fatherhood data 2013

8/13/2019 Fatherhood Data 2013

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Number71 n December20,2013

FathersInvolvementWithTheirChildren:UnitedStates,20062010

byJoJones,Ph.D.,andWilliamD.Mosher,Ph.D.,DivisionofVitalStatistics

AbstractObjectiveThisreportmeasuresfathers involvementwiththeirchildren.

Father involvement ismeasuredbyhowoftenamanparticipatedinasetofactivitiesin thelast4weekswithchildrenwhowere livingwithhimandwithchildrenwhowerelivingapartfromhim.Involvement ismeasuredseparatelyforchildrenaged04yearsandchildrenaged518years.Increased involvementoffathersintheirchildrensliveshasbeenassociatedwitharangeofpositiveoutcomesforthechildren.

MethodsTheanalysespresented inthisreportarebasedonanationallyrepresentativesampleof10,403menaged1544yearsinthehouseholdpopulationoftheUnitedStates.Thefatherinvolvement measuresarebasedon2,200fathersofchildrenunderage51,790wholivewiththeirchildrenand410wholiveapartfromtheirchildren,andon3,166fathersofchildrenaged5182,091wholivewiththeirchildrenand1,075who liveapartfromtheirchildren.

ResultsStatisticsarepresentedonthefrequencywithwhichfatherstookpart inasetofagespecificactivities intheirchildrenslives.Differencesinpercentdistributionsarefoundbywhetherthefatherliveswithorapartfromhischildren,andbyhisdemographiccharacteristics.Ingeneral,fatherslivingwiththeirchildrenparticipatedintheirchildrens livestoagreaterdegreethanfatherswho liveapartfrom theirchildren.Differences infathers involvementwiththeirchildrenwerealsofoundby thefathersage,maritalorcohabitingstatus,education,andHispanicoriginandrace.Keywords:fathersactivitieswithchildrenfathersandchildrencoresidentialandnoncoresidentialchildrenNationalSurveyofFamilyGrowth

wellbeinginmanyareas(1)forIntroduction

example,on increasing thechancesof

Fathersinvolvementintheir academicsuccess(2,3)andinreducingchildrens liveshasbeenshown tohave thechancesofdelinquencyandapositiveeffectonchildrenandtheir substanceabuse(46).Aliterature

reviewfound thatchildrenwhosefathersassumed40%ormoreofthefamilyscaretaskshadbetteracademicachievementthanchildrenwhosefatherswerelessinvolved(7,8).

Inrecentdecades,fatherswho livewiththeirchildrenhavebecomemoreinvolvedin theirchildrens lives thaninpreviousgenerations(9,10),althoughfewerfathersnow livewith theirchildrenbecauseof increases innonmaritalchildbearing(9,1115).Theimpactofnonmaritalchildbearingon thepresenceoffathersismoderated,however,byincreasesintheproportionofchildrenbeingborn intocohabitingunions(12).Forexample,Martinezetal.(seeTable12inreference12)foundthat23%ofrecentbirths(thoseoccurringinthe5yearsbefore theinterview) towomenaged1544in20062010occurredwithincohabitingunions,asignificantincreasefrombirthstowomenaged1544in2002(14%).Usinganationalsampleoffathersaged1544, thisreportdocumentshowmuchfathersare involvedwiththeirchildrenbothchildrenwithwhom theylive,andchildrenfromwhomtheyliveapart.

From1973,when theNationalCenterforHealthStatistics(NCHS)firstconductedtheNationalSurveyofFamilyGrowth(NSFG), to1995,NSFGmeasuredchanges inthefactorsrelated

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

National Center for Health Statistics


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Page2 NationalHealthStatisticsReports n Number71 n December20,2013tobirthandpregnancyratesandfamilyformationanddissolutionbyinterviewingnationalsamplesofwomenaged1544(16).In2002,NSFGbegancollectingdatafromnationalsamplesofmenaged1544.Collectinginformationonfatherinvolvementwasamajorreasonfor includingmeninthe2002and20062010NSFGs,dueto,asnotedabove,agrowingbodyofresearchshowingapositiveassociationbetweenthepresenceandinvolvementoffathersandoutcomesfor theirchildren(7,8,17).

In1995,PresidentClinton issuedamemorandumfortheheadsofexecutivedepartmentsandagenciesurgingfederalsurveystoincorporatefathers,whereappropriate, ingovernmentinitiatedresearchregardingchildrenandtheirfamilies(18).SubsequentconsultationbyNSFGstaffwithexperts inotherfederalagenciesandtheresearchcommunityshowed thatcollectingdataontheroleoffathers intheirchildrensliveswasahighpriority.Itwasalsorecognizedthatmultiple indicatorsoffather involvementwerenecessary tomeasure themultidimensionalityoffathering(8,17,19).And thecontinuedimportanceofcollectingdatadirectlyfromfathersabout theirinvolvementintheir

childrens

lives

was

asummary

conclusionfroma2012conferenceattheNationalInstitutesofHealthsponsoredbytheNationalCenterforFamily&MarriageResearch(20,21).

Datafromthe2002NSFGonfatherinvolvementwerepublishedpreviously(22),basedonasampleof4,928menaged1544.Thisreportbuildsonthatresearchand isbasedonasampleof10,403menaged1544from the20062010NSFG.Bothreportspresentnationaldataforfathersaged1544onwhether theylivewithor liveapartfrom theirchildrenunderage18andtheir involvementwiththosechildren.Thesameeightindicatorsoffatherinvolvementwerecollected in2002and20062010.

Somescholarshavesuggested thatfathersinvolvementinthelivesof theirchildrencanbeclassifiedintothree(orfour,dependinguponhoweconomicsupportisclassified)broaddimensions(8,23):

+Engagementordirectinteractionwiththechild, includingtakingcareof,playingwith,orteaching thechild

+Accessibilityoravailability,whichincludesmonitoringbehaviorfromthenextroomornearby,andallowingdirectinteractionifnecessary

+Responsibilityforthecareofthechild,which includesmakingplansandarrangementsforcareasdistinctfrom theperformanceofthecare(8)

+Economicsupportorbreadwinning,whichcanbeconsideredeitheraspartofresponsibilityorseparatefromothermeasuresoffather involvement

Otherscholarsmaymeasureorclassify involvementdifferently.

Thisreport

is

limited

to

measures

of

directinteractionorengagementwithchildren in the last4weeksasreportedbythefather.However,NSFGhasothermeasuresonfathersthatcanbeused infutureresearch,including:+Ageandmaritalorcohabitationstatus

whenfirstbecomingafather+Engagementinactivitieswith

children inthe last12months+Satisfactionwiththeamountof

contactwithchildrenwho liveapart+Amountandfrequencyofchild

supportpaid, ifany+Attitudestowardmarriageand

parenthoodTheseothermeasuresareoutside

thescopeofthisreport,butsomehavebeenpublishedpreviously(10,22,2427).MethodsSourceofthedata

Thisreportisbasedon the20062010NSFG,whichwasjointlyplannedandfundedbyNCHSandseveralotherprogramsof theU.S.DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices(seeAcknowledgments).Datawerecollectedfrom12,279 interviewswithwomenand10,403menaged1544conductedfromJune2006throughJune2010.Thisreport ismainlylimited to thedatacollectedfromthesampleof3,928menwhoarefathers.

