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27th Session of the Working Party on the Management of Mountain Watersheds - Finland National Report
Štrbské Pleso, Slovak Republic7th - 10th April 2010
Eero KubinEero KubinFinnish Forest Research Institute,Muhos
Content
1. Geography and climate
2. Forests and water
3. National Forest Programme
4. Summary
ForestForest in in EuropeEurope
Finland is the most heavily forested country y yin Europe dominated by coniferous trees
50 percent is Scots pine 30 percent is Norway spruce16 percent the broadleaved16 percent the broadleaved trees dominated birch Percent from timber resources
foper.unu.edu
78% of Finland’s total area is forestry land and 10% is covered by waterways
There are four hectares foreest land per inhabitant. The European mean is 1.3 hectares
There are almost one million forest owners in Finland, which means that one in five citizens
f t l downs forest land
56 000 lakes over one hectare56 000 lakes over one hectare
Length of coastline is 314 604Length of coastline is 314 604 km
Percentage oft fwater surface area
< 5 %5 - 15 %
15 35 %15 – 35 %> 35 %
Original peatland area was 10 million hectares, of which a half is drainaged
Tähä ik S l i l i j k ä j kiTähän tunturikuva Suomen lapista, talvi ja kesä ja kit
Latitude is the principal influence on Finland's climate, i ll i th t f th tespecially in northern part of the country
Content
1. Geography and climate
2. Forests and water
3. National Forest Programme
4. Summary
Q id t ti l f t i 1990’
The first recommendationsThe practicability of surface waters in Finland
Quides to practical forestry since 1990’s
to protect water ecosystemwas published by Metsäteho
Excellent
Good
Satisfactory
as a small booklet Forestry and protection of watercourses” in 1996
Passable
Bad
watercourses in 1996
The booklet was the first In 1980’s
step to give recent environmental information h i lhow to carry out practical work in the forests
”Forestry and protection of watercourses” (1996)
The goals are
y p ( )
- to maintain good water quality
The goals are
- to preservethe biologicaldi ersit of the
t i d
diversity of thewater ecosystems
- to give due considerationto watercoursesto watercourses
Re-dredging of old forestry ditches is a threat for small streams
Old forest dich New forest ditch
River restoration in Finland,Esa Laajala & Timo YrjänäNorth Ostrobothnia Regonal Environment Centre, NOREC, Finland. October 2004
Intergrated forest management is very important todays forestryforestry
Latests seminar was organized by the Finnish Ministry of A i lt d F t 15 M h 2010
ForestsForests and and waterwater –– needneed of of knowledgeknowledge
Agriculture and Forestry 15 March 2010
gg
Next tree slices are modified from the presentation by Mr Kai Kaatra Head of thepresentation by Mr Kai Kaatra, Head of the Water Department of Ministry
ForestsForests, , waterwater and and climateclimate
Water and forests, the heart of the world's problems- Hunger, environmental degradation and pollution, climate change and
energy
Water and climate- Adaptation to climate change- Water cycle changes to convey the impact of climate change on society
and the natural environment- Climate change is a threat to water quantity and quality in many areas
Forests and waterForests and water- Climate Change Mitigation- Halting deforestation, forest conservation and afforestation
Forests play an important role in maintaining and improving the- Forests play an important role in maintaining and improving the adaptability of
IntergratedIntergrated forestsforests and and waterwater managementmanagement
Planning of forest Planningmanagement
Planning of water management
Water Forest management aims
management aims
flood risk managementmanagement aimsOther aims
- water resources utilizationregions use Planning of flood- regions use
- soil protection- conservation
Planning of flood risk management
Environment- floods and droughts- water and other natural mode- regions use
Economyi lt f t d fi h i
IntergratedIntergrated
- agriculture, forestry and fisheries- industry- water power + tourism services- water supplygg
catchmentcatchmentmanagementmanagement
pp y
Participation- education, skills
development
Management- legislation and other control methods
effective and skilled at central and regional government- participation of localbodies and variousstakeholdersinteraction
- effective and skilled at central and regional government- different levels and sectors between- international players- trade associations, etc.- interaction,
information and communication
Map of the ecological and chemical status of surface waters
Excellent
Good
Satisfactory
High
Good
Moderate
Poor
surface waters
y
Passable
Bad
Poor
Bad
No data
Chemical status worse than good
In 1980’s 2009
Content
1. Geography and climate
2. Forests and water
3. National Forest Programme
4. Summary
THERE HAS BEEN SEVERAL FORESTPROGRAMMES IN FINLAND SINCE 1960’S
THERE HAS BEEN SEVERAL FORESTPROGRAMMES IN FINLAND SINCE 1960’S
PROGRAMME PREPARATION SCOPE RECEIVER
MERA I II 1963 1969 Silviculture improvement GovernmentMERA I, II 1963-1969 Silviculture, improvement Government
MERA III 1973-1975 Forest improvement World Bank
Forest 2000 1983-1985 Economy, multiple use Economic Council- follow-up 1986-1989 Economy, multiple use Min. Agr. For.- revision 1990-1992 Economy, forest health Min. Agr. For.
