fe 537 fall 2007 fe 537: hillslope and watershed hydrologyfe 537 oregon state university benchmark...

FE 537

Oregon State University

FE 537FE 537: : HillslopeHillslope and and Watershed HydrologyWatershed Hydrology

Taught by:

Jeff McDonnellDept. of Forest Engineering


Fall 2007

Course delivered to:

Course development funded by:

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This lectureThis lecture

What are the main questions that this What are the main questions that this course will address?course will address?IntroductionsIntroductionsGrading, readings, project and other class Grading, readings, project and other class

businessbusinessThis course in the context of water This course in the context of water resource issues locally, nationally and resource issues locally, nationally and internationallyinternationally

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This course addresses 3 basic questionsThis course addresses 3 basic questions

Where does water Where does water go when it rains?go when it rains?How long does it How long does it

reside in the reside in the catchmentcatchment??What What flowpathflowpath

does the water take does the water take to the stream?to the stream?

Kevin McGuire

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“It may seem as though a great deal is knownabout how, and from where, water gets from rainfall through hillslopes into streams, at least for some areas. There are, however, still major difficulties when we try either to particularize or generalize from our present knowledge”

Andy Pearce, 1990(Water Resources Research, p. 3046)

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Why such a class?Why such a class?

http://hydrology.pnl.gov/forest.asp

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Why the need Why the need for this process for this process understanding?understanding?

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Traditional watershed hydrologyTraditional watershed hydrology

Gordon Grant

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http://www.mdbc.gov.au/education/basinkids/kidsencyclopaedia/salinity.htm

New problems that watershed hydrologists are tackling

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Oregon State University Uhlenbrook, McDonnell and Leibundgut, 2001

We will open the black box of hillslope and catchmentprocesses…

…we’ll search for macroscale laws…..

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HillslopesHillslopes are a fundamental landscape are a fundamental landscape unitunit

Photo by Jim Kirchner, UC Berkeley

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WeWe’’ll explore how ll explore how hillslopeshillslopes filter filter rainfall inputs to watershedsrainfall inputs to watersheds

Time (Julian Days)

Flow

(L/s

)

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WeWe’’ll counter this ideall counter this idea

Jan Hopmans, UC Davis

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Oregon State University From Kirkby, 1979

With this oneWith this one

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Oregon State UniversityK

urt Roth, U

niversity Heidelberg, G

ermany

0.01 m 1 m

Markus W

eiler, UB

C

100 m

10,000 m

Jim Kirchner, UC Berkeley

Markus Weiler, UBCWeiler and McDonnell, WRR in review

…….and we.and we’’ll find a multill find a multi--scale, complex system scale, complex system with nonwith non--linear network behavior at all scaleslinear network behavior at all scales

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The The hillslopehillslope hydrology grand hydrology grand challengechallenge

Sivapalan, 2006 Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sci.

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What we need to know (but do not with today’s process understanding)

Takahiro Sayama, used with permission

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Course detailsCourse details

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IntroductionsIntroductions

Me (see web page)Me (see web page)http://http://www.cof.orst.edu/cof/fe/watershdwww.cof.orst.edu/cof/fe/watershd

You (self introductions)You (self introductions)Who you areWho you areYour backgroundYour backgroundWhat you are now studyingWhat you are now studying

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AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementssome of the some of the recent OSU PhDs and Post Docs whose ideas have recent OSU PhDs and Post Docs whose ideas have

contributed to this coursecontributed to this course

Fabrizio Fabrizio FeneciaFenecia, TU Delft, TU DelftNick Hjerdt, now Swedish Agricultural UniversityNick Hjerdt, now Swedish Agricultural UniversityApril James, NC State UniversityApril James, NC State UniversityMario Martina, now University of Bologna Mario Martina, now University of Bologna Brian McGlynn, now Montana State UniversityBrian McGlynn, now Montana State UniversityKevin McGuire, now Plymouth State UniversityKevin McGuire, now Plymouth State UniversityJan Seibert, now Stockholm UniversityJan Seibert, now Stockholm UniversityIlja Tromp van Meerveld, now Simon Fraser UniversityIlja Tromp van Meerveld, now Simon Fraser UniversityTaro Uchida, now Japan Ministry of WorksTaro Uchida, now Japan Ministry of WorksKellie Vache, now Giessen UniversityKellie Vache, now Giessen UniversityWillem Willem vanVerseveldvanVerseveld, now Lippmann Institute, now Lippmann InstituteMarkus Weiler, now University of British ColumbiaMarkus Weiler, now University of British Columbia

