far-ir/thz & high spectral resolution spectroscopy using

CHEIRON SCHOOL OCT 5, 2008 1

Far-IR/THz & High Spectral Resolution Spectroscopy Using Synchrotron Radiation

Dominique AppadooSenior IR Beamline Scientist


Melbourne


Number of beamlines

Purpose Status

North America ALS Berkley 1 Microscopy and Far-IR Operational CAMD Baton Rouge 1 Microscopy Planned CLS Saskatoon 2 1 Microscopy, 1 Far-IR Operational NSLS Brookhaven 6 3 Microscopy, 2 Far-IR, 1 THz Operational Surf III Gaithersburg 1 Microscopy Planned SRC Madison 1 Microscopy Operational Asia and Australia Australian Synchrotron

1 Microscopy and Far-IR Operational

INDUS I, India 1 Microscopy Planned Helios II, Singapore 1 Microscopy and Far-IR Operational NSRRC, Taiwan 1 Microscopy Operational NSRL, Heife 1 Microscopy and Far-IR Planned BSRF, Beijing 1 Microscopy Planned Spring-8, Himeji 1 Microscopy and Far-IR Operational UVSOR, Okazaki 1 Far-IR Operational Europe ESRF, Grenoble 1 Microscopy Operational Soleil, St. Aubin 2 1 Microscopy, 1 Far-IR Commissioning ELETTRA, Trieste 1 Microscopy and Far-IR Operational DAPHNE, Frascati 1 Far-IR Operational SLS, Villigen 1 Microscopy and Far-IR Commissioning ANKA, Karlsruhe 1 Microscopy and Far-IR Operational BESSY II, Berlin 1 Microscopy and Far-IR Operational DELTA, Dortmund 1 Microscopy Planned MAX II, Lund 2 Microscopy and Far-IR operational DIAMOND, Didcot 1 Microscopy Planned

Infrared beamlines worldwide

32 IR Beamlines


Far-IR/THz ≡ XSX→ eXtremely Soft X-ray

= 1000 – 10 μm= 10 – 1000 cm-1

= 0.3 – 30 THz= 1 – 124 mEV

λννE

The far-IR/THz spectral region

wwww.lbl.gov/MicroWorlds/ALSTool/EMSpec/EMSpec2.html

THz Energy Gap

PhotonicsElectronics

- lack of adequate tunable lasers- weakness of conventional thermal sources- difficulties with far-IR detectors


The Final Frontier

- cw & pulsed THz lasers are now available- Backward-wave oscillators- Accelerator-based sources …


What kind of interactions take place in the far-IR?

• rotation of smaller molecules• ro-vibration of larger molecules- surface/adsorbate interactions

- biological processes- chemical dynamics

van der Waals energies

phonon modes

H-bonding

P R v = 0

v = 1

v = 2

Rotational manifolds

Q


– How does energy flow within a molecule?– What is the nature of the weak attractive forces that exist

among atoms and molecules?– How do metal atoms bond to other chemical groups?– What are the structures of long carbon chain molecules?– How do the optical properties of a material change under ultra-

high pressures?

What can we learn from these interactions?

... this is just the beginning!


I. IR Spectroscopy

II. Synchrotron IR Radiation

III. The IR Beamline at the Australian Synchrotron

IV. FT Spectroscopy

V. Applications of Far-IR & High Resolution Synchrotron Spectroscopy

VI. Coherent Synchrotron Radiation

Overview


I. Introduction to IR spectroscopy


http://www.brukeroptics.com/downloads.html

Fingerprint spectral region


IR spectroscopy of condensed samples:Vibrational Spectroscopy → spatial resolution

Abs

orba

nce

PO32- stretching

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Wavenumbers (cm-1)

Amide IC=O

Amide IIC-N and N-H

CH2 and CH3stretching

CH3 bending

Broad O-H and N-HStretching

PO2- stretching

C-O stretch

CO2

ν-shiftsrelative intensities

Spatial resolution required


Diatomic molecules

Polyatomic molecules: linear 3N-5 modes non-linear 3N-6 modes

IR spectroscopy of gas-phase samples:Ro-Vibrational Spectroscopy → Spectral Resolution


V = 1

Potential energy curve of a diatomic molecule in itsground electronic state.

re

De

ωe

Manifold of rotational stateswithin each vibrational level

P Rv = 0

v = 1

v = 2

Rotational manifolds

QJ=0

J=5


Diatomic ModelE(v,J) = Te + G(v) + Fv(J)

