fe 537 all in one - oregon state university · streamflow generation processes benchmark papers in...

FE 537

Oregon State University

FE 537FE 537: : HillslopeHillslope and and Watershed HydrologyWatershed Hydrology

Taught by:

Jeff McDonnellRichardson Chair in Watershed Science

Dept. of Forest Engineering and IWW Water Resources ProgramOregon State University

Fall 2005

Course delivered to:

Course development funded by:

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IntroductionsIntroductions

Your instructor (see web page)Your instructor (see web page)http://http://www.cof.orst.edu/cof/fe/watershdwww.cof.orst.edu/cof/fe/watershd ))

YY’’all (self introductions)all (self introductions)Who you areWho you areYour backgroundYour backgroundWhat you are now studyingWhat you are now studying

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AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsrecent OSU PhDs and Post Docs whose ideas have recent OSU PhDs and Post Docs whose ideas have

contributed to this coursecontributed to this course

Nick Hjerdt, now Swedish Agricultural UniversityNick Hjerdt, now Swedish Agricultural UniversityMario Martina, now University of Bologna Mario Martina, now University of Bologna Brian McGlynn, now Montana State UniversityBrian McGlynn, now Montana State UniversityKevin McGuire, now Plymouth State UniversityKevin McGuire, now Plymouth State UniversityJan Seibert, now Stockholm UniversityJan Seibert, now Stockholm UniversityIlja Tromp van Meerveld, now ETH LausanneIlja Tromp van Meerveld, now ETH LausanneTaro Uchida, now Japan Ministry of WorksTaro Uchida, now Japan Ministry of WorksKellie Vache, Now Kellie Vache, Now GiesenGiesen UniversityUniversityMarkus Weiler, Now University of British ColumbiaMarkus Weiler, Now University of British Columbia

Italics=experimentalist; non-italics=modeler

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Virtual lectures….if you ever suffer from insomnia

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Course StructureCourse Structure

PowerpointPowerpoint lectureslecturesInteractive question and answer as much Interactive question and answer as much

as possibleas possiblePlease interruptPlease interrupt and ask questions and ask questions

whenever something is unclear or you whenever something is unclear or you would like to add a commentwould like to add a comment——this will add this will add greatly to the learning experience for greatly to the learning experience for everyone!everyone!

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Tom Keith Malcolm John Tim Robert MikeDunne Beven Anderson Hewlett Burt Horton Kirkby

Benchmark Papers on the website are related to this shortcourse

published

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Good basic materialGood basic material

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Advanced materialAdvanced material

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Journals you should consultJournals you should consultI am/haveI am/have--been an AE for each of thesebeen an AE for each of these……if you have any questions, then please ask meif you have any questions, then please ask me

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The Tarboton web moduleThe Tarboton web module

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Beven, 2006Beven, 2006

StreamflowStreamflow Generation ProcessesGeneration ProcessesBenchmark Papers in HydrologyBenchmark Papers in HydrologyIAHS PressIAHS PressAvailable via passwordAvailable via password--protected site on protected site on course web pagecourse web page

