f~c x:, contents - dss
TRANSCRIPT
f~c x:, CONTENTS
l) ;,.J~
CHAPJER INTRODUCTION
444455555555566666666677
THELOSANGELESBASIN RULES AND REGULATIONS IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY
Regulationli: Permits Regulation IV: Prohibitions. Rule 50: The Ringelman Chart. Rule5l: Nuisance Rule 52: Particulate Matter. Rule 53: Specific Contaminants. Rule 53. 1: Scavenger Plants. Rule54: DustandFumes Rule 56: Storage of Petroleum Products. ,.
Rules 57. and 58: Open Fires and Incinerators. Rule 59: Oil-Emuent Water Separators. ! ...
Rule .61: Gasoline Loading Into Tank Trucks and Traiiers
Rules 62 and 62. 1: Sulfur Contentof Fuels. ; .
Rule 63: Gasoline Specifications. Rule 64: Reduction of Animal Matter. ,
Rule 65: Gasoline Loading Into Tanks. .,Rule66: OrganicSolvents ,
Rule 66. 1: Architectural Coatings. ,
~ Rule 66.2: Disposal and Evaporation of Solvents. ...
ROLEOF THEAIR.POLLUTIONENGINEER ,
Accomplishments of the Permit System. USEOFTHISMANUAL GeneralDesignProblems. Specific Air Pollution Sources.
CHAPTER 2 AIR CONTAMINANTS
II
II
12
12
12
141414
INTRODUCTION. FACTORS IN AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS. TYPESOFAmCONTAMINANTS Organic Gases. Current Sources in Los Angeles County. Hydrqj;,a,rbons -,12 .., Hydrocarbon deriVatives -12
Signi1icance in Air Pollution- l?~oblem : I1iorganicGases , Current Sources in Los Angeles County. Oxides of nitrogen -14. ..Oxides of 5ti1fur :: 14. ..Carbon monoxide -15
Significance in Air Pollution Problem. Oxides of nitrogen -15 ...Oxides of sulfur -15. ~~.. ...~.
Miscellaneous inorganic gases -16
Aerosols Current Sources in Los Angeles County. Carbon or soot particles -16. ..Metallic oxides and salts -17
Acid droplets -17 ..Silicates and other inorganic dusts -18. ,
Significance in Air Pollution Problem. ,
AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS ALREADY IN EFFECT. ,
CONTROL MEASURES STILL NEEDED. ,
MotorVehicleEmissions Additional Controls Over Stationary Sources. Organic Gases. ,
15r" ..h,.." '..noxide -16
16
16-Oily or tarry droplets -17
Metallic fumes -18
18181820?020
Lx
CONTENTSx
Oxid~sof NitrogenOxides of Sulfur .Other Contaminant
21
CHAPTER 3 DESIGN OF LOCAL EXHAUS SYSTEMS
252527
27
2828303232323434
.ngular high-canopy hoods -38
angular low-canopv hoods -40
'FLUID FLc1w FUNDAMENTALS. Bernoulli's Equation.. Pitot Tube for Flow Measurement. Correction Factors. HOODDESIGN Continuity Equation. Air Flow Into a Duct. Null Point. "'. Design of Hoods for Cold Processes. ...
Spray Booths. AbrasiveBla5ting Open-Surface Tanks. Design of Hoods for Hot Processes. ...
CanopyHoods Circular high-canopy hoods -34. .Recti
Circular low-canopy hoods -39 ...Recl
Enclosures -41
SpecificProblems Steaming tanks -42 ., Preventing leaki
Hood Construction. High-Temperature Materials. Corrosion-Resistant Materials. Design Proportions. Transition to Exhaust Duct. DUCTDESIGN General Layout Considerations. TypesofLosses ,
, Inertia Losses. ,
.OrificeLosses ,
Straight-Duct Friction Losses. ,
Elbow and Branch Entry Los ses ,
, Exhaust system calculator -45
Contraction and Expansion Losses. ...,
Collection Equipment. .: ,
DesignProcedures ,
Methods of Calculation. ,
MethodsofDesign ,
Calculation Procedures. Fan Static Pressure. Balanced-Duct Calculations. BlastGateMethod Checking an Exhaust System. ..Illustrative Problem. Fan Curve Calculator. Corrections !or Temperature and Elevatio
DuctConstruction FANDESIGN CentrifugalFans Axial-Flow.Fans Fan Characteristics. Influence of Blade Shape. Geometrically Similar Fans. Multirating Tables. FanLaws Selecting a Fan From Multirating Tables
Construction Properties ".
42.ge -4,
434344
444444454545
47484950
525252
575960606061616263636565
65656767676869697272
72737373747576767679818686
HeatResistance Explosive-Proof Fans and Motors. FanDrives VAPORCOMPRESSORS TypesofCompref:sors..: Positive-.!)isplacement Compressors. Dynamic Compressors. Reciprocating Compressors. : Use in Air Pollution Control. ,
CHECKING OF EXHAUST SYSTEM. TheoryofFieldTesting. QuantityMete.rs Velocity Meters. Pitot Tubes. Pitot Tube Traversing Procedure. Altitude and Temperature Corrections for Pitot Tubes
Swinging -Vane Velocity Meter. Calibrating the Velocity Meter. Uses of the velocity Meter. COOLINGOFGASEOUSEFFLUENTS MethodsofCoolingGases Dilution With Ambient Air. QuenchingWithWater Natural Convection and Radiation. Forced-DraftCooling Factors Determining Selection of Cooling Device. ...