Be α 1/μre2

whereBv = Be – αe(v+ ½ ) + βe(v+ ½ )2 + …

ωe is the fundamental frequency (α μ-1/2)re is the bond lengthDe is the dissociation energy

where G(v) = ωe(v+ ½ ) – ωexe(v+ ½ )2 + ωeye (v+ ½ )3 + …Fv(J) = Bv J(J+1) – Dv (J(J+1))2 + Hv (J(J+1))3 + …

De ~ Σ ΔGvV=0


Absorption Spectroscopy…

I1I0


Rotational, vibrational and electronic Transitions

P Rv = 0

v = 1

v = 2

QJ=0

J=5

ΔErot ΔEvib ΔEelec


IR emission spectrum of ZnD (2Σ)


Life can get complicated even for diatomics

IR spectrum of MnH (7Σ)Δν= 0.006 cm-1


1122.66391122.6580

Δν~0.006 cm-1

IR spectrum of MnH (7Σ)


Simply put, spectra for diatomic molecules can be complicated and congested!

- Heavy molecules: closely-spaced transitions, overlapping bands, and narrow linewidths

- Presence of naturally occurring isotopomers in measurable quantities

- High-spin electronic states due to open-shells: spin-splitting

… Need high spectral resolution!


Normal modes of vibration of R152a3N-6 modes where N=8 ≡ 18 modes

C

HF

C

F

H

HH

Polyatomics:Asymmetric Top Molecule

10 001 1001200130 0140 015 00

W a v e n um be r cm -1

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

Abs

orba

nce

Uni

ts

IR Spectrum of R152a at low resolution

ν4

ν5

ν6

ν8

ν16

C-C

CH3 def.

CF2

CH3 rock

ν7


100011001200130014001500

Wavenumber cm-1

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

Abs

orba

nce

Uni

ts

Part of the IR spectrum of R152a

ν4

ν5

ν14 ν6

ν9+ν17 ?

ν7 ν15 ν16

ν8

Low resolution EFC spectrum


<v:J,K|H| v:J,K> = v + J(J+1) + ( A - ) K2

- ΔJJ [J(J+1)]2 - ΔJK J(J+1) K2 - ΔKK K4

+ ΦJJJ [J(J+1)]3 + ΦJJK [J(J+1)]2 K2 + ΦJKK [J(J+1)] K4 + ΦKKK K6

- ΛJJJJ [J(J+1)]4 - ΛJJJK [J(J+1)]3 K2 - ΛJJKK [J(J+1)]2 K4 - ΛJKKK J(J+1) K6 -ΛKKKK K8 ….

<v:J,K|H| v:J,K ± 2> = [ ½ - δJJ(J+1) - δK{(K ± 2)2 + K2}

+ φJJ [J(J+1)]2 + 1/2φJK [J(J+1)] {(K ± 2)2 + K2} + 1/2φKK {(K ± 2)4 + K4}

- λJJJ [J(J+1)]3 - λJJK [J(J+1)]2 {(K ± 2)2 + K2} - λJKK [J(J+1)] {(K ± 2)4 + K4}

- λKKK {(K ± 2)6 + K6} … ] F± (J,K) F± (J,K ± 1)

where F ±(J,K) = { J(J+1) - K(K ± 1) }1/2

= 1/2 (B-C)

B_

B_

B_

B_

Asymmetric Rotor Model


Pyrrole at 0.00096 cm-1 (~0.1 μeV)

wavenumbers / cm-1

Δ = 0.01 cm-1

δ = 0.00107 cm-1


Spectroscopic issues to contend with

• Overlapping & Hot bands• Coupling of vibrational modes: Coriolis and Fermi resonnances• Closely spaced lines & Narrow linewidths as the MW increases• Isotope splitting• Hyperfine structure

.... Clearly we need high spectral resolution in order to resolve these narrow spectral lines!

How high a resolution is required?


Observed Linewidth:

Different factors contribute to the width of an observed transition

ΔνObs ~ √ ΔνDop2 + Δνcol

2 + ΔνILW2

Therefore, the observed linewidth can be minimised by reducing the Temperature and Pressure!

