Feasibility of Nuclear Hydrogen Transportation via Blue Stream Pipeline

in Turkey

IAEA’s Technical Meeting to Examine the Role of Nuclear Hydrogen Production in the Context of the Hydrogen Economy July 18th, Vienna, 2017

Dr. Hasan Ozcan

Faculty of Engineering, Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering Karabuk University, Turkey

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OUTLINE

• Turkey’s Near Term Projects

• Sinop Nuclear Power Plant Project

• Hydrogen Generation Technologies

• The Mg-Cl cycle

• Hydrogen Enriched Natural Gas (H2NG)

• Case Studies with IAEA’s HEEP software

• Conclusions and Recommendations 2

3

• Akkuyu Nuclear Plant : Russia – Turkey coop. Water-Water Energetic Reactor (VVER) – Regional unstabilized conditions may delay the process.

• Sinop Nuclear Plant: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries – Japan and Areva-France medium power pressurized water reactor (PWR) (ATMEA1 – Generation III) – 2023

• Igneada Nuclear Plant - Westinghouse Electric Company - two AP1000 and two CAP1400 - pressurized water reactor – First will be in use in China in 2017 - This plant is expected to be under management of Turkish professionals

• Now more than a 1000 students study on Nuclear Engineering within an exchange program between Russia and Turkey

• It is expected to create more than million new jobs, and thousand of establishments, as well as a technical expertise for Turkish professionals.

• Nuclear co-generation option has never been discussed by the government

Other

Energy source share by 2015 (MoE-T)

NG

Coal

Geo-t

Wind

Hydro

Locations of Projected Nuclear Plants (Source: Vikipedia)

TURKEY’S NEAR TERM PROJECTS

SINOP NUCLEAR PLANT PROJECT

• ATMEA1 Reactor

• 1200 MW X 4 units

• Thermal output: 3150 MWt

• Steam pressure: 7.3 MPa

• 38.1% efficiency with an economizer

• Cost: 22 billion dollars

• Service Life: 60 years

• First Unit by 2023

• Grade of Heat ~326°C

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SINOP NUCLEAR PLANT PROJECT

5 (Courtesy of Salih Sari https://www.iaea.org/NuclearPower/Downloadable/Meetings/2016/2016-05-10-05-13-

NPES/Country_pres/Turkey_CNPP_Meeting_Turkey_Presentation_10-13_May_2016.pdf

HYDROGEN GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES

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RENEWABLES- solar- wind- hydro- tidal

- biomass- geothermal

FOSSIL FUELS- Natural Gas- Crude Oil

- Coal

NUCLEAR- Nuclear power- Process heat

Thermo-chemical

Steam Reforming

PartialOxidation

Auto thermal

Reforming

Electro-chemical

Desulphurization

Plasma reforming Pyrolysis

Ammonia Reforming

Biomass Gasification

Biological Hydrogen

Photo electrolysis

Hydrogen production methods from various means of energy sources (Naterer et al., 2013)

HYDROGEN GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES

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Methods for Electrolysis

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Minimization of Gibbs free energy by using hybrid cycles (Source: Yan and Hino, 2011)

HYBRID THERMOCHEMICAL CYCLES

H2SO4 0.5O2+SO2+H2O (1173 K)

SO2 +2H2O H2+H2SO4 (350-400 K, 0.16 V)

SO2+H2OH2SO4

H 2O

HEAT

ELEC

.

H 2

1/2O

2

Hybrid Sulfur (HyS) cycle (Source: Yildiz and Petri, 2005)

A: H2O+2CuCl2 2HCl+Cu2OCl2 (700K)

Cu2OCl2 2CuCl+0.5O2 (800K)

2HClCu2OCl2

HEA

T

H2O

2CuCl+2HCl H2+2CuCl2(aq) (353K, 1 bar)2CuCl

ELEC

.

