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Report on Feasibility of Triphala Production Enterprise development in Central Terai area Submitted to: SNV Nepal Central Terai Portfolio Submitted by: Sichan Shrestha Enterprise Development Consultant Email: [email protected] Mobile: 9841333358 Harro Amala Barro

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Report on Feasibility of Triphala Production Enterprise development in Central Terai area, Prepared by Mr. Sichan Shrestha, Enterprise Development Consultant

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Report on Feasibility of Triphala Production Enterprise development in Central Terai

area

Submitted to: SNV Nepal Central Terai Portfolio

Submitted by: Sichan Shrestha

Enterprise Development Consultant Email: [email protected]

Mobile: 9841333358

Harro

Amala

Barro

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Table of Contents 1. Summary ............................................................................................. 6 2. Introduction ........................................................................................ 9 3. Study Design..................................................................................... 14

3.1. Purpose of the study ........................................................................14 3.2. Study design, methodology and approaches ........................................14 3.3. Expected outcomes from the study.....................................................15

4. Products description (Harro, Barro and Amala) .............................. 17 4.1. Product details ................................................................................17 4.2. Cultivation and harvesting.................................................................21 4.3. Processing ......................................................................................21

5. Supply and demand of Triphala in Nepal ......................................... 23 5.1. Triphala supply................................................................................23 5.2. Demand .........................................................................................26 5.3. Import and Export ...........................................................................26

6. Availability of Raw materials ........................................................... 28 6.1. Availability in Community forest, National Forest and private cultivation ..28

7. Triphala Enterprise Analysis ............................................................ 31 7.1. Technical Feasibility .........................................................................31 7.2. Social Feasibility ..............................................................................31 7.3. Economic Feasibility .........................................................................32 7.4. Financial feasibility...........................................................................37

8. Operation and Management of Triphala Enterprise ........................ 42 9. Interested Individuals and Organisations in Triphala Entperprise . 44 10. Support services and its delivery from different agencies ............. 45 11. Intervention strategies..................................................................... 49 12. Conclusions ...................................................................................... 50 13. References........................................................................................ 50 14. Annex................................................................................................ 52

14.1. Interview questionnaire forms ...........................................................52 14.2. List of persons met ..........................................................................66 14.3. Collection of Triphala........................................................................67 14.4. Payment Slip Format for Collectors.....................................................67

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List of tables Table 1: Summary of Organisations that make up the enabling environment in regulatory and supportive functions is NTFPs . 10 Table 2: Policies and initiatives for promotion of NTFP sector........................................................................................... 12 Table 3: District: District Ayurvedic health service center ............................................................................................................. 23 Table 4: Ayurvedic aysadhalayas in the districts: ......................................................................................................................... 23 Table 5: List of National Ayurvedic Medicine Manufacturing Companies ..................................................................................... 24 Table 6: List of International Ayurvedic Medicine Manufacturing Companies .............................................................................. 25 Table 7: Collection of raw Triphala (Harro, Barro and Amala) ...................................................................................................... 26 Table 8: Amala export in a year 2063/64 ...................................................................................................................................... 26 Table 9: Harro/Barro export (Year 2063/64) ................................................................................................................................. 27 Table 10: Community Forest User Group in central terai districts ................................................................................................ 28 Table 11: Royalty rates ................................................................................................................................................................. 29 Table 12: Triphala available VDCs in four districts ....................................................................................................................... 29 Table 13: Availability of Harro, Barro, Amala in the district........................................................................................................... 30 Table 14: Cost of Raw Triphala (Harro, Barro and Amala) ........................................................................................................... 33 Table 15: Cost of Dry Triphala (Harro, Barro and Amala)............................................................................................................. 33 Table 16: Maximum Retail Price of different popular available Nepali brand and sizes are follows:............................................ 33 Table 17: Maximum Retail Price of different popular available International brand and sizes are follows: .................................. 33 Table 18: Price of Amala, Harro and Barro in the India market, June 2006 ................................................................................. 33 Table 19: Price of Triphala ingredients (Amla. Harro and Barro).................................................................................................. 34 Table 20: Fixed Investment (Machine and equipment)................................................................................................................. 37 Table 21: Depreciation of Machine and Equipments .................................................................................................................... 38 Table 22: Maintenance Cost ......................................................................................................................................................... 38 Table 23: Indirect Labor Cost........................................................................................................................................................ 38 Table 24: Administrative and Management cost........................................................................................................................... 38 Table 25: Pre-Operating cost........................................................................................................................................................ 38 Table 26: Details of Raw Materials and other inputs: ................................................................................................................... 39 Table 27: Direct Labor Cost .......................................................................................................................................................... 39 Table 28: Packaging, Labeling Cost and Promotion..................................................................................................................... 39 Table 29: Summary of total cost: .................................................................................................................................................. 39 Table 30: Calculation of Per Unit Production Cost........................................................................................................................ 39 Table 31: Details of Raw Materials and other inputs .................................................................................................................... 40 Table 32: Direct Labor Cost .......................................................................................................................................................... 40 Table 33: Packaging, Labeling Cost and Promotion..................................................................................................................... 40 Table 34: Summary of total cost: .................................................................................................................................................. 40 Table 35: Calculation of Per Unit Production Cost........................................................................................................................ 40 Table 36: Cost benefit of Amala by using seeds........................................................................................................................... 41 Table 37: Cost benefit of Amala by using Saplings ...................................................................................................................... 41 Table 38: Organisations and its service delivery .......................................................................................................................... 46

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Acknowledgements The report and study acknowledges the following individuals/organizations for their

contributions:

Mr. Ujwal Pokharel, East and Central Portfolio coordinator, Mr. Laxmi Dutta Bhatta,

Advisor Mr. Kesari, Vijay Prasad, Advisor and the entire SNV Central Portfolio team for

conducting the feasibility study on Triphala production enterprise in the Central Terai

regions of Nepal.

Similarly, to the entire stakeholders from private sector, Government, Semi-Government

and the individual farmers those who participated in the study process by sharing their

knowledge and information. Especially the NTFP networks and DFCC offices team in

Makwanpur, Bara, Sarlahi and Dhanusha district for providing in-depth insight about

district situation and reality for making me understand the actual scenario.

Lastly, the traders, manufacturers and retailers involved in Triphala business for

providing genuine information.

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS NTFP : Non Timber Forest Product

ANSAB : Asian Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bio resources

AEC : Agro Enterprise Center

DFO : Department of Forest

DFCC : District Forest Coordination Office

SNV : Netherlands Development Organisation

DSCO : District Soil Conservation Office

DDC : District Development Committee

CFUG : Community Forest Users Group

FUG : Forest Users Group

WTO : World Trade Organisation

GMP : Good Manufacturing Practices

VDC : Village Development Committee

MAP : Medicine and Aromatic Plants

NARC : National Agriculture Research Council

NGO : Non-Governmental Organisation

NTFPs : Non Timber Forest Products

LHF : Leasehold forestry

CF : Community Forest

PLF : Public Land Forestry

ACOFUN : Association of Collaborative Forest Users Nepal

FECOFUN : Federation of Community Forest Users of Nepal

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1. Summary Study was commenced with detail planning and research questionnaire deign. The study

team interacted with the district level stakeholders (DFCC, DFO, NTFP networks, farmers,

traders, small scale processors and retailers etc.) and national level stakeholders (Big

size manufacturers, national traders, retailers etc. ) to gather primary source of

information related to cultivation, collection, processing and marketing of Triphala

churna. Secondary information was gathered by reading documents from the internet

search and materials gathered during the interviews.