CHAPTER 4. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT FOR PARTICULATE MATTER
rNERTIALSEPARAT<?RS Single-CycloneSeparators TheoryofOperation Separation Efficiency. Pressure Drop. Other Types of Cyclone Separators. High-Efficiency Cyclone Separators. Multiple-Cyclone Separators. Mechanical, Centrifugal Separators. Predicting Efficiency of Cyclones. , MethodofSolvingaProblem. WETCOLLECTIONDEVICES TheoryofCollection Mechanisms for Wetting the Particle. Types of Wet Collection Devices. oSprayChambers ; ;Cyclone-TypeS'Crubbers ,
\:/? ...~- .-
70r1flce-TypeScrubbers ...~-!-. MechanicalScrubbers ~.-.~ Mechanical, Centrifugal Collector Witn'Vater Sprays. High-PressureSprays., Venturi Scrubbers. y Packed Towers. WetFilters The Role of Wet Collection Devices. BAGHOUSES. ,FiltrationProcess Mechanisms Direct interception- 108. ..Impingement -109. ~ BaghouseResistance Clean cloth resistance -110 ..Resistance of dust mat -11.1
Effect of resistance on design -115
Filt . V ..+erlng e.LOcl.y
91"919293,9394949494959799
100100101101101101102102103104104105105106106106
n;ff,,~;nn- 110 .Electrostatics -110
10
116
xii ::ONT NTS
118
118
OrIon and Dacron -118)ynel
119
Lengbags;u1:
ular bags -121
.Envelope type122
122
123123
124124
125. ..PneUInatic shakers
Reverse airflow -128. ..
Filtering Media. Fibers " Cotton- 118 Wool -118. ..Nylon -llE
Teflon -119 ...Glass -119
Yarn. Filamen~yarns -119 ..Staple yarns -11'
Weave. Plain weave -120. ...Twillweave -120. :
Finish. Size and Shape of Filters. Diameters of tubular filtering elements -1
Length-to-diameter ratio -121. ..Multip1
Installation of Filters. Arrangement. BagSpacing BagAttachment Bottom attachments -123 ...Top support
.CleaningofFilters " Methods. Manual cleaning -124. ..Mechanical shakers
Bag collapse -127. ..Sonic cleaning -127. ..
Reverse-air jets -128
CleaningCycles Manually initiated cycles -130. ..Semiaut
Fully automatic cycles -131 ...Continuou:
Disposal of Collected Dust. Baghouse Cdnstruction Pushthrough versus Pullthrough. StructuralDesign Hoppers. ~ Size -132. ..Slope of hopper sides -133.
Use of vibrators and rappers -133 ...Dis
Maintenance Service. BagReplacement Precoating. SINGLE-STAGE ELECTRICAL PRECIPITATO
History of Ele(;trostatic Pr.ecipitation... ...
Origins of Electrostatic Principles. Early Experiments With .Electrostatics on A
Development of the First Successful Precipj
Improvements in Design, and ,
Advantages and Disadvantages c
Mechanisms Involved in Electri
Diverse Applications of Electri,
Construction Details of Electri""J. r .t:(;~p~l.al
Discharge eLectrodes -141 ...Collecting f
Tubular collecting electrodes -141. ..ReI
Precipitator shells and hoppers -144
High Voltage for Successful Operation. ...
Tube-type rectifiers -145. ..Solid-state ]
Effects 9f Wave Form. Controlled Sparking Rate. OperatingVoltage Uniform Gas Distribution. Cost of Electrical Precipitato
Theoretical Analysis of Preci.
Particle charging -147. ..E ~ 0--
Theoretical Efficiency. Deficiencies in Theoretical Approach to Pre
Effects oI Resistivitv
30
3132323232
134
134
134
135
135
135
13,,5137
137
138
138
139
141
141
try.tatioJ
Acceptance by IncIf Electrical Preccal Precipitation::al Precipitation'__1 n__-:-:.-tbr~
Ln~ elE :rodes
145.fiers ,- 145
145146146146
r Installations .
pitator PerformaJ
)arti"l.. m;a,.~tio~
149
150l"n
citator Efficiencv.
152
153
154
156
156
156
158
158
159
160
160
160
161
161
162
163
163
163
163
163
165
165
166
166
166
167
168
Methods of Reducing Reentrainment Practical Equations for Precipitator Design and E£ficiency
Effects of Nonuniform Gas Velocity. IInportant Factors in the, Desig? 0£ a Precipitator. .; ...
SumrnaryandConclusions :.., TWO-STAG1!:: ELECTRICALPRECIPITATORS. TheoreticalAspects TheoryofDustSeparation :: Particle charging -159
Dri£tVelocity Efficiency Design Factors. ElectricalRequirements. Air Capacity. 'AirDistribution AuxiliaryControls Construction and operation,- Assembly. Maintenance. Safety. Application Two-Stage Precipitators 0£ Special Design. Equipment Selection. OTHERPARTICULATE-COLLECTINGDEVICES SettlingChambers IInpingementSeparators. Panel Filters. ; ...
Precleaners. ~
CONTROl EQUIPMENT FOR GASES AND VAPORSCHAPTER 5
171
171
171
173
174
178178178180184
187181187188189189190
190190192192194194194195195195196196
AFTERBURNERS Direct-Fired Afterburners. Specifications and Design Parameters. Operation. ., Efficiency Design calculations -l74~
Installation costs. Cataly1;ic Afterburners. Specifications and Design Parameters. Operation-::-"", Efficiency ..';,., ~ , Design calculations -185
InstallationCosts.;' BOILERSUSEDASAFTERBURNERS. ConditionsforUse .Manner of Venting Contaminated Gases. Adaptable Types of Equipment. Boilers and Fired Heaters. .