2CuCl2(aq) 2CuCl2(s) (400K)

2CuCl2(aq)

2CuCl2(s)

Four-step Cu-Cl cycle (Source: Levis and Masin, 2009)

H2O+MgCl2 MgO+2HCl (773K)

MgO+Cl2 MgCl2+0.5O2 (~723K)

2HCl

MgO

HEA

T

H2O

2HCl H2+Cl2 (363K, 0.99 V)

Cl2

1/2O

2

H2

ELEC

.

Hydrolysis Electrolysis

Chlorination

Three-step Mg-Cl cycle (Source: Simpson et al., 2006)

ΔG

TΔS

Pure

ther

moc

hem

ical

ΔGel

Pure

ele

ctro

chem

ical

T

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The four-step Mg-Cl-C cycle with HCl capture

THE FOUR STEP Mg-Cl CYCLE HCl CAPTURE

The HCl capture hierarchy

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𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑙𝑙𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑓𝑓 = 20.29𝑒𝑒 −𝑁𝑁0.1766+𝐶𝐶𝑀𝑀 0.1688eN0.1766

+1.433⋅10−3𝑒𝑒 𝑁𝑁0.0683−𝐶𝐶𝑀𝑀0.1259𝑒𝑒𝑁𝑁0.2701

𝑇𝑇

TGA/DTA results Experimental results

Model derived from experimental results:

30.8 ± 0.36%

THE FOUR STEP Mg-Cl CYCLE HCl CAPTURE

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Sample from experiment at 275°C

Results for the 400°C sample

THE FOUR STEP Mg-Cl CYCLE HCl CAPTURE

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Composite curves of the final configuration

Comparison of efficiencies

THE FOUR STEP Mg-Cl CYCLE HCl CAPTURE

13 Hydrogen cost comparison

Exergy destruction rates of cycle components Cost rates of exergy destruction

Plant cost rate variation

THE FOUR STEP Mg-Cl CYCLE HCl CAPTURE

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Pareto front of the multi-objective optimization

Model for cost-exergy efficiency relation

Decision Variable Unit Optimum Value

Hydrolysis Temperature

°C 251.8

Decomposition Temperature

°C 485.8

Steam/Magnesium ratio

- 8.01

Inert gas flow rate kmol/s 1.57

Optimum decision variables

Base model Optimum value

Exergy efficiency (%)

53 56.25

Plant cost rate ($/s)

14.54 12.98

Optimum cost and efficiency

THE FOUR STEP Mg-Cl CYCLE HCl CAPTURE

HYDROGEN ENRICHED NATURAL GAS

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• Two scenarios can be considered for hydrogen transportation in a natural gas pipeline:

• Separation of hydrogen at the delivery point (Costly – 2$-7$ per kg)

• Direct residential and industrial use (Possible NOx emissions – GHG emissions vs NOx emissions are still remains as a question)

• Some possible problems of transporting hydrogen with natural gas are:

• Gas leakage

• Pipeline material durability

• Efficiency losses/gains in combustion

• Cost of the blend

• Blending ratio

• Backfiring at high air-fuel ratios

• Some advantages can be listed as follows

• Higher combustion efficiency

• Reduced CO2 emissions

• Internal fuel production and decreased NG import

Courtesy of DOE at https://www.iaea.org/NuclearPower/Downloadable/Meetings/2016/2016-05-10-05-13-NPES/Country_pres/Turkey_CNPP_Meeting_Turkey_Presentation_10-13_May_2016.pdf

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H2 - CH4 – H2NG

(Courtesy of http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/32328/InTech-A_review_of_hydrogen_natural_gas_blend_fuels_in_internal_combustion_engines.pdf

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CONNECTION TO BLUE STREAM

SINOP H2

(Modified from Gazprom http://www.gazprom.com/about/production/projects/pipelines/active/blue-stream/

Bypasses four countries (UKR-MOL-ROM-BUL) Gas supply without interruption Gas supply started in 2003 16 BCM per year 34% of total consumption (2016)

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NUCLEAR HYDROGEN GENERATION OPTIONS

NUCLEAR PLANT

ELECTROLYTIC HYDROGEN

Transportation Electricity

Water

Hydrogen Blue Stream

NUCLEAR PLANT

Chemical Heat Pump Low T

Heat

THERMOCHEMICAL HYDROGEN

Water

Electricity

High T heat

Hydrogen Transportation

Blue Stream

Elec

trol

ysis

Hybr

id

Case Studies using HEEP

• Case Studies are performed using HEEP software

• APWR reactor has been selected to be the nuclear reactor.