Interviewswerevoluntary;participantswereprovidedinformationaboutthesurveybeforebeingaskedforsigned informedconsent.Thesurveywasreviewedandapprovedby theNCHSandUniversityofMichiganInstitutionalReviewBoards.Theoverallresponserate in20062010was77%;theresponserateforwomenwas78%andformen itwas75%(28).Toprotecttherespondentsprivacy,onlyonepersonwasinterviewed ineachselectedhousehold.Further informationaboutNSFGssampledesign,samplingandsamplingerrors,interviewing,anddataprocessing isavailableelsewhere(2830).Statisticalanalysis

Thisreportpresentsbasicdescriptivestatisticsonfatherinvolvementwithchildrenlivingwithandlivingapartfromthem intheUnitedStatesin20062010; itdoesnotattempttodemonstratecauseandeffectrelationships.StatisticsforthisreportwereproducedusingSASsoftware,version9.3(http://www.sas.com).TheSASprocedurePROCSURVEYFREQisdesigned tohandle thecomplexsampledesignofsurveys likeNSFGandwasusedtocalculatepercentagesandstandarderrors(SE).Allestimatesfor20062010 in thisreportwereweightedtoreflecttheapproximately62millionmenaged1544in thehouseholdpopulationof theUnitedStatesat themidpointofinterviewing,June2008.Menaged1544livingonmilitarybasesorin institutionswerenotincluded in thesurvey.

Statisticallysignificantdifferencesbetweenpercentageswereassessedusing twotailed ttestsatthe5%level.Noadjustmentsweremadeformultiplecomparisons.Termssuchasgreaterthanandlessthanindicate thatastatisticallysignificantdifferencewasfound.Lackofcommentregardingthedifferencebetweenanytwostatisticsdoesnotmeanthatthedifferencewastestedandfoundnottobesignificant.

In thedescriptionoftheresultsbelow,whenthepercentagebeingcitedisbelow10%orabove90%,thetext
http://www.sas.com/http://www.sas.com/http://www.sas.com/http://www.sas.com/


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NationalHealthStatisticsReports n Number71 n December20,2013 Page3cites thepercentage toonedecimalpoint.Tomakereadingeasierand toremindthereader thattheresultsarebasedonsamplesandsubjecttosamplingerror,percentagesbetween10%and90%aregenerallyshownrounded tothenearestwholepercentage.In thisreport,percentagesarenotshownifthesampledenominator islessthan75casesorthenumerator isless than5cases.Whenapercentageorotherstatisticisnotshownfor thisreason,thetablecontainsanasterisk(*)signifyingthat thestatisticdoesnotmeetstandardsofreliabilityorprecision.Formoststatisticspresented in thisreport, thenumeratorsanddenominatorsaremuchlarger.

Whendiscussingresults,demographicdifferencesbetweenfatherslivingwiththeirchildrenandfatherslivingapartfrom theirchildrenareexamined,followedbyadiscussionofactivityspecificresults.Foreachactivity,coresidentialfathersarefirstcomparedwithnoncoresidentialfatherson thepercentageswhodidtheactivityeverydayin the last4weeksand thepercentageswhodidnotdotheactivityatallin thelast4weeks.Next,comparisonswithinaresidentialcategory

are

made

across

age,

marital

or

cohabitingstatus,education,andHispanicoriginandracebythefrequencyofdoing theactivity.TheResultssectionconcludeswithanexaminationoffathersviewsofhowgoodafathertheyare.Onlystatisticallysignificantdifferencesbetweenany twopercentagesarementionedinthetext.

Asdetailedbelow,about10%offathershavechildrenwithwhomtheyliveandchildrenfromwhomtheyliveapart,sotheresidencegroupsarenotindependentsamples.Thislackofindependencecouldaffectstatisticaltestingacrossresidencegroups.However,when treating theresidencegroupsas independentsamples, thesignificancelevelsfordifferencesacross

group,whicharethemajorityofcomparisonsdiscussedbelow.Fathersandmeasuresoffatherinvolvement

Notallmenarebiologicalfathersandnotallfathershavebiologicalchildren.Inaddition tofatheringachild,menmaybecomefathers throughadoptionwhichconfers thesame legalstatus,protections,andresponsibilitiestothemanandthechildasfatheringabiologicalchild.Menalsomaybecomedefactofatherswhentheymarryorcohabitwithwomenwhohavechildrenfrompreviousrelationships,thatis,theyareraisingstepchildrenortheircohabitingpartnerschildren.In thisreport,menweredefinedasfathers iftheyhadbiologicaloradoptedchildrenorifstep orpartnerschildrenwereliving inthehousehold.Thepercentageofmenraisingstep oradoptedchildrenwhodidnotalsohavebiologicalchildrenwasverysmall,0.2%.In20062010,44.8%ofmenaged1544hadeverhadabiologicalchild(12),and45.0%ofmenaged1544(28millionof the62millionmenaged1544)werelivingwithbiological,adopted,step,orpartnerschildren,orhadadoptedorbiological

children

living

elsewhere

(analysisof20062010datanotshown.)

Fathersweredividedintotwocategoriesbasedon theircoresidencewiththeirchildrenaged18yearsandunder.Coresidentialminorchildrenwerechildrenwithwhomamanlivedandincludedstep orpartnerschildrenwhowereliving inhishousehold,aswellashisownbiologicalandadoptedchildren.Noncoresidentialminorchildrenconsistedofamansbiologicalor

adoptedchildrenwho livedapartfromhim.Somefathershadbothcoresidentialandnoncoresidentialchildrenabout10%.Identicalquestionsaboutspecificactivitieswereaskedforbothcoresidentialandnoncoresidentialchildren.Analyseswererestricted toactivities inwhichthemanparticipatedwith thesechildrenwithinthe4weekspreceding theinterview.

Table1ofthisreportisbasedontheentiresampleof10,403menaged1544,butTables210arebasedonthe3,928menwhoarefathers.Tables25arebasedonthe2,200menwhohadchildrenunderage5years,andTables69arebasedonthe3,166menwhohadchildrenaged518years.Somemenhadchildreninbothagegroups,soTable10isbasedon4,336men3,038menwhohadcoresidentialchildrenand1,298menwhohadnoncoresidentialchildren.Thesamplesizeofmenwhodonot livewiththeirchildrenunderage5(Tables25) is 410,so thepercentagesinTables25formenwhodonotlivewiththeirchildrenhavelargersamplingerrorsthanthepercentagesbasedonthe1,790menwholivewithchildren.Thesamplesizesonwhich thetablesarebasedareshown inTableA.

Resultsfor

categories

of

men

based

onsmallsamplesizes,orthosewithlargeSEsasshownin thedetailedtables,shouldbe interpretedcautiously.

Researchhasshownanumberoffactorsthataffect theextenttowhichfathersare involved intheirchildrenslives.Thisreportexaminesfiveofthesefactors:whetherheliveswith thechildren,hiscurrentage,maritalorcohabitationstatus,Hispanicoriginandrace,andeducation.

TableA.Distributionoffathersaged1544,by livingarrangementandageofchildren:UnitedStates,20062010

Withchildrenaged:Under5years 518years

Livingarrangement (Tables25) (Tables69)residencegroupswerevery large;the Lives with one or more children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,790 2,091 associatedSEswouldhave toincrease Does not live with one or more of his children . . . . . . . . . . 410 1,075 dramaticallytomake thedifferences Tot al . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,200 3,166 nonsignificant.Notethatindependence

NOTE:Due tomen livingwithchildrenreportingdontknowor refusedforaspecificactivity,Table5isbasedon1,788men,wasnotanissueforcomparisonsmade andTables7and9arebasedon2,090men.

SOURCE:CDC/NCHS,NationalSurveyofFamilyGrowth,20062010.betweencategorieswithinaresidence


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Page4 NationalHealthStatisticsReports n Number71 n December20,2013Fatherhood,activitieswithchildren,andself-ratingoffathering

Menwereaskedaboutthenumberandcharacteristicsofchildrentheyhadfatheredoradopted inthecontextoftherelationshipstheyhadwithwomen.Theywereasked iftheyhadfatheredoradoptedachildwiththeircurrentwifeorpartner,withanyoftheir threemostrecentsexualpartners,anyformerwiveswhohadnotbeendiscussedbefore,andtheirfirstcohabitingpartner.Lastly,menwereasked iftheyhadfatheredanyotherchildrenwithsexualpartners theyhadnotmarried,or iftheyhadadoptedanyotherchildrenwhohad livedwiththemunder theircareandresponsibility,notdiscussedin thecontextofarelationship.