Burners. Safety. DesignProcedure , Test Data. ADSORPTION EQUIPMENT. TypesofAdsorbents Use of Activated Carbon in Air Pollution Control
Saturation Retentivity Breakpoint HeatofAdsorption CarbonRegeneration. EquipmentDesign
CONTENTSxiv
197
200200201201201201201202202204204205206206206206206210210211211212212213214216217219219223223224224224225226227227228228230231231231
Fixed-BedAdsorber Conical fixed-bed ads orber -199
Continuous Adsorber PressureDrop Operational Problems. Particulate Matter. Corrosion Polar and Nonpolar Compounds. VAPOR CONDENSERS. Types of Condensers. ..Surface and Contact Condensers. 'Typical Installations. Condensers in Control Systems. Subcooling Condensate. Contact Condens ers Sizing Contact Condensers. Surface Condensers. Characteristics of Condensation. Design of Surface Condensers. Applications. GAS ABSORPTION EQUIPMENT. General Types of Absorbers. Packed Tower Design. Packing Materials. Liq~id Distribution. TowerCapacity TowerDiameter Number .of Transfer Units (NTU) Height of a Transfer Unit. Pressure Drop Through Packing. ...
, illustrative Problem. Plate or Tray Towers. TypesofPlat&S .Bubble Cap Plate Tower Design. Liquid Flow.. Plate Design and Efficiency. ;Flooding Liquid Gradient on Plate. Plate Spacing. TowerDialneter Number of Theoretical Plates. illustrative Problem. Comparison of Packed and Plate Towers
Vessels for Dispersion of Gas in Liquid
Spray Towers and Spray Chambers. ..
Venturi Absorbers.
CHAPTER 6
FURNACETYPES Reverberatory Furnace. ..
Cupola Furnace. Combustion Air. Methods of Charging. ...
Preheating Combustion Air
Electric Furnac~ Direct-Arc Furr.ace Indirect-Arc Furnace. ..
Induction Furnace. Resistance Furnace. Crucible Furn:.c"
METALLURGICAL EQUIPMENT
235235236236237237238238238239239239
TiltingFurnace , 240Pit Crucible. 240Stationary Crucible. 240
PotFurnace 240STEEL-MANUFACTURINGPROCESSES r 241
Open-Hea..thFurnaces 242TheAirPollutionProblem 2'43HoodingandVentilationRequirements , , 244
AirPollutionControlEquipment 246Electric-Arc Furnaces. 247
TheAirPollutionProblem 248
HoodingandVentilationRequirements 248AirPollutionControl'Equipment Z50
Baghouse dust collectors -250. .Electrical precipitators.:. 25Z. ..Water scrubbers -255Electric-InductionFurnace 256
TheAirPollutionProblem 256
HoodingandVentilationRequirements 256AirPollutionControlEquipment 257
IRONCASTING , 258CupolaFurnaces ' 258
TheAirPollutionProblem 258
HoodingandVentilationRequirements 258AirPollutionControlEquipment 258
Afterburners -258. .Baghouse dust collectors -260. .Electrical precipitators -262/illustrative Problem. ; 265
Electric-Arc Furnaces. 267The Air Pollution Problem. 268
HoodingandVentila~ionRequirements. 268AirPollutionControlEquipment 268
Baghouse dust collectors -268. .Electrical precipitat9rs -268 :.\ .
InductionFurnaces ': :i 268.,ReverberatoryFurnaces ' 268
SECONDARY BRASS- AND BRONZE-MELTING PROCESSES. 270Furnace Types. 270
TheAirPollutionProblem 270Characteristics of emissions -270. .Factors causing large concentrations of zinc fumes -271Crucible furnace--pit and tilt type -273 ..Electric furnace--low-frequency induction type -273Cupola furnace -274
Ho?dingandVentilatio?Requirements 274Reverberatory furnace--open-hearth type -274. .Reverberatory furnace--cylindrical type -276ReV"erberat6ry furnace--iilting type -276. .Reverberatory furnace--rotary tilting type -276 ..Crucible-type furnaces -279. .Low-frequency induction furnace -279. .Cupola furnace -280
AirPollutionControlEquipment 280Baghouses -280 ..Electrical precipitators -281 ..Scrubbers -281
SECONDARY ALUMINUM-MELTING PROCESSES. 284Types of Process. 284
Crucible Furnaces. ,284
ReverberatoryFurnaces 284Fuel-FiredFu1"naces 285Electrically Heated Furnaces. 285Charging Practices. ; Z85
PouringPractices , 286Fluxing. 286
Cover fl.uxes -287. .Solvent fluxes --cs7 ..Degassing fluxes -287. ..Magnesium-reducing fluxes -287
The Air Pollution Problem. 288
ParticleSizeofFumesFromFluxing ~ 289HoodingandVentilationRequirements ' 289
AirPollutionControlEquipment 290SECONDARYZINC-MELTINGPROCESSES 293
ZincMelting 0 293
CONTENTSxvi
..294
..294
..294
..294
..296
..296
..296
..297
..297
..297
..298
..299
..299
..300
..300
..300
..301
..301
..302
..303
..304
..304
..304
..304
..305
..305
..305-305
TheAirPollutionProblem Zinc Vaporization. ReductionRetortFurnaces. ,. Reduction ip Belgian Retorts. TheAirPollutionProblem Hooding aad Ventilation Requirements. Distillation Retort Furnaces. TheAirPollutionProblem :. Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Muffle Furnaces. TheAirPollutionProblem Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. LEAD REFINING. ReverberatoryFurna.ces TheAirPollutionProbleni Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Air Pollution C9ntrol Equipment. LeadBlastFurnaces...; TheAirPollutionProblem Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. Pot-TypeFurnaces TheAirPollutionProblem .Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. Barton Process. METAL SEPARATION PROCESSES. AluminumSweating Zinc, Lead, Tin, Solsler, and Low-Melting Alloy Sweatin~.