• Only 1 unit is used for hydrogen generation

• Since PWR maximum temperature is not adequate to run pure and hybrid cycles, a

chemical heat pump (CHP) system is adopted.

• For a 15 years life cycle, cost of CHP is taken to be 10 $/kWt

• 1 kg atmospheric Hydrogen occupies ~11 Nm3

• Normal m3 price of Natural gas from blue stream is 0.30 USD.

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Electrolytic Nuclear Hydrogen

4 Units APWR

Conventional Electrolysis

Transportation Electricity Hydrogen

3.17 USD 0.49 USD 0.11 USD

1.39 BCM/year 3.77 USD/kg 0.34 USD/m3

NG

H2

Blue Stream *0.3 USD/m3

0.34 USD/m3

0.304 USD/kg 10 % H2NG

25 % H2NG

50 % H2NG

0.320 USD/kg

0.310 USD/kg

* The NG price often fluctuates. In 2013, this price was around 0.477 USD/m3 20

HyS based Nuclear Hydrogen

4 Units HTGR

1 unit HyS Transportation Electricity Hydrogen

3.53 USD 0.84 USD 0.11 USD

1.39 BCM/year 4.47 USD/kg 0.41 USD/m3

NG

H2

Blue Stream *0.3 USD/m3

0.41 USD/m3

0.311 USD/kg 10 % H2NG

25 % H2NG

50 % H2NG

0.355 USD/kg

0.328 USD/kg

* The NG price often fluctuates. In 2013, this price was around 0.477 USD/m3 21

Heat

MgCl based Nuclear Hydrogen

NG

H2

Blue Stream *0.3 USD/m3

0.36 USD/m3

0.306 USD/kg 10 % H2NG

25 % H2NG

50 % H2NG

0.330 USD/kg

0.315 USD/kg

* Data based on Ozcan, Phd Thesis, University of Ontario Institute of Technology

NUCLEAR PLANT

Chemical Heat Pump Low T

Heat

Four-Step Mg-Cl Cycle

High T heat

Hydrogen Transportation

Blue Stream

Electricity

*Nuclear Mg-Cl cycle: 3.67 USD/kg Chemical Heat Pump: 0.08 USD/kg Transportation: 0.24 USD/kg

0.694 BCM/year 3.99 USD/kg 0.36 USD/m3

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CuCl based Nuclear Hydrogen

NG

H2

Blue Stream *0.3 USD/m3

0.33 USD/m3

0.303 USD/kg 10 % H2NG

25 % H2NG

50 % H2NG

0.315 USD/kg

0.308 USD/kg

* Data based on Ozbilen, Phd Thesis, University of Ontario Institute of Technology

NUCLEAR PLANT

Chemical Heat Pump Low T

Heat

Four-Step Cu-Cl Cycle

High T heat

Hydrogen Transportation

Blue Stream

Electricity

*Nuclear Cu-Cl cycle: 3.31 USD/kg Chemical Heat Pump: 0.08 USD/kg Transportation: 0.24 USD/kg

0.694 BCM/year 3.63 USD/kg 0.33 USD/m3

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Conclusions

• Specified Location of Sinop Nuclear plant is suitable for low distance hydrogen

transportation via the blue stream NG pipeline.

• There are many questions arising for transportation of hydrogen with an NG pipeline,

and utilization through direct combustion.

• Even though the reported sizes of hybrid thermochemical cycles are lower than the

present technologies in the HEEP database, approximate costs are close.

• Execution-termination of thermochemical cycles might not be feasible for use at off-

peak times.

• H2NG might be an emerging alterative for external energy dependent countries such

as Turkey.

• It seems possible to compensate 2.4% of NG requirement of Turkey using nuclear H2

from 1 unit of Sinop Nuclear plant with reasonable costs that can be afforded by

residents and industry. 24

THANK YOU

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