NFP 2010 1998-1999 Economic ecological andNFP 2010 1998 1999 Economic, ecological andsocial sustainability Government
NFP 2015 2007 2008 T i lf f G tNFP 2015 2007-2008 To increase welfare from Governmentdiverse forest
Bi di it d k bi tBiodiversity and key biotopesThe forest and nature conservation legislation specifies valuable habitats, key biotopes which have to be entirely in their natural state left or subjected to gentlebiotopes, which have to be entirely in their natural state left or subjected to gentle cutting.
Th d i f i iThe current recommendations on forest management practices give more emphasis to biodiversity than previously.
THERE HAS BEEN SEVERAL FORESTPROGRAMMES IN FINLAND SINCE 1960’S
THERE HAS BEEN SEVERAL FORESTPROGRAMMES IN FINLAND SINCE 1960’S
PROGRAMME PREPARATION SCOPE RECEIVER
MERA I II 1963 1969 Silviculture improvement GovernmentMERA I, II 1963-1969 Silviculture, improvement Government
MERA III 1973-1975 Forest improvement World Bank
Forest 2000 1983-1985 Economy, multiple use Economic Council- follow-up 1986-1989 Economy, multiple use Min. Agr. For.- revision 1990-1992 Economy, forest health Min. Agr. For.
NFP 2010 1998-1999 Economic ecological andNFP 2010 1998 1999 Economic, ecological andsocial sustainability Government
NFP 2015 2007 2008 T i lf f G tNFP 2015 2007-2008 To increase welfare from Governmentdiverse forest
VISIO
National Forest Programme 2015
3 Protecting the biological diversity and environmental benefits of3 Protecting the biological diversity and environmental benefits offorests
3 1 Bi l i l di it f f t3.1 Biological diversity of forests
International treaties on the conservation of forest biodiversity require the signatories to implement national measures to attain the goals set in the treaties.
The national goals in Finland are laid down by the Government Resolution concerning the National Strategy for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity in FinlandConservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity in Finland 2006-2016.
National Forest Programme 2015
Necessary measures for biological diversity
Measures proposed in the METSO programme will be implemented (Ministry of the Environment, Ministry of A i lt d F t )Agriculture and Forestry).
In addition 6 other measures are mentioned
Target level for 2015gThe METSO programme has been carried through as set down in the Government Resolution.
National Forest Programme 2015
3.2 Water and Soil
In some cases, management results in increased loads of nutrients and suspended solids, especially in headwaters.
The goal of the EU Water Framework Directive, which in Finland is implemented under the Act on the Organisation of Water Management (1299/2004), is to achieve a good status of waters in the Member States by the year 2015.
National Forest Programme 2015
Necessary measures
Instructions and recommendations for water protection in forest management will be kept up to date using latest
h d iresearch and experiences.
Research on the environmental loads on water and soil caused by forestry will be conducted, in particular, from the perspective of climate change.
In addition 4 other measures are mentinoned
Target level for 2015Target level for 2015The load to water caused by forestry and forest management decreases
Content
1. Geography and climate
2. Forests and water
3. National Forest Programme
4. Summary
SummaryFi i h f t li i li d i ll i f tFinnish forest policy - is applied in all economic forests
• an announcement of all forest cuttings obligatory
• the goals have been defined in forest programmesg p g- keeps forests producing well- improves sustainable forestryp y
- safeguards and retains biodiversityth t d i d ifi l bl- surveys threatened species and specifies valuable
habitatst t ll ti- prevents water pollution
• forest certification leads to sustainable forest managementg
g y g y g{tÇ~ çÉâ yÉÜ çÉâÜ g{tÇ~ çÉâ yÉÜ çÉâÜ tààxÇà|ÉÇtààxÇà|ÉÇ
The average water runoff December-February 1960 – 1990and forecasts growth in the number
Forecast 1:2071 - 2100
Forecast 2:2071 - 2100
1961 - 19902071 2100 2071 2100
Source: Finland’s environmental administrationPicture; Newspaper KALEVA 30.3.2010
The principle of laserscanning
Photo Ba
www.blomasa.com
http://www.fgi.fi/osastot/projektisivut/kk_www_portaali/rswww/lasercase1.html
Suvi Raivio seminar presentation 15.3.2010