZON, SAN MIGUEL, MINDORO, BUSUANGA, PALAWAN, CAGAYAN DE SULU, PANAY, CEBU, LEYTE, SAMAR, CAMIGUIN, MINDANAO, JOLO. In thickets, forests, and clearings from sea level to c. 1000m. Shade-loving, usually the only grass in some types of forest. Centotheca philippinensis (Merr.) Froideville, Blumea 19 (1971) 60; --Ramosia philippinensis

Merr., PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 2; EPFP 1 (1922) 92. --Type: BS 23607 Ramos.Australia (Queensland), New Guinea and Philippines: LUZON: Sorsogon, GUIMARAS. Rare.

Chamaeraphis R Brown =Pseudoraphis

Chionachne R Brown Chionachne biaurita Hackel, PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 263; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 29; --Jansen,

Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 253; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 63, t. 12.LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet (Bued River). On fresh talus slopes, untilled soil, etc., c. 1200m. Chionachne punctata (R Br.) Jannink, Blumea 47 (2002) 566; --Sclerachne punctata R Br.,

Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar. (1838) 15.Java, Kangean Isl., Madura, LUZON: check JV Santos coll. records. A distribution reminiscent of that of C. subtilis (Steud.) Miq.

Chloris Swartz Chloris barbata (L.) Sw., Fl. Ind. Occ. 1 (1797) 200; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 103; EPFP 1 (1922) 84;

Santos: 64, t. 13.Chloris infiata Llanos, Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 31; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 84; Chloris inflata Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. 1 (1821) 105.Pantropic weed of American origin. Common in and about towns (along roadsides, wastelands) in many parts of lowland Philippines: LUZON, MINDORO, PALAWAN, NEGROS, CEBU, MINDANAO.

Chloris clementis Merr., PJS 40 (1929) 181; --Jansen, Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 253. –Type: UC 347514.LUZON: Pangasinan. Chloris gayana Kunth., Rev. Gram. 1 (1830) 89, 293. t. 58; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. Fauna (1986)

xx, t. 14.Africa, introduced elsewhere. 'Throughout the Philippines' (Santos: 66), only seen from

LUZON.

Chrysopogon Trinius4 species.Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin., Fund. Agrost. (1820) 188; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. &

Fauna 4 (1986) 67, t. 15; --Andropogon aciculatus Retz., Obs. 5 (1789) 22; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 83; EPFP 1 (1922) 42.

India to China, across Malesia to tropical Australia and Polynesia. Throughout the Philippines: LUZON, PALAWAN, CEBU, SAMAR, MINDANAO. Open places at low and medium altitudes; very common lawn and roadside grass, a veritable pest on account of its spikelets adhering to fur, clothing, etc. Chrysopogon festucoides (C Presl) Veldk., Austrobaileya 5 (1999) 512; --Vetiveria festucoides

(C Presl) Ohwi, Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus., No. 18 (1947) 4; --Andropogon festucoides C Presl, ReI. Haenk. 1. (1828) 340; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 44.

E India to Vietnam, W and E Java, Philippines. LUZON: Pampanga, Nueva Ecija. Rare. In open level lands, rice-paddy banks, etc., at low altitudes. Roots not aromatic.

Chrysopogon fulvum (not in Veldkamp’s checklist) Chrysopogon nemoralis (Balansa) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Sing. 11 (1947) 297.Chrysopogon philippinensis (Merr.) Henrard, Blumea 4 (1941) 532; --Andropogon gryllus var. philippinensis

Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 368; EPFP 1 (1922) 45.Indochina, Peninsular Malaysia, Philippines: PANAY, BS 30964 Ramos & Edaño. On boulders and ledges along streams at low altitudes. Very rare. Chrysopogon orientalis (Desv.) A Camus in Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Indo -Chine 7 (1922) 332.Sri Lanka, S India to S China. ‘Only known to me in Malesia from the Malay Pen. and CE Sumatra. Error for next?’ --Veldkamp Chrysopogon serrulatus Trin., Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser. 6, 2 (1833) 318.S Africa to Sumatra. Cultivated in LUZON. Chrysopogon subtilis (Steud.) Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 3 (1857) 492.E Java, Sumba, LUZON. A distribution reminiscent of that of Chionachne punctata, see

above.Annuals. Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty, Bull. Inst. Franc. Afr. Noire, Ser. A, 22 (1960) 106;

--Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash in Small, Fl. SE US. (xxxx) 67; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 131, t. 83; --Andropogon zizanioides (L.) Urban, Symb. Antil. 4 (1903) 79; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 49.

India, introduced elsewhere. certainly an introduced plant in the Philippines 'Occasionally found in many provinces' (Santos: 131). Planted about rice-paddy banks, often abundant; Roots aromatic.

Coelachne R Brown

Coelachne simpliciuscula (Wight & Arn.) Munro ex Benth., J. Linn. Soc. 19 (1881) 93.Coelachne hackelii Merr., Govt. Lab. PubI. (Philip.) 29 (1905) 8; EPFP 1 (1922) 82.Coelachne infirma Büse, Pl. Jungh. (xxxx) 350. Coelachne pulchella auct.Sumatra to New Guinea. LUZON: Benguet. Very wet places above 1000m, forming dense mats along small cool streams.

Coelorhachis Brongniart =Mnesithea

Coix Linnaeus Coix lacryma-jobi L., Sp. PI. (1753) 972; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 29--30; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl.

Fauna 4 (1986) 70, t. 17. ‘lachryma’Old World tropics, introduced elsewhere. 'Common in the Philippines' (Santos: 70): BATAN, LUZON, MINDANAO, NEGROS, SAMAR, SULU.The taxonomy of this species is not resolved and there are probably a lot of (ancient) cultivars. Some of these entities are as follows:var. agrestis (Lour.) Backer

Coix agrestis Lour., FI. Cochinch. (1790) 551; --Fernandez-Villar, Novis. App. (1882) 314.False fruits smooth, ovoid-globose. var. giganteaSaid to be a perennial from a creeping rhizome, becoming 4 m tall. var. ma-yuen (Roman.) Stapf in JD Hook., Fl. Br. Ind. 7 (1897) 100; --Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 321.Coix ma-yuen Roman. in Bun. Soc. Acclim. Paris iii, 8 (1881) 442.Tropical Asia. LUZON: Rizal, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, JOLO. Occasionally cultivated for its edible grain or for use in making fermented drinks. var. stenocarpa Stapf in Hook., Icon. Pl. (1888) t. 1764.False fruit more or less cylindrical.

Cortaderia Stapf Cortaderia selloana (Schult. & Schult.) Aschers. & Graebn. The female form is cultivated as 'pampas grass'. Only occurs under cultivation in the

Philippines.

Cymbopogon SprengelRevision: Sunarko, S. 1977. Reinwardtia 9: 225 Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf, Kew Bull. (1906) 257; --Andropogon citratus DC, Cat. Hort.

Monsp. (1813) 78; --Merr. FI. Manila (1912) 82; EPFP 1 (1922) 43.Native of tropical Asia, now widely distributed in cultivation. Planted here and there about houses in most or all parts of the Philip pines for its fragant leaves, but nowhere

spontaneous. Very rarely flowering. Citronella grass or Lemon grass. Cymbopogon flexuosus (Steud.) Wats. in Atkins, Gaz. N.W. Prov. Ind. (1882) 392; --

Andropogon flexuosus Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1 (1854) 388.India. Widely cultivated in Asia as a source of “Lemon-Grass Oil”. MINDANAO. Similar in habit and appearance to the preceding, and also found here only in cultivation. Cymbopogon tortilis (C Presl) A Hitchc., xxxx Andropogon nardus L., Sp. PI. (1753) 1046, var. tortilis (C Presl) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 46.Vietnam to S China, Moluccas. BATAN, LUZON: Cagayan, Isabela, Ilocos Norte, Abra,Pangasinan, Zambales, Nueva Ecija, CAGAYAN DE SULU, MINDANAO. In open grasslands at low and medium altitudes.

Cynodon Richard

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Syn. 1 (1804) 85 --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 103; EPFP 1 (1922) 83; --

Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 71, t. 18Cosmopolitan, and widely planted as a lawn grass. Throughout the Philippines: LUZON, MINDORO, BUSUANGA, GUIMARAS, CEBU, BILIRAN, MINDANAO, SULU. Along roadsides, fallow rice paddies, waste places, pastures, etc. at low and medium altitudes; common. Cynodon lemfuensis Vanderyst (usually erroneously spelt ‘nlemfuensis’).Notes: “Reported for the Philippines with 3 (!) vernacular names for it by 't Mannetje & Jones (1992: 102). No material was seen, however, so it is not clear which of the at least 2 cultivated with varieties occur(s). Similar to C. dactylon, but rhizome absent, taller, blades 4-7 mm wide, spikes up to 13, up to 10 cm long”. –VELDKAMP. Cynodon radiatus Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 2 (1817) 411; --Nowack, Blumea 36 (1992) 478.Cynodon arcuatus C Presl, ReI. Haenk. 1 (1830) 290; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 103; EPFP 1 (1922) 83.Cynodon dactylon ssp. arcuatus (C Presl) Kern ex Henty, Man. Grasses New Guin. (1969) 57.Madagascar to New Guinea. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Tarlac, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, PANAY, MINDANAO. In open grasslands at low and medium altitudes.

Cyrtococcum Stapf Cyrtococcum accrescens (Trin.) Stapf in Hook., Icon. Pl. 31 (1922) 2, plate 3096; --Jansen,

Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 257; --Panicum accrescens Trin., Sp. Gram. Icon. 1 (1827) plate 88.E India to S China, Solomon Isl. Widespread and common in the Philippines: BATAN, LUZON, SAN MIGUEL, MINDORO, BUSUANGA, PALAWAN, BALABAC, PANAY, NEGROS, CEBU, BOHOL, SAMAR, MINDANAO. Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum (Hochst. ex Steud.) Stapf in Hook., Icon. Pl. 31 (1922) t. 3096;

--Panicum oxyphyllum Hochst. ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1 (1854) 65.Panicum pilipes Nees in Hook., J. Bot. Kew Miscel. 2 (1850) 97; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 94; EPFP 1

(1922) 66.Seychelles to Society Isl. LUZON, MINDORO, PALAWAN, MARINDUQUE, CEBU, SAMAR, CAMIGUIN, MINDANAO, JOLO. Cyrtococcum patens (L.) Camus, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris 27 (1921) 118; --Panicum patens L.,

Sp. PI. (1753) 86; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 66.Panicum warburgii Mez in Perkins, Frag. FI. Philip. (1904) 143; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 93; EPFP 1 (1922)

69.Panicum carinatum C Presl, ReI. Haenk. 1 (1830) 309; --Merr. EPFP 1 (1922) 62.

Sri Lanka to S China, Queensland. Common and widespread in the Philippines. BATAN, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Zambales, Bataan, Laguna, Quezon, Camarines, CATANDUANES, MINDORO, BUSUANGA, CULION, PALAWAN, BALABAC, PANAY, CEBU, BOHOL, SAMAR, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CAMIGUIN, MINDANAO: Lanao, BASILAN. Common in thickets, some secondary forests, old clearings, etc., 0-1200m altitude. Cyrtococcum trigonum (Retz.) Camus, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 27 (1921) 118.Widespread from Sri Lanka to the Pacific. Very rare, in the Philippines twice collected: MINADANAO, SULU.

Dactyloctenium Willdenow Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd., Enum. Pl. (1809) 1029; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 104;

EPFP 1 (1922) 86; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 72, Pantropic. Throughout the Philippines, seen from LUZON, PALAWAN, GUIMARAS, CEBU, MINDANAO. A common tufted to mat-forming annual weed along roadsides, cultivation, etc. in settled areas at low and medium altitudes.

Danthonia A de Candolle Danthonia oreoboloides (F Muell.) Stapf in Hook. Icon. Pl. (18xx) t. 2606.Monostachya centrolepidioides Merr., PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 331; EPFP 1 (1922) 92; --Santos, Guide Philip.

Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 95, t. 45Widespread on high mountains in N and E Malesia: N Sumatra, Borneo (Sabah), N Philippines, Sulawesi, New Guinea. LUZON: Benguet (near summit of Mt Pulag). Cushion-forming perennial in open grasslands, 2800m.

Deschampsia Palisot de Beauvois Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin., Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. 1 (1836) 66; --Merr. & Merritt, PJS 5 c

(1910) Bot. 330; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 83.var. ligulata Stapf, xxxxxTaiwan, Borneo (Sabah), N Philippines. LUZON: Benguet (Mt Pulag). Open summit grasslands, c. 2600m.This is Avenella!

Deyeuxia Palisot de BeauvoisLiterature:Korthof, AM & JF Veldkamp. 1985 (1984). A revision of Aniselytron with some new combinations

in Deyeuxia in SE Asia (Gramineae). Gard. Bull. Singapore 37: 227.Veldkamp, JF. 1992. Miscellaneous notes on SE Asian Gramineae. vii. Blumea 37: 227.Veldkamp, JF. 1993. Deyeuxia stenophylla and D. suizanensis (Gramineae) in Malesia and

Taiwan. Taiwania 38: 1-4. Deyeuxia pyramidalis (Host) Veldk., xxx Deyeuxia arundinacea (L.) Jansen, Act. Bot. Neerl. 1 (1952) 470; --Calamagrostis arundinacea (L.) Roth var.

nipponica (Franch. & Sav.) Hackel, Bull. Herb. Boiss. 7 (1899) 652; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 82; --basionym?

Temperate regions of Europe to India, China and Japan, across Malesia: New Guinea and the Philippines: LUZON: Cordillera Highlands, MINDANAO: Davao (Mt Apo). Open grassy slopes 1800-2400m. Deyeuxia suizanensis (Hayata) Ohwi var. stenophylla (Jansen) Veldk., xxx Deyeuxia stenophylla Jansen, Act. Bot. Neerl. 1 (1952) 472.Calamagrostis filifolia Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 179; 375; EPFP 1 (1922) 82; non Deyeuxia filifolia Wedd.,

Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 22 (1875) 173.Extra-Philippine distribution? LUZON: Benguet, MINDANAO. High montane grasslands, 1800-2200m.

Dichanthium Willemet Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop. Africa 9 (1917) 178; --Santos, Guide

Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) t. 21; --Andropogon annulatus Forssk., Fl. Aegypt-Arab. (1775) 173.Tropical Africa to SE Asia and Malesia. Introduced in the Philippines after WW-II before 1950.Throughout the Philippines' (Santos: 73), but seen only from LUZON accdg. to Veldkamp. Dichanthium aristatum (Poir.) CE Hubb., Kew Bull. (1939) 654; --Andropogon aristatus Poir. in

Lam., Encycl. Meth. Bot. Suppl. 1 (1810) 585.Native of India. Africa to India, introduced in BOHOL and LUZON before 1947, but after 1923. var. heteropogonoides (Hackel) Jansen,A strain of this variety, called “Alabang X” originated from the Philippines and introduced elsewhere as pasture grass. Dichanthium caricosum (L.) A Camus, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris 27 (1921) 549; --Andropogon

caricosus L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2 (1763) 1480.India to China and Malesia. In the Philippines once collected in MASBATE: Uson (Santos 6816; L, PUH). Dichanthium sericeum (R Br.) A Camus, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris 27 (1921) 549; --Andropogon

sericeus R Br., Prodr. (1810) 201; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 82; EPFP 1 (1922) 48.Australia, New`Caledonia, New Guinea to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Rizal. In open grasslands at low altitudes.

Diectomis Kunth Diectomis fastigiata (Sw.) Kunth, xxxAndropogon fastigiatus Sw., Prodr. (1788) 26; --Merr. PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 335; EPFP 1 (1922) 44.Andropogon diectomis Sw.Pantropic, but rare in Malesia. LUZON: Mountain Province, Pangasinan, HERMANA MAYOR, BUSUANGA, PALAWAN. On dry open grassy slopes at low and medium altitudes.

Digitaria HallierRevision:

Veldkamp, JF. 1973. Blumea 21:21 taxa.Digitaria abludens (Roemer & Schultes) Veldk., Blumea 21 (1973) 53, Fig. 11d; 12.Digitaria pedicellaris (Trin.) Prain, Bengal PI. (1903) 1182; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 54.N Pakistan to Thailand, Java, Madura, Lesser Sunda Isl., Sulawesi, New Guinea. LUZON: Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Rizal, Bataan, CULION, MINDANAO. In open grasslands at low and medium altitudes, ascending to 850m. Digitaria bicornis (Lam.) Roemer & Schultes, Syst. 2 (1817) 470; --Henrard, Monogr. Digit.