Informationfrom thesequestionsandfromthehouseholdrosterwasusedto identifymenwhohadchildrenlivingwiththem(i.e.,coresidentialchildren),andmenwhohadchildrenlivingapartfromthem(i.e.,noncoresidentialchildren),at thetimeofthe interview.Coresidentialchildrenincludedbiological,adopted,step,orpartnerschildrenwhowere livingin themanshouseholdatthe timeof theinterview;noncoresidential

children

included

biologicaloradoptedchildrenthatwerelivingoutsidethemanshouseholdatthetimeofinterview.Menwhohadchildrenwere thenaskedquestionsabout theirinvolvementin thesechildrenslives.

Menwereaskedaboutactivitiestheydidwith theircoresidentialandwith theirnoncoresidentialchildrenfortwobroadagegroups:preschoolagedchildren(underage5years)andschoolagedchildren(aged518years),inorder toaskageappropriatequestions.Thequestionsaboutactivitiesthatamanengaged inwithhischildrenweresummarymeasuresaskedgenerallyaboutallofhiscoresidentialandallofhisnoncoresidentialchildren intheage

activitiesbyagegrouparepresentedbelow.Forchildrenunderage5,activities include:+Eatingmealswithorfeedingthe

children+Bathing,diapering,ordressingthe

children,or

helping

the

children

bathe,dress,orusethetoiletthemselves

+ Playingwiththechildren+ Readingto thechildrenForchildrenaged518,activitiesinclude:+Talkingwith thechildrenabout things

thathappenedduringtheirday+ Eatingmealswiththechildren+Helping thechildrenwithhomework

orcheckingthat thehomeworkhadbeendone

+Takingthechildren toorfromactivities

Menwereaskedhowfrequentlytheydideachactivityinthelast4weeks.Theyweregivenashowcardandasked toselectoneofthefollowingresponseoptions:+ Notatall+ Lessthanonceaweek+ Aboutonceaweek+ Severaltimesaweek+ Everyday(at leastonceaday)BecauseoftherelativelysmallnumbersoffatherswhoengagedinsomeactivitiesLess thanonceaweekandAboutonceaweek,thesecategoriesarecombined in thisreport.

Usinga5pointscale,fathersalsowereaskedtoratehowgoodajobtheythoughttheyweredoingasafatheroverallwithallof theircoresidentialandwithallof theirnoncoresidential

children,aged018.ResponseoptionswereAverygoodjob,Agoodjob,Anokayjob,Notaverygoodjob,andAbadjob.The latter twocategoriesarecombined inthisreport.

Menwereclassifiedbyseveraldemographiccharacteristics:Hispanicoriginandrace,currentage,maritalorcohabitationstatus,andeducation.Hispanicoriginandraceweretabulatedinaccordancewith1997guidelinesfromtheOfficeofManagementandBudget(31).EstimatesforHispanicmen,regardlessoftheirrace,areshownseparatelyfromnonHispanicmen.FornonHispanicmen,estimatesarepresentedforsingleracewhiteandblackmen.Becauseofsmallsamplesizes,estimatesformenofotherracialgroups

are

not

shown

separately.

Educationisshownformenaged2244becausemenaged1521maynothavecompletedtheireducationat the timeofthe interview.Detailsonthesevariablescanbefound inpreviousNSFGreports(32,33).ResultsFatherhoodamongmenaged1544

In20062010,

about

38%

(23.5

million)ofmenaged1544were livingwithoneormorechildren,andabout12%(7.5million)werelivingapartfromoneormoreoftheirbiologicaloradoptedchildren(Table1).Note thatthesecategoriesarenotmutuallyexclusiveapproximately5%ofmenhadchildrenwithwhom they livedandchildrenfromwhomtheylivedapart.Thesefathersare includedinbothpanelsofTable1.Figure1shows the

TableB.Distributionoffathersaged1544,byresidentiallocationofchildren:UnitedStates,20062010

WeightedSampled Weighted number

Residential location number percentage (inthousands)groupsthat is, thequestionswerenot Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,928 100.0 27,961askedforspecificchildren.

Thisreportfocusesonactivitiesthat Onlycoresidentialchildren. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Onlynoncoresidentialchildren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,604 885 73.2 15.8 20,456 4,414 mendidwiththeirchildren,separately Bothcoresidentialandnoncoresidentialchildren . . . . . . 439 11.1 3,091 forcoresidentialandnoncoresidentialchildren,in thelast4weeks.The NOTE:Percentagesmaynotaddto100duetorounding.SOURCE:CDC/NCHS,NationalSurveyofFamilyGrowth,20062010.


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NationalHealthStatisticsReports n Number71 n December20,2013 Page5

Only noncoresidential

children

Both coresidential and

noncoresidential children

SOURCES: CDC/NCHS, National Survey of Family Growth, 20062010 and Table B of this report.

73

1611

Only coresidential

children

Figure1.Percentdistributionoffathersaged1544,bywheretheirchildrenlive:UnitedStates,20062010percentdistribution,andTableBshowsthenumberandpercentageoffatherswhohaveonlycoresidentialchildren,onlynoncoresidentialchildren,orbothcoresidentialandnoncoresidentialchildren.

Acrossmostcharacteristics inTable1,higherpercentagesofmenaged1544were livingwiththeirchildrenthan

were

living

apart

from

their

children,butthemagnitudeofthedifferencevariedbycharacteristic.Forexample,about twiceasmanymenaged1524hadcoresidentialchildren(6.9%)thanhadnoncoresidentialchildren(3.3%).Byages3544,three timesasmanymenhadcoresidentialchildren(64%)thanhadnoncoresidentialchildren(19%).Lookingatmaritalandcohabitingstatus,sixtimesasmanycurrentlymarriedmenhadcoresidentialchildren(75%)thanhadnoncoresidentialchildren(12%).Amongcurrentlycohabitingmen,almost threetimesasmanyhadcoresidentialchildren(54%) thanhadnoncoresidentialchildren(20%).Asexpected,of thecharacteristicsshowninTable1,onlyamongmenwhowereneithermarriednorcohabitingwas thepercentageofmenwhohadnoncoresidentialchildren(10%)higher thanthepercentageofmenwhohadcoresidentialchildren(6.1%).

More thantwiceasmanymenaged2244withahighschooldiplomaorlesseducationhadcoresidentialchildren(54%)comparedwithnoncoresidentialchildren(23%).Lookingatmenwithsomecollegeormoreeducation,fivetimesasmanyhadcoresidentialchildren(45%) thanhadnoncoresidentialchildren(8.7%).

NonHispanicwhitemenaged1544hadthe largestdifferencebetween thosewithcoresidentialchildren(37%)and thosewithnoncoresidentialchildren(8.2%).ThedifferencewassmallestamongnonHispanicblackmen,with33%havingcoresidentialchildrenand24%havingnoncoresidentialchildren.AmongHispanicmen,morethantwiceasmanyhadcoresidentialchildren(44%) thanhadnoncoresidentialchildren(18%).