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Horton, RE, 1933, The role of infiltration in the hydrological cHorton, RE, 1933, The role of infiltration in the hydrological cycleycle, Trans. Amer. , Trans. Amer. GeophysGeophys. Un.,. Un., 14, 44614, 446--460.460.Horton, RE, 1936, Maximum groundwater levels, Horton, RE, 1936, Maximum groundwater levels, Trans. Amer. Trans. Amer. GeophysGeophys. Un.,. Un., 17(2), 34417(2), 344--357.357.Hoover, MD and Hoover, MD and HurshHursh, CR, 1943, Influence of topography and soil, CR, 1943, Influence of topography and soil--depth on runoff from forest land, depth on runoff from forest land, Trans. Amer. Trans. Amer. GeophysGeophys. Un.. Un., 24, 693, 24, 693--697697CappusCappus, P, 1960, Bassin versant exp, P, 1960, Bassin versant expéérimental drimental d’’AlranceAlrance: : éétudes des lois de ltudes des lois de l’é’écoulement. Application au calcul et coulement. Application au calcul et àà la prla préévision des dvision des déébits. bits. La Houille BlancheLa Houille Blanche A. 493A. 493--520.520.Tsukamoto, Y., 1961, An experiment on subsurface flow, Tsukamoto, Y., 1961, An experiment on subsurface flow, J. Japanese Soc. ForestryJ. Japanese Soc. Forestry, 45, 186, 45, 186--190.190.Hewlett, JD and Hewlett, JD and HibbertHibbert, AR, 1963, Moisture and energy conditions within a sloping soil, AR, 1963, Moisture and energy conditions within a sloping soil mass during drainage, mass during drainage, J. J. GeophysGeophys. Res.. Res., 68, 1081, 68, 1081--1087.1087.WhipkeyWhipkey, RZ, 1965, Subsurface , RZ, 1965, Subsurface stormflowstormflow from forested slopes, from forested slopes, Bull. Int. Assoc. Bull. Int. Assoc. SciSci. Hydrol.. Hydrol., 10, 74, 10, 74--8585BetsonBetson, R P, 1964, What is watershed runoff? J. , R P, 1964, What is watershed runoff? J. GeophysGeophys. Res. 69(8), 1541. Res. 69(8), 1541--1552.1552.Gregory, K J and Walling, D E, 1968, The variation of drainage dGregory, K J and Walling, D E, 1968, The variation of drainage density within a ensity within a catchmentcatchment, Int. Assoc. , Int. Assoc. SciSci. Hydrol., 13(2), 61. Hydrol., 13(2), 61--68.68.Hewlett, J D and Hewlett, J D and HibbertHibbert, A R, 1967, Factors affecting the response of small watersheds , A R, 1967, Factors affecting the response of small watersheds to to repcipitationrepcipitation in humid areas, in W E in humid areas, in W E SopperSopper and H W Lull (Eds.), and H W Lull (Eds.), International International Symposium on Forest HydrologySymposium on Forest Hydrology, , PergammonPergammon: Oxford. pp275: Oxford. pp275--290290Ragan, RM, 1968, An experimental investigation of partial area cRagan, RM, 1968, An experimental investigation of partial area contributions, ontributions, Intern. Assoc. Intern. Assoc. SciSci. Hydrol. . Hydrol. PubnPubn. 76. 76, 241, 241--251.251.PatricPatric, J H and , J H and SwanstonSwanston, D N, 1968, Hydrology of a slide, D N, 1968, Hydrology of a slide--prone glacial till soil in Southeast Alaska, J. Forestry, 66, 62prone glacial till soil in Southeast Alaska, J. Forestry, 66, 62--66.66.Kirkby, M J, 1969, Infiltration, Kirkby, M J, 1969, Infiltration, throughflowthroughflow and overland flow, in R J Chorley (Ed), and overland flow, in R J Chorley (Ed), Water Earth Water Earth amdamd ManMan, Methuen: London., Methuen: London.PinderPinder, G F and Jones, J F, 1969, Determination of the ground, G F and Jones, J F, 1969, Determination of the ground--water component of peak discharge from the chemistry of total ruwater component of peak discharge from the chemistry of total runoff, noff, Water Resources ResearchWater Resources Research, 5(2), 438, 5(2), 438--445.445.Dunne and Black, RD, 1970, Partial area contributions to storm rDunne and Black, RD, 1970, Partial area contributions to storm runoff in a small New England watershed, unoff in a small New England watershed, Water Water ResourcResourc. Res.. Res., 6, 1296, 6, 1296--1311.1311.Osborne, H B and Osborne, H B and RenardRenard, K G, 1970, Thunderstorm runoff on the Walnut Gulch experimenta, K G, 1970, Thunderstorm runoff on the Walnut