(1950) 71, Fig. 979; --Veldk., Blumea 21 (1973) 30, f. 3c, d. Table 1.Digitaria corymbosa (Roxb.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 53.Digitaria sanguinalis auct., Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 54. Pan (sub) tropical. LUZON (Zambales), BUSUANGA, PALAWAN, MINDANAO. Annuals. Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel, Descr. Gram. (1802) 27, pro comb.; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 87; --

Henrard, Monogr. Digit. (1950) 129; -- Veldk., Blumea 21 (1973) 32, f. 5a, Table 1.Digitaria sanguinalis auct. non (L.) Scop.; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 54, pro parte.Digitaria adscendens (Kunth) Henrard, Blumea 1 (1934) 92.Pantropical. Widespread in the Philippines: BATAN, LUZON, MINDORO, PALAWAN, LEYTE, TURTLE ISLS. Rhachis with distinct spicules. Digitaria eriantha Steud. Africa. Introduced in the Philippines according to 't Mannetje & Jones (1992:121), but no vouchers have been seen. Digitaria fuscescens (C Presl) Henrard, Meded. Rijksherb. Leiden 61 (1930) 8; --Veldk., Blumea

21 (1973) 61, Fig. 14b.Africa to the Pacific. LUZON, BALABAC, PANAY, BOHOL, CAGAYAN DE SULU, TURTLE ISLS. Perennials. Digitaria henrardii Veldk., Blumea 21 (1973) 55, Fig. 12. --Type: Merrill Phil. Pl. 577 (L, holotype;

isotypes in PRC, U)Digitaria pedicellaris auct., --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 54.LUZON. Annuals. Digitaria heterantha (Hook.f.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 54; --Henrard, Monogr. Digit. (1950) 314, Fig. 861; --Veldk., Blumea 21 (1973) 46, Fig. 4; 9.Digitaria heterantha var. pachyrhachis (Hackel) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 54.Scattered along the coast of the China Sea, collected here and there in the Philippines: BALABAC, LANGAAN, LUMBUCAN, TURTLE ISLS, URSULA IS. Perennials. Digitaria insularis (L.) Mez ex Ekman, Ark. Bot. 11 (1912) 17; --Henrard, Monogr. Digit. (1950)

341, Fig. 869; Veldk., Blumea 21 (1973) 48, Fig. 11-a,b; --Tricachne insularis (L.) Nees, Agrost. Bras.

(1829) 86; --Andropogon insularis L., Syst. Nat. (1759) 1304.Tropical and subtropical America (S USA to N Argentina). Introduced elsewhere, e.g. Hawaii, Marshall Isls, Malesia: New Guinea, Java and the Philippines: MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental, Bukidnon, Saranggani. Digitaria junghuhniana (Steud.) Henrard, Meded. Rijksherb. Leiden 61 (1930) 11; Monogr.

Digit. (1950) 361; --Veldk., Blumea 21 (1973) 51.Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Borneo (Mt Kinabalu), Sulawesi and the Philippines: LUZON: (Mt Pulog) and CEBU. According to a note by Dr Jansen, collected by Beccari in New Guinea. Annuals. Digitaria longiflora (Retz.) Pers., Syn. 1 (1805) 85; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 88; EPFP 1 (1922) 54;

--Veldk., Blumea 21 (1973) 66.Paspalum filiculme Nees ex Thwaites, Enum. PI. Zeyl. (1859-64) 358; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 53, in

synonymy of D. chinensis.Old World tropics, very common throughout Malesia. LUZON, MINDORO, PALAWAN, GUIMARAS, CAMIGUIN, MINDANAO. Along roadsides, cultivated lands, open grass lands, etc. 0- c.1600m. Digitaria mariannensis Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 54; --Henrard, Monogr. Digit. (1950) 434, Fig. 845;

--Veldk., Blumea 21 (1973) xxxx, Fig. 3-a,b; 4.Christmas Is., Guam and Malesia: Kangean Arch., E Java, Lesser Sunda Isls (Timor, Sawu, Sumba), and Philippines. LUZON: Pangasinan (FB 8399 Curran & Merritt). A sandy coast species and so probably much overlooked. Digitaria milanjiana (Rendle) Stapf, Africa Introduced in the Philippines according to 't Mannetje & Jones (1992: 123). Digitaria mollicoma (Kunth) HenrardPaspalum molle C PreslTaiwan, rare and dispersed in Malesia. LUZON. Digitaria nuda Schumach.Pantropical. Throughout Malesia. LUZON, PALAWAN, MINDANAO. Digitaria philippinensis Henrard, Monogr. Digit. (1950) 563, Fig. 874; --Veldk., Blumea 21 (1973) 70,

Fig. 14g. --Type: BS 42890 Ramos (W, holotype; isotype L*, P, PUH*, SING, US*)BOHOL. Only known from the type collection. Digitaria radicosa (C Presl) Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 3 (1857) 437.Digitaria timorensis (Kunth) Balansa, J. Bot. Mor. Tom. 4 (1890) 138, nom. illeg.Digitaria sanguinalis var. australis (Spreng.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 55.Old World tropics. LUZON, MINDORO, CULION, PALAWAN, PANAY, LEYTE, SAMAR, CAMIGUIN, CAGAYAN DE SULU, MINDANAO, SULU ARCHIPELAGO Low and medium altitudes, in thickets, waste places, etc. Digitaria setigera (Roth) Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 2 (1817) 474; --Henrard, Monogr. Digit.

(1850) 684, in obs., --Veldk., Blumea 21 (1973) 37.var. setigeraDigitaria corymbosa (Roxb.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 53, pro parte majore (except syn. Panicum corymbosum)Digitaria microbachne (C Presl) Henrard, Meded. Rijksherb. 61 (1930) 13.Digitaria consanguinea Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 347; FI. Manila (1912) 88, non Gaudich.Tropical Old World from India to S China and Taiwan across Malesia to Samoa. Widespread in the Philippines: LUZON, MINDORO, PALAWAN, BALABAC, CAGAYAN DE SULU, PANAY, NEGROS, LEYTE, SAMAR, CAMIGUIN, MINDANAO. Usually common at low and medium altitudes in open waste places, old clearings, etc. var. calliblepharata (Henrard) Veldk., Blumea 21 (1973) 40, Fig. 6a.Bangladesh, Guam and Malesia: Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Kangean Arch., Lesser Sunda Isls, SW Sulawesi, New Guinea and the Philippines: LUZON. Digitaria ternata (A Rich.) Stapf, Fl. Cap. 7 (1898) 376; --Henrard, Monogr. Digit. (1850) 737, Fig. 888; --Veldk., Blumea 21 (1973) 59, Fig. 14a.Digitaria ropalotricha BüseOld World tropics and subtropics, from S Africa, N to Guinea, Ethiopia, India to S

China, across Malesia from Sumatra to New Guinea. In the Philippines: LUZON, CEBU, MINDANAO. Digitaria violascens Link, Hort. Berol. 1 (1827) 229; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 88; --Henrard, Monogr.

Digit. (1950) 790, Fig. 878; --Veldk., Blumea 21 (1973) 63, Fig. 14-a. Digitaria chinensis auctt. non Nees; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 53.Pantropical. Widespread in Malesia and the Philippines: BATAN, LUZON, PALAWAN, GUIMARAS, BOHOL, MINDANAO. Common along roadside, cultivated lands and abandoned fields, open grasslands, etc. from low to medium altitudes.

Dimeria R BrownLiterature: Bor, NL. 1951. Notes on Dimeria R Br. Kew Bulletin: 455-459. Dimeria chloridiformis (Gaudich.) K. Schum. & Lauterb., xxxxDimeria ciliata Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 262; EPFP 1 (1922) 30. –Type: Peninsular Malaysia to New Guinea. PALAWAN. Merrill 9820. Open grasslands just above sea level. Rare. Perennial. Dimeria kurzii JD Hook., xxx Myanmar to Vietnam, Philippines. PALAWAN. Annual. Dimeria ornithopoda Trin., Fund. Agrost. (1820) 167, t. 14, var. tenera (Trin.) Hackel in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 81; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 75; EPFP 1

(1922) 30. India to Japan, N Australia. LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet, Pangasinan, Zambales, Bulacan, Rizal, Camarines, MINDORO, CULION, PALAWAN, MINDANAO: Davao. Open grasslands, on rice-paddy banks, etc., 0- c. 1500m, locally abundant. Weak annuals, easily overlooked.

Diplachne Palisot de Beauvois = Leptochloa

Echinochloa Palisot de Beauvois4 species.Echinochloa colona (L.) Link, (erroneously, ‘colonum’), Hort. BeroI. 2 (1833) 209; --

Panicum colonum L., Syst. ed. 10 (1759) 870; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 91; EPFP 1 (1922) 62.Cosmopolitan. Throughout the Philippines: LUZON, SAN MIGUEL, MINDORO, PALAWAN, BALABAC, PANAY, CEBU, BOHOL, LEYTE, SAMAR, CAMIGUIN, MINDANAO, SULU. Low and medium altitudes, in open, rather wet places. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv., Agrost. (1812) 53. s.l.; --Panicum crus-galli L., Sp. PI. (1753)

56; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 91; EPFP 1 (1922) 63.Cosmopolitan. Throughout the Philippines: LUZON, CATANDUANES, CAMIGUIN, CEBU, MINDANAO, no doubt elsewhere. Low and medium altitudes, in open wet places, rice paddies, etc. Very polymorphic. var. muticum Doell.; Hackel in PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 268; Merr. op. cit. 354; EPFP 1 (1922) 63.Pantropic. LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet, Rizal, BALABAC, PALMAS. Habitat of the species. Echinochloa crus-pavonis (Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth) Schult., Syst. Veg. 2, Mant. (1824) 269;

--Oplismenus crus-pavonis Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth, Nov. Gen et Sp. 1 (1816) 108.Pantropical. Usually in or near water.

Echinochloa picta (Koenig) Michael. Africa to the Pacific. LUZON, MINDANAO. Often confused with the next, hence distribution uncertain. Echinochloa stagnina (Retz.) Beauv., Agrost. (1812) 57; --Panicum stagninum Retz., Obs. 4

(1786) 17; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 91; EPFP 1 (1922) 68; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 75, t. 24.

Panicum crus-galli L. var. stagninum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. (1891) 783.Africa to Philippines. BABUYANES, N LUZON to MINDANAO, in most islands and provinces. Open wet places, swamps, borders of lakes and streams, at low and medium altitudes.

Ectrosiopsis (Ohwi) Jansen = Eragrostis

Ehrharta Thunberg Literature: Willemse, LPM. 1982. A discussion of the Ehrharteae (Gramineae) with special reference to the Malesian taxa formerly included in Microlaena. Blumea 28: 181-194.1 speciesEhrharta stipoides Labill., PI. Nov. Holl. 1 (1804) 91, t. 118; --Willemse, Blumea 28 (1982) 189;

--Microlaena stipoides (Labill.) R Br. Prodr. (1910) 210; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 78.var. stipoides Australia, New Zealand, Malesia: Papua New Guinea, Timor, Java and the Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Mountain Province, Benguet, Zambales. Open slopes and ridges, along mountain trails, etc., alt. 1500-2300m. Common in the pine forest.

Eleusine CF Gaertner2 species.Eleusine corocana (L.) Gaertn. Xxxxx, ; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) t. 25.Presumably from Africa, 'cultivated in improved pastures of the Philippines' (Santos: 77), seen from LUZON, MINDANAO. Used to be widely cultivated and may persist here and there. Locally a preferred cereal. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Fruct. 1 (1788) 8; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 104; EPFP 1 (1922) 85; --

Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 78, t. 26.Old World tropics. Widespread throughout the Philippines: BATAN, LUZON, PALAWAN, CEBU, LEYTE, MINDANAO. An abundant weed along roadsides, cultivated lands, pastures, and other open sites in the settled areas throughout the Philippines, 0-2000m.

Enteropogon Nees1 species.Enteropogon dolichostachyus (Lagasca) Keng ex Lazarides, Austral. J. Bot. Suppl. 5

(1972) 31; --Chloris dolichostachya Lagasca, Gen. et Sp. Nov. (1816) 5.Chloris digitata (Roxb.) Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 207.Chloris incompleta Roth, Nov. Sp. PI. (1821) 60; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 84.Chloris mearnsii Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 220; EPFP 1 (1922) 84.India to China, Taiwan, Peninsular Malaysia, New Guinea. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Zambales, MINDORO, PALAWAN, GUIMARAS, CEBU, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, JOLO. Dry open sandy soil at low altitudes, sometimes along the seashore.

Eragrostis Wolf15 speciesEragrostis amabilis (L.) Nees Wight & Arnott, in Hook. & Am., Bot. Beechy Voy. (1841) 251;

--Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 88. Eragrostis tenella (L.) Roemer & Schultes, Syst. 2 (1817) 576; --Merr.; Fl. Manila (1912) 101; --Jansen,

Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 274.Eragrostis mangalorica Hochst. ex Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1 (1854) 265; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 101;

EPFP 1 (1922) 90.Eragrostis viscosa (Retz.) Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. vi, 1 (1831) 397; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 101;

EPFP 1 (1922) 91.Old World tropics. Widespread in the Philippines: BATAN, LUZON, PALAWAN, CEBU. In and about towns, a very common weed in open waste places. Eragrostis aspera (Jacq.) Steud. Tropical Africa to India. Cultivated and escaping, e.g. in LUZON. Annuals. Eragrostis atrovirens (Desf.) Steud.Eragrostis elongata auct. non (Willd.) Jacq., --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 88.Africa, India to Japan, throughout Malesia. LUZON, GUIMARAS. Eragrostis brownii (Kunth) Nees in Steud., Nom. Bot. 1 (1841) 562.Eragrostis elongata auctt., non (Willd.) Jacq.Sri Lanka, India, to S China, New Zealand. LUZON, MINDORO, PALAWAN, GUIMARAS, MINDANAO Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Janchen, xxxxxxx; Vignolo-Lutati, Malpighia 18 (1904) 386; --Merr.,

EPFP 1 (1922) 88.Widely distributed in (sub)tropics of the Old World. CEBU, NEGROS. Open waste places at low altitudes. Eragrostis cumingii Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1 (1854) 266.Eragrostis elongata auct. non (Willd.) Jacq., --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 88.Eragrostis elegantula Pilger in Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 148; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 102 , non

Steud..Eragrostis distans Hackel, Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 81; --Merr.; Fl. Manila (1912) 102; EPFP 1

(1922) 88.Eragrostis reflexa Hackel, PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 168; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 90.Myanmar to N Vietnam, and tropical Australia. LUZON: IIocos Norte, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Benguet, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Rizal, HERMANA MAYOR, MINDORO, CULION, PALAWAN, MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Common in open grasslands at low and medium altitudes Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees. S Africa, widely cultivated elsewhere. LUZON. Eragrostis elongata (Willd.) Jacq. This has been misapplied to several species, e.g. E. atrovirens, E. brownii, E. cumingii, E. luzoniensis. Actually it is the same as the New Guinea - Australian E. diandra (R Br.) Steud. Eragrostis japonica (Thunb.) Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. vi, 1 (1830) 450; --Merr. in PJS 1

(1906) Suppl. 384; EPFP 1 (1922) 89.Eragrostis interrupta Doell in Mart., FI. Bras. 3: 157; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 101, non Beauv.

Diandrochloa diarrhena (Schult.) Henry, Diandrochloa japonica (Thunb.) Henry, Eragrostis diarrhena (Schult.) Steud.Old World tropics to New Guinea. LUZON, MINDORO, PALAWAN, BALABAC, SAMAR, MINDANAO. Open wet grasslands, along streams, etc., at low and medium altitudes. var. japonica var. interrupta (Lam.) Henrard, Blumea 3 (1940) 424.Eragrostis interrupta (R Br.) Beauv., Agrost. (1812) 71 (non Doell), --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 89.Pantropic. LUZON: Abra, Mountain Province, Benguet, La Union, Nueva Vizcaya, Bataan, Laguna, Zambales, CULION, Open grasslands at low and medium altitudes. Eragrostis lasioclada Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 382; EPFP 1 (1922) 90. –Type: Ectrosiopsis lasioclada (Merr.) Jansen, Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 268. --Type: Merrill 461.N Australia, New Guinea and the Philippines: CULION, PALAWAN. Fallow of rice paddies. Perennials. Eragrostis luzoniensis Steud.Eragrostis elongata auct.Thailand to the Philippines. LUZON, SEMIRARA, PALAWAN, NEGROS, MINDANAO. Eragrostis multicaulis Steud. Pan(sub)tropical. LUZON. Annuals. Eragrostis nigra Nees ex Steud. Sri Lanka, India to N China. * Santos 7152 (L). Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees. USA to Argentina, introduced elsewhere, e.g. in the Philippines (LUZON, c. 1956). Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv., Agrost. (1812) 71; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 102; EPFP 1 (1922)

90.Old World. LUZON (Benguet, Rizal), NEGROS, MINDANAO. An introduced weed in open waste, abundant. Eragrostis riparia (Willd.) Nees in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2 (1829) 512; --Jansen, Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 272.Sri Lanka, S India, Malesia: Philippines. LUZON, several collections between 1902 and 1925, even in Manila, but not collected since). “Rather rare in Malesia. Some (specimens) from British New Guinea” –Jansen. Eragrostis tenuifolia (A Rich.) Steud. Tropical Africa to Vietnam, introduced elsewhere, e.g. in Malesia: New Guinea, recently spreading elsewhere: W Sumatra, Sabah, C Sulawesi, MINDANAO. Annuals. Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1 (1854) 264; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 102;

EPFP 1 (1922) 90.Old World Tropics, introduced into the Neotropics. Widespread in SE Asia. LUZON: Zambales, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDORO, BUSUANGA, NEGROS, MINDANAO. Perennials. Open wet places at low altitudes. Eragrostis zeylanica Nees & Mey., Nov. Act. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Suppl. 1 (1843) 204; Eragrostis spartinioides Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1 (1854) 265; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 102; EPFP 1 (1922)

90.Add Extra-Philippines distribution here….LUZON: IIocos Norte, Ifugao, Mountain

Province, Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, Laguna, MINDORO. Open grasslands at low altitudes.