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Labs this termLabs this term

Chris Graham, PhD StudentChris Graham, PhD StudentPlot Scale (Oct 11)Plot Scale (Oct 11)

Luisa Hopp, Post DocLuisa Hopp, Post DocHillslopeHillslope Scale (Nov 1)Scale (Nov 1)

Takahiro Sayama, Post DocTakahiro Sayama, Post DocCatchmentCatchment Scale (Nov 15)Scale (Nov 15)

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Virtual lectures….if you ever suffer from insomnia

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Course StructureCourse Structure

PowerpointPowerpoint lectureslecturesInteractive question and answer as much Interactive question and answer as much

as possibleas possiblePlease interruptPlease interrupt and ask questions and ask questions

whenever something is unclear or you whenever something is unclear or you would like to add a commentwould like to add a comment——this will add this will add greatly to the learning experience for greatly to the learning experience for everyone!everyone!

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Good basic materialGood basic material

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Advanced materialAdvanced material

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Journals you should consultJournals you should consult

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A good book A good book to consult if to consult if you are new you are new

to the areato the area

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The Tarboton web moduleThe Tarboton web modulefor those without a hydro backgroundfor those without a hydro background

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The new Encyclopedia of Hydrological The new Encyclopedia of Hydrological SciencesSciences

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Course TextCourse Text

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Benchmark PapersBenchmark Papers

Horton, RE, 1933, The role of infiltration in the hydrological cHorton, RE, 1933, The role of infiltration in the hydrological cycleycle, , Trans. Amer. Trans. Amer. GeophysGeophys. Un.,. Un., 14, 44614, 446--460.**460.**Horton, RE, 1936, Maximum groundwater levels, Horton, RE, 1936, Maximum groundwater levels, Trans. Amer. Trans. Amer. GeophysGeophys. Un.,. Un., 17(2), 34417(2), 344--357.357.Hoover, MD and Hoover, MD and HurshHursh, CR, 1943, Influence of topography and soil, CR, 1943, Influence of topography and soil--depth on runoff from forest land, depth on runoff from forest land, Trans. Amer. Trans. Amer. GeophysGeophys. Un.. Un., 24, , 24, 693693--697697CappusCappus, P, 1960, Bassin versant exp, P, 1960, Bassin versant expéérimental drimental d’’AlranceAlrance: : éétudes des tudes des lois de llois de l’é’écoulement. Application au calcul et coulement. Application au calcul et àà la prla préévision des dvision des déébits. bits. La Houille BlancheLa Houille Blanche A. 493A. 493--520.520.Tsukamoto, Y., 1961, An experiment on subsurface flow, Tsukamoto, Y., 1961, An experiment on subsurface flow, J. Japanese J. Japanese Soc. ForestrySoc. Forestry, 45, 186, 45, 186--190.190.Hewlett, JD and Hewlett, JD and HibbertHibbert, AR, 1963, Moisture and energy conditions , AR, 1963, Moisture and energy conditions within a sloping soil mass during drainage, within a sloping soil mass during drainage, J. J. GeophysGeophys. Res.. Res., 68, , 68, 10811081--1087. **1087. **WhipkeyWhipkey, RZ, 1965, Subsurface , RZ, 1965, Subsurface stormflowstormflow from forested slopes, from forested slopes, Bull. Bull. Int. Assoc. Int. Assoc. SciSci. Hydrol.. Hydrol., 10, 74, 10, 74--85 **85 **BetsonBetson, R P, 1964, What is watershed runoff? J. , R P, 1964, What is watershed runoff? J. GeophysGeophys. Res. 69(8), . Res. 69(8), 15411541--1552.1552.Gregory, K J and Walling, D E, 1968, The variation of drainage dGregory, K J and Walling, D E, 1968, The variation of drainage density ensity within a within a catchmentcatchment, Int. Assoc. , Int. Assoc. SciSci. Hydrol., 13(2), 61. Hydrol., 13(2), 61--68.68.Hewlett, J D and Hewlett, J D and HibbertHibbert, A R, 1967, Factors affecting the response of , A R, 1967, Factors affecting the response of small watersheds to small watersheds to repcipitationrepcipitation in humid areas, in W E in humid areas, in W E SopperSopper and and H W Lull (Eds.), H W Lull (Eds.), International Symposium on Forest HydrologyInternational Symposium on Forest Hydrology, , PergammonPergammon: Oxford. pp275: Oxford. pp275--290 290 ****