Thefollowingdiscussiondescribesandcomparesmensinvolvementwiththeirchildrenbyexamining thepercentagesoffathersaged1544(oraged2244whencomparingpercentagesbetweeneducationalattainmentgroups)whoparticipated inavarietyofactivitiesinthelast4weekswiththeirchildren.Emphasis isgiventocomparing thecategorieseverydayandnotatall,althoughforafewmeasureswheretheseresponsesareless

common,anothercategoryissometimescited.Involvement inactivitieswithchildrenunderage5years

Ingeneralandasexpected,ahigherpercentageoffathersaged1544wholivedwiththeirchildrenunderage5participated inactivitieswith theirchildrenmorefrequentlythanfatherswholivedapartfrom theirchildren(Figure2).Similarly,fatherswithnoncoresidentialchildrenweremorelikelytonothavedonetheactivityatallin thelast4weekscomparedwithfatherswithcoresidentialchildren(Tables25).Themagnitudeof thedifferences

between

coresidential

and

noncoresidentialfathersvariedbyactivity.Differencesalsowereseenbydemographiccharacteristicswithingroupsofcoresidentialandnoncoresidentialfathers.Thesedifferencesarediscussedbelow.Howoftenfathersfedoratemealswiththeirchildren

Ahigherpercentageoffatherswholivedwith theirchildrenunderage5fedoratemealswith themdaily72%comparedwith7.9%offatherswithnoncoresidentialchildren.Ahigherpercentageoffathers livingapartfromtheirchildrendidnotfeedoreatmealswith thematall in thelast4weeks43%comparedwith0.8%offatherswithcoresidentialchildren(Table2).

VariationbyHispanicoriginandracewasseenin thepercentagesofcoresidentialfatherswhoatemealswiththeirchildreneveryday.Specifically,Hispanicfatherswereless likely toeatmealswith theirchildreneveryday(64%)thanwerenonHispanicwhite(74%)ornonHispanicblack(78%)fathers(Table2).

Moredifferencesacrossdemographiccategorieswereseenamongfatherswhodidnotlivewithoneormoreoftheirchildren.+Higherpercentagesofolderfathers

44%of thoseaged2534and60%ofthoseaged3544hadnoteatena


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Page6 NationalHealthStatisticsReports n Number71 n December20,2013

0

20

40

60

80

100

Have children they live apart fromHave children they live with

72

58

29

8 8 105

81

Fed or ate meals with Bathed, dressed, or diapered Played with Read to

SOURCES: CDC/NCHS, National Survey of Family Growth, 20062010 and Tables 25 of this report.

Percent

Figure2.Percentageoffathersaged1544whohavechildrenunderage5yearswhoengaged inthespecifiedactivitydaily inthelast4weeks,bywhetherthechildrenlivewithorapartfromthem:UnitedStates,20062010

mealwithorfed theirnoncoresidentialchildreninthelast4weeks,comparedwith25%offathersaged1524.

+ More thanonehalfoffathersaged2244withahighschooldiplomaorlesseducation(54%)hadnoteatenamealwith theirnoncoresidentialchildreninthelast4weeksasignificantlyhigherpercentage thanfatherswithsomecollegeormoreeducation(33%).

+ Hispanicfathers(58%)aged1544weresignificantlymorelikelytohavenoteatenamealwith theirnoncoresidentialchildrencomparedwithwhite(35%)orblack(31%)fathers.

Howoftenfathersbathed,diapered,ordressedtheirchildren

Nineoutof10fathers(90%)wholivedwithchildrenunderage5bathed,diapered,ordressed thechildren,orhelpedthembathe,dress,orusethetoileteverydayorseveral timesaweek,comparedwith31%offatherswho livedapartfromtheirchildren(Table3).Restrictingthefigurestothosewhodid theseactivitieseveryday,thefiguresare58%forfathers

wholivedwith theirchildrenand8.3%forfatherswhodidnot livewith theirchildren.

TherewasasignificantdifferencebyHispanicoriginandraceamongfatherswithcoresidentialchildren:Blackfathers(70%)weremost likely tohavebathed,dressed,diapered,orhelpedtheirchildrenuse thetoileteverydaycomparedwithwhite(60%)andHispanicfathers(45%).

Somedemographicdifferenceswereseenamongfatherswithnoncoresidentialchildren:+Twothirdsoffathersaged3544

(68%)hadnotbathed,dressed,ordiaperedtheirnoncoresidentialchildrenin thelast4weeks.Thiscompares

with

onethird

of

fathers

aged1524(31%).

+Ahigherpercentageoffathersaged2244withahighschooldiplomaorlesseducation(60%)hadnotbathed,dressed,ordiaperedtheirchildreninthe last4weekscomparedwithfatherswithsomecollegeormoreeducation(33%).

+About twothirdsofHispanicfathersaged1544(66%)hadnotbathed,dressed,ordiaperedtheirchildren in

thelast4weeks,significantlymorethanblack(34%)orwhitefathers(39%).

Howoftenfathersplayedwiththeirchildren

Practicallyall

fathers

who

lived

withchildrenunderage5playedwiththem:Amongcoresidentialfathers,81%playedwith themdaily,and18%playedwith themseveraltimesaweek(Table4).Ahigherpercentageofcurrentlymarriedfathers(82%)playedwith theircoresidentialchildreneveryday,comparedwithfatherswhowerenotcurrentlymarriedorcohabiting(68%).

Amongfatherswithnoncoresidentialchildrenunderage5,about4outof10playedwiththemdaily(10%)orseveraltimesaweek(29%),while37%didnotplaywiththeirchildrenatallinthelast4weeks.Somedifferencesbydemographiccharacteristicsinclude:+Alargerpercentageofolderfathers

hadnotplayedwith theirnoncoresidentialchildrencomparedwith theyoungestfathers.Fortysevenpercentoffathersaged3544and40%offathersaged2534hadnotplayed

with

their

children

at

all

in

the

last4weeks.Thiscompareswith22%offathersaged1524.

+Fathersaged2244withahighschooldiplomaorlesseducationwerealmosttwiceas likely(47%)tohavenotplayedwiththeirnoncoresidentialchildren inthe last4weekscomparedwithfatherswithsomecollegeormoreeducation(26%).

+AhigherpercentageofHispanicfathersaged1544(52%)hadnotplayedwiththeirnoncoresidentialchildren in the last4weekscomparedwithwhite(30%)andblack(25%)fathers.

Howoftenfathersreadtotheirchildren

Fatherswho livedwithchildrenunderage5weresixtimesmore likelythanfatherswhodidnot livewith theiryoungchildren tohaveread tothem


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NationalHealthStatisticsReports n Number71 n December20,2013 Page7daily,29%comparedwith4.9%(Table5).Ontheotherhand,16%ofmenwithcoresidentialchildrenand52%ofmenwithnoncoresidentialchildrenhadnotread to thematall inthelast4weeks.

Significantdifferenceswereobservedin thepercentagesoffatherswithcoresidentialchildrenwhoreadtothem,byage,maritalorcohabitationstatus,education,andHispanicoriginandrace(Table5).+ Olderfathersweremorelikelythan

youngerfathers toread totheircoresidentialchildren.Specifically,34%offathersaged3544readtotheircoresidentialchildreneveryday,significantlymorethanfathersaged1524(20%).Olderfatherswerelesslikely(13%) tohavenotreadtotheirchildrenatallcomparedwithyoungerfathers(24%).

+ Cohabitingfatherswere twiceaslikely(30%) tohavenotreadtotheirchildrenatall inthe last4weekscomparedwithmarriedfathers(12%)andfatherswhowereneithermarriednorcohabiting(14%).

+ Fathersaged2244withsomecollegeormoreeducationweremore

likelytohavereadto theirchildreneveryday(33%)comparedwithfatherswithahighschooldiplomaorlesseducation(24%).

+Asmallerpercentageofwhitefathersaged1544hadnotread totheircoresidentialchildrenatall(8.4%)comparedwithblack(19%)orHispanicfathers(32%).

Thisdifference inreading totheirchildrenis lessapparentamongfathersand theirnoncoresidentialchildren,withsignificantdifferencesonlybyeducationandHispanicoriginandrace.+Alargerpercentageoffathersaged

2244withahighschooldiplomaorlesseducation(60%)hadnotreadtotheirnoncoresidentialchildrenatallinthe last4weekscomparedwithfatherswithsomecollegeormoreeducation(35%).

+Alargerpercentageoffathersaged1544ofHispanicorigin(70%)hadnotreadto theirnoncoresidentialchildrenatall inthe last4weekscomparedwithblack(47%)andwhite(36%)fathers.