Study findings are summarized as follows:

Triphala powder is commonly used as medicine for curing stomach related problems

of human being. It has multiple benefits as an individual, mixing separately or used in

other medicine for specific purpose. Harro and Barro are mostly available in the forest

areas and where as in addition to the forest, Amala is available in the private land, which

is cultivated in the month of March until August. Harvesting is all three fruits are suitable

in the month of October until March. Due to low available of Harro and Barro, collector

are not motivated in collection but Amala is mostly collected from the local collectors

which they fetch higher price (for Harro and Barro from Rs. 10 to 15 and Amala Rs. 30 to

40) compare to others and market guarantee its sales. Amala has multiple benefits in

terms of products as well as marketing aspects as it is used in other medicine and used

as a food and cosmetic products (hair oil, shampoo, soap etc.).

There are 40 registered Ayurvedic manufacturers and 38 importers who are

supplying Triphala churna in the market. These manufacturers are supplying not more

than 150 tons through around 900 retail shops and 289 Ayurvdeic Service centers

(Ausadhalaya). In addition to that, there are few more small-scale processors as an

individual who locally produce churna by purchasing Harro, Barro and Amala from the

farmers. It is estimated that mostly all Harro and Barro are imported from India about

2,000 tons, which is locally consumed in small quantity and mostly other, are exported

to China. Market price of Triphala churna varies from Rs. 30 to 60 for 100 gm and is

available in plastic bottles and in a loose plastic pack.

Triphala powder can be prepared by following very simple procedure, which involved

proper drying, and removing seeds from all the fruits and converting into powder form

by simple pulverize machine. Scale of investment starts from minimum of Rs. 250,000 to

maximum of Rs. 500,000 depending on target volume of production. Processing is very

labour intensive and mostly women are engaged at the lower end of the production i.e.

harvesting, collection, drying, sorting, grading and packaging. Production is nowadays a

very basic aspect and should follow all quality standards (GMP, HACCP etc.), but where

as marketing is another very challenging aspect that requires lots of intellectual planning

and investment in creating brand identity and customer responsiveness. With both the

quality production and marketing aspects processing at the local level is, questioned all

the time.

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Domestic production of Triphala is estimated to be not more than 150 tons.

Additional 100 tons are either imported or locally produced by 28 international

manufacturing companies. Currently it is only collected from the forest areas and not

cultivated in the private land. In the four study districts, it is estimated that 80 tons of

Triphala is collected from 23-hectare area with directly benefiting poor beneficiaries

involved in collection. Even though there are 89,343 HH involved in collection of NTFPs

but it cannot be said that they are all involved in Triphala collection. It is actually difficult

to estimate number of HH directly involved in Triphala collection. Triphala cultivation can

be upscale in barren land in private, public, community and leasehold forest. Very few

development organisations/programme are involved in the promotion of Triphala based

enterprise in Nepal especially in technical, financial and marketing. However, there are

regular Government support services mechanism from various departments and

institutions.

Suggestions and recommendations

Even though establishing small scale Triphala processing is technically and financially

viable but there are many management issues in collection and procuring raw materials

from the forest areas especially Harro and Barro. Large-scale collection and semi

processing with quality control is mandatory at this stage. It is recommended that

initially Triphala should be processed only up to the level where there is no change in the

product form (do not prepare powder). Usually market defines required quantity of

materials and its quality so it is very essential to plan these parameters along with the

market players i.e. traders and manufacturers. Currently Triphala is imported from India

which can be gradually replaced by quality processing by introducing appropriate

harvesting, drying and seed extraction technology to the local level groups or

cooperatives those who are interested to work in this sector. To promote commercial

cultivation and conservation in the forest areas by sustainable harvesting existing local

level organisation i.e. NTFP networks, DDC/VDC, (DDC-Local development fund can be

utilize for the commercial cultivation through group approach) DFCC, DFO, DSCO etc.

can play a vital role where as groups and cooperatives shall commercially involve in

collective collection, semi processing and marketing of dried Triphala to the traders and

then finally to the manufacturers or exports.

Collectors/farmers are currently not motivated in the promotion of this sector due to

the reason that there is no assurance of its market and they are scattered where as

buyers have no access with the collectors/farmers. Business relationship between the

traders/manufacturers and the farmers/groups/cooperatives needs to be build by long-

term contractual agreement and commitment from both the parties. Suppliers shall

provide quality and quantity raw material supply where as buyers should pay agreed

price. Triphala processing is labour intensive and mostly women are involved especially

in harvesting, sorting, grading and seed extraction and packaging. These women will be

benefited if it is processed in a volume.

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Due to logistics difficulty (road access, strikes, bandh, etc.), Triphala churna

produced by large-scale manufactures does not reach the local rural market and are

depended on Indian products. These local markets does not demand branded product

with attractive packaging so prepare Triphala powder can be produced in a small scale

with low cost production targeting these local rural market segment positioning that

Nepali product is fresh and much better than Indian product.

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2. Introduction NTFP have been welfare, subsistence or livelihood commodity since long. The importance

of MAPs has increased progressively over the last two decades. Ayurvedic remedies are

increasing become mainstream consumer products manufactured by national and

multinational companies.

Over the last decade Nepal's natural products sector has undergone significant

changes with the increase in community forest user rights and increased local processing.

This has given Nepal an opportunity to expand beyond its dependence on India market,

but also highlighted how much more work Nepal needs to become competitive in world

markets for natural products while sustain ably managing the unique diversity of the

natural products harvesting areas. The value chain dynamics have changed significantly

from over 90 % traded illegally in raw form to India, to 75 % now processed in Nepal1.

Three species Harro, Barro and Amala, which is required for Triphala production, are

available in mid hills and Terai of Nepal and information regarding its traded volume is

partially available. Its technical research has been conducted many times by experts and

scientist of Nepal but from marketing and value chain development with enterprise

creation prospective the study has not been conducted.

Herbal resources are other form of Ayurvedic wealth. The geographical setting and

advanced bio-diversity has made it possible for the Himalayan country to grow different

valuable medicinal plants. The Medicinal and Aromatic database of Nepal covers 1624

species of plants found in wild state or cultivated, naturalized, or imported belonging to

938 genera and 218 families. These are known to be used as medicine in Nepal. It has

been estimated that four out of five medicinal plants utilized by human beings are

collected currently from the wild (FRAME report).

Since herbal resources are one of the most reliable sources of income for a majority

of the people living in rural areas, competition for harvest begins before the right season.

Locals do not have scientific knowledge or technology and tools to harvest. Probability of

regeneration, therefore, becomes lesser by the year and finally reaches extinction. There

are two urgent steps required to check this: First, the local people who rely on such

natural resources for their lives must be trained; second, encourage them to cultivate

these herbs commercially. Research has found that due to change in socio-psychological

factors and educational patterns, the present generations of traditional healers do not

follow the old methods. This is a threat to indigenous knowledge (Bhupendra, THT, 2004

June 22)

Collection and trade of medicinal plants to India has become a historical fact

(Shrestha, 1994; Ghimire et al., 2001). In fact, this traditional practice of trade in most

of the high hill districts of the country has become an important source of income

generation. The trade of Non-timber forest products is ancient: the earliest reference is

probably over 3000 years in Sanskrit legend Ramayan (Edwards, 1996). Since then the

1 The FRAME study - a program of USAID Jatamansi and Wintergreen value chains

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trade of plants has contributed a lot in Nepal’s economy and Olsen (1998, 1999)

estimated that 470,000 households are involved in commercial plant collection in Nepal

and the annual export value of approximately 22-70 million US$ (FAME report) has

sustained the life of vast population. At present, wild and useful medicinal plants are

highly threatened due to over and unsustainable harvesting for trade, habitat destruction,

human encroachment and application of inappropriate technologies. In order to conserve

the species that have become vulnerable, threatened and endangered various measures

are under implementation. Despite these efforts, there are still less information

regarding the uses of medicinal plants.