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Ragan, RM, 1968, An experimental investigation of partial area Ragan, RM, 1968, An experimental investigation of partial area contributions, contributions, Intern. Assoc. Intern. Assoc. SciSci. Hydrol. . Hydrol. PubnPubn. 76. 76, 241, 241--251.251.PatricPatric, J H and , J H and SwanstonSwanston, D N, 1968, Hydrology of a slide, D N, 1968, Hydrology of a slide--prone glacial prone glacial till soil in Southeast Alaska, J. Forestry, 66, 62till soil in Southeast Alaska, J. Forestry, 66, 62--66.66.Kirkby, M J, 1969, Infiltration, Kirkby, M J, 1969, Infiltration, throughflowthroughflow and overland flow, in R J and overland flow, in R J Chorley (Ed), Chorley (Ed), Water Earth Water Earth amdamd ManMan, Methuen: London., Methuen: London.PinderPinder, G F and Jones, J F, 1969, Determination of the ground, G F and Jones, J F, 1969, Determination of the ground--water water component of peak discharge from the chemistry of total runoff, component of peak discharge from the chemistry of total runoff, Water Water Resources ResearchResources Research, 5(2), 438, 5(2), 438--445.445.Dunne and Black, RD, 1970, Partial area contributions to storm rDunne and Black, RD, 1970, Partial area contributions to storm runoff in unoff in a small New England watershed, a small New England watershed, Water Water ResourcResourc. Res.. Res., 6, 1296, 6, 1296--1311. **1311. **Osborne, H B and Osborne, H B and RenardRenard, K G, 1970, Thunderstorm runoff on the , K G, 1970, Thunderstorm runoff on the Walnut Gulch experimental watershed, Arizona, USA, Proc. IASHWalnut Gulch experimental watershed, Arizona, USA, Proc. IASH--UnescoUnescoSymposium on the results of research on representative and Symposium on the results of research on representative and experimental basins, Wellington, NZ, 1970, 455 experimental basins, Wellington, NZ, 1970, 455 –– 464464WeymanWeyman, DR, 1970, , DR, 1970, ThroughflowThroughflow on on hillslopeshillslopes and its relation to the and its relation to the stream hydrograph, stream hydrograph, Bull. Intern. Assoc. Bull. Intern. Assoc. SciSci. . HyudrolHyudrol.., 15, 25, 15, 25--33.33.Jones, JAA, 1971, Soil piping and stream channel initiation, Jones, JAA, 1971, Soil piping and stream channel initiation, Water Water ResourResour. Res.. Res., 7, 602, 7, 602--610610Trafford, B D and Trafford, B D and RycroftRycroft, D W, 1973, Observations on the soil, D W, 1973, Observations on the soil--water water regimes in a drained clay soil, regimes in a drained clay soil, J. Soil J. Soil SciSci.., 24(3), 380, 24(3), 380--391391Beasley, RS, 1976, Contribution of subsurface flow from the uppeBeasley, RS, 1976, Contribution of subsurface flow from the upper slopes r slopes of forested watersheds to channel flow, of forested watersheds to channel flow, Soil Soil SciSci. Soc. Amer. J. . Soc. Amer. J. 40, 95540, 955--957.957.