Instrument linewidth ≡ ΔνILW dictated by apodisation function

Doppler width, ΔνD = 2ν √ 2ln2k/c2 √ T/M ~ 7.16E-7 ν √ Τ/Μ

Pressure broadening, Δνcol = 16pr2/√πMkT ~ 3Ε-4 cm-1 / Torr


Spectroscopic issues to contend with

• Small quantity of sample to minimize Pressure broadening effects or hard to synthesize

• Isotopologues with low natural abundance• Weak absorbers

.... Need bright source!


II. SYNCHROTRON INFRARED LIGHT


Infrared mission from a synchrotron bending magnet

Edge Radiation and Bending Magnet Radiation

• Bright• Broadband• Pulsed• Polarized

Large vertical divergenceRelative to X-ray beam


Port 02B1-1 @ CLS: Far-IR

55×37 mrad2

~ 40 cmē beam

ΘH = 55 mrad

ΘV = 37 mrad

SV = 13 μm

SH = 480 μm 2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

Power density (x10-3

W/mm2)

-6-4

-20

24

6

Mirror length (m

m)

SV

SH

ΘH

ΘvX-Rays

λ

λ

IR

IR


Is the synchrotron IR beam very intense?

1 E16

1 E15

1 E14

Flux ( in Photons/s/0.1%

bw)

Far- IRMid- IR

I=800 mA

0.8 GeV, 90x90 mrad, 800 mA

1 10 100 1000 100001E-11

1E-10

1E-9

1E-8

1E-7

1E-6

1E-5

1E-4

1E-3

0.01

0.1

1SOLEIL 20x78 mrad I= 500 mABlackBody 2000°K

Wat

ts/c

m-1

/mm

2 sr

Wavenumbers / cm-1

It’s the synchrotron brightness that counts


SR Advantages over thermal sources

• Brightness: better S/N• Small source: better throughput with small

samples• Highly collimated: higher resolution achievable• Polarized: ellispsometry • Pulsed: pump & probe experiments


Far-IR SR wavelength limits• Height of dipole chamber:

λo = 2h√h/Rwhere h is the height of the dipole chamber and R the radius of the bend magnet

• Extraction aperture:λc = R(ΘNat/1.66188)3

where ΘNat represents the vertical angle in radians


EXTRACTION OF SYNCHROTRON IR RADIATION


Optical Layout at the CLSM2

DW

M1

M3

M4

M5

M6

M7

M8Ge:Cu

2. Mirror M1 inserted into dipole “crotch” from above or below


2. Mirror M1 inserted into dipole “crotch” from above or below

e.g. Soleil, ESRF…

M1 Mirror with thermocouple wires

Top view of mirror insertion portImages courtesy of Paul Dumas, Soleil.

Dipole Multipole

M1

M2


-14 mrad +44 mradZero degree line

Mirrorinsertion port Beam extraction port

3. Mirror inserted into dipole chamber from side

e.g. Australian Synchrotron

Which brings us to…


III. The Australian SYNCHROTRON INFRARED BEAMLINE


Mirror in

IR beam out

Electron beam

Adapted Infrared Dipole Chamber at Australian Synchrotron


Beamsplitteroptics Diamond Window and

Gate Valves

M1 mirrormechanism

Matching optics forHigh Resolution FTIR

Focusing andSteering mirrors

Matching optics forIR Microscope

Infrared beamline showing (from right) synchrotron beam entering front end optics (M1, M2, M3, M3a), diamond exit window, beamsplitter optics vessel and matching optics boxes for

the two endstation instruments.

Storage ring wall


SR beamsplitter vacuum chamber

Microscope beamline Far-IR & High-Res Beamline


Visible light in the beamsplitter vessel at theAustralian Synchrotron Infrared beamline

Edge & Bend Magnet radiation to “THz & high resolution” spectrometer

Bending magnetradiation to “microscope”