TheAirPollutionProblem Contaminants from aluminum-separating processes -306.
Contaminants from low-temperature sweating -306
.Hooding ana Ventilation Requirements. AirPollutionControlEquipment ; Aluminum-separating processes -308. ..Low-temperature sweating -308
CORE OVENS. TypesofOvens HeatingCoreOvens Core Binders. TheAirPollutionProblem Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. ; ...
AirPollution Control Equipment .,.;; .T. .k.. FOUNDRY SAND-HANDLING EQUIP."J-~NT .-,. TypesofEquipment TheAirPollutionProblem.. Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Shakeout grates -317. ~ .Other sand-handling equipment -
Air Pollution Control Equipment. HEATTREATINGSYSTEMS HeatTreatingEquipment The Air Pollution Problem. ~
Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. ~~-,' .
Air Pollution Control Equipment. ,~.. -;'
318
CHAPTER 7. MECHANICAl EQUIPMENT
HOT-MIX ASPIiALT PAVING BATCH PLANTS. Introduction. Raw Materials Used. BasicEquipment PlantODeration
xviiCONTENTS
326328328330332333334334334335
ent weigh hopper -336
,
..; -"
336337337~~7
337
338
339
339
3;39
339
339
339
339
340
340
340
340
341
341
341
342
342
342
342
343
344
347
347
347
349
349
350
350
350
350
350
350
350
350
351
351
351
352
352
353
354
355
356
i
I. ..
,. : :~ \: : : : : :
.."..!.
The Air poll1ltion Problem. Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. Variables Affecting Scrubber Emissions. Collection Efficiencies Attained. Cost of A~r Pollution Control Equipment. CONCRETE.:BATCHING pLANTS. Wet-Concrete-Batching Plants. '"; The Air Pollution Problem. Air Pollution Control Equipment. Cement-receiving and storage system -335 ...Cem
Gathering hoppers -336
Dry-Concrete-Batching Plants. The Air Pollution Problem. Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. Dust created by truck movement -337
CentralMixPlants The Air Pollution Problem. Hooding and VentilationRequirements Air Pollution Control Equipment. CEMENT-HANDLING EQUIPMENT The Air pollutionProblem. Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. ReceivingHoppers Storage and Receiving Bins. Elevators and Screw Conveyors. Hopper Truck and Car Loading. Air Pollution Control Equipment. ROCK AND GRAVEL ~GGREGATE PLANTS. The Air Pollution Problem. Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Air Pollution !Control Equipment. MINERALWOOLFURNACES. Introduction. Types and Uses of Mineral Wool Products. MineralWoolProduction The Air Pollution Prob-lem. Hooding ~d~entilation Requirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. Baghouse Collectionand Cupola Air Contaminants. .
Afterburner Control of Curing Oven Air Contaminants
Reducing Blowchamber Emissions. Controlling Asphalt Fumes. pERLITE-EXpANDING FURNACES. Introduction. ; Uses. Mining Sites. Perlite Expansion Plants. ExpansionFurnaces Gas and Product Cooling. :-: Product Collectors and Classifiers. The Air Pollution Problem. Hooding and V.entilation Requirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. FEEDANDGRAINMILLSJ Introduction. Receiving, Handling, and Storing Operations 'i Feed-Manufacturing Processes. /; The Air Pollution Problem. Receiving, Handling, and Storing Operations.
CONTENTxviii
357357357358358359359359359360362362362363365367367367367367368369370371
Feed-Manufacturing Processes. Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Receiving, Handling, andStoring Operations
Feed-Manufacturing Processes. Air Pollution Control Equipment. ...: Receivin~ Handling, and Storing Operations
Feed-Manufacturing Processes. Filter Vents. ; .
Cyclones. Baghouses PNEUMATIC CONVEYING EQUIPMENT )$"'. ..
Introduction. Types of Pneumatic Conveying Systems. ...
Types of Air-Moving Used in Conveying. ..
Preliminary Design Calculations. The Air Pollution Problem. ., Air Pollution Control Equipment. DRIERS. , Introduction RotaryDriers FlashDrier6 Spray Driers. OtherTypes of Driers. The Air Pollution Problem. Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. DustControl Drying With Solvent Recovery. Smoke and Odor Emissions. WOODWORKINGEQUIPMENT ExhaustSystems Construction of Exhaust Systems. The Air Pollution Problem. Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. Disposal of Collected Wastes. RUBBER-COMPOUNDING EQUIPMENT. Introduction Additives Employed in Rubber Compounding
The Air Pollution Problem. Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. ASPHALT ROOFING FELT SATURATORS. ..
Description and Operation. The Air Pollution Problem. Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. Low-Voltage Electrical Precipitators. Design Considerations for Electrical Preci:.--
Maintenance of Precipitators. ~
Baghouses Scrubbers. SOLVENT DEGREASERS. Introduction , Design and Operation. TypesofSolvent 'rhe Air Pollution Problem. SolventLosses Hooding and Verttilati .1ts Air Pollution' Contro] Methods of Minimiz. ,i
371371372372372372373373373374375375375376377377378378378378378378379381382382383383383383383383384384~R4
~itators
on Requiremel.Equipment. .ing Solvent En: inn~
CONTENTS xix
385385387387388388388389389389389389389389389389390390390390390390391
391391393393395395396396396397397397397398399400400401401401402402402403403404405406408
TankCovers Controlling Vapor~zed Solvent. SURFACE-COATING OPERATIONS. ; Introduction. ; Spray Booths. FlowcoatfngMachines PaintDipTanks : Roller Coating Machines.. ". TheAir PollutionProblem. Air Contaminants From Paint Spray Booths. ; Air Contaminants From Other Devices. Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Requirements for Paint Spray Booths. Requirements for Other Devices. Air Pollution Control Equipment. Control of Paint Spray Booth Particulates. Control of Organic Vapors From Surface Coatings. ..