Several policies, development plans, acts and regulations may require periodic review

and revision that often wrangle to each other in regulating and managing NTFP resources

for people’s subsistence and commerce. The following have been the milestones for

Nepal in policy arrangement of the country encouraging promotion of NTFP resources:

Master Plan for the Forestry Sector, 1989; Industrial Enterprises Act, 1992; the Ninth

and Tenth Plan of the Forestry Sector, 2059-2064 BS, and three year Interim plan

(2007-2010) on enterprise development.

Acknowledging the sprits of Tenth Five Year Plan, the government has established

the HNCC (2002) under the chairmanship of the Minister for Forests and Soil

Conservation as a milestone in NTFP sub-sector promotion: HNCC has various mandates,

including serving as a forum for producers and buyers to make them aware of technical

know-how and existence of potential markets.

Herbs and Non-timber Forest Products Development Policy (2004) is the new policy

developed by HNCC (2002) for overall promotion of the NTFPs sub-sector in Nepal. The

policy framework is considered innovative to investors for management and sustainable

utilisation of NTFP resources. The policy has envisioned several initiatives in favour of

producers as well as traders and has sought investment from private sectors. The

government took some initiatives immediately after the policy formulation. These

initiatives are revision on royalty rates of MAPs and other NTFPs produced from private

land, revision of royalty for some NTFPs in line with the market price of the products;

and provision for bank loan facilities to farmers/ entrepreneurs. All these proactive

policies and steps taken by the government are highly appreciated by all involved in the

sub sector. Table 1: Summary of Organisations that make up the enabling environment in regulatory and supportive functions is NTFPs

Enterprise Function/Activities

Organisation

Company Registration Office of Company Register, Department of Cottage and Small Industries

Collection permit/ License DFO and CFUG Royalty Payment DFO, CFUG Checking and verification of quantity

DFO, Range post or CFUG

Release order or transit DFO, CFUG

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permit Local taxes District Development Committee, Municipality Checking and endorsement Forest check-post Export recommendation DFO (recommend concern to the Customs Office Product verification and export permission for selected natural products

Department of Plant Resources (DPR) (Permission to export processed natural products that are prohibited from export in crude form)

Certificate of origin Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FNCCI), Nepal Chamber of Commerce and Industry (CCI)

Export promotion and duty Customs Office of exporting country Import promotion and duty Customs Office of Importing country Taxes Department of VAT, Department of Income Taxes, Department of

Customs Market Information Trade Promotion Center (TPC), FNCCI, NCC, NGOs Financial support Agriculture Development Bank, Commercial Bank, local

businessmen Processing technology Department of Industries, Department of Cottage and Small

Industries, private companies, NGOs, RECAST Resource management and research

DPR, DFO, NGOs

Source: Subedi (2004)

The possibility of policy improvements is tremendous, as NTFP tends to be a complicated

sector involving several different types of stakeholders with competing interests. Policy should be

accommodative and evolving in response to the changing conservation and economic development

needs. NTFP related policies should be thoroughly reviewed in the light of their current overall

impact over the national economy, natural resource conditions, rural livelihoods and status of

equity.

The conservation and sustainability must not be compromised but at the same time, economic

consideration for social change should be the priority. The emerging area of policy reform is the

perceptional changes of the policy makers and implementers. The conservative mindset and

cumbersome procedures must be simplified.

Some emerging areas in the field of NTFP policy are as follows: Royalty rates: The royalty rates applied to all products should be reviewed and set more in line

with the economic impact these royalties have on the products position in the market. A clear

criterion for royalties should be developed that is transparent and linked to some reasonable

objectives. Life cycle of the plants, regeneration potential and quantity available should also to be

considered while fixing royalties.

The tariff and revenue rates should also be made taking into consideration the conditions and

commitments of the national and international conventions and agreements.

In late 2002, the government constituted a 13-member high level NTFP Promotion Board under

the Chairpersonship of the Minister of Forests and Soil Conservation. This Board has a clearly

spelled out mandate for national policy and strategy analysis and improvements for the promotion

of the NTFP sector in Nepal. It is expected that this Board would bring about radical changes in the

NTFP sector that could encourage NTFP conservation, cultivation, open, healthy and competitive

markets and promising security to industries as well as ensuring benefits to local people whose

livelihoods are dependent on and affected by this sector.

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Policy in farming, domestication extraction, harvesting, processing for value addition,

transportation and carrying should be clarified and documented. The cultivation of NTFPs should be

taken as economic activity rather than natural conservation. The dissemination of appropriate

harvesting techniques as well as credit for its promotion should be made available. Collection and

marketing of NTFPs tends to be over burdened by the regulatory measures that are difficult and

impractical to be observed even by the concerned regulatory agencies. Consequently,

unauthorized harvesting, illegal trade and export of many banned products have remained a

common practice in Nepal. The provision of taking a collection permit prior to collection in general

neither tends to be feasible nor has any significance in the part of DFOs authorized to issue the

permits. CFUGs are free to issue NTFP collection permits and to collect royalties on NTFP products.

DFOs generally have no information as to what can be collected from which part of the

government forests in what quantity in a sustainable manner. Despite the legal provision that

species example; Jatamansi, Sugandhawal, Sugandhakokila, Serpagandha, Silajit, Lothsalla (Taxus

baccata), Jhyau and Yarsa Gumba are not allowed to export without processing. Transit permits

are issued by DFOs for their transport action up to the border towns of the Terai from where they

are generally illegally exported. Regulating the collection, processing, certification and export

permit falls in the domain of a number of agencies further complicating the marketing of NTFPs

Legal Steps for Collection and Export

Requirement Issuing Agency Collection Permit DFO/CFUG Royalty Payment DFO/CFUG Release (transit) Permit DFO Local Taxes DDC Certificate of origin FNCCI/NCC Product Certification DPR/ DOF Export License Department of Commerce Export Duty Customs office

Government royalty rates for some NTFPs tend to be irresponsive to these markets. There are

different royalty rates fixed for the same plant listed under different names. Local agencies

(DDCs/VDCs) in some cases have imposed local taxes on different NTFPs and/or their derivatives

before they can be exported from respective districts. Uncoordinated taxation under the provisions

of different regulations has negative implication for the market and over those who make a living

through collection and trade of NTFPs. Such imperfect market situations encourage traders to

support the rent-seeking attitude of officials at different levels, leading to lower prices for

collectors and producers.

Table 2: Policies and initiatives for promotion of NTFP sector SN Policy Initiative Description 1 Master Plan for Forestry

Sector 1989

Provides a 25 years policy and planning framework for the

forestry sector including NTFPs as one of the primary program.

2 NTFP Development Policy

2062

This is a major government policy document related to

promotion of NTFPs towards poverty reduction. The policy

highly emphasises the need of local level processing of major

herbs and medicinal plants in order to promote local

employment. Article 28 of the policy document encourages

NTFP cultivation where as article 22 emphasise the need of

government incentives to persons or groups that are involved in

NTFP cultivation and processing. Similarly, the policy document

also emphasises the need to explore local knowledge and skills

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in NTFP collections, harvesting, processing, and use.

3 Forest Policy 2002 One of the primary objectives identified by this document is the

need to develop medicinal and aromatic plants, with the aim to

increase the supply of medicinal and aromatic plants and other

non-wood products and to facilitate their conversion into useful

commodities and their distribution to local and foreign markets.

4 Forest Act 2049 and

Forest Regulation 2051

Describe in detail how the DFO should manage government

forests and how CFUG’s should manage community forests. One

clause mentions that extraction should not be more than

allowable cut. It also describes how CFUG can issue collection

permits (Article 11).