Eremochloa Büse1 species.Revision: Buitenhuis, AG & JF Veldkamp. 2001. Revision of Eremochloa (Gramineae-Andropogoneae-

Rottboelliinae). Blumea 46: 399-420. 1. Eremochloa ciliaris (L.) Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 331; EPFP 1 (1922) 39; --Buitenhuis &

Veldk., Blumea 46 (2001) 406, Fig. 3; -- Santos: 78, t. 27.Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, China (SC and SE), Hainan, Taiwan, Malesia: Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sulawesi, Aru Isls, New Guinea, Australia (N Queensland (Badu and Moa Isls. in Torres Strait), Cook District). In the Philippines known only from LUZON: Cagayan, Isabela. Open grasslands at low altitudes. Rare.

Eriachne R Brown2 species.1. Eriachne pallescens R Br., Prodr. (1810) 184; --Benth. FI. Austral. 7 (1878) 630; --Merr.; EPFP 1

(1922) 82; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 79, t. 28.E India to S China through Malesia to Australia. In the Philippines recorded from LUZON, HERMANA MAYOR, CULION and PALAWAN. Open grassy places up to 550m. 2. Eriachne triseta Nees ex Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1 (1854) 237; --Pilger in Perkins, Frag. FI.

Philip. (1904) 147; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 82; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 93, t. 42; --Massia triseta (Steud.) Balansa in Morot, J. de Bot. 4 (1890) 165; --basionym:

Sri Lanka to Australia. LUZON, CULION, PALAWAN. Open grasslands at low altitudes.

Erianthus Michaux 1. Erianthus arundinaceus (Retz.) Jesw., Arch. Suikerind. Ned. Ind. Meded. 33 (1925) 399;

--Henty, Man. Grasses New Guin. (1969) 100; --Saccharum arundinaceum Retz., Obs. 6 (1791) 14; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 32.

India and S China to New Guinea. LUZON: Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Aurora, MINDORO, SAMAR, MINDANAO. Swampy river embankments at low and medium altitudes.

Eriochloa Kunth1 species.1. Eriochloa procera (Retz.) CE Hubb., Kew Bull., (1930) 256; --Jansen, Reinwardtia 2 (1953)

276; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) xxx, t. 29.Eriochloa ramosa (Retz.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. (1891) 775; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 85; EPFP 1 (1922) 58.Eriochloa procera var. involucrata (Hackel ex Merr.) Jansen, Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 276.Eriochloa ramosa var. involucrata Hackel ex Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 349; EPFP 1 (1922) 58.Africa to Australia. Throughout the Philippines: LUZON, CATANDUANES, SAN MIGUEL (off Albay prov.), MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, CEBU, BOHOL, MINDANAO. Annual. Usually in open, damp grasslands at low and medium altitudes.

Eulalia Kunth

5 species1. Eulalia lagopus (Hackel) Henrard, Blumea 4 (1941) 521; --Pollinia argentea var. lagopus Hackel,

Govt. Lab. PubI. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 79; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 33.China to New Guinea. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Benguet, Pampanga, MINDORO, CULION, PALAWAN. Open grasslands at low and medium altitudes, ascending to 1600m. 2. Eulalia leschenaultiana (Decne.) Ohwi, Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus., No. 18, 2 (1947).Pollinia fulva auctt. non (R Br.) Benth.; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 33.N India to S China and Malesia: Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, Benguet, Pangasinan, Nueva Vizcaya, MINDORO. Open grasslands, sandy river bars, etc., at low and medium altitudes, ascending to 1200m. 3. Eulalia quadrinervis (Hackel) Kuntze, xxxxx; --Pollinia quadrinervis Hackel in DC, Monog.

Phan. 6 (1889) 158; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 35.India to S China, Philippines: LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet. Open slopes in pine forest, 1400-2200m. 4. Eulalia ridleyi (Hackel) Stapf ex Ridl., xxxxxPollinia maritima Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 326; EPFP 1 (1922) 34.Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo (Sarawak), Philippines: LUMBACAN Isl. Sandy seashore. Distribution and habitat suggest sea dispersal. 5. Eulalia trispicata (Schultes) Henrard, Blumea 3 (1940) 453.Pollinia argentea (Brongn.) Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. vi, 4 (1836) 90; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 77;

EPFP 1 (1922) 33.India to Australia. LUZON: Mountain Province, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Rizal, MINDANAO, SEMIRARA. Open grasslands at low and medium altitudes.

Eulaliopsis Honda1 species.1. Eulaliopsis binata (Retz.) CE Hubb.

Ischaemum angustifolium (Trin.) Hackel ex Oliv. in Hook., Icon. III, 8 (1888) t. 1773, --Merr. EPFP 1 (1922) 37.

Afghanistan to S China, Taiwan and the Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan)., PALAWAN. Open grasslands at low and medium altitudes, ascending to 1400m.

Eustachys Desvaux1 species.1. Eustachys tenera (C Presl) A Camus, xxxxxx ; --Chloris tener (C Presl) Scribn., Rept. Mo. Bot.

Gard. 10 (1899) 41, t. 40; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 84.Thailand to SE China, Hainan, Philippines, New Guinea. LUZON: Sorsogon, NEGROS, CEBU, BOHOL, SAMAR, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CAMIGUIN, MINDANAO, SULU. Open places at low altitudes.

Festuca Linnaeus

Festuca leptopogon Stapf., Fl. Brit. Ind. vii. 354.Sikkim to Yunnan, Taiwan, Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, Timor. LUZON: Mt Simacoco [BS 40326 (Ramos & Edaño); L].

Garnotia Brongniart3 taxa.Garnotia acutigluma (Steud.) Ohwi, xxxxxxThailand to China, Philippines and New Guinea. LUZON, MINDANAO, BASILAN. Garnotia stricta Brongn. in Bot. Duperr. Voy. (1829) 132, t. 21; Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 81.var. strictaGarnotia philippinensis Santos, xxxxxxPacific (Polynesia, Hawaii), Sulawesi, Philippines: N LUZON to MINDANAO. On talus slopes, along streams, etc., at Iow and medium altitudes. Garnotia stricta Brongn., xxxxxxvar. longiseta (Merr.) Hackel in Allgem. Bot. Zeitschr. 12 (1909) 141; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 81.Garnotia mindanaensis Santos, xxxxxx?N Sumatra, Philippines to Queensland. LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya, Bulacan, Bataan, Laguna, CATANDUANES, BOHOL, LEYTE, MINDANAO. Chiefly in the montane zone up to 2300m, but occurring also at low or medium altitudes.

Hackelochloa granularis (L.) Kuntze =Mnesithea

Heteropholis CE Hubbard =Mnesithea

Heteropogon Persoon2 species.1. Heteropogon contortus (L.) P Beauv. ex Roemer & Schultes, Syst. 2 (1817) 836; --

Andropogon contortus L., Sp. PI. (1753) 1045; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 83; EPFP 1 (1922) 44; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 83, t. 32.

Tropical America, Africa, India to S China, Japan, Australia, preferring regions with marked dry season. LUZON: IIocos Norte, La Union, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Pampanga, Rizal, Zambales, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, GUIMARAS, NEGROS, CEBU, MINDANAO: Misamis, Bukidnon. In open grasslands at low and medium altitudes, often very abundant. 2. Heteropogon triticeus (R Br.) Stapf ex Craib, Kew Bull. (1912) 432; --Andropogon triticeus R

Br. Prodr. (1810) 201; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 48.E India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar to Vietnam, tropical Australia. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Abra, Pangasinan, BUSUANGA, MINDANAO. Open grasslands at low or medium altitudes.

Hierochloe R Brown =Anthoxanthum

Hordeum Linnaeus -C

Hymenachne Palisot de Beauvois1 species.1. Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Rudge) Nees, Agrost. Bras. (1829) 276. --Santos, Guide Philip.

Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 84, t. 33; --Panicum amplexicaule Rudge, PI. Guian. (1805) 21, t. 27; --Merr.; Fl. Manila (1912) 92; EPFP 1 (1922) 61.

S America, India to S China, N Australia. LUZON, ALABAT, PALAWAN, MINDANAO. In open swamps and along swampy margins of lakes and streams at low altitudes.

Hyparrhenia Andersson ex Fournier1 species.1. Hyparrhenia filipendula (Hochst.) Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop. Africa 9 (1918) 360; --Andropogon

filipendulus Hochst., Flora 29 (1846) 115, var. lachnatherus (Benth.) Hackel in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 635; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 44.

Andropogon filipendulus forma bispiculata Hackel, PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 269; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 45.Tropical Africa to Australia. In the Philippines: LUZON: Cordillera Highlands, MINDANAO. Open grasslands at 1100-1600m.

Ichnanthus Palisot de BeauvoisTwo varieties, doubtfully distinct. 2 taxa.1. Ichnanthus pallens (Sw.) Benth., xxxxxxvar. pallens. (Sub)tropical S America, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Philippines and New Guinea.

LUZON, MINDORO. var. major (Nees) Stieber, xxxxxx Ichnanthus vicinus (FM Bail.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 70.Pan(sub)tropical. LUZON (Mountain Province, Kalinga, Bataan, Laguna, Sorsogon), CATANDUANES, MINDORO,.BILIRAN, CEBU (Bicknell 1172), MINDANAO. On forested slopes and ridges up to 1400m altitude.

Imperata Cyrillo 2 species, which appear to be indistinguishable.Imperata conferta (C Presl) Ohwi, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 55 (1941) 549. Imperata exaltata (Roxb.) Brongn., Voy. Coq. Bot. (1829) 101, excl. syn. Roxb.; --Merr., PJS 1 (1906) SuppI.

322. Imperata exaltata ssp. merrillii Hackel, PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 264; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 31.SE Asia to New Guinea. LUZON, SAN MIGUEL (off Albay prov.), PALAWAN, NEGROS, BOHOL, MINDANAO, SULU,. probably much more widespread, although much less common than the next species. On exposed ridges, 1500-2250m. Probably not really distinct from Imperata cylindrica (Ms. D. Co, pers. comm.). Imperata cylindrica (L.) P Beauv., Agrost. (1912) expl. Pl. 5, t. 5, Fig. 1.Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii (Retz.) Benth. ex Pilger in Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 137; --Merr., Fl.

Manila (1912) 76.Imperata cylindrica var. major (Nees) CE Hubb. & Vaughan , xxxxxxx; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4

(1986) t. 34.Tropical parts of Africa, Asia to Australia and Polynesia. Throughout the Philippines: BATAN, CEBU, LUZON, ALABAT, MINDORO, PALAWAN, NEGROS, SAMAR, SIARGAO. Open slopes, often gregariously occupying enormous areas, forming

characteristic kogonales, the name of these areas being taken from its almost universal local name kogon. Ascending to 2300m.

Isachne R Brown13 species [I. villosa (Hitchc.) Reeder mentioned by Henty (1969: 114) not seen].1. Isachne albens Trin., Sp. Gram. Ix. 1 (1828) 85.Isachne magna (Merr.) Merr., PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 327; EPFP 1 (1922) 59.India to Taiwan, Philippines, New Guinea. LUZON: Ifugao, Mountain Province, Benguet, MINDANAO: Davao. In the mossy forest, 1800-2400m. 2. Isachne arfakensis Ohwi, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 56 (1942) 4.New Guinea and the Philippines. LUZON. 2400m alt. 3. Isachne beneckei Hackel, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 51 (1901) 459; --Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 350;

EPFP 1 (1922) 58.Java, Lesser Sunda Isls LUZON: Ifugao, Mountain Province, Benguet, Bataan, Pampanga. Open wet places, borders of cold pools and sphagnum swamps, and on narrow forested ridges, 800-2600m. 4. Isachne brassii Hitchc., xxxxxx Philippines to W New Guinea, Guam. LUZON, DINAGAT, 200-975m. 5. Isachne clementis Merr., xxxxxx var. vulcanica (Merr.) Jansen, xxxxxx Isachne vulcanica Merr. in PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 169; EPFP 1 (1922) 60.Borneo (Sabah). NEGROS: Negros Occidental (Mt Canlaon). Cushion plant on bare slopes of the old crater of Canlaon Volcano, altitude 1100-2100m. Possibly not a distinct variety. 6. Isachne dispar Trin., xxxxxxIndia to S China to Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi. GUIMARAS, MINDANAO. Low altitude. 7. Isachne globosa (Thunb.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. (1891) 778; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 59; --

Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 86, t. 35.India to Japan south to Australia and New Zealand. LUZON, MINDANAO: Lanao. Usually below 700m. 8. Isachne incrassata (Hackel) Merr., PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 168; EPFP 1 (1922) 59.NEGROS, MINDANAO: Davao. In crevices of ledges along mountain streams, 1200-1500m. According to Veldkamp (Checklist), perhaps = I. myosotis. 9. Isachne kunthiana (Wight & Arn.) Nees ex Miq., Fl. Ind. Bot. 3 (1855) 460.India to Solomons. LUZON. Below 700m alt. 10. Isachne myosotis Nees, in Hook. J. Bot. Kew Miscel. 2 (1850) 98; --Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl.

349; EPFP 1 (1922) 60.Isachne debilis Rendle ex Forbes & HemsI. in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 36 (1904) 322; --Merr., PJS 1 (1906) SuppI.

350; EPFP 1 (1922) 58.Isachne depauperata (Hackel) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 58.Isachne micrantha Merr., PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 168; EPFP 2 (1922) 59.Isachne pauciflora Hackel, Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 80; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 60.

Taiwan to New Guinea. LUZON: Abra, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Benguet, Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, Aurora, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, MINDORO, NEGROS, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Davao. Open places, along streams, rice paddies, damp thickets along ravines and forested ridge, (250) 700-2800m. 11. Isachne pangerangensis Zoll. & Mor., Syst. Verz. Zoll. Pflanz. (1845) 102. var. halconensis Hackel in PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 167, --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 60.LUZON: Benguet, MINDORO. In open heaths, 2400-2600m. Status uncertain, I. pangerangensis is otherwise unknown from the Philippines, alt. 2400-2600m. 12. Isachne pulchella Roth ex Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 2 (1817) 476.Isachne conferta Merr., PJS 9 (1914) Bot. 261; EPFP 1 (1922) 58.Isachne miliacea Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. (1821) 58; --Merr. Fl. Manila (1912) 89; EPFP 1 (1922) 59.India to the Pacific. Widespread in the Philippines: LUZON, BILIRAN, PANAY, MINDANAO. Open wet places, old rice paddies, boulders and ledges along streams at low or medium altitudes, often abundant. 13. Isachne stricta Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 463; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 60.Sulawesi to New Guinea. LEYTE, NEGROS, MINDANAO (Lanao). In crevices of ledges, on seepage slopes, etc., 600-1800m. 14. Isachne villosa (Hitchc.) Reeder, J. Arn. Arb. 29 (1948) 314; --Henty, Man. Grasses New Guin.

(1969) 114.New Guinea and the Philippines. Philippine materials determined by JV Santos as Isachne cf. brassii may belong to this species.