PIPE-COATING EQUIPMENT. Introduction. MethodsofApplication Pipe Dipping. ,
Pipe Spinning. ,
Pipe Wr~pping ,
I Preparation of enamel -391
TheAir PollutionProblem. Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. ,
Air Pollution Control Equipment. DRYCLEANINGEQUIPMENT TheAir PollutionProblem. 1. Solvents Lint. Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. ABRASIVEBLASTCLEANING. Introduction. AbrasiveMaterials Method of Propelling the Abrasive. Equipment Used to Confine the Blast. TheAir PollutionProblem. Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Aii' Pollution Control Equipment. ZINC-GALVANIZING EQUIPMENT. -,
Introduction...r Cleaning ~ --
CoverFluxes :~ FoamingAgents \ ~ DustingFluxes TheAir PollutionProblem. Physical and Chemical Composition of the Contaminants
Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. Baghouses Electrical Precipitators.
413413413415416416
CHAPTER 8. INCINERATION
DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR MULTIPLE-CHAMBER INCINERATORS
RetortType In-LineType Description of the Process. DesignTypes andLinlitations. ComparisonofTypes
~ C()1\TT~NTS
416417417419420420421422423423423425426426426428428428428430430430430-43043043043143643643643643643643944144144244344344444444444444544544744744844844844844944Q
PrinciplesofCombustion ,
DesignFactors ,
Design Precepts. ,
GENERAL-REFUSEINCINERATORS TheAirPollutionProblem AirPollution-ControlEquipment DesignProcedure :, General Construction. ~ Refractories Grates and Hearths. , ...
Air Inlets. Stack. Induced-Draft System. Operation IllustrativeProblem MOBILE MULTIPLE-CHAMBER INCINERATORS. : Design Procedure. Stac~ Requirements. Induced-DraftFanSystem StandardsofConstruction Refractories Grates. ; ...
AirIn1ets Structure AuxiliaryBurners Stack Emissions. Illustrative Problem. ~ MULTIPLE-CHAMBER INCINERATORS FOR BURNING WOOD WASTE. Introduction. ; DescriptionoftheRefu.se TheAirPollutionProblem Air Pollution Control Equipment. , Design Procedure. Incinerator Arrangements. Design P1"ocedure for Mechanical Feed Systems. Surge F~ ScreworDragConveying ', Pneumatic Conveying. StandardsforConstruction Refractories " Grates , ~,.'...
'ExteriorWalls ; Air Ports. ; /
OperationofIncinerators. "'..~.III t t .
P bl ~' -'us ra Ive ro em. ~ FLUE-FED APAR TMENT INCINERATORS. ..-'. Introduction Description of Refuse. TheAirPollutionProble~. 0/. Stack Emissions. ' ~1 ,
AirPollutionControlEquipment ,
InstallationofAfterburneronaRoof ,
Design Procedure. ,
Draft control -449. ..Chute door locks -450 ..Design parameters -450.
Limitations -450. ..Typical installations -451
StandardsforConstruction Mountingand supports -452 ..Metals -452. ...Castable refractories -452
Firebrick -452. ..Insulating firebrick -452. ..Burners -45a ...
Draft control damper -453 ...Chute door locks -453
StackEmissions ,
Operation ,
452
453453
CONTENTS xxi
454454
455
455455455455
457457457457460461461461
Basement Afterburner. Design Procedure. , Design parameters -454. ..Typical installation
StandardsforConstruction ,
Hot-zone refractory -455 ...Draft control damper -455
StackEn!issions ,
Operation ~ '
Multiple-Chamber Incinerator, Basement I'i1stallation ,
Design Procedure. ,
Draft control -456. ..Typical installation -456
StandardsforConstruction , Stack Emissions. Operation IllustrativeProblem PATHOLOGICAL-WASTEINCINERATORS , TheAirPollutionProblem., AirPollutionControlEquipment Design Procedure. Ignition chamber -463 ...Secondary. combustion zone -463 ...Stack design -463
Crematory design -464 ..Incinerator design configuration -464
Standards for Construction. Stack Emissions. Operation IllustrativeProblem DEBONDING OF BRAKE SHOES AND RECLAMATION OF ELECTRICAL.EQUIPMENT
WINDINGS , DebondingofBrakeShoes Reclamation of Electrical Equipment Winding. TheAirPollutionProblem AirPollutionControlEquipment Primary Ignition Chamber. SecondaryCombustionChamber Stack Emissions. TypicalReclamationEquipment StandardsforConstruction Illustrative Problem. ~. DRUMRECLAMATIONFURNACES Introduction. ,
DescriptionoftheEurnaceCharge Description of the Process. The Air Pollution Problem. AirPollutionControlEquipment... PrimaryIgnitionChamber, BatchType Primary Ignition Chamber, Continuous Type. Afterburner (Secondary Combustion ~hamber) Draft .StandardsforConstruction '. Operation ~ Illustrative Problem. .
WIRERECLAMA.T.IOI:-l Description of the Process. Description of the Charge. TheAirPollutionProblem AirPollutionControlEquipment PrimaryIgnitionChamber :...
SecondaryCombustion '...