Horizontal position / mm-40 -20 0 20 40

Vert

ical

pos

ition

/ m

m λ = 10 µm

604020

0-20-40-60Ve

rtic

al p

ositi

on /

mm λ = 100 µm

-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

Edge Radiation

Edge Radiation

Bending Magnet Radiation

Bending Magnet Radiation

30

20

10

0

-10

-20

-30


IR beam profile – comparison with SRW


INFRARED BEAMLINE INSTRUMENTATION


Infrared Beamline at the Australian SynchrotronMicroscope Branch

Bruker V80v with Hyperion 3000 microscope

250×250 μm2 Wide- Band MCTOption for bolometer

50×50 μm2 Narrow-Band MCT

Confocal point scanning - current technology

TransmissionTrans-ReflectionGrazing Incidence AngleAttenuated Total Reflectance


Focal Plane Array - next technology

64x64 photovoltaic MCT Focal Plane Array

Microscope Branch


Infrared Beamline at the Australian SynchrotronHigh Resolution branch

Bruker IFS 125HR FTIR Spectrometer

Beamsplitters

IR Detectors

• Multi/Mylar• Ge/KBr

• Si bolometer• Si:B bolometer• DTGS• MCTN• MCTM

Sources• Synchrotron• Hg-Arc lamp• Globar• Tunsten lamp

Optical Filters• series of narrow band pass IR filters

Apertures• 0.5 – 12.5 mm

10 – 370 cm-1

300 – 1850 cm-1

100 – 3000 cm-1

700 – 5 000 cm-1

600 – 5 000 cm-1

30 – 630 & 12 – 35 cm-1

450 – 4 800 cm-1

mw – vis5 – 1 000 cm-1

10 – 13 000 cm-1

1 000 – 25 000 cm-1

OPD: 942 cm → resolution ≥ 0.00096 cm-1 (0.1 μeV)Optics: f/6.5

Sample compartment: cells ≤ 30×20×10 cm3


Observed Linewidth: ΔνObs ~ √ ΔνDop2 + Δνcol

2 + ΔνILW2

Therefore, the observed linewidth can be minimised by reducing the Pressure and Temperature!

Recall …


50 cm Multipass gas cell for high resolution spectroscopy of room temperature samples

Small quantity of sample to minimize Pressure broadening effects

Recall that Absorbance α εclwhere c is the concentration and l the interaction path.


Enclosive Flow Cooling multipass cell for gas-phase studies at cryogenic temperatures.

MCT detector

CEP

300

495

165colander

vacuuminsulation

evacuationport

N2 gas

sample

flow of cold N2

liq. N2

heated mirror


0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

2250 2220 2190

wavenumber / cm-1

Abs

orba

nce

Uni

tsN2O mid-IR spectrum ( 0.002 cm-1 )

Cluster formation

Trot = 112 K

Trot = 302 K

Trot = 112 K


Supersonic Jet Expansion chamber

More Scientific Apparatus

Diamond Anvil Cell

Metal foil gasket

< 100 μm

Grazing Incidence Angle Cell


IR Cryostat for matrix isolation studies

Minimise H2O interferenceIncrease Absorption coefficient for a range of substances

Down to 10 K!

Low freq. vibrations of biological samples


Assessing beamline performance


Beamline 11 at SRS - unapertured beam profile at sample stage. Area mapped = 30x30 µm. Beam halfwidth = 8x8 µm.

Synchrotron infrared beam focused on sample

Performance of the microscope beamline


Absorbance spectra of tissue sample recorded at 10µm spatial resolution under identical collectionconditions using a Globar™ infrared source andsynchrotron radiation.

Advantage of using a synchrotron seen in spectra…

CH stretch absorption bands from 5micron spot in tissue sample.Equivalent spectra recorded usingsynchrotron (top) and Globar(bottom).

3100 3000 2900 2800

Wavenumbers / cm-1


Testing the IR Beamline Performance withCustom Resolution targets


WAVELENGTH DEPENDENCE OF MICROSCOPE SPATIAL RESOLUTION DEMONSTRATED AT INFRARED BEAMLINE

Polymer pattern on CaF2produced by

photolithographyIR absorbance image

At 2935 ±125 cm-1

CH band region

IR absorbance imageAt 1701 ±59 cm-1

C=O band region

20µm


5

10

20

30

40

Rat

io o

f Int

ensi

ties

SR / Hg

SR

Hg

100 200 300

100 × SR10

20

15

100 × GB

600 700

SR /GB

5

500

GB

SR

1

2

3

4

SR /GB

800 900 1000

IIIIII

Energy / cm-11000200 400 600 800

1

2

3

4

10-1

3×

Phot

ons/

s/0.