Ischaemum Linnaeus

9 species.Ischaemum barbatum Retz., xxxxxx Ischaemum barbatum var. gibbum (Trin.) Jansen, xxxxxxIschaemum aristatum L., Sp. PI. (1753) 1049 var. gibbum (Trin.) Hackel in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 204;

--Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 80; EPFP 1 (1922) 37.var. barbatumIndia to China, Queensland. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Zambales, Bulacan, Rizal, Camarines, BUSUANGA, CULION, PALAWAN, BOHOL, GUIMARAS, MINDANAO. Open grasslands at low and medium altitudes; often common. Ischaemum ciliare Retz., Obs. 6 (1791) 36; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 37, excluding Batan specimens cited (=I. setaceum)Ischaemum indicum auct.India to China and Taiwan to Moluccas. BATAN, LUZON. Ischaemum digitatum Brongn. in Duperr. Voy. Coqu. (1829) Bot. 70, pl. 13Ischaemum intermedium Brongn. in Duperr. Voy. Coqu. (1829) Bot. 73; Fl. Manila (1912) 80; EPFP 1 (1922)

38.Ischaemum polystachyum C Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1 (1830) 328. Ischaemum todayense Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2678; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 39.Peninsular Malaysia to New Guinea and Micronesia. LUZON: Rizal, Laguna, Sorsogon, POLILLO, MINDORO, LEYTE, SAMAR , MINDANAO: Davao, Surigao. Open wet grassy places, ravines in secondary forests, etc. at low altitudes to c. 900m.

Ischaemum glaucescens Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 263; EPFP 1 (1922) 37.Borneo (Sabah), PALAWAN, Merrill 9459. In shallow water, borders of Lake Manguao, at low altitudes. Ischaemum merrillii Hackel, PJS 1 (1906) SuppI. 266; Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 38.Ischaemum timorense auct.Ischaemum arundinaceum F Muell. var. radicans HackelLUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet. In open rather wet places, c.1500m. Ischaemum muticum L., Sp. PI. (1753) 1049; --Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 330; EPFP 1 (1922) 38.

India to Australia. LUZON, PALAWAN, BALABAC, LEYTE, SAMAR, CAMIGUIN, MINDANAO, SULU. In the Philippines, a common beach grass. Ischaemum pubescens Merr., PJS 9 (1914) Bot. 264; EPFP 1 (1922) 38.New Guinea (Irian Jaya) and Philippines: DUMARAN. Twice found. open grasslands at low altitudes. Ischaemum rugosum Salisb., Icon. (1791) 1, t. 1; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 87, t.

36.Ischaemum rugosum var. distachyum (Cav.) Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 330; Fl. Manila (1912) 80; EPFP 1

(1922) 38.India to China, Malesia. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Pangasinan, Rizal, Bataan, POLILLO, CATANDUANES, MINDORO, BUSUANGA, GUIMARAS, SAMAR, MINDANAO. Annual. Open usually rather wet grasslands. Ischaemum setaceum Honda, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 38 (1924) 54; --Hatusima, Mem. Fac. Agr.

Kagoshima Univ. 5 (1966) 57.Ischaemum ciliare Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 37, as to Batan specimens cited only, non Retz.Taiwan (S tip and Lanyu) and the Philippines: BATAN, Open grasslands and wet littoral cliff, locally rare. Hatusima 29167; BS 9169 Mearns. 10. Ischaemum timorense KunthIndia to Pacific. (BS 48106, fide Jansen msc, without provenance).

Koordersiochloa Merrill = Streblochaete

Leersia Swartz*1 species.1. Leersia hexandra Sw., Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. (1788) 21; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 78; --Santos,

Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 88, t. 37.Pan(sub)tropical. Widespread from N LUZON to MINDANAO. Open freshwater wetlands, rice paddies, etc. at low and medium altitudes, ascending to 1500m.

Leptaspis R Brown2 species.1. Leptaspis banksii R Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1 (1810) 211.Leptaspis cumingii Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1 (1854) 416; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 76.Australia to W New Guinea, Goodenough Isls, Java, Philippine Taiwan. MINDANAO: Misamis, Davao, JOLO, BONGAO. In forests at low or medium altitudes.

2. Leptaspis zeylanica Steud. Tropical Africa to the Solomons. MINDANAO.

Leptochloa Palisot de Beauvois3 species.Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees, Syll. Ratisb. 1 (1824) 4; --Hook., J. Bot. Kew Miscel. 2 (1850) 102;

--Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 105; EPFP 1 (1922) 86; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 90, t. 39.

E Africa to China, New Guinea. LUZON: Cagayan to Camarines, in most provinces, MINDORO, PALAWAN, CEBU, PANAY: Iloilo, SAMAR, MINDANAO. Aquatic to semi-aquatic annual to short-lived perennial. In open usually wet places along or near streams. Leptochloa panicea (Retz.) Ohwi, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 55 (1941) 311.Leptochloa filiformis auct. non (Pers.) Roemer & Schultes (1817); --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 86.Pantropical. LUZON: Abra, La Union, CEBU, PALAWAN, JOLO. Annual to short-lived terrestrial perennial. In open lowlands, along streams, in disturbed soil, gardens, etc., at low altitudes. Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth, xxxxxxDiplachne polystachya (Forssk.) Backer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 2 (1920) 325; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922)

87; --Leptochloa polystachya (Forssk.) Benth., xxxxxx ; --basionymDiplachne fusca (L.) P. Beauv., xxxx; Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 381, Fl. Manila (1912) 99; --Santos,

Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 74, t. 23.Leptochloa malabarica (L.) Veldk., xxxx; --Panicum malabaricum (L.) Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 248; EPFP

1 (1922) 65.Tropical Africa and Asia to Australia. LUZON: Laguna, Rizal, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PALMAS, MINDANAO: Cotabato. Perennial. In swampy often brackish places at low alitudes. Leptochloa neesii (Thwaites) Benth., xxxxxxIndia to N Australia. CEBU.

Lepturus Palisot de Beauvois1 species.1. Lepturus repens (G Forst.) R Br., Prodr. (1810) 207; -- Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. Fauna 4

(1986) 91, t. 40; --Monerma repens (G Forst.) Beauv., Agrost. (1812) 117; --Hackel, Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 81; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 93; --basionym?

E Africa to Polynesia. BATAN, LUZON, SAN MIGUEL, MINDORO, CULION, PALAWAN, URSULA, CUYO ISLS, BANCORAN, PALMAS, GUIMARAS, CEBU, MINDANAO, SULU. Sandy and rocky seashores, also as a coarse lawn grass. CAGOACAN, Magsaysay, TAMLANGON,

Lophatherum Brongniart1 species.1. Lophatherum gracile Brongn., Bot. Duperr. Voy. (1829) 50, t. 8; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 91; --

Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 92, t. 41.Lophatherum gracile var. pilosum Camus in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 25 (1919) 495; --Merr., EPFP 1(1922)

91.India to Japan, across Malesia to Australia (Queensland). LUZON: Aurora, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Laguna, Quezon, Camarines, Sorsogon, POLILLO, MINDORO,

PALAWAN, NEGROS, LEYTE, MINDANAO, BASILAN, JOLO. In forests, along trails, and in old clearings, chiefly at medium altitudes.

Manisuris auct. non Linnaeus =Coelorhachis

Massia Balansa =Eriachne

Melinis Palisot de Beauvois*2 species.Melinis minutiflora P Beauv., Ess. Agrost. (1812) 54, pl. 11, Fig. 4; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. &

Fauna 4 (1986) 94, t. 43.Tropical and S Africa, also in Brazil; introduced to many tropical countries as forage grass. 'Throughout the Philippines' (Santos: 94), but only seen from LUZON. Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka, Biblioth. Bot. 55 (1988) 138; -- Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4

(1986) 118, t. 70; --Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) CE Hubb., Kew Bull. (1934) 110; --basionym?Rhynchelytrum rosea (Nees) Bews, This name not in IPNIAfrica, Asia. 'Spread widely throughout the Philippines' (Santos: 118): LUZON, APO IS, GUIMARAS, NEGROS, CEBU, LEYTE, MINDANAO.

Microchloa R Brown1 species.Microchloa indica (L.f.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 3 (1893) 356; --Hackel, Fedde Repert. 7 (1909) 373;

--Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 74; EPFP 1 (1922) 83.Pan(sub)tropical. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Rizal. Open dry grasslands at low and medium altitudes.

Microlaena R Brown =Ehrharta

Microstegium Nees9 species.Microstegium eucnemis (Nees ex Steud.) A Camus, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n. s., 68 (1922)

200.Myanmar, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isl., LUZON. Microstegium fasciculatum (L.) Henrard, Blumea 3 (1940) 453.Microstegium ciliatum (Trin.) Camus, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon 68 (1921) 201; --Pollinia ciliata Trin., Mem. Acad.

St. Petersb. 42 (1832) 306.Microstegium monanthum (Nees) A Camus in Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 7 (1922) 257.Pollinia glabrata (Brongn.) Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. 64 (1836) 90; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1922) 34. Pollinia glabrata var. elmeri (Hackel) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 34.Pakistan to Japan, New Guinea. LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet, MINDANAO. Thickets in damp ravines, 1200-1500m. Microstegium geniculatum (Hayata) Honda, J. Fac. Sc. Tokyo, sect. 3, Bot. 3 (1930) 410. Peninsular Malaysia to S China. 1000--2000m. * Fide Jansen msc., no specimens seen.

Microstegium glabratum (Brongn.) Camus, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n. s., 68 (1922) 201; --Pollinia

glabrata (Brongn.) Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. vi, 4 (1836) 90; --Hackel in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 179; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 34; --basionym?

Philippines to Marianas Isls and Polynesia to New Caledonia. LUZON: Pangasinan, Rizal, Bataan, Laguna, Quezon, MINDORO, SAMAR, PANAY, MINDANAO, BALUT. Open ravines, thickets, and old clearings at low and medium altitudes. Microstegium nudum (Trin.) A Camus, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon 68 (1921) 201; --Pollinia nuda Trin.,

Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. vi (1833) 307; --Hackel in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 178; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 34.

Pakistan to China and SE Asia to New Guinea. LUZON: Benguet. Mossy forest clearings, 2000-2400m. Microstegium spectabile (Trin.) A Camus, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon 68 (1921) 200; --Pollinia

spectabilis Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. 42 (1832) 305.Micronesia, New Guinea, the Philippines and Borneo: LUZON, MINDANAO. Usually in rather wet grasslands, particularly in gullies and at forest margins. Microstegium tenue (Trin.) Hosokawa, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 28 (1938) 150; --Pollinia

tenuis Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. vi, 2 (1833) 307; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 35.Caroline Islands, Taiwan and the Philippines: LUZON: Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, Bataan, Rizal. Annual. Dry open slopes, on and about cliffs, etc., alt. 0-1200m. Microstegium vagans (Nees ex Steud.) A Camus, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n. s., 68 (1922) 200.Microstegium gratum (Hackel) A Camus in Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Indo -Chine 7 (1922) 258.Micostegium montanum (Nees ex Steud.) Henrard, Blumea 3 (1940) 455.E India to S China, to Lesser Sunda Isl. LUZON, MINDORO. Perennials. Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A Camus in Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 7 (1922) 260; --Pollinia

viminea (Trin.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 35; --basionym?Caucasus to India, S China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan and the Philippines: LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet, Rizal. Annuals. Open wet slopes and in the mossy forest, 1200-2200m.

Miscanthus Andersson1 (?2) species.Miscanthus floridulus (Labill.) Warb., Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. Sudsee (1901) 166.Miscanthus japonicus auct., non (Thunb.) Anders. (1855); --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 32.Miscanthus sinensis auct., non Anders. (1855); --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 32.China to Pacific, New Guinea. BATAN, BABUYANES, LUZON, MINDORO, PANAY, NEGROS, SAMAR, MINDANAO. In thickets, exposed ridges, road cuts and ravines, along streams, volcanic craters, fumaroles, etc. from 300-2700m, often gregarious. Miscanthus sinensis Andersson, Oefvers. Vet. Akad. Stockh. (1855) 166. Miscanthus depauperatus Merr., PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 170; EPFP 1 (1922) 32.Japan, China, Korea, Borneo. MINDORO: Mindoro Occidental (Mt Halcon), NEGROS: Negros Occidental (Mt Canlaon, 1800-2000m), Occurs along volcanic crater vegetation on Mt Canlaon. Cultivated forms with striped leaves are possibly also present. Merrill (1910) 170.

Mnesithea Kunth

4 species.Mnesithea glandulosa (Trin.) Koning & Sosef, Blumea 31 (1986) 290; --Coelorachis glandulosa

(Trin.) Ridl., Fl. Mal. Penins. 5 (1925) 204; --Rottboellia glandulosa Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. vi, 2 (1833) 250; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 40; --Santos, Guide to Philip. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 67, t. 16.

Myanmar to New Guinea. LUZON, MINDORO, CULION, PALAWAN, BALABAC, PANAY, GUIMARAS, CAGAYAN DE SULU, SIARGAO, MINDANAO, JOLO. In thickets, old clearings, etc., at low altitudes. Mnesithea granularis (L.) Koning & Sosef, Blumea 31 (1986) 295; --Hackelochloa granularis (L.)

Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. (1891) 776; --Manisuris granularis L.f., Nov. Gram. Gen. (1779) 37, Fig. 4-7; --Merr., PJS 1 (1906) SuppI. 329; FI.Manila (1912) 79; EPFP 1 (1922) 41; -- Santos, Guide to Philip. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 83, t. 31.

Pantropic. 'In most islands and provinces' (Santos: 83): BATAN, LUZON, CEBU, MINDANAO, JOLO. In disturbed soil, open waste places, old clearings, etc., at low and medium altitudes. Mnesithea laevis (Retz.) Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1 (1829) 154. var. cochinchinensis (Lour.) Koning & Sosef, Blumea 31(1986) 286; --Heteropholis

cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton, Kew Bull., 35 (1981) 816; --basionym?Ophiuros monostachyus C Presl, ReI. Haenk. 1 (1830) 330; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 79; EPFP 1 (1922)

41; -- Santos, Guide to Philip. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 94, t. 44 (as var. cochinchinensis (Lour.) CE Hubb., (combination invalid, as no full and direct reference to the basionym is given).

Philippines to Pacific. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Ifugao, Cagayan, Rizal, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Lanao, Bukidnon. In open grasslands at low and medium altitudes. Mnesithea mollicoma (Hance) A Camus, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 25 (1919) 57.Rottboellia triflora FT Hubbard, PJS 9 (1914) Bot. 257; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 40.Thailand to S China, Sumatra, Java. PALAWAN. Borders of thickets at low altitudes. Mnesithea rottboellioides (R Br.) Koning & Sosef, Blumea 31(1986) 291; --Coelorhachis

rottboellioides (R Br.) A Camus, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon 68 (1921) 197; --basionym? Rottboellia ophiuroides Benth., FI. Austral. 7 (1878) 514; --Merr.,EPFP 1 (1922) 40. Rottboellia ophiuroides var. intermedia Hackel, PJS 1 (1906) SuppI. 265; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 40.Philippines to Pacific, N Australia. LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet, Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, Tarlac, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Zambales, Rizal, MASBATE, PANAY, GUIMARAS, CEBU, BOHOL, MINDANAO. In open grasslands at low and medium altitudes, pine forest, ascending to 2000m, often common.

Monerma Palisot de Beauvois =Lepturus

Monostachya Merrill =Danthonia

Muhlenbergia Schreber1 species.Muhlenbergia huegelii Trin., Mem. Acad. Petersb. ser. 6, 62 (1845) 293. Muhlenbergia arisanensis Hayata, Icon. PI. Taiwan 7 (1918) 87, Fig. 54; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 80.India to China and Taiwan. Malesia: New Guinea and the Philippines: LUZON: Cordillera Highlands. Along small streams, in old clearings, and in the mossy forest, 1300-3000m.

Ophiuros CF Gaertner1 species.Ophiuros exaltatus (L.f.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. (1891) 780; --Merr. in PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 329;

EPFP 1 (1922) 41; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 96, t. 46; --Rottboellia exaltata L.f. SuppI. (1781) 114; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 78; EPFP 1 (1922) 39.

Ophiuros tongcalingii (Elmer) Henrard, Blumea 4 (1941) 520, in obs.India to China, across Malesia to tropical Australia. LUZON: Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, MINDORO, PALAWAN, NEGROS,. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao. In open rather damp places, borders of thickets, etc. at low and medium altitudes. Common.