Emissions Draft. Equipment Arrangement. npt1p...~lC:nt1"t...tt"t;nn '
465466466468
471
471
472
472
473
473
474
474
474
474
476
476
481
481
482
482
482
482
482
483
486
"486
486
487
487
495
495
496
496
496
496
497
497
498
498
499
CONTENTSxxii
499499500500500500
Refractories. Charge Door. Combustion Air Ports
Gas Burners. ,
Operation. Illustrative Problem
V CHAPTER Q COMBUSTION EQUIPMENT
507507507508509509"no
510
511
511
511
511
512
512
514
514
514
514
515
516
516
517
517
520
521
521
525
525
525
525
525
525
526
528
528
529531
GASEOUS AND LIQUID FUELS. ...
Introduction. Gaseous Fuels OilFuels The Air Pollution Problem. \/Black Smoke. White Smoke Particulate Emissions. SulfurinFuels SulfurOxides Oxides of Nitrogen. Air Pollution Control Methods. ..
Prohibitions Against Sulfur Emissions
.Removal of Sulfur and Ash From Fuels
Illustrative Problem. GAS AND OIL BURNERS. Introduction. Draft Requirements. Gas Burners. Partially Aerated Burners. Multiple-Port Gas Burners. ...
Forced-Draft Gas Burners. Gas Flow Rates Oil Burners. Viscosity and Oil Preheaters ...
The Air Pollution Problem. Smoke and Unburned Contaminants
Ash and Sulfur Oxides. .Oxides of Nitrogen. Air Pollution Control Equipment. .
BOILERS, HEATERS, AND STEAM ~
Introduction. Industrial Boilers and Water Heate
Power Plant Steam Generators. .
.Refinery Heaters. ,. .
Hot Oil Heaters and Boilers. ...
Fireboxes. Soot Blowing The Air Pollution Problem. Solid Particulate Emission Duri ~
Soot-Blowing Particulates. Sulfur Dioxide Sulfur Trioxide. Excessive Visible Emissions. ..
Oxides of Nitrogen. : ..
Estimating NOx Emissions. Air Pollution Control Equipment. :
Sulfur Compounds. Combustible Particulates. Soot Collectors. Sulfur Oxides Collection. Scrubbers for Sulfur Oxides. ...
Baghouscs al..d Precipitators. ...
ENF:RA.TORS
534535535536537539542543544544544545545"47
n2 Nor
~~~~
CONTENTS
Alkaline Additi.ves to Neutralize Sulfur Trioxide. , J"toOther Metal Oxides for Sulfur Dioxide Removal. '. .549Baghouses With Dolomite Addition for Sulfur Trioxide Removal. 549
ElectricalPrecipitatorsWithAdditives 552CarbonAdsorptionofSulfurOxides , 552Oxidatio.ofSulfurDioxide ; 553Inhibiting Sulfur Trioxide Formation at R~duced Oxygen. 553
ControllingOxidesofNitrogen 554Two-StageCombustion, 554Corner-FiredSteamGenerators 555
LoweringExcessAir 556EliminatingAirPreheat 556Other Means of Lowering Flame Temperature. 557
CatalyticDecompositionofNOx 557Scrubbing NOx , 558
AdsorptionofNOx , , 558
-
~
CHAPTER 10 PETROLEUM EQUIPMENT
GENERALINTRODUCTION 561
CrudeOilProduction 561,Refining 561 i
FlaresandBlowdownSystems ; 561
PressureReliefValves /... 561.
Storage Vessels. : 561
Bulk-LoadingFacilities 562
Catalyst Regenerators. 562
Effluent-WasteDisposal 564
PumpsandCompressors 564A .- B l .O t. 564lr owlng peralons \ Pipeline Valves and Flanges, Blind Changing. Process Drains. : .! 564 \
C 1 . T : 56400 lng owers. VacuumJetsandBarometricCondensers 564
Effective Air Pollution Control Measures. 565Marketing 565
WASTE-GASDISPOSALSYSTEMS ;.. 565Introduction 565
DesignofPressureReliefSystem 568SafetyValves 569Rupture Discs. 570
Sizing rupture discs -572 ...Sizing liquid safety valves -573 ...Sizing vapor and gas relief and safety valves -574 ...Installing relief and safety valves and rupture discs -575. ...Knockout vessels -576 ...
Sizing a blowdown line -578TheAirPollutionProblem , 584
SmokeFromFlares , 584OtherAirContaminantsFromFlares 584
AirPollutionControlEquipment 585Types of Flares. 585
Elevated flarea -585 ...Ground level flares -589 .., .Effect of steam injection -593. ..Design of a s~oKeless lI.are k 593. ..Pilot ignition system -595. ..
Instrumentation and control of steam and gas -596 ...S~ply and control of steam -598 ..Design of water-injection-type ground flares -603 ...Design of venturi-type ground flares -604. ..Maintenance of flares -606
STORAGE VESSELS. 606TypesofStorageVessels , 606
PressureTanksandFixed-RoofTanks 606
Floating-RoofTanks ,607,Conservation Tanks. 608Open-TopTanks, Reservoirs, Pits, a:ndPonds 611
TheAirPollutionProblem 611Factors Affecting Hydrocarbon Vapor Emis sions , 611
~~~~
CONTENTSxxiv
612
614618622622623624624625627627628629629629629632632632633635635638
639640642642644644644645645646647647648650651652652652653653653654654655655657
Hydrocarbon Emissions From Floating-Roof Tanks. Withdrawal emissions -614 ..Application of results -614 ,
Hydrocarbon Emissions From Low-Pressure Tanks Hydrocarbon Emissions From Fixed-Roof Tanks. Aerosol Emissions. .