1%B

W

1475 K Blackbody

SR 200mA, (57×35) mrad2

~18 ×

~4 ×

~7.2 ×

2.0 mm 1.3 mm 1.15mm

~8 ×

~4.4 × ~5 ×

Ge:Cu / KBr MCTn / KBrBolometer / 6μm Mylar

Performance of the far-IR beamline


Spectrum of Pyrrole at 0.001 cm-1 resolution

10 hrs

40 daysGLOBAR

SYNCHROTRON


IV. Introduction to Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy


Interferogram

Frequency components of the interferogram

FT spectrum

scanner distanceA

mpl

itude

Fourier transform spectroscopy

M2

D1

D3 D4

D2

D5 D6

sample

compartment

S4

S1S2S3

AC

AC

FC

M1BS

frontchannel

backchannel

Brüker IFS120HR

S1-S3 Internal SourcesS4 External SourceAC Aperture ChangerFC Filter ChangerBS BeamsplitterM1-M2 RetroreflectorsD1-D6 Detectors

Res = 0.9/OPD

OPD = SCL/2


Many frequencies are present in the infrared beam

Position of “zero path difference”

CHEIRON SCHOOL OCT 5, 2008 65Position of “zero path difference”

Summing of all frequencies for each position of the mirror


-5-4-3-2-101234

Volts

200 400 600 800 1000 Data points

“Centre burst” at Zero Path Difference

1234567891011

Sing

le B

eam

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Wavenumbers (cm-1)

Interferogram Single Beam SpectrumFourier

Transform

Data output from FTIR system


1234567891011

Sing

le B

eam

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Wavenumbers (cm-1)

1234567891011

Sing

le B

eam

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Wavenumbers (cm-1)

Background Single Beam Spectrum

Sample Single Beam Spectrum

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

Abs

orba

nce

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Wavenumbers (cm-1)

Sample Absorbance Spectrum

Data output from FTIR system

A

A

B

Log(A/B)


Pros and Cons of Fourier transform spectrometryAdvantages over grating spectrometers• Felgett or Multiplex• Jacquinot or throughput: apertures instead of slits • High wavenumber accuracy: sampling λHeNe/2• High resolving power: ~ 106

• Fast

Disadvantages• Complex system (but can be used as a black box by Users)• Expensive ....• Can take a lot of room!


V. APPLICATIONS OFSYNCHROTRON INFRARED LIGHT


837-1165 cm-1

2790-2989 cm-1

Applications of synchrotron IR radiation with a microscopeATR objective

Cross sections of agricultural soils: analysis of distribution and forms of carbon functional groups

Peter Fisher, Matt Kitching (DPI Victoria) / Simon Lewis, Bill van Bronswijk (Curtin University) Kenneth Paul Kirkbride, Vincent Otieno-Alego (AFP) / Alana Treasure, Dudley Creagh (Uni Canberra)

Forensic examination of paper documents

10 microns aperture, 5 microns steps

Cellulose Ink CaCO3

100 μm

2850 - 3023 cm-1 1580 - 1600 cm-1 856 – 897 cm-1

19th century parchment sample

100 μm


Grazing angle objective

Donna Menzies, Thomas Gengenbach, Celesta Fong, John Forsythe, Ben Muir – CSIRO / Monash

Protein resistant plasma polymer thin films

Plasma polimerisation technique used to produce high throughput gradient PEG (poly (ethylene glycol) based films on a nanometer scale.

Systematically varied chemistry by altering the plasma processing conditions.

Study the mechanism of protein repellant properties of PEG coatings.

Ether/hydrocarbon ratio of DGpp gradient films

2.05

2.1

2.15

2.2

2.25

2.3

2.35

2.4

-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

COC/CH

dist

ance

from

ra

zor

(mm

)

Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DG)

COC ether

COCH2

OH


SINGLE CELL WORK

10 × 10 µm aperture

Live Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

70 μm

10 μm

Fixed mouse Oocyte Cell

Live Leukaemia Cells

Fixed Malaria infected RBCs8 x 8 μm


Response of single living phytoplankton cells to changes in the environment

Phil Heraud, Sally Cane, Anthony Eden, Don McNaughton, Bayden Wood, Monash University

Lipid concentration FTIR maps

Control

Nitrogen starved cell Re-supplied with nitrogen

Freshwater alga Micrasterias hardyi.


