FARMER’S MOVEMENT

Major Issues: Farmers’ vision of a well-ordered society

dated back to Jefferson’s ideas of an agrarian republic

Enemies of this ideology were the “special privileges” or monopolies: Banks held monopolies over credit Land syndicates monopolized acreage Manufacturers who substituted traditional

relations of shop with wage slavery RR who monopolized transportation

The Grangers (1860s) Began as an assoc. for social and self-

help Panic of 1873- turned it into an agency

for political changeNational Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry

Granger’s Goals Bring farmers together to learn new

technologies Create a feeling of community Relieve loneliness

**Secret fraternal organization- code of secrecy with initiation and rituals

Membership Increased b/c of the Panic of 1873 Local chapters in most states Strongest in agricultural regions

Changing Goals Attempt to organize cooperatives (avoid

the middleman and cut costs) Stores Grain-elevators Warehouses Insurance companies Factories Shipping with RR

Most eventually failed

Grangers: Political Presence Generally ran candidates under another

party At peak- controlled legislatures of most

Midwestern states Wanted to subject RR to government

control The Granger Laws (1870s)- imposed strict

regulations on RR rates and practices Most regulations were defeated by courts

Downfall of the Grangers Temporary agricultural prosperity Inexperience of political leadership Failed cooperatives

Farmer’s Alliance Began as early as 1875 in the South 1880- Southern Alliance had 4 million

members and new chapters were taking root in the Northwest and Midwest

Primarily concerned with local issues Lecturers traveled throughout the

Midwest speaking for the end of economic oppression from the concentration of power. Suggested healthy competition and cooperation instead.

Role of Women Full voting members Held positions of leadership Were lecturers Mary E. Lease- “raise less corn and more

hell” Raised temperance issue

Sobriety a key to stability Supported extending the right to vote to

women nationwide

End of the Farmer’s Alliance Weak

cooperatives Creation of the

Populist (People’s) Party

1890 Mid-term Elections Farmer’s Alliance won partial or full

control of 12 state legislatures Endorsed Democratic candidates Election encouraged farmers to become

involved politically

Creation of the Populist Party Delegates met in Omaha, Nebraska- 1892

Platform: Tariff reduction Graduated income tax Public ownership of RR and telegraphs Free silver Prohibition of land ownership by aliens (foreigners)

Presidential Candidate: James Weaver Strong Populist showing

Election of 3 governors, 5 senators, 10 congressmen

Populist Party Comprised of small farmers struggling to

maintain the family farm Appealed to the geographically isolated Provided an outlet for grievances,

provided a social experience and sense of belonging

Attempted to gain support from laborers Platform added: shorter hours, restrictions

on immigration and denounced the use of private detective agencies for strikebreaking (Pinkertons)

Populist Party Few laborers joined Populists Attracted miners in the Rocky Mountain

States “free silver”

Additional issues: Abolition of national banks (concentration

of power) End of absentee ownership of land Direct election of US senators (17th

Amendment) Improve the ability of average people to

influence the political process

Weaknesses Election won by Grover Cleveland Populists did not gain support from:

No support from New England, urban parts of the East and Midwest

No support from organized labor

**Party is dead by the election of 1896- can not compete against Democratic candidate

Problems Severe depression between 1893-1897 Unemployment as high as 25%

(industry) Farm prices drop 20%- farm foreclosures Coxey’s Army

Middle and upper classes are worried over unrest

Coxey’s Army (1894) Jacob Coxey Approx. 500 unemployed Americans followed

Coxey to Washington, DC Goal: creation of public-works program for new

jobs Met by 1,500 US soldiers Coxey was arrested for walking on the grass in

front of the Capitol (before giving his speech) Demonstration fell apart Coxey gave his speech @ the Capitol 50 yrs.

later

Election of 1896

Congressman from Nebraska

Famous orator Supported “free

silver” and lower tariffs

“Cross of Gold” speech

Senator from Ohio Promises to raise

protective tariff and protect industry

Imperialist Maintain gold

standard $$ from big business Mark Hanna

William Jennings Bryan (Dem) William McKinley (Rep)

Currency Issue

Free & unlimited coinage of silver (16:1)

Cheaper than gold but better than paper

Increase $$ supply Cheaper $$ Populists & Silver

Dems

Stronger value Better for lenders,

hurt borrowers “sound money” Gold Rep. Gold Dems

Free Silver Gold Standard

Bimetallism- using both gold and silver as a currency with a price ratio fixed.

“Cross of Gold” “You shall not press

down upon the brown of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold”

“If you burned down all the cities, fields would grow in their places. But if you destroyed all the fields, cities would wither and die.”

Mark Hanna McKinley’s campaign manager Portrays Bryan as a wild-eyed radical

Cult of personality-“arises when an individual uses mass media, propaganda, or other methods, to create an idealized and heroic public image”

Hanna taking advantage of the working class.- making money off labor.

Hanna dangles his puppet, McKinley, from his hand. Hanna controls McKinley and controlled the election.

Populist Party Does not run a candidate against Bryan

Fears splitting the farm vote End of the Populist Party

**McKinley won the election by 600,000 votes Bryan loses in NE and big cities of Midwest Does not appeal to factory workers, urban

middle class or immigrants----some feared voting against Hanna and big business

The Wizard of Oz & Populism

Click icon to add picture

Wicked Witch- East and West: evil, represents big business (bankers and capitalists)

Munchkins- wage slaves, factory workers

Tin Woodsman

Representation of the East- Industrialism•Unemployed workers•Rust- being out of work ( factories shut down during the depression)•Go to the Emerald City for help….. DC•Heartless- dehumanization of factory work (machines)

Dorothy

Average personLook to the Emerald City to solve your problems

Some believe she represents a child-like Mary E. Lease

Yellow Brick Road

Represents the Gold StandardRoad leads to the East (Emerald City / Washington DC)

Scarecrow

Midwestern farmersBrainlessDon’t know what their own political interests are- how to help themselves

Cowardly Lion

William Jennings BryanHas a “loud roar, but little else.”Inability to appeal to industrial workers- unable to go up against big business

Coxey’s Army

Going to the Emerald City to seek the solution to their problems

Emerald City

Washington, DC

Fashioned from the “White City”

The Wizard of Oz

The PresidentAppears to be whatever people wish to see in him. Revealed to be a fraudRules with deception and trickery

Ruby (Silver) Slippers

“Free Silver”Could have used her shoes at any time to return home = ability of people to control $Lost shoes upon return to Kansas = end of Silver Movement

Winged Monkeys

“once we were a free people, living happily in the great forest, flying from tree to tree, eating nuts and fruit, and doing just as we pleased without calling anybody master.” Represents: Plains Indians

The Message “Those forces that keep the farmer and

worker down are manipulated by frauds who rule by deception and trickery; the President is powerful only as long as he is able to manipulate images and fool the people.”