SOURCES: CDC/NCHS, National Survey of Family Growth, 20062010 and Tables 69 of this report.

Percent

Have children they live apart fromHave children they live with

Ate meals with Took to or fromactivities

Talked about day Helped or checkedhomework

66

21

3 4

16

6

65

30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Figure3.Percentageoffathersaged1544whohavechildrenaged518yearswhoengaged inthespecifiedactivitydaily inthelast4weeks,bywhetherthechildrenlivewithorapartfromthem:UnitedStates,20062010

Involvement inactivitieswithchildrenaged518years

Tables69showdataonfathersactivitieswith theirschoolagedchildren(aged518).Aswasseenwithchildrenunderage5,fathersaged1544wholivedwitholderchildrenweremorelikelytoparticipate inactivitieswiththemeverydayand less likely tonotparticipateatallinactivitiesin thelast4weeks,comparedwithfatherswholivedapartfrom theirchildren(Tables69,Figure3).Additionally,variationacrossdemographiccharacteristicswasfoundin theleveloffatherinvolvementforspecificactivitieswithcoresidentialandwithnoncoresidential

schoolaged

children.

Howoftenfathersatemealswiththeirchildren

Amongfatherswholivedwith theirschoolagedchildren,66%atemealswiththemeverydayin thelast4weeks(Table6)andonly1.4%didnoteatanymealsatallwiththem.Bycomparison,amongfatherswhodidnot livewiththeirschoolagedchildren,2.9%atemealswiththemeveryday,and53%didnoteatmealswith thematall in thelast4weeks.

DifferencesbymaritalorcohabitingstatusandHispanicoriginandracewereseenamongfatherswithcoresidentialchildren:+Currentlymarried(68%)and

cohabiting(64%)fathersweremorelikely toeatmealswiththeirschoolagedchildreneveryday thanwerefatherswhowereneithermarriednorcohabiting(47%).

+AlargerpercentageofHispanicfathers(71%)atemealswiththeirchildrendaily thandidwhitefathers(64%).

DifferencesbymaritalorcohabitingstatusandHispanicoriginandracewerealsoseenamongfatherswhodidnotlivewith theirchildren:+Asmallerpercentageoffatherswho

wereneithermarriednorcohabiting(38%)didnoteatanymealsatallwith thesechildren inthe last4


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Page8 NationalHealthStatisticsReports n Number71 n December20,2013weekscomparedwithmarried(61%)orcohabiting(61%)fathers.

+ SmallerpercentagesofnonHispanicwhite(43%)andnonHispanicblack(46%)fathersdidnoteatmealsatallwiththeirnoncoresidentialchildrencomparedwithHispanicfathers(72%).

Howoftenfatherstooktheirchildrentoorfromactivities

Twentyonepercentoffatherswholivedwiththeirschoolagedchildrenand3.9%offatherswithnoncoresidentialchildrentook themtoorfromactivitieseveryday in thelast4weeks(Table7).Conversely,15%offatherswithcoresidentialchildrenand71%offatherswithnoncoresidentialchildrendidnot take themtoorfromactivitiesatall.Significantdifferencesbydemographiccharacteristicswerefoundamongcoresidentialandnoncoresidentialfathers.

Amongfatherswithcoresidentialchildren:+ Alargerpercentageofcurrently

marriedfathers(21%) took theirschoolagedchildren toorfromactivitieseverydaycomparedwithcohabitingfathers(15%).

+Fewer

currently

married

fathers

(13%) thancohabitingfathers(21%)didnot take theirchildrentoorfromactivitiesatallin thelast4weeks.

+ Oneinfivefathersaged2244withahighschooldiplomaorlesseducation(21%)didnot take theirschoolagedchildren toorfromactivitiesatallinthe last4weeks.Thiscompareswith8.2%ofcoresidentialfatherswithsomecollegeormoreeducation.

+ Ahigherpercentageofblackfathersaged1544(27%)tooktheirchildrentoorfromactivitieseverydaycomparedwithwhitefathers(20%).

Amongfatherswithnoncoresidential,schoolagedchildren:+ Threequartersofcurrentlymarried

(77%)andcurrentlycohabiting(76%)fathersdidnot take theirnoncoresidentialchildrentoorfromactivitiesatall inthe last4weekscomparedwith63%offatherswhowereneithermarriednorcohabiting.

+About threeofeveryfourfathersaged2244withahighschooldiplomaor lesseducation(75%)hadnot taken theirschoolagedchildrentoorfromactivitiesin thelast4weekscomparedwith64%offatherswithsomecollegeormoreeducation.

+AhigherpercentageofHispanicfathersaged1544(83%)hadnottaken theirchildrentoorfromactivitiescomparedwithwhite(70%)orblack(58%)fathers.

Howoftenfatherstalkedwithchildrenaboutthingsthathappenedduringtheday

Twothirdsoffathersaged1544wholivedwith theirschoolagedchildren(65%) talkedwithoneormoreof thesechildrenabout things thathadhappenedduring thechildsdayeveryday,asdid16%offatherswholivedapartfrom theirchildren(Table8).Amongfatherswhodidnotlivewiththeirchildren,37%didnottalk to theirchildrenatallabout things thathappenedduringthedayinthelast4weeks;thiscompareswith1.1%offatherswithcoresidentialchildren.

Theonlydemographicdifferencefoundamongmenwithcoresidentialchildrenwasbymaritalorcohabitingstatus.Asmallerpercentageofcohabitingfathers(58%)talkedaboutthings thathappenedduring thechildsdaywithoneormoreoftheirschoolagedchildreneverydaycomparedwithfatherswhowereneithermarriednorcohabiting(71%)orcurrentlymarried(66%).

DifferencesbymaritalorcohabitingstatusandHispanicoriginandracewerefoundforfatherswithnoncoresidentialchildren.+Currentlymarriedfathers(8.0%)wereless likely tohavetalkedwith their

noncoresidentialchildreneverydayaboutthingsthathadhappenedduring thechildrensdaycomparedwithfatherswhowereneithermarriednorcohabiting(20%)andfatherswhowerecohabiting(23%).

+Marriedfathers(47%)andcohabitingfathers(43%)weretwiceas likely tohavenot talkedwiththeirnoncoresidentialchildrenatall inthe

last4weekscomparedwithfatherswhowereneithermarriednorcohabiting(23%).

+AmongHispanicfatherswhodidnotlivewith theirchildren,63%didnottalkwiththeirchildrenatall inthelast4weeksaboutthings thathadhappenedduringthechildrensday,comparedwith29%ofwhitefathersand21%ofblackfathers.

Howoftenfathershelpedwithhomeworkorcheckedthathomeworkwasdone

Amongfatherswho livedwithschoolagedchildren,30%saidtheyhelped thechildrenwithhomeworkorchecked thatthechildrenhaddonetheirhomeworkeveryday(Table9).Thiscompareswith6.0%offatherswhodidnot livewith theirchildren.About14%ofcoresidentialfathershadnothelpedthesechildrenwithhomeworkatall inthelast4weeks,andneitherdid69%offatherswithnoncoresidentialchildren.

For themostpart, therewasnodifferencebydemographiccharacteristicinthepercentagesoffatherswithcoresidential,schoolagedchildrenwhohelpedtheirchildrenwithhomeworkorcheckedthatthehomeworkhadbeendone.

Thereweretwoexceptions:+Alargerpercentageofcohabiting

fatherswithcoresidentialchildren(20%)didnothelp theirchildrenwithhomeworkatallcomparedwithcurrentlymarriedfathers(13%).

+Alargerpercentageofblackfathers(41%)hadhelped theircoresidentialchildrenwithhomeworkeveryday inthe last4weekscomparedwithHispanic(29%)orwhite(28%)fathers.