Gulch experimental watershed, Arizona, USA, Proc. IASHl watershed, Arizona, USA, Proc. IASH--UnescoUnesco Symposium on the results of Symposium on the results of research on representative and experimental basins, Wellington, research on representative and experimental basins, Wellington, NZ, 1970, 455 NZ, 1970, 455 –– 464464WeymanWeyman, DR, 1970, , DR, 1970, ThroughflowThroughflow on on hillslopeshillslopes and its relation to the stream hydrograph, and its relation to the stream hydrograph, Bull. Intern. Assoc. Bull. Intern. Assoc. SciSci. . HyudrolHyudrol.., 15, 25, 15, 25--33.33.Jones, JAA, 1971, Soil piping and stream channel initiation, Jones, JAA, 1971, Soil piping and stream channel initiation, Water Water ResourResour. Res.. Res., 7, 602, 7, 602--610610Trafford, B D and Trafford, B D and RycroftRycroft, D W, 1973, Observations on the soil, D W, 1973, Observations on the soil--water regimes in a drained clay soil, water regimes in a drained clay soil, J. Soil J. Soil SciSci.., 24(3), 380, 24(3), 380--391391Beasley, RS, 1976, Contribution of subsurface flow from the uppeBeasley, RS, 1976, Contribution of subsurface flow from the upper slopes of forested watersheds to channel flow, r slopes of forested watersheds to channel flow, Soil Soil SciSci. Soc. Amer. J. . Soc. Amer. J. 40, 95540, 955--957.957.YairYair, A and , A and LaveeLavee, H, 1976, Runoff generative processes and runoff yield from ari, H, 1976, Runoff generative processes and runoff yield from arid talus mantled slopes, d talus mantled slopes, Earth Surface ProcessesEarth Surface Processes, 1, 235, 1, 235--247.247.HarrHarr, RD, 1977, Water flux in soil and subsoil on a steep forested s, RD, 1977, Water flux in soil and subsoil on a steep forested slope, lope, J. Hydrol.J. Hydrol., 33,37, 33,37--58.58.Anderson, MG and Burt, TP, 1978, The role of topography in contrAnderson, MG and Burt, TP, 1978, The role of topography in controlling olling throughflowthroughflow generation, generation, Earth Surf. Process. Earth Surf. Process. LandfLandf., ., 3, 3313, 331--344344BonnellBonnell, M and Gilmour, DA, 1978, The development of overland flow in a, M and Gilmour, DA, 1978, The development of overland flow in a tropical rainforest tropical rainforest catchmentcatchment, , J. Hydrol.J. Hydrol., 39, 365, 39, 365--382382Lynch, J A, Corbett, ES and Lynch, J A, Corbett, ES and SopperSopper, WE, 1979, The effects of antecedent soil moisture on , WE, 1979, The effects of antecedent soil moisture on stormflowstormflow volumes and timing, Proc. 3rd Intl. volumes and timing, Proc. 3rd Intl. SympSymp. in Hydrology, Colorado State . in Hydrology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.University, Fort Collins, CO.Mosley, M P, 1979, Mosley, M P, 1979, StreamflowStreamflow generation in a forested watershed, New Zealand, Water Resourcegeneration in a forested watershed, New Zealand, Water Resources Research, 15(4), 795s Research, 15(4), 795--806.806.SklashSklash, MG and , MG and FarvoldenFarvolden, RN, 1979, The role of groundwater in storm runoff, , RN, 1979, The role of groundwater in storm runoff, J. Hydrol.J. Hydrol., 43, 45, 43, 45--65.65.Sharma, M L, Gander, G A and Hunt, S G, 1980, Spatial variabilitSharma, M L, Gander, G A and Hunt, S G, 1980, Spatial variability of infiltration in a watershed, y of infiltration in a watershed, J. HydrolJ. Hydrol, 45, 101, 45, 101--122.122.Huff, DD, OHuff, DD, O’’Neill, RV, Emmanuel, WR, Elwood, J W and Neill, RV, Emmanuel, WR, Elwood, J W and NewboldNewbold, JD, 1982, Flow variability and , JD, 1982, Flow variability and hillslopehillslope hydrology, hydrology, Earth Surf. Process. Earth Surf. Process. LandfLandf.., 7, 91, 7, 91--9494HjelmfeltHjelmfelt, AT and Burwell, R T, 1984, Spatial variability of runoff, , AT and Burwell, R T, 1984, Spatial variability of runoff, J. J. IrrigIrrig. Drain. Div. ASCE. Drain. Div. ASCE, 110, 46, 110, 46--54 54 GillhamGillham, RW, 1984, The effect of the capillary fringe on water table re, RW, 1984, The effect of the capillary fringe on water table response, sponse, J. HydrologyJ. Hydrology, 67, 307, 67, 307--324.324.