Odors. AirPollutionControlEquipment SealsforFloatmg-RoofTanks : .FloatingPlasticBlankets , Plastic Microspheres. VaporBalanceSystems VaporRecoverySystems Miscel1aneousControlMeasures Masking Agents. Costs of Storage Vessels. LOADING FACILITIES. Introduction. LoadingRa:cks Marine Terminals. LoadingArmAssemblies TheAirPollutionProblem AirPollutlonControlEquipment Types of Vapor Collection Devices for Overhead Loading. CollectionofVapors FromBottomLoading Factors Affecting Design of Vapor Collection Apparatus. MethodsofVaporDisposal CATALYST REGENERATION. TypesofCatalysts , Loss of Catalyst Activity Regeneration Processes. FCCCatalystRegenerators TCCCatalystRegenerators , Catalyst Regeneration in Catalytic Reformer Units. .-TheAirPollutionProblem Air Pollution Control Equipment. Wet- and Dry-Type, Centrifugal Dust Collectors. .ElectricalPrecipitators CarbonMonoxideWaste-HeatBoilers EconomicConsiderations OIL-WATER EFFLUENT SYSTEMS. .FunctionsofSystems ~ Handling of Crude-Oil Production Effluents. , HandlingofRefineryEffluents.. Treatment of Effluents by Oil-Water Separators. Clarification of Final-Effluent Water Streams. EffluentWastes From Marketing Operations. The Air Pollution Problem. Air Pollution Control Equipment. , ...
Hydrocarbons From Oil-Water Separators. ! ...~. Treatment of Refinery Liquid Wastes at Their Source. ...~ Oil-in-water emulsions -657. ..Sulfur-bearingwate~ ;;657. ..Acid sludge -658. ..
Spent caustic wastes -659 ,/
PUMPS " Types of Pumps. Positive-DisplacementPumps CentrifugalPumps TheAirPollutionProblem Air Pollution Control Equipment. Results of Study to Measure L9sses From Pumps. AIRBLOWNASPHALT RecovervofAsphaltFromCrudeOil ,
659659660660661661664665666
f
.CONTENTS )OCV
AirblowingofAsphalt 666The Air Pollution Problem. 1 ...667
AirPollutionControlEquipment 667
VALVES 669
TypesofValves 669Manual.andAutomatic Flow Control Valves. 669
PressureReliefandSafetyValves 670
The Air Pollution Problem. 670,... TotalEmissionsFromVa~ves 671
AirPollutionContro1Equipment 671
COOLINGTOWERS 67Z
Characteristics of Cooling Tower Operation. 673
The Air Pollution Problem. 674
AirPollutionControlEquipment 675
MISCELLANEOUSSOURCES 675
Airblowing 675
Blind Changing. 675
EquipmentTurnarounds 676
Tank Cleaning. 677
UseofVacuumJets ~. 677
UseofCompressorEngineExhausts 677
CHAPTER 11. CHEMICAl PROCESSING EQUIPMENT
RESIN KETTLES. 681
:I~esofResi~s 681
Ph;;C)iic-.R.esins ~ 681
Amino Resins. 68Z
PolyesterandAlkydResins 68Z
Polyurethane.., : 683
ThermoplasticResins \: 683Polyvinyl'Resins 1 683
Polystyrene. 684
PetroleumandCoalTarResins 684
.Resin-ManufacturingEquipment 684
TheAirPollutionProblem 685
AirPollutionControlEquipment 686
VARNISH COOKERS. 688/ .
Introductlon '.. 688
RawMaterialsforVarnishMaking ~ 689
MajorTypesofManufacturingEquipment 690
VariationsinVarnishFormulation ;.691
The Air Pollution Problem. 691
HoodingandVentilationRequirements , 69Z
Air Pollution Control Equipment. 69Z
Scrubbers. 69Z
Adsorbers. 693
" Afterburners. 693.SULFURICACIDMANUlo~ACTURING ' 695
Contact Process. 695
The Air Pollution Problem. 697
AirPollutionControlEquipment 698
Sulfur Dioxide Removal. 698
Acid Mist Removal. 698Electrical precipitators -698. ..Packed-bed separators -699 ...
Wire mesh mist eliminators -700. ..Ceramic filters -700 ..Sonic agglomeration -70 1. .Miscellaneous devices -701 ,
PHOSPHORICACIDMANUFACTURING 701
PhosphoricAcidProcess /701
The Air Pollution Problem. 702
HoodingandVentilationRequirements 702
Air Pollution Control Equipment. 703
'#I
i
CONTENTS~
704705706707708708708716716716716717717718718718719719719720720720721722723723724724724726
PAINT-BAKING OVENS. Bake Oven Equipment. The Air Pollution Problem. HoodingandVentilationRequirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. CostofDirec FlameAfterburners IllustrativeProblem SOAPSANDSYNTHETICDETERGENTS Soaps. RawMaterials ' Fatty Acid Production. SoapManufactur~ Soap Finishing. SyntheticDetergents The Air Pollution Problem. Soaps. Detergents AirPollutionControlEquipment Soaps. Detergents. ..GLASSMANUFACTURE TypesofGlass : Glass-ManufacturingProcess Handling, Mixing, and Storage Systems for Raw Materials. The Air Pollution Problem. HoodingandVentilationRequirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. Glass-MeltingFurnaces .ContinuousSoda-LimeGlassFurnaces :TheAirPoliutionProblem. Source test data -727. ..Opacity of stack emissions -727
Hooding andVentilationRequirements :AirPollutionControlMethods Control of raw materials -731 ..Batch preparation -732 ...Checkers.,. 732 ...