Therewerealsodifferences inthepercentagesoffatherswithnoncoresidentialchildrenwhohelpedwithorchecked thathomeworkhadbeendonebymaritalorcohabitingstatusandHispanicoriginandrace.+Largerpercentagesofcurrently

married(78%)andcohabiting(71%)fathershadnothelped theirnoncoresidentialchildrenwith


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NationalHealthStatisticsReports n Number71 n December20,2013 Page9homeworkatall in the last4weekscomparedwithfatherswhowereneithermarriednorcohabiting(58%).

+ LargerpercentagesofHispanic(82%)andwhite(70%)fathershadnothelped theirnoncoresidentialchildrenwithhomeworkatallin thelast4weekscomparedwithblackfathers(56%).

Howgoodafathermenperceivethemselvestobe

Ingeneral,fathersaged1544wholivedwiththeirchildrenaged018(44%)wereabout twiceaslikelyasfatherswhodidnot livewith theirchildren(21%) tosaytheyaredoingaverygoodjobasafather(Table10).While0.6%ofcoresidentialfathersthink theyaredoinganotverygoodorabadjob,24%ofnoncoresidentialfathersthink theyaredoinganotverygoodorbadjob.Conclusion

Thegoalofthisreportis todocument theextentoffatherinvolvementintheirchildrens livesusingthesampleof3,928fathersaged1544inthe20062010NSFG.Whileothersurveyshavecollecteddataonfatherinvolvementinrecentdecades(19,3437), theNSFGsampleislarge,recent,andnationallyrepresentative.Italsohasmultipleindicatorsoffatherinvolvementforbothfatherswho livewiththeirchildrenandfatherswho liveapartfromtheirchildren.

Thisreport islimitedtofourmeasuresoffather involvementforchildrenunderage5yearsand tofourmeasuresof involvementforchildrenaged518years.Identicalmeasureswerecomparedforfathersaged1544wholivedwithandwho livedapartfromtheirchildren.Parentalinvolvementiscomplexandmultidimensional.Themeasuresselectedforthesurveyandexaminedherewerechosenbecausepreviousresearchhasfound themtoberelated topositiveoutcomesforchildren(8,19,23).Multiple indicatorsareshownbecausenooneindicatoris thekeyfather

involvementactivity thatbenefitsallchildrenmorethanothers(8,17,37).

Someofthefindingsshownhereareworthreiterating,astherewasvariationinfather involvementbyactivity.Forexample,forchildrenunderage5,thestudyfoundthat96%ofresidentfathersatemealswiththeirchildreneverydayorseveraltimesaweek;98%playedwithchildren thatoften;90%bathed,diapered,ordressedtheirchildreneverydayorseveral timesaweek;and60%readto theirchildrenthatoften.Forthefatherswhodidnotlivewith theirchildren,30%atemealswith themeverydayorseveraltimesaweek;39%playedwith theirchildrenseveraltimesaweekormore;31%bathed,diapered,ordressedtheirchildrenseveral timesaweekormore;and23%readtotheirchildrenseveraltimesaweekormore.

Variation inthefrequencyofdoingactivitiesalsowasevidentamongfatherswithschoolagedchildren(aged518).Forfatherswholivedwith thesechildren,93.0%atemealswiththeirchildren,and92.5%talkedwith thesechildrenabout thingsthathappenedduring theirdayseveral timesaweekoreveryday.Thiscompareswith63%offatherswhohelpedwithorcheckedhomework

and

55%

of

fathers

who

took

thesechildrentoorfromactivities.

Thisvariability ininvolvementbyactivityisonereason toexamineallofthemeasuresavailable inNSFG,ratherthanonlytheonesreportedhere.AdditionalresearchwithNSFGcouldfocusonsomeofthemeasuresoffatherinvolvementnot includedinthisreport(seeIntroduction), includinginvolvementin thelast12months,andcorrelatesofinvolvementsuchasworkhoursandschedulesandpaymentofchildsupport.The20062010NSFGdatahasseveral limitations inexaminingfatherinvolvement.First,onlymenaged1544wereincludedin thesurvey,limitingwhatcanbesaidaboutinvolvementwiththeirchildrenbyfathersaged45andover.Involvementmaydifferamong thesefatherscomparedwithfathersaged1544,butthisreportfoundveryfewdifferencesbyage in the levelofinvolvementin

activities.Thedifferencesbyagethatwerefoundsuggestthatolderfathersmaybe lessinvolvedthanfathersaged1544in theirchildrens lives,especiallyfatherswithnoncoresidentialchildrenaged04.

Asecondlimitation isthatthefather involvementquestionswerenotaskedforaspecific,focalchildiffathershadmorethanonecoresidentialornoncoresidentialchildinanagerange.Itisnotclear, then,how thesefathersresponded iftheyhaddifferentlevelsofinvolvementwith thedifferentchildren.Forexample, ifaman livedwitha6montholdbabyanda3year-oldchild,andhespentmore timewiththechildthanwiththebaby, itisnotpossible toknowwhetherheaveragedthetimehespentwitheachchildoransweredquestions inregard tojustone.

Another limitationofthe20062010NSFGwas therelativelysmallnumberofmeasuresacrossdimensionsoffather involvement.Inresponse tothese limitations,NSFG,whichbeganinterviewinginSeptember2011,wasredesigned to includemultiplemeasuresofmoredimensionsoffatherinvolvementand toask thesequestionsaboutaspecific,focalchildwithineachresidencecategory.Inthisredesignedsurvey, theyoungestcoresidentialandtheyoungestnoncoresidentialchildrenareselectedasthefocalchildrenwhenfathersareaskedhowoftentheyengageinthefatherinvolvementactivities.Theredesignandtheadditionofmultiplequestionswillallowresearcherstoexaminefatherinvolvement inmoredepth thanwaspossiblehere.References1. LambME(ed.).Theroleofthe

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36.CheadleJE,AmatoPR,KingV.Patternsofnonresidentfathercontact.Demography47(1):20525.2010.

37.EggebeenDJ.Chapter8:Sociologicalperspectivesonfatherhood:Whatdoweknowaboutfathersfromsocialsurveys?In:TamisLeMondaCS,CabreraNJ(eds.).Handbookoffatherinvolvement:Multidisciplinaryperspectives.Mahwah,NJ:LawrenceErlbaumAssociates,Inc.2002.
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr062.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr062.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr062.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr062.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr062.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr062.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr062.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr058.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr058.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr058.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr058.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr058.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr058.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr058.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr058.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr062.pdf


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NationalHealthStatisticsReports n Number71 n December20,2013 Page13Table2.Numberandpercentdistributionoffathersaged1544withchildrenunderage5years,byhowoftentheyfedoratemealswiththeirchildreninthe last4weeks,accordingtotheirlivingarrangement:UnitedStates,20062010

Number Oncea SeveraltimesCharacteristic (inthousands) Total Notatall weekor less aweek Everyday

Liveswithoneormorechildren Percentdistribution(standarderror)Total1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,614 100.0 0.8 (0.24) 3.2 (0.63) 24.1 (1.54) 71.8 (1.55)Age inyears

1524 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,353 100.0 3.2 (1.73) 4.1 (1.78) 24.2 (4.20) 68.5 (4.45)2534 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,314 100.0 0.9 (0.32) 2.7 (0.66) 24.9 (1.96) 71.6 (2.04)3544 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,947 100.0 * * 3.8 (1.21) 23.0 (2.32) 73.0 (2.37)

MaritalorcohabitingstatusCurrently married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,577 100.0 0.6 (0.17) 3.2 (0.77) 23.6 (1.74) 72.6 (1.84)Currentlycohabiting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,394 100.0 2.0 (1.18) 4.1 (1.34) 24.0 (3.15) 69.9 (3.55)Notcurrentlymarriedorcohabiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644 100.0 * * * * 31.8 (6.10) 66.9 (6.06)