Beven, 2006 contentsBeven, 2006 contents

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Benchmark Paper TimelineBenchmark Paper TimelineRead by (light colored) Oct 19:Read by (light colored) Oct 19:

Horton, RE, 1933, The role of infiltration in the hydrological cHorton, RE, 1933, The role of infiltration in the hydrological cycleycle, , Trans. Amer. Trans. Amer. GeophysGeophys. Un.,. Un., 14, 44614, 446--460.460.Horton, RE, 1936, Maximum groundwater levels, Horton, RE, 1936, Maximum groundwater levels, Trans. Amer. Trans. Amer. GeophysGeophys. Un.,. Un., 17(2), 34417(2), 344--357.357.Hoover, MD and Hoover, MD and HurshHursh, CR, 1943, Influence of topography and soil, CR, 1943, Influence of topography and soil--depth on runoff from forest land, depth on runoff from forest land, Trans. Amer. Trans. Amer. GeophysGeophys. Un.. Un., 24, , 24, 693693--697697CappusCappus, P, 1960, Bassin versant exp, P, 1960, Bassin versant expéérimental drimental d’’AlranceAlrance: : éétudes des tudes des lois de llois de l’é’écoulement. Application au calcul et coulement. Application au calcul et àà la prla préévision des dvision des déébits. bits. La Houille BlancheLa Houille Blanche A. 493A. 493--520.520.Tsukamoto, Y., 1961, An experiment on subsurface flow, Tsukamoto, Y., 1961, An experiment on subsurface flow, J. Japanese J. Japanese Soc. ForestrySoc. Forestry, 45, 186, 45, 186--190.190.Hewlett, JD and Hewlett, JD and HibbertHibbert, AR, 1963, Moisture and energy conditions , AR, 1963, Moisture and energy conditions within a sloping soil mass during drainage, within a sloping soil mass during drainage, J. J. GeophysGeophys. Res.. Res., 68, , 68, 10811081--1087.1087.WhipkeyWhipkey, RZ, 1965, Subsurface , RZ, 1965, Subsurface stormflowstormflow from forested slopes, from forested slopes, Bull. Bull. Int. Assoc. Int. Assoc. SciSci. Hydrol.. Hydrol., 10, 74, 10, 74--8585BetsonBetson, R P, 1964, What is watershed runoff? J. , R P, 1964, What is watershed runoff? J. GeophysGeophys. Res. 69(8), . Res. 69(8), 15411541--1552.1552.Gregory, K J and Walling, D E, 1968, The variation of drainage dGregory, K J and Walling, D E, 1968, The variation of drainage density ensity within a within a catchmentcatchment, Int. Assoc. , Int. Assoc. SciSci. Hydrol., 13(2), 61. Hydrol., 13(2), 61--68.68.Hewlett, J D and Hewlett, J D and HibbertHibbert, A R, 1967, Factors affecting the response of , A R, 1967, Factors affecting the response of small watersheds to small watersheds to repcipitationrepcipitation in humid areas, in W E in humid areas, in W E SopperSopper and and H W Lull (Eds.), H W Lull (Eds.), International Symposium on Forest HydrologyInternational Symposium on Forest Hydrology, , PergammonPergammon: Oxford. pp275: Oxford. pp275--290290

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Benchmark Paper TimelineBenchmark Paper Timeline