5 Buffer Zone Management

Regulation 2052 and

related amendments

A potentially relevant regulation is that 30 to 50% of the

revenues of national parks should be ploughed back into the

buffer zone management, from which local CFUGs can benefit.

6 National Conservation

Strategy (NCS)

Major objectives are:

1) to satisfy the basic material, spiritual and cultural needs of

the people – present and future

2) ensure sustainable use of resources

3) maintain biological diversity in order to maintain and improve

the variety of yields, the quality of crops and variety of wild

species (plants and animals)

4) to maintain essential ecological and life-support systems,

such soil regeneration, nutrient recycling and the protection and

cleansing of water and air

7 Nepal Environmental

Policy and Action Plan

Further refinement of the NCS. It seeks to institutionalise

environmental protection in the development process. (NEPAP-I

1995, and NEPAP-II 1996)

8 Nepal Biodiversity

Strategy (NBS), 2002

This is a sectoral strategy to promote the conservation and

sustainable use of bio-diversity

9 Tenth plan of the

forestry sector

Encourages private investor by simplifying the taxation system,

sales, and distribution. Creates a role for government as a

facilitator, catalysts, and regulator in the process of overall

NTFP development. Highlights the need for entrepreneurs in

acquiring loan from commercial banks.

10 Industrial Enterprises act, 1992

Encourages the overall economic development of the country by

supporting industrial enterprises in a competitive manner.

11 Sustainable

Development Agenda of

Nepal (SDAN), 2003

This is the latest policy level conservation initiative of the

Government of Nepal, with 21 broad goals. These include

participation, building on existing plans and processes, paying

clear attention to environmental and development priorities. It

provides guidance towards improving and expanding existing

policies and strategies to bring about substantial impact. It also

aims to raise awareness on sustainable development, enhance

participation of all stakeholders, integrate Agenda 21 locally,

and promote environmental governance at all levels.

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3. Study Design Before the study was commenced detail survey planning was done with the following details.

3.1. Purpose of the study Triphala is among the most common formulas used in Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine

(TAM). Three ingredients of Triphala namely are Harro (Terminalia Chebula) Barro

(Terminalia Belerica) and Amla (Emblica Officinalis). Triphala is mentioned throughout

the ancient literature of Ayurvedic medicine as a tonic alterative and gentle aperient,

highly prized for its ability to regulate the processes of digestion and elimination. Used

by itself or in formulation, Triphala plays an essential role in the treatment of a wide

variety of conditions.

Triphala is commonly available as a churna, a finely sieved powder that can be mixed

with water, ghee (clarified butter) or honey. There are many methods of preparing

Triphala however, including medicated oils, decoctions, confections, and natural

fermentations (asava/arishta). Triphala is regarded as an important rasayana in

Ayurvedic medicine. Medicines of the rasayana group are believed to promote health,

immunity, and longevity. According to Ayurveda, they strengthen all tissues of the body,

prevent aging, promote intellect, and prevent disease.

Discussion was carried out in field level with relevant stakeholders (Forest Users,

DFCC officials and NTFP networks) about the possibility of Triphala production. The

ingredients are found in CFM, CF and national forest of central Terai whereas also Amla

plantation was also found in private land. Based on these discussions, SNV central Terai

portfolio decided to carry out the feasibility study on Triphala production enterprise

development in Central Terai area.

3.2. Study design, methodology and approaches The overall objective is to carry out a detailed feasibility study on the Triphala production

and enterprise development in central Terai area. Other specific objectives of this study

include:

Explore supply and demand trend of Triphala in Nepal

Explore availability of Haro, Baro and Amla in Central Terai

Explore the local producers or small farmer of three species

Technology and investment required for a Triphala enterprise

Suggest operation and management modality of the enterprise

Explore the market chain and potential company willing to market or become co-

investor

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3.3. Expected outcomes from the study Overall outcome is detail feasibility study report for establishment of community owned

Triphala production in central Terai area after in depth analysis with feasibility on

technical, financial and resource availability factors. The report will also cover other

details as follows:

Assessment of technical, social, financial, and resource availability for feasibility

of Triphala enterprise. For resource availability three ingredients Harro, Barro and

Amala will be estimated, For production of Triphala required technology

(equipment and machinery) will be explored and its financial estimation .

Market assessment with demand and supply of Triphala in Nepal

Conceptual guidelines recommended for operation and management of Triphala

production enterprise.

Explore potential interested company willing to market or jointly invest with

community owned enterprise,

Assessment of current support service and service delivery from different

agencies

Study areas:

The study locations are central Terai area from Dhanusha to Chitwan, which covers 8

districts: Chitwan, Makwanpur, Bara, Parsa, Rautahat, Sarlahi, Mahottari and Dhanusa.

However, in Kathamndu and other near by locations where traders and manufacturing

companies are located is also taken into consideration.

Survey tools and methods adopted:

Brief interaction with each District Forest Office, NTFP networks, DFCC office of

eight districts for understanding dynamics of Triphala business from production of

three products namely Harro, Barro and Amla at the producer’s level, local level

collectors, district traders and finally the manufacturing company. Interviews will

CHINA

Chitwan

Parsa

Bara Rautahat

Sarlahi

Mohattari

Dhanusha

Makwanpur

Study districts

INDIA

Kathmandu

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help us to identify the tentative locations where the three ingredients for

producing Triphala.

Interviews with the help of questionnaire/checklist with local level collectors

FGD with the CFUGs, and other local community producers to assess their

existing capacity to operate Triphala enterprise

Interviews with the district level collectors and existing Triphala manufacturer.

Interviews with business service providers: Government, NGOs, INGOs, private

etc.

Study sample:

The following samples were identified for the feasibility study:

Local producers or small farmers and community users group

Local collectors

District and national traders

Ayurvedic manufacturing company

Service providers: DFO, DFCC, NTFP promotion network

Approach:

Interaction with the NTFP Networks of Dhanusha, Bara, Makwanpur and Sarlahi

and SNV lead advisor

Desktop study and analysis

Stakeholders' consultations and discussions

Organise field level workshop at field level with active participation from

government authorities, business enterprises/private sector, CFUGs and their

networks, DFO, DFCC etc.

Assessment of resources (Haro Baro and Amala) availability in CFM, CF and

National forest and private plantation in central Terai

Exploration of technology required in Triphala production

Financial analysis

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4. Products description (Harro, Barro and Amala) Ayurvedic formulations are made from in the form of churna, lehya, gutika, rasayans,

ointment, oil etc. These formulations could be made from either Sastriya 2 (classical)

which is well tested with right combination of ingredients or by new formulation with

innovation by adding new ingredients but it has to be tested which can be proprietary.

Use of modern technology in the manufacturing process like grinding, crushing, mixing,

tableting, and packing are done to prepare Triphala churna mostly used as a good

digestive powdered medicine.

4.1. Product details Triphala (Three fruits: Harro, Barro and Amala)

Triphala is commonly available as a churna, a finely sieved powder that can be mixed

with water, ghee (clarified butter) or honey. Not only does Triphala help to detoxify and

cleanse the colon, it also purifies the blood and removes toxins from the liver. Other

cleansing benefits of Triphala include reducing some forms of cholesterol (serum

cholesterol), and reduces high blood pressure. Triphala is categorized as a purgative

form of laxative. As Triphala is known as a cleaning agent, including a blood cleanser,

the herb is very beneficial for these people. The herb also has a high nutritional value,

and Amala possesses including high levels of vitamin C.

Action:

1) It can help to Normalizes blood pressure and protects and improves liver function.

2) I t can inhibits HIV and Reduces tumors in animals, and reduce cholesterol.