Education2HighschooldiplomaorGEDor lesseducation. . . . . . . . 5,620 100.0 1.4 (0.54) 3.8 (0.96) 24.5 (2.28) 70.3 (2.38)Somecollegeormoreeducation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,536 100.0 0.2 (0.08) 2.6 (0.80) 23.8 (2.32) 73.3 (2.48)

HispanicoriginandraceHispanicorLatino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,948 100.0 1.4 (0.59) 6.3 (1.45) 28.4 (3.81) 63.9 (3.46)NotHispanicorLatino

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,237 100.0 0.3 (0.14) 1.8 (0.73) 24.0 (2.14) 73.9 (2.15)BlackorAfricanAmerican,singlerace. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,358 100.0 * * 5.7 (1.94) 14.4 (2.72) 78.2 (3.45)

Doesnot livewithoneormoreofhischildrenTotal1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,208 100.0 42.8 (3.94) 27.2 (3.71) 22.1 (2.63) 7.9 (1.96)Age inyears

1524 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 100.0 24.7 (6.31) 29.0 (6.34) 33.7 (6.12) 12.5 (4.41)2534 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,094 100.0 44.1 (5.12) 35.3 (5.66) 16.6 (3.41) 4.0 (1.66)3544 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 100.0 60.4 (7.91) 8.2 (2.84) 20.4 (6.19) 11.0 (5.62)

MaritalorcohabitingstatusCurrently married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 100.0 * * * * * * * *Currentlycohabiting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 100.0 * * * * * * * *Notcurrentlymarriedorcohabiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,313 100.0 31.2 (4.43) 29.5 (4.85) 30.3 (3.63) 8.9 (2.74)

Education2HighschooldiplomaorGEDor lesseducation. . . . . . . . 1,378 100.0 54.0 (5.34) 23.5 (4.86) 16.1 (2.90) 6.4 (2.48)Somecollegeormoreeducation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 100.0 32.9 (6.79) 37.4 (8.36) 22.2 (6.23) 7.4 (3.64)

HispanicoriginandraceHispanicorLatino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760 100.0 58.0 (6.41) 14.6 (3.53) 18.7 (4.77) 8.6 (4.15)NotHispanicorLatino

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723 100.0 35.2 (7.08) 40.9 (7.80) 20.0 (4.08) * *BlackorAfricanAmerican,singlerace. . . . . . . . . . . . 622 100.0 31.0 (4.97) 26.5 (5.44) 29.8 (4.51) 12.6 (3.37)

*Figuredoesnotmeetstandardsofreliabilityorprecision.1Includes fathersofotherormultiple-raceandorigingroups,notshownseparately. Fatherswholivewithchildrenalsomayhavechildren theydonot livewithcurrently;theyare included inbothcategories.2Limitedto fathersaged2244at timeof interview.GED isGeneralEducationalDevelopmenthighschoolequivalencydiploma.NOTE:Percentagesmaynotadd to100due torounding.SOURCE:CDC/NCHS,NationalSurveyofFamilyGrowth,20062010.


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Page14 NationalHealthStatisticsReports n Number71 n December20,2013Table3.Numberandpercentdistributionoffathersaged1544withchildrenunderage5years,byhowoftentheybathed,diapered,ordressedthechildrenorhelpedthechildrenbathe,dress,orusethetoilet inthelast4weeks,accordingtotheir livingarrangement:UnitedStates,20062010

Number Onceaweek SeveraltimesCharacteristic (inthousands) Total Notatall or less aweek Everyday

Liveswithoneormorechildren Percentdistribution(standarderror)

Total1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,614 100.0 4.0 (0.75) 6.4 (0.77) 32.0 (1.68) 57.6 (2.00)Age inyears

1524 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,353 100.0 6.0 (2.39) 4.6 (1.43) 28.3 (4.46) 61.1 (4.90)2534 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,314 100.0 3.4 (0.69) 6.9 (0.99) 30.7 (1.94) 59.1 (2.17)3544 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,947 100.0 4.3 (1.46) 6.3 (1.46) 34.7 (3.04) 54.7 (3.32)

MaritalorcohabitingstatusCurrently married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,577 100.0 3.6 (0.83) 6.3 (0.91) 32.8 (2.00) 57.3 (2.39)Currentlycohabiting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,394 100.0 6.3 (1.87) 7.9 (1.53) 25.7 (2.89) 60.1 (3.59)Notcurrentlymarriedorcohabiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644 100.0 1.7 (0.91) 1.9 (0.83) 43.8 (6.30) 52.6 (6.19)



White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,237 100.0 2.1 (0.86) 4.2 (0.99) 33.6 (2.37) 60.0 (2.74)BlackorAfricanAmerican,singlerace. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,358 100.0 6.5 (2.60) 5.9 (2.04) 17.1 (2.79) 70.4 (3.58)

Doesnot livewithoneormoreofhischildrenTotal1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,208 100.0 47.4 (4.03) 21.4 (3.50) 22.8 (2.93) 8.3 (2.01)Age inyears

1524 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 100.0 31.4 (6.54) 20.1 (5.39) 33.1 (6.20) 15.3 (5.12)2534 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,094 100.0 46.1 (5.45) 29.4 (5.77) 21.2 (4.40) 3.2 (1.47)3544 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 100.0 68.1 (6.97) 6.2 (2.91) 14.7 (3.91) 10.9 (5.62)


Education2

HighschooldiplomaorGEDor lesseducation. . . . . . . . 1,378 100.0 60.2 (5.29) 17.4 (4.16) 16.6 (3.53) 5.8 (2.34)Somecollegeormoreeducation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 100.0 33.2 (6.43) 34.9 (8.48) 24.6 (6.52) 7.3 (3.64)Hispanicoriginandrace

HispanicorLatino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760 100.0 65.7 (5.94) 11.3 (3.41) 15.7 (3.85) 7.3 (3.94)NotHispanicorLatino

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723 100.0 38.6 (7.34) 27.5 (7.51) 27.3 (6.48) 6.6 (3.10)BlackorAfricanAmerican,singlerace. . . . . . . . . . . . 622 100.0 34.2 (4.53) 24.4 (5.30) 28.7 (4.39) 12.7 (3.31)



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NationalHealthStatisticsReports n Number71 n December20,2013 Page15Table4.Numberandpercentdistributionoffathersaged1544withchildrenunderage5years,byhowoftentheyplayedwiththeirchildreninthelast4weeks,accordingtotheirlivingarrangement:UnitedStates,20062010


Liveswithoneormorechildren Percentdistribution(standarderror)Total1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,614 100.0 0.4 (0.18) 1.3 (0.30) 17.6 (1.28) 80.7 (1.32)Age inyears

1524 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,353 100.0 * * * * 14.9 (3.08) 81.1 (3.32)2534 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,314 100.0 0.3 (0.11) 1.7 (0.47) 16.1 (1.53) 82.0 (1.63)3544 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,947 100.0 * * 0.6 (0.34) 20.4 (2.41) 79.0 (2.45)

MaritalorcohabitingstatusCurrently married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,577 100.0 * * 0.9 (0.33) 17.4 (1.39) 81.6 (1.46)Currentlycohabiting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,394 100.0 1.3 (0.88) 2.7 (1.11) 15.4 (2.71) 80.7 (2.72)Notcurrentlymarriedorcohabiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644 100.0 * * 1.6 (0.85) 29.8 (6.27) 68.3 (6.22)

Education2HighschooldiplomaorGEDor lesseducation. . . . . . . . 5,620 100.0 0.7 (0.39) 1.7 (0.53) 17.9 (1.70) 79.7 (1.70)Somecollegeormoreeducation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,536 100.0 * * 1.0 (0.44) 17.6 (2.13) 81.4 (2.20)


White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,237 100.0 * * 0.6 (0.28) 16.6 (1.81) 82.7 (1.86)BlackorAfricanAmerican,singlerace. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,358 100.0 * * * * 13.9 (2.64) 82.2 (3.64)