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YairYair, A and , A and LaveeLavee, H, 1976, Runoff generative processes and runoff yield , H, 1976, Runoff generative processes and runoff yield from arid talus mantled slopes, from arid talus mantled slopes, Earth Surface ProcessesEarth Surface Processes, 1, 235, 1, 235--247.247.HarrHarr, RD, 1977, Water flux in soil and subsoil on a steep forested s, RD, 1977, Water flux in soil and subsoil on a steep forested slope, lope, J. J. Hydrol.Hydrol., 33,37, 33,37--58.58.Anderson, MG and Burt, TP, 1978, The role of topography in contrAnderson, MG and Burt, TP, 1978, The role of topography in controlling olling throughflowthroughflow generation, generation, Earth Surf. Process. Earth Surf. Process. LandfLandf., ., 3, 3313, 331--344344Bonell, M and Gilmour, DA, 1978, The development of overland floBonell, M and Gilmour, DA, 1978, The development of overland flow in a w in a tropical rainforest tropical rainforest catchmentcatchment, , J. Hydrol.J. Hydrol., 39, 365, 39, 365--382382Lynch, J A, Corbett, ES and Lynch, J A, Corbett, ES and SopperSopper, WE, 1979, The effects of antecedent , WE, 1979, The effects of antecedent soil moisture on soil moisture on stormflowstormflow volumes and timing, Proc. 3rd Intl. volumes and timing, Proc. 3rd Intl. SympSymp. in . in Hydrology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.Hydrology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.Mosley, M P, 1979, Mosley, M P, 1979, StreamflowStreamflow generation in a forested watershed, New generation in a forested watershed, New Zealand, Water Resources Research, 15(4), 795Zealand, Water Resources Research, 15(4), 795--806.806.SklashSklash, MG and , MG and FarvoldenFarvolden, RN, 1979, The role of groundwater in storm , RN, 1979, The role of groundwater in storm runoff, runoff, J. Hydrol.J. Hydrol., 43, 45, 43, 45--65. **65. **Sharma, M L, Gander, G A and Hunt, S G, 1980, Spatial variabilitSharma, M L, Gander, G A and Hunt, S G, 1980, Spatial variability of y of infiltration in a watershed, infiltration in a watershed, J. HydrolJ. Hydrol, 45, 101, 45, 101--122.122.Huff, DD, OHuff, DD, O’’Neill, RV, Emmanuel, WR, Elwood, J W and Neill, RV, Emmanuel, WR, Elwood, J W and NewboldNewbold, JD, 1982, , JD, 1982, Flow variability and Flow variability and hillslopehillslope hydrology, hydrology, Earth Surf. Process. Earth Surf. Process. LandfLandf.., 7, 91, 7, 91--9494HjelmfeltHjelmfelt, AT and Burwell, R T, 1984, Spatial variability of runoff, , AT and Burwell, R T, 1984, Spatial variability of runoff, J. J. IrrigIrrig. . Drain. Div. ASCEDrain. Div. ASCE, 110, 46, 110, 46--54 54 GillhamGillham, RW, 1984, The effect of the capillary fringe on water table , RW, 1984, The effect of the capillary fringe on water table response, response, J. HydrologyJ. Hydrology, 67, 307, 67, 307--324. **324. **

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Read 15 Benchmark papers andRead 15 Benchmark papers and……

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What do I expect?What do I expect?

Read general introduction Read general introduction this weekthis weekRead the light colored references (make sure Read the light colored references (make sure

you read ** plus Beven and Kirkby by midyou read ** plus Beven and Kirkby by mid--term term exam) exam)

Know the authors, the titles and the main Know the authors, the titles and the main contributionscontributionsKnow why these are benchmark papersKnow why these are benchmark papersRemember the key points, key figures and key Remember the key points, key figures and key

concepts.concepts.Know how they build upon and relate to each Know how they build upon and relate to each

otherother

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ScheduleSchedule

Sept 27 (next class): Field trip! Sept 27 (next class): Field trip! Oct 11: Lab 1Oct 11: Lab 1Oct 16: Virtual lecture: Keith Beven (author of your text) Oct 16: Virtual lecture: Keith Beven (author of your text) Oct 18: Quiz (lecture material and Benchmark Papers)Oct 18: Quiz (lecture material and Benchmark Papers)

take virtual field trip beforehandtake virtual field trip beforehand

Nov 1: Lab 2Nov 1: Lab 2Nov 15: Lab 3Nov 15: Lab 3Dec 3: Project reports dueDec 3: Project reports dueFinal ExamFinal Exam

Grading: 1/3 grade Quiz/Exam; 1/3 grade Project 1/3 Grade Grading: 1/3 grade Quiz/Exam; 1/3 grade Project 1/3 Grade LabsLabs

(adjustments up based on participation in class)(adjustments up based on participation in class)