“Ophiurus” =Ophiuros

Oplismenus Palisot de Beauvois 4 species.Oplismenus aemulus (R Br.) Kunth, Enum. Plant. 1 (1833) 142; --Orthopogon aemulus R Br.,

Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1 (1810) 194.Thailand to Pacific to New Zealand. LUZON. Oplismenus burmanni (Retz.) Beauv., Agrost. (1812) 54; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 94; EPFP 1

(1922) 71.Pantropical. LUZON: Pangasinan. Rizal, Bataan, PANAY, GUIMARAS, MINDANAO: Zamboanga. In thickets at low altitudes. Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv., Agrost. (1812) 54; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 94; EPFP 1

(1922) 71; -- Santos, Guide to Philip. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 98, t. 47.Oplismenus compositus var. lasiorhachis Hackel, Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 81; --Merr., EPFP 1

(1922) 71.Oplismenus compositus var. rariflorus (C Presl) U. Scholz, Phanerogam. Monogr. 13 (1981) 96Pan(sub)tropical. 'Throughout the Philippines' (Santos: 98), seen from BATAN, LUZON, MINDORO, BUSUANGA, CULION, PALAWAN, PANAY, GUIMARAS, CEBU, BOHOL, SAMAR, CAMIGUIN, JOLO, MINDANAO. In thickets, old clearings, etc., at low and medium altitudes; often common. Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 54 (1812) 168.Oplismenus undulatifolius auct. and its var. imbecillis (R Br.) HackelOplismenus undulatifolius (Ardwino) P. Beauv., Agrost. (1812) 54; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 72.Oplismenus undulatifolius var. imbecillis (R Br.) Hackel, Govt. Lab. PubI. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 81; --Merr.,

EPFP 1 (1922) 72.Pantropical. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Benguet, Mountain Province, Ifugao, La Union, Cagayan, Pangasinan, Bataan, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, CATANDUANES, MINDORO, NEGROS, CEBU, LEYTE, MINDANAO, SULU. In thickets and forests at low and medium altitudes. Along streams in shaded places and on ridges in the mossy forest, at low and medium altitudes, ascending to 2400m. A variable species.

Oryza Linnaeus6 taxa.Oryza meyeriana (Zoll. & Moritzi) Benth. ex Pilger in Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 145; --

Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 77.

Sumatra to Halmaheira. PALAWAN, PANAY, NEGROS, MINDANAO. var. meyeriana var. granulata (Watt) Duistermaat, Blumea, 32 (1987) 185.Sri Lanka to China, Philippines. LUZON, MINDANAO, PALAWAN, PANAY. Oryza minuta C Presl, ReI. Haenk. 1 (1830) 208; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 77.Oryza manilensis Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 219; Fl. Manila (1912) 98.Philippines to New Guinea. LUZON: Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, BOHOL, LEYTE, SAMAR. In open wet places at low and medium altitudes. var. minuta var. silvatica (Camus) Veldk., Blumea 37 (1992) 232.Oryza officinalis Wall., Cat. n. 8685; --Steud., Syn. Pl. Gram. (1854) 3.Sri Lanka to S China, Queensland. MINDORO, NEGROS, BOHOL, LEYTE,

MINDANAO: Zamboanga Oryza rufipogon Griff., Not. Pl. As. 3 (1851) 5, pl. 144, Fig. 2Sri Lanka to China, N Australia. MINDANAO. Oryza sativa L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 333; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 97; EPFP 1 (1922) 77; --Santos, Guide

Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 98, t. 48.Extensively cultivated throughout the Philippines but not a native of the Archipelago, although of prehistoric introduction. The rice plant is enormously variable and probably several hundred distinct cultural forms occur in the Archipelago. No attempt has been made to compile the very numerous local names currently applied to special varieties. Rice.

Ottochloa Dandy1 species.Ottochloa nodosa (Kunth) Dandy, J. Bot. 69 (1931) 55; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 92; EPFP 1 (1922) 65; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) t. 49.Africa, India to China, across Malesia to Australia (Queensland). 'In most islands and provinces' (Santos: 100), seen from LUZON, ALABAT, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR, MINDANAO, SULU. Shaded places, .thickets, old clearings, etc., low and medium altitudes; common. The following two spp are not true Ottochloa; in Leptochloa?Ottochloa arnottiana (Nees) Dandy, J. Bot. 69 (1931) 55.Merrill 4182 Ottochloa fusca (Ridl.) Dandy, J. Bot. 69 (1931) 55.Hemigymnia fusca Ridl., Fl. Malay Pen. 5 (1928) 228.SE Asia to New Guinea.

Panicum LinnaeusRevision: Veldkamp, JF. 1996. Revision of Panicum and Whiteochloa in Malesia (Gramineae-Paniceae).

Blumea 41 (1996) 181-21615 species.

Panicum auritum C Presl ex Nees, Agrost. Bras. (1829) 176; --C Presl, ReI. Haenk. 1 (1830) 305 (incI. var. procertus C Presl), ex Nees, --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 92; EPFP 1 (1922) 61.

Hymenachne aurita (C Presl ex Nees) Backer in K Heyne, Nutt. Pl. Ned.-Ind. ed. 2 (1922) 197; --Balansa, J. de Bot. 4 (1890) 144; .

Sri Lanka to S China, across Malesia to New Guinea. LUZON, CATANDUANES, MINDORO, CULION, PALAWAN, BALABAC, NEGROS, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO, SULU. Common in open, rather wet places, swampy margins of` lakes and sluggish rivers, at low and medium altitudes. Panicum bisulcatum Thunb., Nov. Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. 7 (1815) 141; --Veldk., Blumea 41 (1996) 188.Panicum acroanthum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1 (1854) 87; --Quisumb., PJS 41 (1930) 315.NE India to Japan, S China, Indochina, Philippines and Sulawesi. Probably introduced in Australia (Queensland to Victoria). BALABAC (Mt Caunayan, BS 49704 Ramos & Edaño), MINDANAO: Davao. Secondary forest near stream at low alt. Panicum brevifolium L., Sp. PI. (1753) 59; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 61; --Veldk., Blumea 41 (1996) 189.Tropical Africa and Asia, possibly introduced in at least part of Malesia: Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Banka, Java, Borneo (Sarawak, Sabah, W Kalimantan), and Philippines.BALABAC, TAWI-TAWI. In thickets, along trails in shaded places, etc., at low altitudes. Panicum caudiglume Hackel, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 51 (1901) 428; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 92;

EPFP 1 (1922) 62; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 101, t. 51; --Veldk., Blumea 41 (1996) 190.

Java, Kangean Archipelago, Lesser Sunda Isls, and Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Sur, Bataan, CULION, PALAWAN. MINDANAO. In open waste places at low altitudes, in regions with distinct seasonal climate. Panicum curviflorum Hornem., Hort. Bot. Hafn. Suppl. (1819) 116; --Veldk., Eijs & Zoetemeyer,

Blumea 34 (1989) 77.var. suishaense (Hayata) Veldk. in Veldk., Eijs & Zoetemeyer, Blumea 34 (1989) 81; --Veldk.,

Blumea 41 (1996) 191.Panicum trypheron Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 69; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 107, t. 58; auct.

non Schult.India, Myanmar, Thailand to S China (Hainan), across Malesia to New Guinea. LUZON: Mountain Province, Cagayan, MINDORO, SEMIRARA, BUSUANGA, CULION, PALAWAN, MINDANAO: Davao (Mt Apo). In open grasslands at low and medium altitudes. Panicum humile Nees ex Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1 (1854) 84; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 64; --Santos,

Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 100, t. 50; --Veldk., Blumea 41 (1996) 194.Panicum walense Mez, Bot. Jahrb. 34 (1904) 146 (as ‘watense’).Tropical Africa, Madagascar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Andamans, S China, Taiwan. In Malesia: Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo and the Philippines. LUZON: Mountain Province, Tarlac, Pangasinan, Zambales, Rizal, MINDORO, BUSUANGA, CULION, PALAWAN, GUIMARAS, MINDANAO, Annual. In dry areas, open waste places, grasslands, etc., at low and medium altitudes. Panicum luzonense C Presl, ReI. Haenk. 1 (1828) 308; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 64; --Santos, Guide

Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 102, t. 52; --Veldk., Blumea 41 (1996) 195.Panicum tuberculatum Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 69, non C Presl (1810).Sri Lanka, eastward across Malesia to N Australia, Solomon Isls (Bougainville). LUZON: Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Bataan, Rizal, Cavite, Laguna,

PALAWAN, PANAY, MINDANAO, TAWI-TAWI. Annual. In open waste places, old clearings, etc., at low and medium altitudes. Panicum maximum Jacq., Icon. PI. Rar. 1 (1781-86) t. 13; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 93; EPFP 1 (1922) 65; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) t. 53; --Veldk., Blumea 41 (1996) 197.Urochloa maxima (Jacq.) RD Webster, Australian Paniceae (Poac.) (1987) 241Tropical Africa, Mascarenes, Arabia, introduced (sub)pantropically. In Malesia widespread from Sumatra to New Guinea. Extensively cultivated for forage purposes. LUZON, PALAWAN, CEBU, MINDANAO. Large tufted perennial. Occasionally found as an escape or persisting from former cultivation, easily running wild in waste areas, road sides, etc. The correct name seems to be Urochloa maxima (Jacq.) RD Webster. Guinea grass. Panicum miliaceum L., Sp. PI. (1753) 58; --Blanco, FI. Filip. (1837) 39; ed. 2 (1845) 28; ed. 3, 1

(1877) 52; --Merr., PJS 1 (1906) SuppI. 358; EPFP 1 (1922) 65; --Veldk., Blumea 41 (1996) 198.Originally from C Asia, now cultivated as a cereal or fodder in warm and temperate regions, sporadically so in former times in Malesia. Panicum mindanaense Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 360; EPFP 1 (1922) 65; --Veldk., Blumea 41 (1996) 199.Philippines to New Guinea. LUZON: Ilocos Sur, Rizal, Batangas, Zambales, BUSUANGA, CULION, PALAWAN, GUIMARAS, MINDANAO: Lanao. In open places, abandoned gardens, grasslands, etc., altitude 0-75m. Panicum notatum Retz., Obs. 4 (1786) 18; --Veldk., Blumea 41 (1996) 199.Panicum cordatum Büse in Miq., PI. Jungh. (1854) 376; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 63; --Santos, Guide Philip.

Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 104, t. 54.India to S China and Taiwan. Malesia: Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Riau, Banka, Java, Kangean Archipelago, Lesser Sunda Isls, Borneo, SW Sulawesi, Philippines: LUZON: Mountain Province, La Union, Bataan, Bulacan, MINDORO, CULION, PALAWAN, GUIMARAS. Perennial. in thickets, roadsides, old clearings, steep slopes, etc., at low and medium altitudes. Panicum paludosum Roxb., FI. Ind. 1 (1820) 310; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 93; EPFP 1 (1922) 66;

--Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 104, t. 55; --Veldk., Blumea 41 (1996) 200.India, Sri Lanka to S China, across Malesia from Sumatra to New Guinea and Australia (Northern Territory to New South Wales). LUZON: Cagayan, Rizal, Laguna, PANAY: Iloilo, GUIMARAS, MINDANAO: Lanao. In shallow water along margins of streams and lakes, rice fields, often floating, locally dominant. Low and medium altitudes. Panicum repens L., Sp. PI. ed. 2 (1762) 87; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 93; EPFP 1 (1922) 67; --Santos,

Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 106, t. 56; --Veldk., Blumea 41 (1996) 202.Pan(sub)tropic, probably introduced in Malesia where it extends from Sumatra to W New Guinea. LUZON, CATANDUANES, MINDORO, PANAY: Iloilo, CEBU, CAMIGUIN, MINDANAO. In open lowlands, sunny to slightly shaded, especially near the sea, but also inland locally and ascending to 1500m; common. Panicum sarmentosum Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1 (1820) 311; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 68; --Santos, Guide

Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 106, t. 57; --Veldk., Blumea 41 (1996) 203.India to S China, Taiwan, across Malesia (from Sumatra to New Guinea) to tropical Australia (Queensland). LUZON: Bataan, Cavite, Zambales, Quezon, MINDORO, CULION, PALAWAN, BALABAC, PANAY, NEGROS. In thickets and secondary forests,

old clearings, steep river banks, at low and medium altitudes, often locally common. Panicum sumatrense Roth ex Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 2 (1817) 434; --Santos, Guide

Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 108, t. 59; --Veldk., Blumea 41 (1996) 205.Panicum psilopodium Trin., Gram. Pan. (1826) 17; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 93; EPFP 1 (1922) 66.Africa (Senegal & E part), Pakistan, Sri Lanka to N Vietnam. In Malesia along the ‘drought track’ through Wallacea: Sumatra (?Bengkulu), Java (E of Ceribon), Madura, SW Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls (Flores, Roti, Timor) and the Philippines: LUZON: Benguet, Rizal. In open wet places, forest edge, edge of rice fields, grassy roadside, low and medium altitudes, ascending to 1400m. Annual. Panicum trichoides Sw., Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. (1788) 24; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 68; --Veldk., Blumea 41 (1996) 207.Tropical America, introduced elsewhere. In Malesia extending from Java to New Guinea. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan, CULION. Annual. In thickets at low and medium altitudes.

Paspalidium Stapf =Setaria

Paspalum LinnaeusRevision:Koning, R and MSM Sosef. de. 1985. The Malesian species of Paspalum L. (Gramineae).

Blumea 30 (1985) 279-318. 12 taxa.Paspalum conjugatum PJ Bergius, Act. Helvet. 7 (1772) 129, t. 8; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 87;

EPFP 1 (1922) 56; --Koning & Sosef, Blumea 30 (1985) 290, Fig. 1; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) xxx t. 62.

Native of tropical America, now pantropic. Common throughout and widespread throughout the Philippines. BATAN, LUZON, CATANDUANES, MINDORO, PALAWAN, CEBU, BILIRAN, MINDANAO, BASILAN, SULU. In the settled areas, about towns, along trails, streams, etc., often very abundant. Paspalum distichum L., Syst. ed. 10, 2 (1759) 855; --Koning & Sosef, Blumea 30 (1985) 295, Fig. 3.Pantropical weed, probably introduced in Malesia: Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Moluccas (Buru) and the Philippines: LUZON. Wet marshlands, swamps, in polluted, shallow`water, along irrigation ditches, etc., up to 1725m. Paspalum dilatatum Poir., Tabl. Encycl. 5 (1804) 35; --Koning & Sosef, Blumea 30 (1985) 293, Fig. 2.S American. Pantropical weed of unknown origin, probably introduced: LUZON. Paspalum longifolium Roxb., Hort. Beng. (1814) 7, nom. nud.; FI. Ind. 1 (1820) 283; --Merr., FI.

Manila (1912) 86; EPFP 1 (1922) 56; --Koning & Sosef, Blumea 30 (1985) 297, Fig. 4; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 111, t. 63.

Paspalum longifolium var. trichocoleum Hackel, PJS 3 (1908) Bot. 167; EPFP 1 (1922) 56.E India to Vietnam, Pacific, Queensland. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province, Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Albay, POLILLO, MINDORO, PALAWAN, BALABAC, GUIMARAS, BOHOL, CEBU, LEYTE, SAMAR, JOLO, MINDANAO: Surigao, SULU. In open, usually rather wet lands, open level grasslands at low and medium altitudes. Paspalum notatum Flüggé, Gram. Monog. (xxxx) 106.

Originally from S America, widely cultivated. LUZON. Paspalum orbiculare G Forst., Fl. Ins. Austr. Prodr. (1786) 7; --Koning & Sosef, Blumea 30 (1985)

299, Fig. 5.Paspalum longifolium Roxb. var. pseudo-orbiculare Jansen, Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 321. --Type: Santos 5

(MICH, holotype). Sri Lanka to Hong Kong, Hawaii, New Caledonia, New South Wales. LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet (Baguio), CEBU, PALAWAN, MINDANAO, Paspalum paniculatum L., Syst. Nat., ed. 10 (1759) 855Tropical South America and West Africa, introduced elsewhere in the tropics. LUZON. Paspalum plicatulum Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1 (1803) 45. S America. Said by 't Mannetje & Jones [Prosea 4 (1992) 183] to be widely cultivated in Malesia, but only two New Guinea collections have been seen. –Veldkamp. Paspalum scrobiculatum L., Mant. 1 (1767) 29; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 86; EPFP 1 (1922) 56; --

Koning & Sosef, Blumea 30 (1985) 302, Fig. 2.World distribution uncertain due to doubtful identifications in the literature: India, Sri Lanka to the Pacific (Vanuatu), Malesia: Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Philippines. Throughout the Philippines, in open grasslands at low and medium altitudes, ascending to 1500m; common and somewhat variable. var. scrobiculatum var. auriculatum (C Presl) Merr., PJS 1 (1906) SuppI. 345; FI. Manila (1912) 86; EPFP 1 (1922) 57.Origin uncertain because of the confusions in identification. Cultivated and escaping in SE Asia. LUZON: Rizal, PALAWAN, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO. In open rather wet grasslands at low altitudes. var. bispicatum Hackel ex Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 86; EPFP 1 (1922) 57.Paspalum scrobiculatum auct. non L., pro parte; --Merr., PJS 1 (1906) SuppI. 344; FI. Manila (1912) 86;

EPFP 1 (1922) 56.Africa to the Pacific, N Australia. Widespread in the Philippines: LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Benguet, Rizal, Bataan, SAN MIGUEL, MINDORO, PALAWAN, CAGAYAN DE SULU, PANAY, GUIMARAS, NEGROS, CEBU, BOHOL, LEYTE, SAMAR, CAMIGUIN, MINDANAO, SULU. In open grasslands at low and medium altitudes. var. horneri (Henrard) Koning & Sosef, Blumea 30 (1985) 307.E India to New Guinea. LUZON. var. philippinense Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 345; EPFP 1 (1922) 57.LUZON: Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, In open, rather wet grasslands at medium altitudes. Paspalum urvillei Steud., Syn. Pl. Gram. (1854) 24.Native to northern South America, cultivated and escaping: LUZON. Paspalum vaginatum Sw., Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. (1788) 21; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 57.Paspalum distichum Fernandez-Villar, Novis. App. (1882) 310; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 87, non L.(Sub)tropical sea coasts. LUZON: Ilocos Sur, La Union, Pampanga, Rizal, Laguna, PANAY, GUIMARAS, CEBU, LEYTE, SAMAR. In open wet lands, usually in places subject to the influence of salt or brackish water.