Read (light colored) by Nov 2:Read (light colored) by Nov 2:Ragan, RM, 1968, An experimental investigation of partial area Ragan, RM, 1968, An experimental investigation of partial area contributions, contributions, Intern. Assoc. Intern. Assoc. SciSci. Hydrol. . Hydrol. PubnPubn. 76. 76, 241, 241--251.251.PatricPatric, J H and , J H and SwanstonSwanston, D N, 1968, Hydrology of a slide, D N, 1968, Hydrology of a slide--prone glacial prone glacial till soil in Southeast Alaska, J. Forestry, 66, 62till soil in Southeast Alaska, J. Forestry, 66, 62--66.66.Kirkby, M J, 1969, Infiltration, Kirkby, M J, 1969, Infiltration, throughflowthroughflow and overland flow, in R J and overland flow, in R J Chorley (Ed), Chorley (Ed), Water Earth Water Earth amdamd ManMan, Methuen: London., Methuen: London.PinderPinder, G F and Jones, J F, 1969, Determination of the ground, G F and Jones, J F, 1969, Determination of the ground--water water component of peak discharge from the chemistry of total runoff, component of peak discharge from the chemistry of total runoff, Water Water Resources ResearchResources Research, 5(2), 438, 5(2), 438--445.445.Dunne and Black, RD, 1970, Partial area contributions to storm rDunne and Black, RD, 1970, Partial area contributions to storm runoff unoff in a small New England watershed, in a small New England watershed, Water Water ResourcResourc. Res.. Res., 6, 1296, 6, 1296--1311.1311.Osborne, H B and Osborne, H B and RenardRenard, K G, 1970, Thunderstorm runoff on the , K G, 1970, Thunderstorm runoff on the Walnut Gulch experimental watershed, Arizona, USA, Proc. IASHWalnut Gulch experimental watershed, Arizona, USA, Proc. IASH--UnescoUnesco Symposium on the results of research on representative and Symposium on the results of research on representative and experimental basins, Wellington, NZ, 1970, 455 experimental basins, Wellington, NZ, 1970, 455 –– 464464WeymanWeyman, DR, 1970, , DR, 1970, ThroughflowThroughflow on on hillslopeshillslopes and its relation to the and its relation to the stream hydrograph, stream hydrograph, Bull. Intern. Assoc. Bull. Intern. Assoc. SciSci. . HyudrolHyudrol.., 15, 25, 15, 25--33.33.Jones, JAA, 1971, Soil piping and stream channel initiation, Jones, JAA, 1971, Soil piping and stream channel initiation, Water Water ResourResour. Res.. Res., 7, 602, 7, 602--610610Trafford, B D and Trafford, B D and RycroftRycroft, D W, 1973, Observations on the soil, D W, 1973, Observations on the soil--water water regimes in a drained clay soil, regimes in a drained clay soil, J. Soil J. Soil SciSci.., 24(3), 380, 24(3), 380--391391Beasley, RS, 1976, Contribution of subsurface flow from the uppeBeasley, RS, 1976, Contribution of subsurface flow from the upper r slopes of forested watersheds to channel flow, slopes of forested watersheds to channel flow, Soil Soil SciSci. Soc. Amer. J. . Soc. Amer. J. 40, 95540, 955--957.957.

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Benchmark Paper TimelineBenchmark Paper Timeline

Read (light colored) by Nov 18:Read (light colored) by Nov 18:YairYair, A and , A and LaveeLavee, H, 1976, Runoff generative processes and runoff yield , H, 1976, Runoff generative processes and runoff yield from arid talus mantled slopes, from arid talus mantled slopes, Earth Surface ProcessesEarth Surface Processes, 1, 235, 1, 235--247.247.HarrHarr, RD, 1977, Water flux in soil and subsoil on a steep forested s, RD, 1977, Water flux in soil and subsoil on a steep forested slope, lope, J. J. Hydrol.Hydrol., 33,37, 33,37--58.58.Anderson, MG and Burt, TP, 1978, The role of topography in contrAnderson, MG and Burt, TP, 1978, The role of topography in controlling olling throughflowthroughflow generation, generation, Earth Surf. Process. Earth Surf. Process. LandfLandf., ., 3, 3313, 331--344344BonnellBonnell, M and Gilmour, DA, 1978, The development of overland flow in a, M and Gilmour, DA, 1978, The development of overland flow in atropical rainforest tropical rainforest catchmentcatchment, , J. Hydrol.J. Hydrol., 39, 365, 39, 365--382382Lynch, J A, Corbett, ES and Lynch, J A, Corbett, ES and SopperSopper, WE, 1979, The effects of antecedent , WE, 1979, The effects of antecedent soil moisture on soil moisture on stormflowstormflow volumes and timing, Proc. 3rd Intl. volumes and timing, Proc. 3rd Intl. SympSymp. in . in Hydrology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.Hydrology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.Mosley, M P, 1979, Mosley, M P, 1979, StreamflowStreamflow generation in a forested watershed, New generation in a forested watershed, New Zealand, Water Resources Research, 15(4), 795Zealand, Water Resources Research, 15(4), 795--806.806.SklashSklash, MG and , MG and FarvoldenFarvolden, RN, 1979, The role of groundwater in storm , RN, 1979, The role of groundwater in storm runoff, runoff, J. Hydrol.J. Hydrol., 43, 45, 43, 45--65.65.Sharma, M L, Gander, G A and Hunt, S G, 1980, Spatial variabilitSharma, M L, Gander, G A and Hunt, S G, 1980, Spatial variability of y of infiltration in a watershed, infiltration in a watershed, J. HydrolJ. Hydrol, 45, 101, 45, 101--122.122.Huff, DD, OHuff, DD, O’’Neill, RV, Emmanuel, WR, Elwood, J W and Neill, RV, Emmanuel, WR, Elwood, J W and NewboldNewbold, JD, 1982, , JD, 1982, Flow variability and Flow variability and hillslopehillslope hydrology, hydrology, Earth Surf. Process. Earth Surf. Process. LandfLandf.., 7, 91, 7, 91--9494HjelmfeltHjelmfelt, AT and Burwell, R T, 1984, Spatial variability of runoff, , AT and Burwell, R T, 1984, Spatial variability of runoff, J. J. IrrigIrrig. . Drain. Div. ASCEDrain. Div. ASCE, 110, 46, 110, 46--54 54 GillhamGillham, RW, 1984, The effect of the capillary fringe on water table , RW, 1984, The effect of the capillary fringe on water table response, response, J. HydrologyJ. Hydrology, 67, 307, 67, 307--324.324.