Triphala, said to contain three different 'fruits

The fruits, Harro, Barro and Amla relate to the three sections of medicine. Harro, which

is bitter tasting, is best known for its laxative qualities as well as being an astringent and

2 Formulation developed from the ancient Kabiraj

Amala (Amalaki, Emblica officinalis) Harro (Haritaki, Terminalia chebula)

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antispasmodic. Amala, which is high in Vitamin C (20 times more than citrus fruit) is

sour tasting and is considered good for inflammation of the stomach and intestines.

Because of its high vitamin content, Triphala is often used as a food supplement as

vitamins are in Western countries. In fact, the benefits of this herb are so well known

that a well-known Indian saying goes like this: "You do not have a mother? Don't worry,

as long as you have Triphala in your life!"

In recent years, a number of research

studies have found new uses for this herb,

including treatment for various forms of cancer.

It is also found to have high antioxidant

qualities, and is even useful for treatment

against noise and stress induced conditions.

Health benefits:

Every day consumption of Triphala helps in

achieving normal appetite, proper digestion,

enhances the red blood cells production,

increases the hemoglobin, and is very effective in curbing the extra fat accumulating in

the body. Triphala acts as agent that helps in proliferation of certain bacteria that are

required for proper digestion in our intestines. It is also very helpful in curbing infections

in the body and purifies blood.

Benefits:

Colon cleaner

Intestine cleaner

Better circulation

Opens the bile duct

Improves peristaltic movements

Urinary tract toner

Liver protector

Kidney protector

Indications:

Digestive disorders

Constipation

Hyperacidity

Headaches

Infections

Blood impurity

Anti-inflammatory

Nervine weakness

General body weakness

Barro (Vibhitaka, Terminalia belerica)

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Eyes related problems

Cataract

Parasites

Worms

Colitis

Flatulence

High Cholesterol

Irritable bowel syndrome

Diverculosis

Aging

Description Amala:

It is a medium sized deciduous tree. Leaves

pinnate, leaflets small, sub-sssile, 9-12 mm

long, pale green, stipules minutes. Flowers

greenish yellow, racemed on the branches,

male flowers many, female flowers few. Fruit

obscurely 6-lobed.

Altitude range: 150 – 1400 m

Horizontal distribution: Western, Central and Eastern parts of Nepal

Flowering period: March – June

Fruiting period: October - February

Parts used: Root bark, bark, leaves, fruits

Application Fresh and dried fruits, juice, powder, leaf decoction

Chemical constituents: A vitamin C (ascorbic acid), and alkaloid phyllembin, tannin seed

contains fixed oil, phosphatides.

Use: Root bark is astringent, and is used in ucerative stomatitis, and gastrohelicosis.

Bark is useful in gonorrhea, jaundice, diarrhoea and myalgia. leaves are useful in

conjunctivities, inflammation, dyspepsia, diarrhoea and dysentery. Fruits are sour,

astringent, acrid, colling, refrigerant, diurectic, laxative, opthalmic. they are rich source

of Vitamin C, useful in haemorrhage, diarrhoea and dystenery, in combination with iron

used for anemia, jaundice, dyspepsia, colic, flatulence,

hyperacidity, peptic ulcer, skin diseases, leprosy,

leucorrhoea, menorrhagia. Amala is locally used for making

pickles, Titaura and Mada

Harro: Large deciduous tree, 24-30 m high. leaves 7.6 - 15.2 cmm

long, ovate or elliptic, acute, petioled. flowers all

hermaphrodite, sellsile, dull-white or yellow. Fruit 1.8 - 3.3

cm ellipsoidal or obovoid from a broad base and gladbrous,

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5-ribbled when dry.

Parts used: Fruit

Application: Ripe/half ripe exocarp, extract-Tannins, Chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid

Use:

fruits are bitter, astringent, tonic, laxative, purgetive, carminative, digestive, alternative,

anodyne, anthelmintic, cardiotonic, aphrodisiac, antiseptic, febriguge and tonic. They are

useful in dysentery, diarrhoea, local application for chronic ulcer and wounds, gargle in

stomatitis, gastropathy, jaundice, splenopathy, cough, uropathy, vesical and renal

calcutieplepsy, skin diseases, leprosy, cardiac disorders, neuropathy, piles, ascites,

hoarseness of voice, and blood pressure and general debility. They cure local swelling

and eye diseases, chronic and recurrent fever, anaemia, diabetes, cough and dysponea.

Barro Large tree, 18-24 m tall. Leave

alternative, 7.6 - 20 cm long, petioled.

Uppers flower of the spikes male, lower

one harmaphrodite, male flower sessile,

greenish yellow. Fruit 12 - 18.7 mm in

diameter, globular, suddenly narrowed

into a short stalk, smooth, covered by a

close fulvous tomentum and when dried

obscurely 5-angled.

Parts used: Bark, fruits

Application ripe/half ripe exocarp, kernal,

extract: beta-sitosterol, gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulagic acid

Use: Bark is diuretic, useful in anaemia and leucoderma. fruis are bitter, astringent, tonic,

laxative, purgetive, antipyretic, narcotic, styptic, anthelmintic, aperient, expertorant,

opthalmic, digestive, useful in dropsy, diarhoea, leprosy, biliousness, dyspepsia,

headache, skin diseases, leprosy, fever, ulcer, insomnia, pharyngtis, cough and

bronchitis. Kernal is narcotic.

Ingredients: 1. Amala - Amalaki (Emblica officinalis) 2. Harro - Haritaki (Terminalia Chebula) 3. Barro - Bhibitaki (Beleric myrobalan) Dosage: 2 to 3 times twice daily with luke warm water or warm milk. Packaging:

Available in churna, tablet and juice Mostly packed in a plastic bottle in different sizes i.e., 120 gm, 500 gm etc.

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Triphala Product forms:

4.2. Cultivation and harvesting Plantation season of Harro, Barro and Amala is more or less is suitable in the following

months:

Harro: December / January / February Barro: March until July Amala March until July/August Harvesting season of Harro, Barro and Amala is more or less is suitable in month starting

from October until March. Amala is harvested by spreading net under the Amala tree and

group of people climb the tree with a big stick to move the branches so that the fruits

fall down in the net. Usually if the fruits fall down in the ground people do not collect and

will be wastage.

4.3. Processing

Harro, Barro and Amala are available in the community forest and private land, which is

harvested in the suitable month and dried without moisture, contents (directly in the

sun). Nowadays for uniform and speed-up the drying process solar dryers are also used.

Amala is usually boiled with water and after removing seed from its pulp, it then dried.

Seeds are removed manually from Harro and Barro after it is dried. Seed is hard

substance and difficult to remove manually with stone or hard substance. After it is dried

properly, only outer bark is used to prepare powder with the help of pulverize machine.

Triphalal Churna

Terminalia Chebula (Haritaki)

Triphala Tablets

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Different sieve size are used in the pulverize machine to get graded size of powder. For

proper mixing, equal quantity of three Triphala ingredients is either placed in the

machine or can also be individually powdered and mixed it later separately. The powder

Triphala is packaged in an airtight pet container or plastic pack. For marketing of the

product, it is then labeled. Triphala churna processing flow chart is described below with

simple few steps.

Harvesting of Harro, Barro and Amala

- Drying of Harro & Barro and boiling of Amala before drying

- Remove seed

Separate only outer bark removing seed

Transport dried Harro, Barro and Amala up to the factory

Mix in equal quantity of Harro, Barro and Amala before putting into pulverize machine.

Prepare Triphala Powder by using proper sieve size in the pulverize machine.

Packaging, Labeling and Marketing

Figure: Triphala processing flow chart

Pulverize machine with 10 Horse Power

Wastage after Grinding

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5. Supply and demand of Triphala in Nepal Supply and demand of Triphla is projected based on the interactions with the various

individual and institutional people involved in the promotion of Triphala business.