Pennisetum Richard

7 species.Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng., Syst. 1 (1825) 303; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 75.India, Andamans to Indochina, China, Japan and Australia. Malesia: E Java, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Benguet, MINDANAO. On open slopes at medium altitudes, chiefly in the pine region, ascending to 2000m. Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link, Hort. Berol. 1 (1827) 213; Handb. i. 85; --Cenchrus ciliaris L., Mant.

(1771) 302. Africa to India. Widely introduced. LUZON, MINDANAO. Perennials. Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov., Ann. Ist. Bot. Roma 8 (1903) 41, in adnot. Africa. Widely introduced as a soil-binder, but easily overlooked because of the hidden inflorescences. LUZON. Pennisetum macrostachys (Brongn.) Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. vi, 32 (1835) 177; --Merr.,

EPFP 1 (1922) 75. (‘macrostachyum’)W Malesia to Solomon Isls. Also as ornamental. LUZON: Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDORO, MASBATE, PANAY, NEGROS, CEBU, BOHOL, MINDANAO, BASILAN. In old clearings at low and medium altitudes. Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Pers. Syn. 1 (1805) 72. Africa. Cultivated. LUZON. Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin., Mem. Acad. Petersb. ser. 4, 32 (1835) 184.Africa, India. Cultivated. LUZON. Pennisetum polystachion (L.) Schultes, Mant. 2 (1824) 146. Pennisetum setosum (Sw.) LCM. Rich. in Pers. Syn. 1 (1805) 72.Africa. LUZON, PAMALICAN (in Cuyo Island Group), PALAWAN. MINDANAO, Pennisetum purpureum Schumach., Beskr. Guin. Pl. (1827) 44; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. &

Fauna 4 (1986) 112, t. 64.Africa, widely introduced as a fodder. LUZON: Benguet, Rizal, Laguna, Batangas, Quezon, MINDORO, PALAWAN, MASBATE, PANAY, NEGROS, CEBU, MINDANAO, BASILAN. Old clearings and waste places at low and medium altitudes.

Perotis Aiton2 species.Perotis indica (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. (1891) 787; --Merr. , EPFP 1 (1922) 51.India to Queensland. LUZON: Cagayan, Nueva Ecija, MINDORO, MINDANAO: Agusan. In open grasslands at low and medium altitudes. Perotis rara R Br., Prodr. (1810) 172; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 51; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4

(1986) 113, t. 65.Thailand and N Peninsular Malaysia through the Philippines to Australia. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, Pangasinan, Zambales, MINDORO. On dry open slopes at low and medium altitudes.

Phalaris Linnaeus.1 species.

Phalaris minor Retz., Obs. 3 (1783) 8; --Merr. in PJS 2 (1907) Bot. 421; EPFP 1 (1922) 78; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 114, t. 66.

Originally from the Mediterranean, cultivated elsewhere. LUZON: Benguet, BS 2785 Mearns, alt. c. 1500m; probably a mere casual here. Annuals.

Phragmites Adanson1 species.Phragmites vallatoria (Pluk. ex L.) Veldk., Blumea 37 (1992) 233.Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud., Nomencl. ed. 2, 2 (1840) 324; Merr. in PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 381;

EPFP 1 (1922) 87.Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud., Nomencl. Bot. ed. 2, 2 (1841) 324.Phragmites vulgaris auct., non (Lam.) Trin. (1820); --Merr. FI. Manila (1912) 100; EPFP 1 (1922) 87.Tropical W Africa to Japan, Polynesia, Australia (W Australia to Queensland). LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Bataan, Laguna, Camarines, PALAWAN, NEGROS, CEBU, MINDANAO, TURTLE ISLS., no doubt elsewhere. Along slow streams and margins of lakes at low and medium altitudes, often forming dense thickets.

Poa Linnaeus Poa annua L., Sp. PI. (1753) 68; --Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 181; 386; EPFP 1 (1922) 92; --Santos,

Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 115, t. 67.Cosmopolitan temperate areas.LUZON: Benguet. Very common in open waste places, 1500-2400m. Annuals. Poa pratensis L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 67.Poa luzoniensis Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 180; 386; EPFP 1 (1922) 92.Temperate regions of the Old World; introduced elsewhere. LUZON: Benguet. Borders of cold marshes and streams, c. 2400m. Perennials.

Pogonatherum Palisot de Beauvois 1 species.Pogonatherum crinitum (Thunb.) Kunth, Enum. 1 (1833) 478.Pogonatherum paniceum (Lam.) Hackel, Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. 12 (1906) 178; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 76;

EPFP 1 (1922) 35.India to China through Malesia to Australia. BATAN, LUZON, CATANDUANES, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, NEGROS, CEBU, BOHOL, SAMAR, CAMIGUIN, MINDANAO. Common on banks of ravines, along streams on cliffs and steep banks, etc., at low and medium altitudes, ascending to 2000m.

Pollinia Trinius non Spreng. =Microstegium

Polytoca R Brown1 species.Polytoca digitata (L.f.) Druce, Rep. Bot. Exch. Cl. Brit. Isles, 1916 (1917) 641. Polytoca heteroclita (Roxb.) Koord., Exksfl. Java 1 (1911) 99; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 29.India to New Guinea. BUSUANGA, BOHOL, MINDANAO: Bukidnon. In open grasslands at medium altitudes.

Polytrias Hackel

1 species.Polytrias indica (Houtt.) Veldk., Blumea 36 (1991) 180.Polytrias amaura (Büse) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. (1891) 788; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 35 (as ‘amaurea’); --

Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 116, t. 68.Malesia (widespread), originally apparently from Java, introduced and escaping pantropically. Commonly used as a lawn grass (Santos: 116), seen from LUZON, MINDORO, CEBU, MINDANAO, JOLO. In open grasslands in and about towns at low altitudes.

Pseudechinochlaena Stapf1 species.Pseudechinolaena polystachya (Kunth) Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9 (1919) 495.Panicum uncinatum Raddi, Agrost. Bras. (1823) 41; --Trin., Gram. Pan. (1826) 174, Icon. t. 216; --Merr.,

PJS 1 (1906) SuppI. 362; EPFP 1 (1922) 69. Pantropic. In the Philippines known from PALAWAN, MINDANAO: Davao. Occurring as ground cover under plantation shade or thickets, also on open land, alt. c. 650m.

Pseudopogonatherum A Camus3 species.Pseudopogonatherum koretrostachys (Trin.) Henrard, (not found in IPNI)Eulalia koretrostachys (Trin.) Henrard, Blumea 4 (1941) 521, in obs. China, Indochina. LUZON (Abra, Mountain Province, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, MINDANAO: Bukidnon. In open grasslands chiefly at medium altitudes. Fairly weak annual. Pseudopogonatherum contortum (Brongn.) A Camus in Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 7

(1922) 255; --Pollinia contorta (Brongn.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 33.Thailand to Aru Isls, not in Australia (as was stated by Merrill, 1923). LUZON, MINDANAO. Weak annual. Pseudopogonatherum irritans (R Br.) A Camus, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon ser. 2, (1922) 68; --

Pollinia irritans (R Br.) Hackel in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 155; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 34.Thailand to N Australia. LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet. In open grasslands, c. 1000m. Perennial.

Pseudoraphis Griffith2 species.Pseudoraphis brunoniana (Wall. & Griffith) Pilger, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 10 (1928)

209, 210 India to Philippines. LUZON. Pseudoraphis spinescens (R Br.) Vickery, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensl. 62 (1952) 69; --Santos,

Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 116, t. 69.Chamaeraphis muricata (L.f.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 75.Chamaeraphis aspera Nees in Wall Cat. (1849) No. 8679; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 96.Chamaeraphis squarrosa auct.India to China through Malesia to tropical Australia. Central LUZON to PALAWAN and MINDANAO. In shallow stagnant water, floating in ponds, ride fields, ditches, etc. at low altitudes.

Pseudosorghum Camus1 species.Pseudosorghum zollingeri (Steud.) Camus, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 26 (1920) 663.Indochina to Java. Not in Taiwan! BATAN, LUZON.

Ramosia Merrill =Centotheca

Rhaphis Loureiro =Chrysopogon

Rhynchelytrum Nees =Melinis

Rottboellia Linnaeus filius*2 species.Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton, Kew Bull. 35 (1981) 817.Rottboellia exaltata L.f., Suppl. (1781) 114; –Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 39.African tropics, widely introduced. BATAN, LUZON, MINDORO, NEGROS, BOHOL, CAGAYAN DE SULU, MINDANAO, JOLO, TAWI-TAWI. Rottboellia paradoxa Sosef & Koning, Blumea 31 (1986) 306.LUZON: Benguet (Mt Sto. Tomas), once found.

Saccharum Linnaeus

3 species.Saccharum arundinaceum Retz., Obs. 4 (1786) 14; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1922) 32.Erianthus arundinaceus (Retz.) Jeswiet, Arch. Suikerind. Ned.-Ind., Meded. Proefst. Javasuikerind. (1925)

399, in obs.India to S China. LUZON, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR, MINDANAO,. Saccharum officinarum L., Sp. PI. (1753) 54; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 78; EPFP 1 (1922) 32; --

Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 118, t. 71.Cultivated throughout the Philippines, in some islands and provinces very extensively, being one of the major crops of the Philippines. Not a native of the Archipelago. Sugar cane. Saccharum spontaneum L., Mant. 2 (1771) 183.Saccharum spontaneum ssp. indicum Hackel in DC, Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 117; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912)

77; EPFP 1 (1922) 32.Africa to N Australia. Throughout the Philippines, seen from LUZON, MINDANAO, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN. Open areas at low and medium altitudes, ascending to 1500m, often gregarious and almost exclusively occupying large areas.

Sacciolepis =Saccolepis

Saccolepis Nash2 species.

Saccolepis indica (L.) Chase, Proc. BioI. Soc. Wash. 21 (1908) 8; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 120, t. 72; --Panicum indicum L., Mant. 1 (1767) 184; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 92; EPFP 1 (1922) 64.

Saccolepis indica var. angustum (Trin.) JD Hook., FI. Brit. Ind. 7 (1897) 42; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 64.Tropical Africa to Japan, Australia. LUZON, MINDORO, BUSUANGA, PALAWAN, BALABAC, PANAY, GUIMARAS, NEGROS, BOHOL, MINDANAO, SULU. Common in open wet grasslands at low and medium altitudes. Saccolepis myosuroides (R Br.) A Camus in Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 7 (1922) 460; --

Panicum myosuroides R Br., Prodr. (1810) 189; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 65.India to the W Pacific, Australia. PANAY, MINDANAO: Misamis. Open wetlands at low and medium altitudes.

Schizachyrium Nees3-4 species.Schizachyrium brevifolium (Sw.) Nees ex Büse, Pl. Jungh. (1854) 359; --Andropogon

brevifolius Sw., Prodr. (1788) 26; --Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 335; EPFP 1 (1922) 43.Schizachyrium paradoxum Buse in Miq. Pl.Jungh. (1852) 359Schizachyrium brevifolium var. paradoxum (Buse) Henrard, (Not found in IPNI)Pantropic. LUZON: Ifugao, Mountain Province, Benguet, Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, Bulacan, Zambales, Bataan, Laguna, MINDORO, BUSUANGA, PALAWAN, BOHOL, MINDANAO: Lanao, Bukidnon, Davao. In open grasslands at low and medium altitudes. Annual. Schizachyrium fragile (R Br.) A Camus, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon. 70 (1924) n.s. 87; --Andropogon

fragilis R Br. Prodr. (1810) 202; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 82. Schizachyrium fragile (R Br.) A Camus var. luzoniense (Hackel) Jansen, xxxxx. ; --Andropogon fragilis var.

luzoniensis Hackel, PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 267; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 45.Pacific, Australia, Aru Isls, Philippines: LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet, MANAMOC. In dry open grasslands at medium altitudes. Annual. Schizachyrium pseudeulalia (Hosokawa) ST Blake, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensl. 80 (1969) 77.Schizachyrium fragile (R Br.) A Camus var. malayanum (Merr.) Jansen, xxxxAndropogon fragilis var. malayanus Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 45.Philippines to N Australia. LUZON: Ifugao, Mountain Province, Benguet, Pangasinan, Rizal, MINDANAO (Lanao), MINDORO, BOHOL. Annual. Very close to the preceding. Schizachyrium sanguineum (Retz.) Alston in Trimen, Handbook Fl. Ceylon 6 (1931) Suppl. 334;

--Andropogon sanguineus (Retz.) Merr., in PJS 12 (1917) Bot. 101; EPFP 1 (1922) 47.Madagascar, India to S China, New Guinea. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, CULION. On open slopes at low altitudes. Perennial.

Sclerachne R Brown =Chionachne (all spp.?)

Scrotochloa Judziewicz1 species.Scrotochloa urceolata (Roxb.) Judziewicz, Phytologia 56 (1984) 300; --Leptaspis urceolata

(Roxb.) R Br. in Benn., PI. Jav. Rar. (1838) 23, t. 6; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 76; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 89, t. 38; --basionym?

Sri Lanka across Malesia to New Guinea and the Solomon Isls. In the Philippines: reported from LUZON: Camarines, Sorsogon, POLILLO, PALAWAN, SAMAR, LEYTE,

NEGROS, MINDANAO. In thickets and forests at low and medium altitudes.

Sehima Forsskål1 species.Sehima nervosum (Willd.) Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9 (1917) 36; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. &

Fauna 4 (1986) 120, t. 73.Andropogon philippinensis Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 367; EPFP 1 (1922) 47.Africa to Australia. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, MINDANAO, PALAWAN. Dry open rocky slopes at low altitudes. Indigenous in Ilocos Norte. An introduced grass cultivated in some improved grasslands in LUZON and MINDANAO (fide Santos).

Setaria Palisot de Beauvois*10 species.Setaria barbata (Lam.) Kunth, Révis. Gramin. 1 (1829) 47. W Africa, pantropically introduced. CEBU, no doubt elsewhere. Annuals. Setaria clivalis (Ridl.) Veldk., Misc. Pap. Landbouwhogesch. Wageningen 19 (1980) 317.Setaria laxa Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 366; FI. Manila (1912) 96; EPFP 1 (1922) 73.Sumatra to Christmas Is. (Indian Ocean.). LUZON: Rizal, Laguna, MINDANAO. Thick ets and falIow lands at low altitudes. Setaria flavida (Retz.) Veldk., Blumea 39 (1994) 376; --Paspalidium flavidum (Retz.) A Camus in

Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 7 (1922) 419; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 108, t. 60; --Panicum flavidum Retz., Obs. 4 (1786) 15; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 90; EPFP 1 (1922) 64.

Mascarenes to the Pacific. LUZON, MINDORO, PALAWAN, CEBU, BOHOL, LEYTE, CAGAYAN DE SULU, MINDANAO, SULU ARCHIPELAGO Terrestrial perennials. A common weed in open waste places in and about towns at low altitudes. Setaria italica (L.) Beauv., Agrost. (1812) 51; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 73; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl.

