fcat review - apopka memorial middle school 8th grade ...fcat review life science . ... passive...
TRANSCRIPT
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FCAT Review
Life Science
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What does “Being Alive” mean?
n Made of cells n Respond to stimuli n Respire (use energy) n Adapt n Reproduce n Excrete wastes n Secrete n Have a life span
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Life Needs:
n Energy (solar or chemical)
n Water n Tolerable Temperatures n Light n Agreeable Atmosphere
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Structure of the Cell
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Single Cell vs. Multicellular
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Cell Organization
n Atom n Molecule n Organelle n Cell n Tissue n Organ n System n Organism
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Major Systems
Excretory Respiratory Digestive
Reproductive Male Female
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Major Systems
Circulatory
Nervous
Muscular
Skeletal
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Chemistry of the Cell
n Cells are made of atoms and molecules Ø Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Iron, Sodium, Potassium, etc.
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Organic Inorganic
n Organic compounds contain carbon Ø Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, nucleic acids, etc.
n Inorganic compounds are also necessary for life Ø Water, salt, vitamins, etc.
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Cell Transport…note error on class notes Passive Transport Active Transport
Exocytosis Endocytosis
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Cellular Respiration
organisms use oxygen to break down glucose and release water and carbon dioxide as waste
C6H12O6 + 6O2 à Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O
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Photosynthesis
plants use solar energy to make glucose from water and carbon dioxide and release oxygen as waste Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O à C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Mitosis
n Cell division for body cells - diploid
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Meiosis
n Cell division to produce sex cells - haploid
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DNA
Nitrogen bases n Adenine n Thymine n Guanine n Cytosine
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Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction
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Heredity – passing of traits from parents of offspring
Alleles – different forms a gene has for a trait Ø A – dominant allele for a trait (upper case) Ø a – recessive allele for a trait (lower case)
n Heterozygous – different alleles n Homozygous – identical alleles
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Punnett Squares
n Tools for predicting genetic crosses
n Genotype – genetic makeup Ø What alleles are present
n Phenotype – physical makeup Ø What is shown
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Fill in the Punnett Square T t
t
t
How many offspring plants will be tall?
How many offspring plants will be short?
What percentage of offspring will be tall plants?
T – tall plants t – short plants
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Fill in the Punnett Square T t
t Tt tt
t Tt tt
How many offspring plants will be tall?
How many offspring plants will be short?
What percentage of offspring will be tall plants?
T – tall plants t – short plants
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Evolution – changes in kinds of animals and plants over time n Evidence
Ø Fossil record Ø Continental drift
n Why do kangaroos live in Australia?
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From Eohippus to Equus
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Survival of the Fittest
n Ability to reproduce successfully
Charles Darwin
The fittest?
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Ecology n Biotic Factors
Ø Living things
n Abiotic Factors
Ø Non-living things
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Food Chain vs. Food Web
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Energy Pyramid
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Adaptation for Survival
n Changes in n structure n behavior
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Cycles of Nature
Carbon Nitrogen
Phosphorus Water
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Environmental Issues n Decrease in resources
leads to decrease in natural populations
n Human activities Ø Pollution Ø Global warming Ø Destruction of habitat
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Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources
n Renewable n Wind n Solar n Water n Trees n Biomass
n Non-renewable n Coal n Oil n Gas
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Scientific Classification
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Scientific Classification
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Dichotomous Key
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Plant Kindom
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Plant Reproduction Spores vs. Seeds
Fern
Angiosperm
Gymnosperm
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Virus
n Viruses are not alive until they invade a cell