5.1. Triphala supply In Nepal Triphala churna are supplied from National level manufacturers, small scale

processors at the local level, importers mostly from India and it reaches consumers

through commercial wholesalers/retailers and 289 Ayurvedic Ausadhalayas which is

operated by Government of Nepal.

People usually visit Ayurvedic hospitals and

after receiving prescription from the doctors,

they will purchase medicine from the

Ayurvedic medical store. There are approx.

900 registered retail shops in Nepal.

Government also freely provides Triphala from the Ayurvedic service center available in

regional, district and VDCs. There are 14 regional Ayurvedic, 61 district Ayurvedic health

services and 214 Ayurvedic Ausadhalaya, which amounts to 289 Ayurvedic service,

centers in Nepal. Detail information about Ausadhalya is provided below.

Regional: Mid-west,

1. Narayani, Hetauda, Makwanpur -2

2. Janakpur, Janakpurdham, Dhanusha – 7

Table 3: District: District Ayurvedic health service center S.N. District Location Contact Number

1 Makwanpur Hetauda 057-520681

2 Sarlahi: Malagwa -4 046-520445

3 Parsa: Birgunj -3 051-527710

4 Bara Kalaiya – 2 053550545

5 Rautahat: Chandranighapur -3 055-540410

6 Mahottari: Jalashwor – 5 044-520329

7 Chitwan Tandi -6 056-560470

Table 4: Ayurvedic aysadhalayas in the districts: S.N. District VDC

1 Makwanpur Kakada

2 Sarlahi: Haripur, Kodena, Kabilasi

3 Parsa: Raniganj and Bahuarwamada

4 Bara Simrangad

5 Rautahat: Pipara and Basantapur

6 Mahottari: Balawa, Parsadewar, Matihani,

Manara

Triphala supply sources in Nepal

National level manufacturing in Nepal

Small scale processors

Imports mostly from India

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Production of Triphala in Nepal

There are approx. 40 national registered and 28 International registered ayurvedic

medicine-manufacturing companies in Nepal. There are 37 importers of ayurvedic

medicine mainly from India. Triphala churna reaches consumers or patients from the

main distributor to the regional distributor then to the wholesaler and finally to the

retailers. In Nepal, there are approx. 900 ayurvedic retail shops. Established Ayurvedic

companies both national and international such as Singha Durbar Vaidya Khana (130

years old), Dabur (140 years old), Himalaya (40 years old), Baidhyanath etc. have a

long history. Mostly all Ayurvedic companies had spent many years to establish their

name.

It is very difficult to estimate actual quantity of Triphala churna production in Nepal

due to difficultly in gathering actual production quantity from various manufacturing

companies in Nepal and other international producers and importers. Additionally, the

supply channel is not transparent and unorganized. However, production of Triphala is

estimated based on the interaction with the manufacturing companies. Manufacturing

companies are divided into two types, one who is manufacturing Triphala more than 10

tons (Gorkha3, Dekha, Sri Krishna, Fluer Himalaya etc.) and others (small factories) in

average of 3 tons. With this assumption, domestic production of Triphala is estimated to

be not more than 150 tons. Other international manufacturing companies and importers

are also locally producing and importing Triphala mostly Dabur, Baidyanath, Ghandu,

Patanjali Pith and, Dibya are the Indian companies involved in Triphala production, which

is estimated to be not more than 100 tons.

Table 5: List of National Ayurvedic Medicine Manufacturing Companies S.N. Name Address

1. Siddhartha Jadibuti Udyog Satungal, Kathmandu

2 Himalayan Special Herbals Industries Gothatar, Kathmandu

3 Dekho Herbals, Dhapakhel, lalitpur

4 Mahakali Ayurvdeic Udyog Sarankot, Kaski

5 Shree Gyawali Ayurvedic Butwal

6 N. N. Herbal Industries Pvt. Ltd. Thankot, Kathmandu

7 Sagarmatha Ayurvedic Aausadi Udyog Nayapati, Laltipur

8 Ampaco laboratories Pvt. Ltd Janakpur

9 Nilam Medicine Industries Pvt. Ltd Kathmandu

10 Pokhereli Ayurvedic Udyog Pokhara

11 Herbal Medi-search Pharmaceutical Rautahat

12 Singhadurbur Vaidhyakhana Kathmandu

13 Jibandata Ayurved Udyog Lalitpur

14 Pandit Ayurved Udyog Butwal

15 Niko Ayurved Pvt. Ltd. Kathmandu

16 Suri Herbal Product Thimi, Bhaktapur

17 Chakra Home Ayurvedic Pharmacy Lalitpur

18 Lumbini Ayurvedic Pharmacy Butwal

3 Gorkha Ayurvedic company requires 5 tons of Amala, 4 tons of Harro and 3 tons of Barro

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19 Siddha Ayurvedic Pharmacy Pvt. Ltd. Rupendehi

20 Gorkha Ayurvedic Udyog Gorkha

21 Aarogya Bhawan Works Kathmandu

22 Dabur Nepal Birgunj

23 Shree Krishna Ausadhalaya Kathmandu

24 Herbs Production and Processing Co. Ltd. Kathmandu

25 Himalayan Herbal Preparation Jorpati, Kathmandu

26 Jyoti Beda Pharma, Birgunj

27 Himal Herbal Product, Kathmandu

28 Chandra Ayurved Bhawan Birgunj

29 Shree Sita Ayurved Centre Birgunj

30 Nikhil Ayurved Centre Birgunj

31 Pashupati Ayurved Ausadhalaya Rautahat

32 Fluer Himalaya Birgunj

33 Kunfen aausadi Udyog Paknajol, Kathmandu

Source: Medicine Department, Teku Table 6: List of International Ayurvedic Medicine Manufacturing Companies S.N. Name Address

1. Ajanta Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Aurangabad, India

2 Rudradev Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Gurgara, India

3 Om Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Madrashroad Bangalore

4 Shree Dhuta Papeshwor Ltd. Mumbai, India

5 Dabur India Ltd. Delhi, India

6 Shree Baidhyanath Ayurved Bhawan Ltd. India

7 Deshrakshak Aushadhalaya Haridwar, India

8 Patiyala Ayurvedic Pharmacy Shirhind, India

9 Chakra Pharmaceuticals Ltd. India

10 Growel Pharmaceuticals Lucknow, India

11 Ozone Ayurvedic Delhi, India

12 Ban laboratories Ltd. India

13 Shree Thanaeshwor Ayurvedic and Pharmaceuticals, Samastipur, India

14 Herbal (Aps) Panta, India

15 Zandu Pharmaceuticals Works Mumbai, India

16 Sandu Brothers Mumbai, India

17 The Himalaya Drug company Ltd. Bangalore, India

18 Amil Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Delhi, India

19 Rama Drug House Mathura, India

20 Bikash Pharma Sahadra, Delhi, India

21 Ayurvedic Bikash Sansthan Moradabad, India

22 Mudgal Ayurved Bhawan Gajiabad, India

23 Biotech Pharma Jayapur, India

24 Herbophama Madras, India

25 Hirawat Industries Pharmaceuticals India

26 Seth Brothers, Bhawanagar, India

27 Bhushan Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd. Delhi, India

28 Laxmi Aushdhalaya Begusarajm, India

Source: Medicine Department, Teku

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5.2. Demand

It is said by the retailers, traders and manufacturers that the Triphala churna is one of

the highly consumable Ayurvedic medicine item, which is used for multiple purposes by

all consumers. Triphala churna demand in Nepal shall be estimated based on the

production by 40 manufacturers and is mostly reached to the consumers through 289

Nepal Govt. Ayurvedic Aushdhalaya and retail shops. Government has been supplying in

average of 10 kilogram of Triphala churna in a year to all its Aushdhalaya, which will be

prescribed by doctors and distributed free. However, its demand is more than that is

supplied which can be estimated 100 Kilogram in each its Aushdhalaya. Government has

also supplied pulverize machine with capacity of 100 kg per day which is used to locally

produce Triphala and other required medicines.