- prototype system for torsional motion - Intramolecular Vibl Redistribution- Earth and Jovian atmospheres- Pluto: clues to evolution

early solar system

Ethane

Methyl SilaneSaturn

Titan

Molecular species of Astrophysical interest

Applications of synchrotron IR radiation with a High-Resolution FT spectrometer


Telescope missions in the submillimeter region for the study of star formation

- Herschel Space Observatory (2008, 3-4 years)- Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy: SOFIA (2010, 20 years)- Atacama Large Millimeter Array: ALMA (2011, decades)

Astrophysical weed-molecules & their isotopologues

-Class I: CH3OH, HCOOCH3, CH3OCH3, C2H5CN

WAVENUMBER / CM-1

CH3-18OH 13CH3-OH

Molecular species of Astrophysical interest

Recorded at the CLS


Far-IR spectroscopy of aromatic cycles containing heteroatomsDennis Tokaryk (U. of New Brunswick) & Jen van Winjgaarden (U. of Manitoba)

pyrrole furan thiophene

O SHN

These heterocycles and their derivatives are:

• building blocks of organic chemistry-pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, dyes

• constituents of biologically active moleculesuch as heme and chlorophyll

• byproducts of combustion processes

• candidates for interstellar detection

• solvents/additives in industrial processes• naturally found in wood, petroleum


Strong positive pleochroism at 146 cm-1 – implies out-of-plane mode Slight negative at 167,189, 264 cm-1 – implies in-plane modeNo change at 110 cm-1 – expected if interlayer cation ‘rattle’

50o

35o

20o

10o

0o

Spotted Tiger Muscovite – self supported crystal: Mylar multilayer beamsplitter, Si Bolometer

SR

To better understand the dynamics of cation exchange reactions of important minerals, commonly used as environmental barriers to contaminated wastes such as radionuclides

Samples of Environmental interest


VI. COHERENTSYNCHROTRON RADIATION


5

10

20

30

40

Rat

io o

f Int

ensi

ties

SR / Hg

SR

Hg

50 100

Energy / cm-1

Apt=2.0 mm

Bolometer / 6μm Mylar

Incoherent Synchrotron < 100 cm-1


Coherent Synchrotron Radiation

BESSYwebsite

PSR α N + N2e-(ω /c)σz2


81

CSR at the CLS


6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

02

46

810

1214

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18J”= 19 20

wavenumber / cm-1

recorded with the Coherent SR at a resolution of 0.025 cm-1

46 scans co-added

Period ~ 0.0731 cm-1

N2O THz absorption spectrum

82


• Synchrotrons provide intense beams at long wavelengths into the Far-IR

• IR spectroscopy is used to provide information on the chemicalcomposition of materials based on the vibration of the bonds present.

• Synchrotron IR allows these measurements to be made rapidly at a few microns dimension (micoscope), or at low concentration(and high SPECTRAL resolution).

• Synchrotron IR has applications in a diverse range of research areas.

• Future developments in the field will allow imaging below the diffraction limit and the use of intense Far-IR and Terahertz beams

Summary


Acknowledgements

• Dudley Creagh – Canberra University• Don McNaughton – Monash Univerrsity• Phil Heraud – Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories• Bayden Wood – Monash University• Liz Carter – University of Sydney• Peter Lay – University of Sydney• Mark Hackett – University of Sydney• Sally Caine - Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories• Vivienne Juan - Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories• Alice Brandli – Monash University• Cassie Jean – Monash University• Alana Treasure – Univerrsity of Canberra• Bill van Bronswijk – Curtin University• Evan Robertson – Monash University• Ljiljana Puskar – Monash University• Tarekegn Chimdi – Monash University• Paul Dumas – Soleil• Mike Martin – ALS• Ulli Schade - BESSY II• David Moss – ANKA• Yves-Laurant Mathis – ANKA• Jonathan McKinlay – Australian Synchrotron• Nati Salvado – University of Barcelona• Azzedine Hammiche – University of Lancaster• John Prag – Manchester Museum• FMB – Berlin• Biolab/Bruker Instruments


Thanks…Dominique Appadoo

Australian Synchrotron800 Blackburn Road

Clayton 3168 VICAUSTRALIA

Tel: (03) 8540 4127Email: [email protected]


Infrared SpectroscopyEnergy range

0.001 eV to 1 eV (10 cm-1 to 10,000 cm-1)Property accessible

molecular vibrations & rotationsMeasurements

vibrational & rotational spectraInformation

molecular structure, chemical analysis

Synchrotron Benefitssignal to noise, spatial resolution(down to the diffraction limit)

AS Contact Scientists

Dr Mark Tobin, 613 8540 4172Dr Dominique Appadoo, +613 8540 4127 Dr Lillijana Puskar, 613 8540 4185

far-ir/thz & high spectral resolution spectroscopy using

Documents