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Oregon State University Uhlenbrook, McDonnell and Leibundgut, 2001

Lecture ScheduleLecture Schedule

Introduction, field trip, Runoff overview

Wrap-up, Lab/project discussion, mid-term

2 weeks

2 weeks

2 weeks

2 weeks

2 weeks

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Oregon State University (Kendall and Coplen, 2001)

Example locations used in the class½ from sites where my group has worked

Maimai, New ZealandSvartberget, SwedenFudoji, Japan

Panola, GA

Maybeso, AK

Dry Cr, NY

Sleepers River, VT

CSSL, CA

HJ Andrews, ORReynolds Creek, ID

Huntington, NY

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Questions Questions youyou’’ll be able to ll be able to

answer after answer after taking the classtaking the class

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How does water infiltrate to depth in the soil profile? Photo: Markus Weiler UBC

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How does water move laterally?

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How do nearHow do near--stream zones control stream zones control streamflowstreamflow response?response?

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FF

How do different parts of the watershed How do different parts of the watershed contribute to flow in the stream (during contribute to flow in the stream (during

and between events?and between events?

Photo: Ross Woods, NIWA

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Waterlogged soil profile

Petra Fackle, ETH Zurich

How can we map runoff hotspots?How can we map runoff hotspots?

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a b c

From Stefan Uhlenbrook, IHE Delft

How to break up the watershed into its component How to break up the watershed into its component parts?parts?

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HJ AndrewsHJ Andrews(LOOK (LOOK –– 6200 ha)6200 ha)

WS10 WS10 (10 ha)(10 ha)

WS02 (60 ha)WS02 (60 ha)

WS03 (101 ha)WS03 (101 ha)WS08 (21 ha)WS08 (21 ha)

MACK (580 ha)MACK (580 ha)

WS09WS09(9 ha)(9 ha)

Photographed by Al Photographed by Al LevnoLevno Date: 7/91 Date: 7/91

HI15HI15

PRIMETPRIMET

How do processes scale?How do processes scale?

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This course in the This course in the context of water context of water resource issues resource issues

locally, nationally locally, nationally and internationallyand internationally

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WS6WS6WS7WS7

WS8WS8

13 ha13 ha

15.4 ha15.4 ha

21.4 ha21.4 ha

How does forest harvesting and road construction affect flow in the stream?

HJ Andrews OR

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How do water flow pathways flush How do water flow pathways flush nutrients to the stream?nutrients to the stream?

Charlie Driscoll, SU

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Does land use change in the headwaters Does land use change in the headwaters cause flooding in the lowlands?cause flooding in the lowlands?

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How will climate change and variability affectHow will climate change and variability affectflow regime?flow regime?

Science Article 2004Science Article 2004Global Change in the PNW HOGlobal Change in the PNW HO

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SummarySummary

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HillslopeHillslope and Watershed Hydrologyand Watershed Hydrology

Physical

ChemicalIsotopic

Explicit solution of water and tracer mass balance

Photo: Kevin McGuire

“…“…accurate prediction of the accurate prediction of the headwater hydrograph implies headwater hydrograph implies adequate modeling of sources, adequate modeling of sources, flowpathsflowpaths andand residence times of water residence times of water and solutesand solutes..”” Hewlett and Hewlett and TroendleTroendle, , 19751975

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Why headwater watersheds?Why headwater watersheds?

From Tracy Nadeau, EPA

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What we What we willwill and and will notwill not covercover

Sivapalan et al. 1995

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WeWe’’ll consider the ll consider the ““control volumecontrol volume”” of the watershedof the watershed

Enda O'Connell and John Enda O'Connell and John EwenEwen 20042004

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We will explore how the experimentalist We will explore how the experimentalist and the modeler view hillslopes and and the modeler view hillslopes and

catchmemtscatchmemts

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This lectureThis lecture

What are the main questions that this What are the main questions that this course will address?course will address?IntroductionsIntroductionsGrading, readings, project and other class Grading, readings, project and other class

businessbusinessThis course in the context of water This course in the context of water resource issues locally, nationally and resource issues locally, nationally and internationallyinternationally

fe 537 fall 2007 fe 537: hillslope and watershed hydrologyfe 537 oregon state university benchmark...

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