National consumption of Triphala is very high and its actual data is not known. The

reason behind is Amala is maximum used in Chawanpras, and other Ayurvedic products.

5.3. Import and Export

Triphala is available in small quantities in Nepal and it is imported in approx. 2,000 tons

(200 trucks, can carry 10 tons in each load) annually from India by national level traders.

Around 20 big national level traders are involved in this business from the past many

years importing approx. of 20 trucks with 10 tons in each load. The imported raw

materials are partially consumed by the national level manufacturing companies and

rests are exported to China. The reason behind importing from India are due to the

reason that it is cost effective, has regular shape and size, of good quality that is

accepted by the buyers, tax free item etc.

However, there are export figures estimated by the Government that is about 800

tons of raw materials are exported from Nepal from Nepalgunj and Kakarvita border but

this figure is actually low.

Table 7: Collection of raw Triphala (Harro, Barro and Amala)

Quantity in Kg Product 2058/59 2059/60 2060/61 2062/63 2063/64 2064/65

Harro 5530 11170 911 0 6100 0

Barro 320 5821 95 0 34050 1500

Amala 41338 528833 78472 28792 52078 148992

Total 47,188 545,824 79,478 28,792 92,228 150,492

Source: Department of Forest, Reflects only export data of raw Triphala products of revenue paid by the traders The above table shows that the collection of Triphala from the forest areas are depleting

and mostly Amala is only available. Amala is also collected from the private cultivated

land and its data is not available which is sold immediately from the garden.

Table 8: Amala export in a year 2063/64 Country Export Quantity in MT Belgium 2.16

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India (Bhairawa) 0.3 India (Nepalgunj) 178 Source: Trade promotion Table 9: Harro/Barro export (Year 2063/64) Country Export Quantity in MT China 55 Japan 0.1 Source: Trade promotion The above table (6 and 7) shows figures of Harro, Barro and Amala export data, which

actually does, not gives the total export figures as mostly it is exported illegally from

different channels. From the table 5 productions of Harro and Barro is almost nil where

as table 7 shows some export figures which is contracting as mostly all Harro and Barro

are imported from India which is exported to mostly China.

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6. Availability of Raw materials Triphala is mostly available in the Chure and Siwalak areas of Nepal in the community

forest, national forest and in small quantity in the private land. Due to high demand of

raw Amala, farmers have started cultivating in their gardens as a cash crop. In Sarlahi

district Triphala is available in the Kalika Community Forest (1,500 plants). It is

observed that nobody is interested to cultivate Harro and Barro in the private land but

interested in the community forest. In case, if anyone is needed with saplings it is

available in few quantities (max of 100) immediately but for sufficient quantities, it

should be booked in advance. For seeds, it cost Rs. 300 per kg and for Sapling Rs. 3 per

piece. In Makwanpur district, NTFP network office distributed 500 saplings (Cost of

saplings is Rs. 2,500 purchased from Joshi Nursery at Rs 8 each) to the community

farmers which was made available from district Plant and Resources (Banaspati) office in

the month of June/july 2009. In Bara, there is Amala cultivation through DDC/LDF in

Halkhoriya CFM area.

6.1. Availability in Community forest, National Forest and private cultivation

Collection of Harro and Barro are very nominal and there are no collectors actually

visiting forests just only to collect them. However, when they are in the forest to collect

other high value herbs and if they find Harro and Barro in some place, they collect them

as an additional. In contrast, there are collectors just only for Amala. Amala is said to be

sold very immediately in the market at the higher price then Harro and Barro due to its

use in multiple products. Amala has cultural values in the Terai districts, during the

month of November people celebrate by having food under the tree of Amala along with

the Amala pickle and then soon after harvesting of Amala is done. In the central terai

areas there are 463 CFUG with 89,343 HH involvement (refer table no. 10) in NTFP

collection and trade. Very few households are involved in collection of Triphala.

Availability of Triphala in the four study districts VDCs are provided in the table no. 10 &

11.

There is difficulty in regular collection due to availability of Triphala in scattered

locations, which makes this process economically not viable. Moreover, in some places if

it is available in required quantity then there will be difficulty in logistic supply by asking

for regular Government as well as unexpected taxes at different check posts. On the

other hand, there is no guarantee that the collected Harro and Barro will be sold in the

market.

Table 10: Community Forest User Group in central terai districts S.N. District No. of FUG Area No. of HH

1 Makwanpur 273 42415 44454 2 Bara 13 1818 4138 3 Chitwan 24 9293 12652 4 Dhanusha 29 8032 4806 5 Mahottari 53 1150 8878 6 Parsa 25 102 3484 7 Rauthat 15 1050 3945 8 Sarlahi 31 2940 6986

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Total 463 66,800 89,343 Source: Community Forestry Division, DOF, CFUG database records in MIS Total No. of FUG 14,439 Total Area 1,229,669 Total No. of HH 1,659,775 Table 11: Royalty rates

Product Royalty rate in Rs. per kg Harro Rs. 2 Barro Rs. 2 Amala Rs. 1 Total Rs, 5 Source: Department of Forest Table 12: Triphala available VDCs in four districts S.N. District VDC

1 Dhanusha:

Godar, Pushalpur , Dhalkebar, Hariharpur, Umaprempur, Bhartpur, Labatoli

2 Makwanpur:

Handikhola, Basamadi, Padampokhari, churiyamai, Faparbari, Hatiya, Manhari

3 Sarlahi:

Karmaiya, Janakinaar, Pattharkot, Lalbandi, Parwanipur, Kalinjor,

Raniganj, Ishworpur, Bhaktipur

Murtiya, Bhaktipur, Gourishankar 4 Bara: Manaharwa, Dumarabana, Katarwa, Bangardaha, Dakaha, Nijgad

Source: Field visit interaction During the field visit, following information were gathered on availability of Triphala:

In Bara, Dunurbana -7, Katarwa tole, Kishan Samudayaik Sansta was formed in a

year 2060 B.S through village development committee. 29 members including

one president and one manager were involved in a group. With support from

District Soil Conservation Office (DSCO), Bara supported them by providing 250

seedlings of Amala. The seedlings were bought from Mankamana nursery, Bara

and the height of the seedlings at the time of plantation reported were 1 feet.

Few trees started to fruit in the third year of plantation. It was reported that

flowering of Amala plants is from January to April (Magh to Chaitra) and

harvesting season is from July to November (Shravan to kartik). Group is

expecting to get Rs. 15,000 to Rs. 20,000 cash income. Similarly, in Srijana

Samuddyik Sanstha 850 seedlings were distributed.

In Bara- Amala plantation in Katarwa tole of Dumarbana – 7. There are two

groups who are actively involved in Amala cultivation – Kisan Samudayak

Sanstha (2060/08/2) formed through village development programme/local

developmet fund of DDC, Bara

Srijana Samukayik Sanstha was formed in a year 2058 through contribution from

village development programme/local development fund of DDC, Bara, is actively

involved in promotion of Triphala.

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Sristi Forest conservation group initiated in a year 2065 B.S with the District

forest office in Bara for plantation of 850 seedlings of Amala in degraded forest

areas (Spacing 3 m X 3 m) with support from BISEP-ST /DSCO, Bara. This will

help to generate income to the farmers.