1524 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 100.0 22.4 (6.49) 24.5 (5.61) 34.5 (6.11) 18.7 (5.35)2534 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,094 100.0 40.4 (5.09) 25.5 (4.38) 28.7 (4.91) 5.4 (1.80)3544 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 100.0 46.5 (7.85) 20.6 (7.59) 21.4 (6.20) 11.5 (5.63)



HispanicoriginandraceHispanicorLatino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760 100.0 52.3 (7.64) 17.6 (5.03) 20.1 (4.97) 10.0 (4.17)NotHispanicorLatino




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Page16 NationalHealthStatisticsReports n Number71 n December20,2013Table5.Numberandpercentdistributionoffathersaged1544withchildrenunderage5years,byhowoftentheyreadtotheirchildreninthe last4weeks,accordingtotheir livingarrangement:UnitedStates,20062010



1524 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,353 100.0 23.5 (4.11) 27.2 (4.74) 28.8 (4.68) 20.4 (4.65)2534 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,312 100.0 15.9 (1.64) 26.0 (1.86) 30.9 (1.67) 27.2 (2.05)3544 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,946 100.0 13.3 (2.40) 21.9 (2.69) 31.3 (3.00) 33.5 (2.99)

MaritalorcohabitingstatusCurrently married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,575 100.0 12.3 (1.44) 24.1 (1.76) 32.8 (1.62) 30.8 (1.83)Currentlycohabiting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,394 100.0 29.5 (3.11) 27.2 (3.34) 20.0 (3.08) 23.3 (2.94)Notcurrentlymarriedorcohabiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642 100.0 14.4 (5.78) 20.0 (4.75) 43.2 (6.84) 22.5 (4.91)





1524 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 100.0 48.3 (6.11) 28.6 (6.01) 18.4 (5.67) 4.7 (2.91)2534 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,094 100.0 50.7 (5.56) 28.0 (5.28) 19.4 (4.33) 1.8 (0.91)3544 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 100.0 59.0 (8.09) 16.6 (6.28) 12.9 (5.04) 11.5 (5.63)



HispanicoriginandraceHispanicorLatino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760 100.0 70.0 (5.83) 11.0 (2.59) 14.6 (4.35) * *NotHispanicorLatino




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NationalHealthStatisticsReports n Number71 n December20,2013 Page17Table6.Numberandpercentdistributionoffathersaged1544withchildrenaged518years,byhowoftentheyatemealswiththeirchildreninthe last4weeks,accordingtotheirlivingarrangement:UnitedStates,20062010

Number Onceaweek SeveraltimesCharacteristic (in thousands) Total Notatall or less aweek Everyday


1524 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 100.0 * * * * * * * *2534 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,115 100.0 2.5 (0.80) 3.8 (0.81) 24.5 (2.09) 69.2 (2.41)3544 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,591 100.0 0.9 (0.35) 6.5 (0.91) 28.9 (1.94) 63.7 (2.05)

MaritalorcohabitingstatusCurrently married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,997 100.0 0.9 (0.32) 4.7 (0.71) 26.5 (1.80) 67.9 (1.90)Currentlycohabiting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,540 100.0 2.0 (0.99) 7.7 (1.84) 26.3 (3.46) 63.9 (3.37)Notcurrentlymarriedorcohabiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,444 100.0 * * 10.7 (2.98) 38.5 (5.32) 46.5 (4.88)



White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,790 100.0 1.0 (0.48) 4.4 (0.81) 30.3 (2.19) 64.2 (2.23)BlackorAfricanAmerican,singlerace. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,797 100.0 * * 10.5 (2.09) 25.6 (3.75) 61.7 (4.67)


1524 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 100.0 * * * * * * * *2534 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,329 100.0 53.0 (4.19) 30.4 (4.11) 13.6 (2.20) 3.0 (1.27)3544 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,809 100.0 51.9 (3.34) 32.0 (3.09) 13.1 (1.89) 3.0 (1.22)

MaritalorcohabitingstatusCurrently married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,685 100.0 60.7 (4.41) 29.2 (4.03) 8.2 (2.28) 1.9 (1.21)Currentlycohabiting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,304 100.0 61.3 (5.00) 25.0 (4.31) 9.6 (2.77) 4.1 (2.66)Notcurrentlymarriedorcohabiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,290 100.0 38.0 (3.47) 37.9 (3.51) 20.6 (3.58) 3.5 (1.28)






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Page18 NationalHealthStatisticsReports n Number71 n December20,2013Table7.Numberandpercentdistributionoffathersaged1544withchildrenaged518years,byhowoftentheytooktheirchildrentoorfromactivities inthe last4weeks,accordingtotheir livingarrangement:UnitedStates,20062010



1524 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 100.0 * * * * * * * *2534 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,110 100.0 18.0 (1.78) 27.5 (2.09) 31.7 (2.34) 22.8 (2.30)3544 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,591 100.0 12.7 (1.55) 32.8 (2.16) 35.1 (2.17) 19.3 (1.46)





Doesnot livewithoneormoreofhischildrenTotal1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,280 100.0 71.4 (2.11) 17.4 (1.72) 7.3 (1.15) 3.9 (1.07)Age inyears

1524 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 100.0 * * * * * * * *2534 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,329 100.0 69.2 (3.59) 19.9 (3.07) 7.5 (1.58) 3.5 (1.46)3544 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,809 100.0 72.7 (2.51) 15.6 (1.97) 7.4 (1.68) 4.3 (1.32)







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NationalHealthStatisticsReports n Number71 n December20,2013 Page19Table8.Numberandpercentdistributionoffathersaged1544withchildrenaged518years,byhowoftentheytalkedwiththeirchildrenaboutthingsthathappenedduringtheday inthe last4weeks,accordingtotheir livingarrangement:UnitedStates,20062010



1524 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 100.0 * * * * * * * *2534 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,115 100.0 1.6 (0.58) 6.8 (1.28) 23.9 (2.57) 67.7 (2.57)3544 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,591 100.0 0.9 (0.49) 6.0 (0.97) 28.7 (1.77) 64.3 (1.87)

MaritalorcohabitingstatusCurrently married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,997 100.0 0.8 (0.43) 5.5 (1.03) 27.6 (1.88) 66.1 (1.86)Currentlycohabiting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,540 100.0 3.3 (1.21) 10.2 (2.38) 28.5 (2.91) 57.9 (3.31)Notcurrentlymarriedorcohabiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,444 100.0 * * 7.3 (2.68) 21.5 (3.38) 70.9 (4.19)





1524 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 100.0 * * * * * * * *2534 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,329 100.0 37.8 (4.12) 19.5 (2.81) 25.4 (3.57) 17.2 (3.11)3544 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,809 100.0 36.5 (3.24) 31.1 (3.57) 17.4 (2.12) 15.0 (2.55)







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Page20 NationalHealthStatisticsReports n Number71 n December20,2013Table9.Numberandpercentdistributionoffathersaged1544withchildrenaged518years,byhowoftentheyhelpedtheirchildrenwithhomeworkorcheckedthatthechildrenhadcompletedtheirhomeworkinthe last4weeks,accordingtotheirlivingarrangement:UnitedStates,20062010


Liveswithoneormorechildren Percentdistribution(standarderror)

Total1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,970 100.0 14.1 (1.24) 23.2 (1.40) 33.1 (1.56) 29.7 (1.53)Age inyears

1524 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 100.0 * * * * * * * *2534 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,105 100.0 14.3 (2.06) 18.9 (2.01) 31.5 (2.41) 35.3 (2.52)3544 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,591 100.0 14.0 (1.52) 25.1 (1.89) 34.0 (1.93) 27.0 (1.75)






1524 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 100.0 * * * * * * * *2534 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,329 100.0 65.3 (4.04) 18.4 (3.08) 9.5 (2.39) 6.8 (2.06)3544 . . . . . .

fatherhood data 2013

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