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What do I expect?What do I expect?

Read the light colored references and,Read the light colored references and,Know the authors, the titles and the main Know the authors, the titles and the main contributionscontributionsKnow why these are benchmark papersKnow why these are benchmark papersRemember the key points, key figures and Remember the key points, key figures and key concepts.key concepts.Know how they build upon and relate to Know how they build upon and relate to each othereach other

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Quiz etc TimingQuiz etc Timing

~Oct 19: Quiz (lecture material and ~Oct 19: Quiz (lecture material and Benchmark Papers)Benchmark Papers)~Nov 2: Quiz (lecture material and ~Nov 2: Quiz (lecture material and

Benchmark Papers)Benchmark Papers)~Nov 18: Quiz (lecture material and ~Nov 18: Quiz (lecture material and

Benchmark Papers)Benchmark Papers)~Nov 23: Field project presentations~Nov 23: Field project presentations~Dec 3, 5:00pm Project report due~Dec 3, 5:00pm Project report due

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Basic Questions That Will be AddressedBasic Questions That Will be Addressed

Where does water Where does water go when it rains?go when it rains?How long does it How long does it

reside in the reside in the catchmentcatchment??What What flowpathflowpath

does the water take does the water take to the stream?to the stream?McGuire

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WS6WS6WS7WS7

WS8WS8

13 ha13 ha

15.4 ha15.4 ha

21.4 ha21.4 ha

This material in a traditional forest hydrology context

HJ Andrews OR

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Forests and Water Forests and Water YieldYield

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A note on water yieldsA note on water yields……

The annual yield from a watershed is the depth equivalent The annual yield from a watershed is the depth equivalent of the runoff.of the runoff.

Volume = depth * AreaVolume = depth * AreaV = z * AV = z * Az = V / Az = V / AWhere:Where:z = depthz = depthV = total volume of runoffV = total volume of runoffA = area of the watershed A = area of the watershed

What about time?What about time?Annual implies depth/yAnnual implies depth/y

ET

Precipitation Runoff

ΔS

Yield

T. Link

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19581966

1972

1975 1980

1988 2000

HJA Watershed 1

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Traditional hillslope and watershed hydrology

Hubbard Brook, NH

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Problems with the paired watershed approachProblems with the paired watershed approach

Statistical tests tell only whether to reject or accept the Statistical tests tell only whether to reject or accept the hypothesis that forest management affects the hydrology of the hypothesis that forest management affects the hydrology of the watershedwatershed

the question of the question of ““whywhy”” or or ““why notwhy not”” is commonly left to is commonly left to speculation.speculation.

The arguments against traditional paired watershed studies:The arguments against traditional paired watershed studies:Hydrological differences between the control and treatment Hydrological differences between the control and treatment watershedswatershedsClimate variations that affect controlClimate variations that affect controlShort length of preShort length of pre-- and postand post--treatment record that cause treatment record that cause statistical tests to be inconclusive. statistical tests to be inconclusive. The black box nature of the approach! The black box nature of the approach! Restricted to small basinsRestricted to small basins

See See SchnorbusSchnorbus M. and Y. Alila (2004), Forest Harvesting impacts on the M. and Y. Alila (2004), Forest Harvesting impacts on the peak flow regime in the Columbia Mountains of Southern British Cpeak flow regime in the Columbia Mountains of Southern British Columbia: olumbia: An investigation using longAn investigation using long--term numerical modeling, Water Resources term numerical modeling, Water Resources Research, Vol. 40, W05205, doi:10.1029/2003WR002918.Research, Vol. 40, W05205, doi:10.1029/2003WR002918.

