famous social scientists
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Famous Social Scientists. Review. Piaget. Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor (birth → 2) Object permanence Direct sensory experience Preoperational (2 → 7) Simple symbols Egocentric Concrete Operational (7 → 11) Conservation/Complex Operations See others’ point of view - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Famous Social Scientists
Review
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Piaget• Stages of Cognitive Development• Sensorimotor (birth → 2)
– Object permanence– Direct sensory experience
• Preoperational (2 → 7)– Simple symbols– Egocentric
• Concrete Operational (7 → 11)– Conservation/Complex Operations– See others’ point of view
• Formal Operational (12 →)– Abstract thought– Use of logic and evidence
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Freud
Defense Mechanisms
-Deny/distort reality
-Act unconsciously
Ego
Superego
Id
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Freud
http://www.discunlimited.com/images/company_assets/512f1c7f-0d64-4a5e-9d91-785dc064755f/Image/Research/FreudsIcebergModel.bmp
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Freud• Id – pleasure principle - innate
• Ego – reality principle - learned
• Superego – “conscience” - learned
• If Ego can’t maintain balance between Id and Superego, then defense mechanisms
• Psychoanalysis
• dream analysis, hypnosis and free associations
• reveal unconscious
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FreudStages of Psychosexual Development
• Oral Stage (0-1 year)
• Anal Stage (1-3 years)
• Phallic Stage (3-5/6 years)
• Latency Period (5/6 – puberty)
• Genital Stage (puberty – maturity)
The events of psychosexual development may lead to fixations later on in adult life
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Jung• Unconscious split into individual and
collective• Individual Unconscious
– contains selfish drives and individual experience
• Collective Unconscious– Archetypes – common to all
• Two personality types– Extrovert – desire and interest directed to
others– Introvert – desire and interest directed to
self
http://www.jungneworleans.org/images/JungMandalaLarge.jpg
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Maslow• Theory of
motivation – Hierarchy of Human Needs
• Needs range from low (food and water) to high (self actualization)
• Lower needs must be met before higher ones
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs.svg/800px-Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs.svg.png
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Erikson• Focused on child development• Concerned with identity crises• Contributed eight stages of life
– Each stage offers a crisis that must be resolved– Success at later stages depends on ability to resolve
earlier crises• Overcoming crises successfully leads to healthy personality
development• Inability to resolve crises can lead to unhealthy development
• Personality develops through lifetime – Expands on Freud’s infancy theories– Extends development to late adulthood
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Adler• motivating force is sense of
inferiority– People strive for perfection
• People try to overcome with compensation – Striving towards perfection or
superiority• Compensation can be too great
(overcompensation – superiority complex)
• Birth Order can influence personality
http://cheekygen.blogspot.com/2008/06/birth-order-and-siblings-rivalry.html
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Sheldon• Behavior explained by body type
– Endomorph – round– Mesomorph – muscular– Ectomorph – thin
• Temperament is related to body type– Somatotypes
http://www.umsl.edu/~keelr/pics/somato3.jpg
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Kohlberg• Piaget found 2
stages of moral thought– moral realism –
concern with consequences
– moral autonomy – concern with reasons
• Morality motivates behavior
• Extended Piaget’s 2 stages to 6
LEVEL STAGE SOCIAL ORIENTATION
Pre-conventional
1 Obedience and Punishment
2 Individualism
Conventional 3 Good boy/girl
4 Law and Order
Post-conventional
5 Social Contract
6 Principled Conscience
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Gilligan• Responded to Piaget and Kohlberg
– Almost exclusively researched males
• Found different moral perspectives among genders– Male – Justice orientation – rights, principles, rules, …– Female – Care orientation – concern, sensitivity, …
• Preconventional stage – individual survival– Transition from selfishness to responsibility for others
• Conventional Stage – self sacrifice– Transition from goodness to truth
• Postconventional - nonviolence
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Marx• Motivation by economic conditions
– Economic conditions affect other social structures (religion, politics, art,…)
• Wrote Communist Manifesto– Outlined struggle in which proletariat is exploited by
bourgeoisie – class struggle– Proletariat sells labour to owner, who enjoy surplus
value • Proletariat – large group of working class• Bourgeoisie – small group of owners
• Suggested revolution by working class and ultimately a classless society
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Durkheim• Emphasis on social structure
– Society (exterior to individual) can explain social behavior
• Social stability found in common religion and morality– Loss leads to confusion (Anomie)
• Explained suicide as result of anomie, over association, or under association– Strong social ties tend to reduce likelihood of suicide– Excessive social ties can increase the likelihood of
suicide
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Weber• Reaction to Marx
– Motivation not by economic condition but meaning (religion)
• Examined relationship between religion and economy– Found capitalism thrives under western religions (but
not eastern) – Protestant work ethic• Study of social structures alone cannot explain
human behavior– Study of Sociology must be a mix of interpretation and
experience