Preheaters -733 ..Refractories and insulation -733 ..Combustion of fuel -734
Electric melting -735. ..Baghouses and centrifugal scrubbers -735
Glass-FormingMachines TheAirPollutionProblem .AirPollutionControlMethods FRIT SMELTERS. , Introduction " RawMaterials , TypesofSmelters ; FritManufacturing Application, Firing, and Uses of Enamels. The Air Pollution Problem. Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. ~
AirPollutionControlEquipment FOODPROCESSINGEQUIPMENT Coffee Processing. BatchRoasting An Integrated Coffee Plant. TheAirPollutionProblem Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. AirPollutionControlEquipment Smokehouses The Smolcing Process. AtmosphericSmokehouses RecirculatingSmokehouses .TheAirPollutionProblem , Hoocli: ,1Vc;ntilationRequirenlents
728729
736737737738738738738740742743743744746746747747747749749750750750750751751
CONTENTS xxvii
Bypassing control devices during nonsmoking periods -752AirPollutionControlEquipment ...
Afterburners -752 ...Electrical precipitators -752 ..Electrical precipitation versusincineration -753. ..Why not immersion ? -754. ..Smoking through electrical precipitation-754
Deep Fat Fryi~g ~ 755
Batchor~ontinuousOperation 755TheAirPollutionProblem 756HoodingandVentilationRequirements ' 756
AirPollutionControlEquipment 756Oil collection -757
LivestockSlaughtel'ing 757TheAirPollutionProblem 757AirPollutionControl~quipment 757
Edible-LardandTallowRendering 758Dry Rendering. 759Low-Tem p erature Continuous RenderinC1 759, oWet Rendering. 759The Air Pollution Problem. 760HoodingandVentilationRequirements. 760Air Pollution Control Equipment. , ...760
FISH CANNERIES AND FISH REDUCTION PLANTS. 760Wet-FishCanning , 761TunaCanning '.../' 76lCanneryByproducts 762FishMealProduction 762FishSolublesandFishOilProduction 763DigestionProcesses ; 765
TheAirPollutionProblem , 765Odors From Meal Driers. 765SmokeFromDriers '.\ i66DustFromDriersandConveyors ,..i 766 ,
OdorsFromReductionCookers 766OdorsFromDigesters " ' 767
Odors From Evaporators. 767OdorsFromEdiblesCookers 767
Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. '... 767AirPollutionControlEquipment 768
ControllingFishMealDriers 768IncineratingDrierGases 768ChlorinatingandScrubbingDrierGases 768ControllingReductionCookers 770Controlling Digesters. 770Controlling Evaporators. 770CollectingDust 770ControllingEdible-FishCookers 770
REDUCTION OF INEDIBLE ANIMAL MATTER. 770DryRendering.-.~.,~.! 772WetRendering :;.-.!.c! ~ , , 773RefiningRenderedProducts :~T 773Drying Blood. ~. 775ProcessingFeathers 775Rotary Air Driers. '. 775TheAirPollutionProblem , ' 776
Cookersa~ProminentOdorSources 777OdorsFromAirDriers 777Odors and Dust From Rendered-Product Systems. !. 778Grease-ProcessingOdors : 778Raw-MaterialsOdors 778
HoodingandVentilationRequirements ,' 778EmissionRatesFromCookers 778EmissionRatesFromDriers 779
"
xxviii C:ONTENTS
7807807807817817817827837837847847857&5786786787787787787791791791791792792793793793794794794794794794795
Electrical precipitators -796
798
798
799
799
800
800
800
800
800
800
801
801
801
802
802
803
804
804
804
804
804
805
P.O7
'.Air Pollution Control E;quipment. , Controlling High-Moisture Streams. SubcoolingCondensate Condenser Tube Materials. Interceptors in Cooker Vent Lines. VaporIncinerator Condensation-Incineration Systems. Carbon Adsorption of Odors. ;. OdorScrubbers 1 Od9r Masking and Counteraction. 'ELECTROPLATING. The Air Pollution Problem. Hooding and Ventilating Requirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. Scrubbers. Mist Inhibitors. INSECTICIDE MANUFACTURE. MethodsofProduction Solid-Insecticide Production Methods. Liquid-Insecticide Production Methods. TheAirPollutionProblem Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. HAZARDOUSRADIOACTIVEMATERIAL. Hazards in the Handling of Radioisotopes. TheAirPollutionProblem Characteristics cf Solid, Radioactive Waste. Characteristics of Liquid, Radioactive Waste. Problems in Control of Airborne, Radioactive Waste .
Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Hooding. Ventilation Air Pollution Control Equipment. Reduction of Radioactive, Particulate Matter at Source
Design of Suitable Air-Cleaning Equipment. Reverse-jet baghouse -796 ..Wet collectors -796
Glass fiber filters -797. ..Paper filters -797
Disposal and Control of Solid, Radioactive Waste. ...
Disposal and Control of Liquid, Radioactive Waste. ..
OIL AND SOLVENT RE-REFINING Re-refining Process for Oils. Re-refinins .Process for Organic Solvents. TheAirPollutionProblem Air Pollution From Oil Re-refining Air Pollution From Solvent Re-refining Air Pollution Control Equipment. OilRe-refining Solvent Re-refining :HEMICAL MILLING. Description of the Process. EtchantSolutions TheAirPollutionProblem Mists. Vapors. Gases. Solvents Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. CorrosionProblems ~EFERENCES.
~31831861861861862863864867871
:>pENDIXA: RULESANDREGULAT1ONS lules and Regulations of the Air Pollution Control District. ?PENDIXB: ODOR-TESTINGTECHNIQUES ~he Odor Panel. ~heOdor.EvaluctionRoom. ;amplingTechniques ~valuationofOdorSamples )eterminationofOdorConcentration PPENDIX C: HYPOTHETICAL AVAILABLE HEATS FROM NATURAL GAS. ..:-. PPENDIxD: MISCELLANEOUSDATA
~