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This material within a traditional This material within a traditional engineering hydrology contextengineering hydrology context

Gordon Grant

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The Unit Hydrograph ShrineThe Unit Hydrograph Shrine

Time

Precipitation

Infiltration Capacity

Excess Precipitation

Excess Precipitation

Hydrographs for Event

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 1 2 3Time(hrs)

Flow

As per Chow et al.,Applied Hydrologytext

…the unit pulse response function of a linear hydrologic system

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Unit hydrographs and Unit hydrographs and kinematickinematic wave theorywave theorydo not simulate flow for the right reasons!do not simulate flow for the right reasons!

…….as we will discover today.as we will discover today

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This material in a This material in a catchmentcatchment modeling modeling contextcontext

http://hydrology.pnl.gov/forest.asp

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Prediction Prediction vsvs mimicrymimicry

0

25

50

75

100

9/30 10/20 11/9 11/29 12/19 1/8

Date

Run

off (

l/s)

0.5

0.7

0.9

100 200 300 400

K (m/d)

Q E

ffici

ency

Vache et al., 2004 GRL

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This material in the context of the Principles of Hydrology

L. Gotschalk

There are many important hydrologic equations We will ignore them for the most part and look at data

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What we do with these equationsWhat we do with these equations

Jan Hopmans, UC Davis

e.g.

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What this course will addressWhat this course will address

Uhlenbrook, McDonnell and Leibundgut, 2001

We will open the black box of hillslope and catchmentprocesses….going beyond the paired watershed approach

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Hortonian Overland Flow

Soil

Low permeable bedrock

Saturated Zone

MechanismsMechanisms——our focusour focus

Stefan Uhlenbrook, Freiburg U.

We will not tackle applied problemsWe will not tackle applied problems——rather, werather, we’’ll focus on the knowledge ll focus on the knowledge necessary to understand how to come necessary to understand how to come at a problem (forest roads and peak at a problem (forest roads and peak flows, stream temp. increases, fire flows, stream temp. increases, fire altered hydrology, harvesting effects altered hydrology, harvesting effects on soil and runoffon soil and runoff……))

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Why these mechanisms and flow pathways Why these mechanisms and flow pathways are importantare important

Charlie Driscoll, SU

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What we What we willwill and and will notwill not covercover

Sivapalan et al. 1995

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HillslopeHillslope and Watershed Hydrologyand Watershed Hydrology

Physical

ChemicalIsotopic

Explicit solution of water and tracer mass balance

Photo: Kevin McGuire

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We will explore how the experimentalist We will explore how the experimentalist and the modeler view hillsllpes and and the modeler view hillsllpes and

catchmemtscatchmemts

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Development of robust models

following Uhlenbrook et al. (2002) WRR

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WeWe’’ll also consider the ll also consider the ““control volumecontrol volume”” of the watershedof the watershed

Enda O'Connell and John Enda O'Connell and John EwenEwen 20042004

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Course OutlineCourse Outline

Introduction Introduction Overview of the main runoff generation Overview of the main runoff generation

conceptsconceptsRunoff processes Runoff processes

Plot scalePlot scaleHillslopeHillslope scalescaleCatchmentCatchment scalescale

Isotope hydrology primerIsotope hydrology primer

CatchmentCatchment modelingmodelingHow process understanding can be used in modelingHow process understanding can be used in modelingVirtual experiments Virtual experiments

Experimental methodsExperimental methodsConclusions Conclusions

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Oregon State University (Kendall and Coplen, 2001)

Example locations

Maimai, New ZealandSvartberget, SwedenFudoji, JapanTarawarra, Australia

Panola, GA

Maybeso, AK

Dry Cr, NY

Sleepers River, VT

CSSL, CA

HJ Andrews, ORReynolds Creek, ID

Huntington, NY

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