& Fauna 4 (1986) 122, t. 74.C Asia, formerly widely cultivated. Very rarely cultivated in the Philippines, and nowhere spontaneous. Seen in BATAN, LUZON, MINDANAO, MINDORO, NEGROS. SULU. Annuals. Italian Millet. Setaria palmifolia (Koenig) Stapf, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 42 (1914) 186; EPFP 1 (1922) 73.var. palmifolia. India to China, Japan, to New Guinea. introduced in tropical America. Widespread in the Philippines: LUZON, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, NEGROS, CEBU, MINDANAO. Perennials. Common in thickets, old clearings, abaca plantations, etc., at low and medium altitudes, ascending to 200m. var. blepharoneuron (A. Braun) Veldk., Floribunda 1 (1988) 22.India to S China, Japan. LUZON. Hardly distinct from the preceding. Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen, Lejeunia 120 (1987) 161Setaria pallidefusca (Schumach.) Stapf & CE Hubb., Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew (1930) 259; Fl. Trop. Africa 9

(1930) 815.Setaria geniculata auct., non (Lam.) Beauv. (1812); --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 72.Setaria flava Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1 (1829) 46; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 95.Setaria glauca auct., non (L.) P. Beauv. (1812).Pan(sub)tropical. Widespread in the Philippines: LUZON, CATANDUANES, PALAWAN,

GUIMARAS, NEGROS, CEBU, BOHOL, SAMAR, MINDANAO. Open grasslands at low and medium aI titudes, ascending to 1800m. Setaria punctata (Burm.f.) Veldk., Blumea 39 (1994) 381; --Paspalidium punctatum (Burm.f.) A

Camus in Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Indo-chine 7 (1922) 419; -- Santos: 109, t. 61; --Panicum punctatum Burm.f., FI. Ind. (1768) 26; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 90; EPFP 1 (1922) 67.

E Africa to Mauritius, China Malesia. In the Philippines, LUZON: Rizal, Laguna, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Misamis, Davao, Agusan). In shallow water and in open muddy places at low altitudes. Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.) Stapf & CE Hubb. ex Chipp, Kew Bull. (1929) 184, 195.Setaria splendida Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop. Africa 9 (1930) 799; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986)

123, t. 75. Africa, now widely cultivated. LUZON, MINDANAO. Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv., Agrost. (1812) 51; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 74.Setaria adhaerens (Forssk.) Chiov., Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital., n. s., 26 (1919) 77; --vide Henrard in Blumea 3

(1940) 415Old World, perhaps native in Malesia, now widely cultivated. BATAN, LUZON: Rizal, CAMIGUIN. Open waste places. Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv., Agrost. (1812) 51; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 95; EPFP 1 (1922) 74.Old World, widely cultivated, but may become a noxious weed. LUZON: Mountain Province, Cagayan, Rizal, PALAWAN. occurring rarely in open waste places.

Sorghum Moench*

5 species.Sorghum x almum Parodi, Rev. Argent. Agron. 10 (1943) 361Hybrid of S. bicolor and S. halepense. 'Introduced in the Philippines' ['t Mannetje & Jones (1992: 203), but no specimens have been seen. Rhizomatous perennial. Johnson grass, a back-cross of this with S. halepense is reported for Malesia as a noxious weed, but no records seen. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, Methodus (1794) 207.Andropogon sorghum (L.) Brot., FI. Lusit. 1 (1804) 88; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 84; EPFP 1 (1922) 48.Sorghum vulgare Pers. Syn. 1 (1804) 101;A native of Asia or Africa, now cultivated in all warm countries. Widely cultivated in the Philippines with innumerable forms. Annual. Sorghum Sorghum laxiflorum FM Bailey, Syn. Queensl. FI. SuppI. 3 (1890) 84; Andropogon baileyi F.-Muell., Vict. Nat. 7 (1891) 16; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 43.N Australia. LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet, Rizal. MINDANAO. Annual. Open grassy slopes at medium alti tudes, ascending to 1200m. Sorghum nitidum (Vahl) Pers., Syn. 1 (1805) 101; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986)

174, t. 76; --Andropogon nitidus (Vahl) Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1 (1829) 166; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 84; EPFP 1 (1922) 47.

Andropogon nitidus forma hirsuta Pilger in Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 140, nomen; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 47.

Andropogon serratus Thunb., Fl. Jap. (1784) 41; --Hackel in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 520; --Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 337; Fl. Manila (1912) 84; EPFP 1 (1922) 48.

Sri Lanka to SE China, Taiwan, Japan, across Malesia to N Australia. Widespread in the Philippines: BATAN, LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet, Cagayan, Isabela, Rizal,

NEGROS, MINDANAO: Lanao, Bukidnon, Davao. Perennials. Open grasslands at low and medium altitudes. Sorghum propinquum (Kunth) A Hitchc., Lingnan Sc. Journ. 7 (1931) 249.Andropogon halepensis (L.) Brot. var. propinquus (Kunth) Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 84; EPFP 1 (1922) 45.Sri Lanka to S China, Palau. Widespread in the Philippines: BATAN, LUZON, PALAWAN, BALABAC, SAMAR, MINDANAO. Rhizomatous perennials. Often common.

Spinifex Linnaeus1 species.Spinifex littoreus (Burm.f.) Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 229; FI. Manila (1912) 97; EPFP 1 (1922) 76.India to China, across Malesia to Australia. BATAN, LUZON, HERMANA MAYOR, MINDORO, APO IS., PALAWAN, GUIMARAS, NEGROS, CEBU, CAMIGUIN, MINDANAO, JOLO. Common on sandy sea shores. Inflorescences unisexual, forming large spiny balls. Magsaysay Isl.,

Sporobolus R BrownRevision:Winia, M. in GJ Baaijens & JF Veldkamp. 1991. Sporobolus (Gramineae) in Malesia. Blumea 35: 393-458. 8 taxa.Sporobolus humilis C Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1 (1827) 241. ssp. humilisMyanmar to S Vietnam, Java. LUZON. Perennials. ssp. minor Veldk., Blumea 35 (1991) 420Réunion, Pakistan to Taiwan. LUZON. Sporobolus indicus (L.) R Br., Prodr. (1810) 170; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 98; EPFP 1 (1922) 80.var. flaccidus (Roemer & Schultes) Veldk., Blumea 35 (1991) 433.Sporobolus indicus (L.) R Br. var. diander (Retz.) Jovet & Guédès, xxxxxx; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. &

Fauna 4 (1986) 125, t. 77.Sporobolus diander (Retz.) P. Beauv., Agrost. (1812) 26; --Merr. EPFP 1 (1922) 80 ('diandrus'), Mauritius, Pakistan to Polynesia, Australia. BATAN, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Benguet, Cagayan, Isabela, Pampanga, Rizal, Quezon, Albay, Sorsogon, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, GUIMARAS, CEBU, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CAMIGUIN, MINDANAO: Lanao, JOLO, TURTLE ISLS. Com mon in open grasslands, lawns and waste places about towns, ascending to 2000m. var. major (Buse) Baaijens, Blumea 35 (1991) 437.Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton, Kew Bull. 19 (1965) 291Sporobolus indicus auct., -- Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 80.Sri Lanka to Korea, Pacific, Australia. Widespread in the Philippines, seen from LUZON, MINDORO, GUIMARAS, CEBU, MINDANAO,. Sporobolus piliferus (Trin.) Kunth, Enum. 1 (1833) 611; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 80.Africa to India, Peninsular Malaysia to LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet. On banks, in open grasslands, etc., at medIum altitudes, ascending to 1800m.

Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1 (1829) 67; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 99; EPFP 1 (1922) 81.

Pan(sub)tropical. LUZON: Cagayan, Rizal. Sandy beach, along tidal streams within the influence of salt or brackish water.

Stenotaphrum Trinius2 species.Stenotaphrum micranthum (Desv.) CE Hubb. in CE Hubb. & RE Vaughan, Grasses of

Mauritius & Rodriguez (1940) 73Réunion to the Pacific, Australia. Spratly Isl. This species has a 'a curious affinity for small islands' and so may be expected on small islands in the Philippines. Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 794 (sphalm. secundum).Tropical Atlantic sea shores. Grown as a lawn grass, e.g. in LUZON.

Streblochaete Hochstetter ex Pilger Streblochaete longiarista (A Rich.) Pilger, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 9 (1926) 516; --

Steen., Mountain Fl. Java (1972) Plate 22-15.Koordersiochloa javanica Merr., PJS 12 c (1917) Bot. 67, t. 1; --PJS 30 (1926) 390. E Africa, Mascarenes, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls (Lombok), N Philippines. LUZON: Benguet (Mt Pulag). Mossy forest, altitude c. 2400m.

Themeda Forsskål6 species.Themeda arguens (L.) Hackel in DC. Monogr. Phan. 6 (1889) 657; --Jansen, Act. Bot. Neerl.1

(1952) 479.Andamans to N Vietnam and N Australia. LUZON, MINDORO, MINDANAO. Plants annual. Themeda arundinacea (Roxb.) Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, 2 (1893) 401; --A Camus in

Lecompte, Fl. Gén. Indochine 7 (1922) 363; --Jansen, Act. Bot. Neerl. 1 (1952) 481; --Sajise et al., Kalikasan 3 (1974) 73.

N India to S China, Malesia: Peninsular Malaysia (Kelantan, Pahang, Perak), W Java, Lesser Sunda Isls (Bali, Timor), Borneo (Sabah). LUZON. Plants perennial. Themeda gigantea (Cav.) Hackel in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 670 (var. genuina Hackel); --Merr.

EPFP 1 (1922) 50. Themeda gigantea var. vulpina (Anderss.) Hackel, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 670; --Merr., EPFP 1

(1922) 50. Themeda arundinacea auct. Thailand to the Pacific. Widespread in the Philippines: BATAN, LUZON, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, NEGROS, MINDANAO. Plants perennial. Open grasslands on dry steep slopes at low and medium altitudes. Themeda intermedia (Hackel) Dur. & Jacks., Index Kew Suppl. 1 (1906) 424; --Jansen, Act. Bot.

Neerl. 1 (1952) 481; Themeda gigantea ssp. intermedia Hackel var. dubia Hackel in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 675; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 50. India to New Guinea. PALAWAN, BOHOL, MINDANAO. Plants perennial.

Themeda triandra Forssk., Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. (1775) 178; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 81; EPFP 1 (1922)50; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 125, t. 78.

Themeda australis (R Br.) Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9 (1919) 420, in obs.Sumatra to Australia. BATANES, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Abra, Mountain Province, Benguet, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Albay, MINDORO, BUSUANGA, SEMIRARA, MINDANAO. Plants perennial. Open grasslands at low and medium altitudes, ascending to 2300m. Frequently abundant and gregarious over large areas. Themeda villosa (Poir.) A Camus in Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 7 (1922) 364; --Dur. & Jacks.,

Index Kew. Suppl. 1 (1906) 424.Themeda junghuhniana Nees, This name is not in IPNIIndia to New Guinea. NEGROS. Plants perennial.

Thuarea Persoon1 species.Thuarea involuta (G Forst.) Roemer & Schultes, Syst. 2 (1817) 782; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912)

97; EPFP 1 (1922) 75.Sri Lanka to Madagascar through Malesia to Australia and Polynesia. Widespread in the Philippines: BATAN, LUZON, MINDORO, PALAWAN, URSULA, BALABAC, CAGAYAN DE SULU, KEENAPUSAN, GUIMARAS, CEBU, SAMAR, MAGASAYSAY (off E of Camiguin), SIARGAO, MINDANAO, Cagoacan, Tangao. On sandy beaches and in thickets back of the beach, often common.

Thysanolaena Nees Thysanolaena latifolia (Hornem.) Honda, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo 3, 3 (1930) 312; --Santos,

Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 127, t. 79.Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. (1891) 794; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 53.India, S China, Indochina, across Malesia to New Guinea. Widespread in the Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Apayao, Mountain Province, Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, Zambales, Bataan, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, CATANDUANES, SAN MIGUEL (off Albay prov.), MINDORO, PALAWAN, NEGROS, CEBU, BILIRAN, SAMAR, MINDANAO. Banks of ravines, slopes, about cliffs, etc., at low and medium altitudes, ascending to 1600m.

Trichachne Nees =Digitaria

Tricholaena Stapf non Schrader = Melinis

Tripogon Roemer & Schultes1 species.Tripogon chinensis (Franch.) Hackel, Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii, 3 (1903) 503; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922)

85; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 128, t. 80.C Asia to China, Korea, Taiwan and LUZON: Ilocos Norte, BS 33237 Ramos. On dry open rocky slopes at low altitudes.

Tripsacum Linnaeus.

1 or 2 species.Tripsacum andersonii JR Gray, Phytologia 33 (1976) 204 (-205), fig. 1.Tripsacum lanceolatum auct., non Fourn., --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 129, t. 81.T. laxum auct. non Nash (1909).From C America. Introduced in the Philipines in 1909 and is cultivated in improved pastures 'throughout the archipelago' (Santos: 129). According to Veldkamp (Checklist, only seen from LUZON.

Triticum Linnaeus

1 cultivated species.Triticum aestivum L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 85; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 130, t. 82.Triticum vulgare Vill., Hist. PI. Dauph. 2 (1779) 153; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 93; Formerly cultivated in certain provinces in LUZON, now planted to a limited extent in N LUZON. Wheat.

Urochloa Palisot de Beauvois8 species.Urochloa brizantha (A Rich.) RD Webster, Australian Paniceae (Poac.) (1987) 233; --Brachiaria

brizantha (A Rich.) Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9 (1919) 531Brachiaria decumbens Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9 (1919) 528Africa, now widely cultivated, seen from LUZON, MINDANAO. Urochloa fusiformis (Reeder) Veldk., Blumea 41 (1996) 420; --Brachiaria fusiformis Reeder, J.

Arnold Arb. 29 (1948) 274, pl. 1; --Jansen, Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 236.Brachiaria fusiformis var. pilicoronata (Ohwi) Jansen, Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 236. Type: Merrill 11606 (BO).Papua New Guinea, Timor and the Philippines: LUZON, CULION, MINDANAO. Urochloa glumaris (Trin.) Veldk., Blumea 41 (1996) 420Brachiaria paspaloides (C Presl) CE Hubb., in Hook. Icon. (1938) Pl. 34 sub t. 3363, p. 2, in adnot.Urochloa paspaloides C Presl, ReI. Haenk. 1 (1830) 318; --Scribn., Rept. Missouri Bot. Gard. 10 (1899) 54,

t. 14, non Beauv.Panicum ambiguum Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. vi, 32 (1835) 243; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 61.Panicum distachyum auct., non L. (1767); --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 63.Mascarene Isls to India, across Malesia to Polynesia. Widespread in the Philippines. LUZON, PALAWAN, PALMAS, BOHOL, MINDANAO. Open, more or less waste places, old clearings, etc., at low and medium altitudes. Urochloa mutica (Forssk.) T-Q Nguyen, Novit. Syst. Pl. Vasc., Acad. Sci. URSS (1966) 13Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop. Africa 9 (1919) 526; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 60, t. 10.Originally from Brazil, now planted as pasture grass throughout the tropics. ‘Widely established' in the Philippines (Santos: 62), seen from LUZON, PANAY. Perennials. Urochloa reptans (L.) Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9 (1920) 601Panicum reptans L., Syst. ed. 10 (1759) 871; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 67.Brachiaria reptans (L.) Gardn. & CE Hubb. in Hook., Icon. Pl. (1938) t. 3363; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. &

Fauna 4 (1986) 62, t. 11.Pantropic. 'Throughout the Philippines (Santos: 63), seen from LUZON, ALABAT, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PALMAS, PANAY, GUIMARAS, CEBU, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CAMIGUIN, MINDANAO, SULU ARCHIPELAGO A weed of cultivation and overgrazed

pasture. Low and medium altitudes. Urochloa ruziziensis (Germain & Evrard) Morrone & Zuloaga, J. Arn. Arb. Suppl. Ser. 1 (1991) 269 .Brachiaria ruziziensis Germain & Evrard, Bull. Jard. Bot. Brux. 23 (1953) 373Widely cultivated. LUZON. Urochloa subquadripara (Trin.) RD Webster, Australian Paniceae (Poac.) (1987) 252.Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) A Hitchc., Lingnan Sc. J. 7 (1928) 21; --Jansen, Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 239. Brachiaria miliiformis (C Presl) Chase, Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. 22 (1920) 35.Brachiaria distachya auct., non Stapf (19Panicum distachyum auct. non L., (1767); --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 91; EPFP 1 (1922) 63.Kashmir to S China, through Malesia to tropical Australia (Queensland). Widespread in the Philippines: LUZON, CATANDUANES, MINDORO, PALAWAN, GUIMARAS, NEGROS, CEBU, CAMIGUIN, MINDANAO. Annuals. Open waste places in and about towns at low and medium altitudes; common. Withstands dry conditions and a useful lawn grass on gravelly soil. Urochloa villosa (Lam.) T-Q Nguyen, Novit. Syst. Pl. Vasc., Acad. Sci. URSS (1966) 14Brachiaria villosa (Lam.) Camus in Lecomte, Fl. Gén. Indochine 7 (1922) 433; --Jansen, Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 236.Panicum coccospermum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1 (1854) 62; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 62.W Africa to Japan. Probably introduced in the Philippines where found before 1905. LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, CULION, MINDANAO: Lanao. Open grassy slopes and banks chiefly at medium altitudes, ascending to 1500m.

Vetiveria Bory =Chrysopogon

Vulpia CC Gmelin2 taxa.Vulpia myuros (L.) Gmel., Fl. Bad. 1 (1806) 8.Festuca myuros Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 369, non L.Festuca megalura Nutt., J. Acad. Sci. Phila. ii, 1 (1847) 188; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 92.Vulpia megalura (Nutt.) Rydb., Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 36 (1909) 358. forma megalura (Nutt.) Stace & Cotton, xxx; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 131, t.

84.Native of Europe and W Asia, now widespread worldwide. LUZON: Benguet. In open grassy places, altitude 1460-2300m. Merrill (1922): “A native of the west coast of North and South America, introduced in Portugal, and a recent introduction in Benguet”. Vulpia bromoides (L.) JE Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. ii. 124. Probably originally from W Europe, introduced elsewhere, e.g. LUZON: Benguet (Mt Pulog, probably at high alt.).

Zea Linnaeus2 species.Zea mays L., Sp. PI. (1753) 971; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 74; EPFP 1 (1922) 28; Santos: 132, t. 85.Introduced from America. Extensively cultivated in most parts of the Philippines, in some islands and provinces a staple article of food. Corn or maize.

Zea mexicana (Schrad.) Kuntze, Lex. Gen. Phan. (Dec. 1903) 600.Euchlaena luxurians Durieu & Aschers., Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 1 (1877) 107.Native of Mexico, introduced into the Philippines in the late years of the Spanish occupation and again in the early years of the American occupation and was cultivated experimentally for forage purposes. It has not persisted in cultivation.Mexico, 'cultivated in LUZON and in other islands' (Santos: 81). Santos: t. 30.

Zoisia =Zoysia

Zoysia Willdenow2 taxa.Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 230; Fl. Manila (1912) 85; EPFP 1 (1923) 51; --

Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 133, t. 86.var. matrella. Coasts of Indian Ocean and South China Sea to the Ryukyu Isls, New Guinea. Originally from sandy beaches, now commonly cultivated as a lawn grass. Also occurring in open places chiefly along or near tidal streams. LUZON, HERMANA MAYOR, PANIQUIAN, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, CEBU, MINDANAO. var. pacifica Goudswaard, Blumea 26 (1980) 172; --Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) t. 87.Zoysia tenuifolia auct.W Pacific Ocean, Moluccas. Widely cultivated for lawns, tennis courts, golf courses. 'Throughout the Philippines' (Santos: 135), seen from LUZON.

Family 19-B. GRAMINEAE subfamily BAMBUSOIDEAELiterature:MacClure, FA. 1966. The Bamboos. Pancho, JV & SR Obien. 1988. New records of bamboos for the Philippines. Philippine Agriculturist 71:199-223.

Bambusa Schreber Bambusa blumeana Schultes f., Syst. 72 (1830) 1343; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 106; EPFP 1

(1922) 95; --Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 4, t. 2. Bambusa spinosa Roxb., Hort. Beng. (1814) 25 [non FI. Ind. ed. 2, 2 (1832) 305]; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922)

94.Native to Java and E Malesia. Cultivated in S China, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo and the Philippines. N LUZON to PALAWAN and MINDANAO. The most common and conspicuous bamboo at low and medium altitudes throughout the settled areas; apparently always planted, probably of prehistoric introduction by the early Malay invaders. The species very rarely flowers and then usually only when clumps have been severely injured by fire or by too extensive cutting. The only spiny bamboo in the Philippines. Bambusa cornuta Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. 26 (1868) 113; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 94. –Type: Bambusa horsfieldii Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. 26 (1868) 115; --Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 6,

t. 4.Java, N Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya. In ravines along small streams, altitude 1000-1600m. Bambusa merrillii Gamble, PJS 5 (1910) Bot. 269; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 94. –Type: LUZON: Nueva Vizcaya, Merrill 229. Altitude c. 600m. Bambusa philippinensis (Gamble) McClure, Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 9 (1973) 68; --Guadua philippinensis Gamble, PJS 8 (1913) Bot. 203; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 96. –Type: MINDANAO: Davao Oriental (Mati), Piper 475. Probably from thickets or secondary forests. Bambusa roxburghiana Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex WendI., Collect. PI. 2 (1808) 26,t. 47; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 105;

EPFP 1 (1922) 95; --Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 10, t. 7.S China, Taiwan, across Malesia. Probably an introduced plant in the Philippines. Pantropic in cultivation.N LUZON to PALAWAN and MINDANAO, in most islands and prov inces, in the settled areas at low and medium altitudes. var. striata (Lodd.) Gamble, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. 7 (1896) 44; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 105; EPFP

1 (1922) 96; --Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 11, t. 8.Probably originating in China. Pantropic in cultivation, and in many parts of the Philippines mainly cultivated as an ornamental hedge and source of light construction material. Non-naturalized cultivated taxa: Bambusa atra Lindley, Penny Cyclop. 3 (1835) 357; --Widjaja in Dransf. & Widjaja (ed.), PROSEA No.

7. Bamboos (1995) 53.Native of New Guinea, Moluccas and Sangihe Is. Reportedly in S part of MINDANAO. Planted in gardens and bambuseta.

Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss in Vilmorin, Blumengartnerei 1 (1896) 1189; Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd., Sp. Pl. 2 (1799) 245; --Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 2, t. 1.Indigenous to India, Burma and Thailand. Introduced in Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Sulawesi and the Philippines. N LUZON to PALAWAN and MINDANAO. Commonly planted in settled areas at low and medium altitude. Bambusa dolichoclada Hayata Bambusa dolichomerithalla Hayata Bambusa maculata Widjaja, Bambusa multiplex (Lour.) Raeusch., NomencI. ed. 3 (1797) 108; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 94.Bambusa glaucescens Sieb. ex Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. 26 (1868) 89, in syn.; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912)

105; --Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 5, t. 3.Probably a native of China, now widely distributed in cultivation. Planted here and there for ornamental purposes, especially as hedges, in many settled areas at low and medium altitudes. Bambusa oldhamii Munro, Bambusa tulda Roxb., Hort. Bengal. (1814) 25, nomen; Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, 2 (1832) 193; --Santos,

Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 7, t. 5.India, Burma, Thailand and Java. Introduced and only known in cultivation in the Philippines. Bambusa tuldoides Munro,Bambusa ventricosa McClure, Lingnan Sc. Journ. 17 (1938) 57; --Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986)

9, t. 6.Native of S China, introduced to the Philippines and other SE Asian countries. Ornamental garden plant in many settled areas at low and medium altitudes. Bambusa utilis Lin, Bull. Taiwan For. Res. 98 (1964) 2, Fig. 1 &2; --Pancho & Obien, Philipp. Agric. 71

(1988) 214.Native to Taiwan. Introduced in the Philippines for its edible shoots.

Cephalostachyum Munro Cephalostachyum mindorense Gamble, PJS 5 (1910) Bot. 272; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 97; --

Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 12, t. 9. –Type: LUZON: Camarines Norte, MINDORO: Mindoro Occidental (Sta Cruz; Mt Cabiguayan). Thickets, along river flats and forest edges, 0-800m.

Cyrtochloa S Dransfield Revision: Cyrtochloa fenixii (Gamble) S Dransf., Kew Bull. 53 (1998) 864; --Schizostachyum fenixii Gamble,

PJS 6 c (1911) Bot. 289; idem. 8 (1913) Bot. 205; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 98. –Type: LUZON: Abra, Ilocos Sur, Benguet, Cagayan, PANAY. In thickets at low and medium altitudes.

Cyrtochloa hirsuta S Dransf., Kew Bull. 53 (1998) 869. --Type: Pennoyer 853 (PNH, holo). Luzon:

Bataan prov., Dinalupihan, Barrio San Pablo. LUZON: Bataan (Dinalupihan). Cyrtochloa luzonica (Gamble) S Dransf., Kew Bull. 53 (1998) 871; --Schizostachyum luzonicum

Gamble, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 277; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 99. –Type: LUZON: Zambales. In forests and in ravines, alt. c. 800m. Cyrtochloa major (Pilg.) S Dransf., Kew Bull. 58 (2003 publ. Feb 2004) 982; --Dinochloa major Pilg.

in Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philipp. i. 149. –Type: Cyrtochloa mindoroensis S Dransf., Kew Bull. 58 (2003 publ. Feb 2004) 981. --Type: BS 39366

Ramos (K, holo). Mindoro: Mindoro Occidental prov., Mt Calavite.● Cyrtochloa mindoroensis S.Dransf. -- Kew Bull. 58(4): 981 (2003 publ. Feb. 2004). MINDORO: Mindoro Occidental (Mt Calavite). Cyrtochloa puser S Dransf., Kew Bull. 53 (1998) 867. --Type: McVey sn (K, holo). Luzon: Abra prov., Bangued. LUZON: Abra (Bangued). Cyrtochloa toppingii (Gamble) S Dransf., Kew Bull. 53 (1998) 862; --Schizostachyum toppingii

Gamble, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 276; --Merr., FI. Manila (1912) 106; EPFP 1 (1922) 100; --Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 32, t. 25. –Type:

LUZON: Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, MINDORO. Low and medium altitude thickets and secondary forests.

Dendrocalamus Nees Dendrocalamus asper (Schult.f.) Backer ex Heyne, Nutt. Pl. Ned.-Ind. ed. 2, 1 (1927) 301; --Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 13, t. 10. –Type: Probably from SE Asia. Introduced in Madagascar, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Philippines, Australia. Planted and naturalized from low to high altitudes to 1500m, but thrives best at 400-500m altitude. Dendrocalamus merrillianus (Elmer) Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2675; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 97; --

Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 16, t. 12; -- Gigantochloa merrilliana Elmer, LPB 1 (Jan 1908) 273. –Type:

Bambusa merrilliana (Elmer) Rojo & Roxas in Rojo, Rev. Lexicon Philipp. Trees (1999) 179.LUZON: Ilocos Sur, Abra, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Zambales, Pangasinan, Bulacan, LEYTE, CEBU, BOHOL, MINDANAO: Lanao. In and about towns, chiefly planted. Rojo (loc. cit.) states that “..in the sense of Dransfield & Widjaja (1995), this species is conspecific with Dendrocalamus asper. However, current observation of the flowers and vegetative characteristics points to Bambusa rather than Dendrocalamus”.Question: If this is indeed a Bambusa, why was the epithet asper not used? Basionym Bambusa aspera Schultes f. (1830) clearly antedates basionym Gigantochloa merrilliana Elmer (1908). Non-naturalized cultivated taxa:Dendrocalamus brandisii (Munro) Kurz, For. Fl. Brit. Burma 2 (1877) 560; --Dransf. & Widjaja (eds.)

PROSEA 7, Bamboos (1995) 83; Dendrocalamus giganteus Wall. ex Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. 26 (1868) 150; --Dransf. & Widjaja (eds.) PROSEA 7, Bamboos (1995) 85;

Probably from S Burma. Introduced to Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines for its edible shoots and culms for construction materials. Grows up to 1200m altitude. Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. 26 (1868) 152, t. 6; --Roxas in Dransf. & Widjaja (eds.) PROSEA 7, Bamboos (1995) 87; --Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 15, t. 11.Native to Burma, Thailand, S China and Taiwan. Cultivated in India, Indonesia and the Philippines. MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao. Cultivated at low altitudes in Indonesia and the Philippines. Dendrocalamus membranaceus Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. 26 (1868) 149; --Dransf. & Widjaja (eds.)

PROSEA 7, Bamboos (1995) 90; Thailand, Burma, Laos. Recently introduced in the Philippines. Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees, Linnaea 9 (1834) 476; --Jansen and Duriyaprapan in Dransf. & Widjaja (eds.) PROSEA 7, Bamboos (1995) 93; Widespread and native to India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Burma and Thailand. Cultivated in Sri Lanka, Indochina, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Cuba and the US.

Dinochloa Buse

Dinochloa acutiflora (Munro) S Dransfield,Schizostachyum diffusum (Blanco) Merr., Am. J. Bot. 3 (1916) 62; EPFP 1 (1922) 98; --Santos, Guide

Philipp. Fl.Fauna 4 (1986) 26, t. 21.Schizostachyum dielsianum (Pilger) Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 391; EPFP 1 (1922) 97; --Santos, Guide

Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 25, t. 20; --Dinochloa dielsiana Pilger in Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 148. –Type: Merrill 711 (K*, NY*, iso). Paragua (=Palawan): Ewi-ig (=Iwahig) River, 18 Feb 1903.

Taiwan, Philippines. BABUYAN ISLS, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Apayao, Benguet, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Zambales, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Rizal, Bataan, Laguna, Quezon, Camarines, MINDORO, PALAWAN, LEYTE. Common in thickets, secondary and primary forests at low and medium altitudes, ascending to 1700m. Variable. Dinochloa elmeri Gamble in PJS 5 (1910) Bot. 280; --Camus, Bamb. (1913) 170; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 100. –Type: Elmer 6542 (K*, 3 sheets; US*, iso). Luzon: Benguet prov., Mt Sto Tomas, Jun 1904.LUZON: Benguet (Mt Sto. Tomas). Mossy forests, c. 2200m. Dinochloa luçoniae (Munro) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 100; --Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 17, t. 13; --Bambusa luconiae Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. 26 (1868) 115; --Fern.-Villar, Novis. App. (1882) 323, as ‘luzoniae’; --Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 389Dinochloa aguilarii Gamble, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. Philippines and Borneo. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ifugao, Cagayan, Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, Zambales, Cavite, Bataan, Laguna, Quezon, MINDORO, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO, BASILAN. In forests at low and medium altitudes. Dinochloa oblonga S Dransfield, Dinochloa palawanense S Dransfield, Dinochloa scandens (Blume) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. (1891) 773; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 100; --

Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 19, t. 15. Dinochloa pubiramea Gamble, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 279; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 100; --Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 18, t. 14. –Type: Dinochloa tjankorreh Büse, Pl. Jungh. (18xx) 388.Borneo and the Philippines. LEYTE, SAMAR, NEGROS, MINDANAO: Surigao, BASILAN. In forests at low and medium altitudes.

Gigantochloa Kurz ex Munro Gigantochloa levis (Blanco) Merr., Am. J. Bot. 3 (1916) 61; EPFP 1 (1922) 96; --Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 21, t. 16.LUZON: Bulacan, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, POLILLO, CULION, LEYTE, CAMIGUIN. Usually if not always planted, and probably an introduced species in the Philippines. To be compared critically with the Malayan species.

Guadua auct. mal. =Bambusa

Phyllostachys Siebold & Zuccarini* -C

Pseudostachyum Pseudostachyum polymorphum Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. 26 (1868) 142, t. 4; --Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 22, t. 17.

Schizostachyum Nees Schizostachyum brachycladum Kurz, J. As. Soc. Beng. 392 (1870) 89, pl. 6, Fig. 2; --Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 23.Native of tropical Asia. Cultivated mainly as an ornamental in the Philippines and has spread out in the settled areas of the archipelago. Schizostachyum curranii Gamble, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 277; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 97; --Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 24, t. 19. –Type: LUZON: Ifugao, Benguet. Mossy forest edges, c. 2000m. Schizostachyum lima (Blanco) Merr., Am. J. Bot. 3 (1918) 62; EPFP 1 (1922) 98; --Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 29, t. 23. –Type: Philippines, New Guinea, Solomon Isls. LUZON: Nueva Vizcaya, Bataan, Laguna, Sorsogon, MINDORO, PALAWAN, LEYTE, MINDANAO, BASILAN. In thickets and secondary forests at low and medium altitudes, sometimes gregarious; a species having unusually long internodes, these being up to 120 cm in length. Schizostachyum lumampao (Blanco) Merr., Am. J. Bot. 3 (1916) 65; EPFP 1 (1922) 99; --Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 30, t. 24.LUZON: IIocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Benguet, Cagayan, Isabela, Pangasinan, Pampanga, Rizal, Bataan, Quezon, Camarines, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, LEYTE, MINDANAO, BASILAN. In secondary forests, but more frequently grega rious and

occupying extensive areas at low and medium altitudes where forests have been destroyed. Schizostachyum palawanense Gamble, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 274; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 99. –Type: PALAWAN. In forests at low altitudes. Schizostachyum textorium (Blanco) Merr., Am. J. Bot. 3 (1916) 64; EPFP 1 (1922) 99.LUZON: Rizal, Batangas. In secondary forests at low altitudes.

Yushania Keng Yushania niitakayamensis (Hayata) Keng f., Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6 (1957) 357. Arundinaria niitakayamensis Hayata, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 21 (1907) 49; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 94.China (Sichuan, Yunnan), Taiwan and the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet (Mt Sto Tomas, Mt Pulag; Pauai; MINDORO: Mindoro Occidental (Mt Halcon). In mossy thickets, sphagnum swamps, and open grasslands, altitude 2200-2700m.