Table 13: Availability of Harro, Barro, Amala in the district

Quantity available in the district (Tons) Triphala

ingredients Dhanusha Sarlahi Bara Makwanpur4

Total

Harro 5 2 4 3 14

Barro, 5 10 4 3 22

Amala 1 8 20 15 44

Total 11 20 28 21 80

Note: Quantity of Triphala available in the district is estimated based on the interaction with the district traders and other stakeholders and so may not provide accurate data.

From the table it can be projected that minimum of 80 tons of Harro, Barro and Amala is

available in the four districts. In average per hectare, 3,600 kg of Triphala is collected

and so it can be assumed that approx. in 23 hectare of land Triphala would have planted.

Nurseries available in the study areas are:

1. Chamkila Tara, Murtiya, Sarlahi

2. Joshi Nursery, Makwanpur

3. Mankamana Nursery, Bara

4 Mr. Madhav Gautam, Makwanpur, President,NTFP Network said that they can supply more than 15 tons of Triphala in a year

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7. Triphala Enterprise Analysis

7.1. Technical Feasibility

Triphala churna can be prepared by flowing very simple procedure as shown the flow

chart. Processing of Triphala churna can be very easily prepared with limited investment

of approximately Rs. 250,000 with Pulverize and Packaging machine. 10 to 15 kg per

day can be processed by the pulverize machine. Additional machines required are seed

extractor, which cost approx. Rs. 125,000 and Humidifier, but such machines are

required only when processing in done at large quantity. Triphala churna can be easily

prepared at home by equally mixing powder of Harro, Barro and Amala. Refer detail

Triphala preparation procedure.

In spite of simple procedure in preparing Triphala churna it has many hurdles in

processing and marketing.

Nepal has signed an agreement of WTO, which has made mandatory to comply

with GMP rules and standards.

Triphala churna is an Ayurvedic medicine, which can be, only prepared under

direct supervision of Kabiraj and small processing unit cannot afford to hire them

in a long run.

Already in the market there are 40 domestic manufacturers and 37 internal

manufacturers and imports producing similar product at competitive price rage

which has created entry barrier.

All Ayurvedic companies have long history before they are well know to the

consumer e.g. Dabur 140 years, Himalaya 40 years, Baidyanath etc., so it is very

ambitious to achieve and meet the expectation of target market within very short

time frame.

7.2. Social Feasibility Small value addition activities in terms of harvesting technology, drying and packaging

will help the small farmers and other local people rather than investing in a big amount

in processing unit. It is estimated that up to Rs. 7 per kg could be fetched by small value

addition. There are 463 community forest users group

with households of 89,343 and area of 66,800 Hectares.

These community forest users group are more or less

involved in harvesting of NFTPs will be directly benefited

from the promotion of Triphala enterprise. And mostly

marginalized women are involved in harvesting and

processing.

Ethinic poor community people (Yadav, dhanukh,

Khatabe, Kami, Tamang, B.K, Sunar, Danwar etc.) are

involved in collection and cultivation of Triphala.

Women are involved in cleaning and grading of dried Triphala before it is processed into powder form

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Individual community poor farmers or individuals are involved in harvesting of

Triphala. 75 people are involved directly from Sirpur, Murtiya and Prawanipur community

forest user’s group members. In Dhanusha district, 200 people are involved in

harvesting. In Hadi Khola of Makwanpur approx. 300 women are involved but not only in

Triphala. In plantation, local farmers and community forest users are involved. In Bara,

Nijgad and Sapahi there are 150 community people involved in collection of Amala. All

these collectors do not have formal linkages with the market traders and mostly sells to

unknown people whoever comes in their villages.

7.3. Economic Feasibility

Triphala churna is one of the mostly consumed Ayurvedic medicines in Nepal due to its

multiple benefits and consumers are gradually attracted towards Ayurvedic medicine.

Even though actual data of annual consumption status of Nepal is not available, it can be

assumed that its annual demand had never been met from domestic production (source:

interaction with the manufacturing companies and traders). Out of the forty registered

Ayurvedic manufacturing companies, only few are popular in the market for its superior

quality with their annual production quantity of more than 10 tons and others are

manufacturing in a low scale of average 3 tons are also doing well in their own niche

market segment. For every company Triphala is a very basic product with very low

margins but it is mandatory to produce for its brand identity and customer

responsiveness.

The study team identified very few (2 to 3) small-scale individual people in the study

districts producing Triphala powder in a very small quantity not exceeding 100 kg per

year. Mr. Laxmi P. Gautam is a Vice President of NTFP Network, Lalbandi, Sarlahi who is

one of them producing Triphala in an average of 100 kg in year. He started producing

Triphala powder by not only mixing Harro, Barro and Amala but has his own formulation

by adding few more herbal ingredients and tested with few people suffering from

constipation and stomach patients. He claims that his formulation can cure people

suffering from ulcer. People are now slowly realizing its benefiting and he is now having

customers from near by areas visiting his home to purchase medicine. He takes very

good margin by selling at a price of Rs. 50 for 50 gram packed in a plastic pouch. In

addition to that, he collects approx. of 4 tons of raw Harro, Barro and Amala from the

collectors and sells to the district level traders or sometime to the Ayurvedic shops in the

Kathmandu valley.

Consumer perception:

Ayurvedic products are mostly expires after 5 years. Mostly raw materials from Nepal are

exported to India and with the same raw materials; final processed products are entered

in the Nepalese markets. By the time it reaches the final consumers it nearly reaching

expire date.

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Raw materials cost:

Triphala ingredients collected from the forest is sold to the local traders either in a dry or

raw. Table 14: Cost of Raw Triphala (Harro, Barro and Amala) Raw Product Selling price

in Rs. per kg Quantity from

each plant Harro 5 500 – 600 kg. Barro 5 500 – 600 kg. Amala 15 100 – 150 kg. Table 15: Cost of Dry Triphala (Harro, Barro and Amala)

Dry Product

Selling price in Rs. per kg

Quantity from each plant

Harro 20 20 – 30 kg Barro 15 30-35 kg Amala 30 10-15 kg.

Product packaging and its market price:

Triphala is available in the pet bottle, plastic pouch and loose in different quantity

packaging i.e. 100 gm, 120 gm, 500 gm and 1 kg. Maximum retail price range of Nepali

brand Triphala churna with pet bottle for 100 gm is usually from Rs. 35 to Rs. 40. Where

as for Indian brand with pet bottle for 100 gm is costing from Rs. 50 to Rs. 60. In the

market following brands of Triphala are available in the market (International: Dabur,

Jhandu, Himalaya, Baidhyanath and Nepali: Gorkah, Singha Durbar, Dekha etc.)

Table 16: Maximum Retail Price of different popular available Nepali brand and sizes are follows:

SN. Available brand Sizes (gm) Amount in Rs.

1 Grokha 125 300

41 97

2 Dekha 100 200

50 90

3 Singha Durbar 100 200

32 80

4 Siddha 100 200

n/a

5 Pashupati 100 200

n/a

6 Arogya Bhawan 100 200

n/a

7 Fluer Himalaya 60 22

Table 17: Maximum Retail Price of different popular available International brand and sizes are follows: SN. Available brand Sizes (gm) Amount in Rs. 1 Dabur 120

500 45 104

2 Baidyanath 60 200

24

3 Jhandu 200 64

4 Capsule 60 piece 120

5 Tablet 60 Piece 30 6 Liquid 500 ml 300

Table 18: Price of Amala, Harro and Barro in the India market, June 2006 Common / Botanical name Plant Rs./Kg

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Trade name part Delhi

Ram

nagar Saharanpur Tanakpur

Amala Emblica officinalis Fruit 30-40 18-27 34-36 25

Harro Terminalia belirica Fruit 4-5 5-9 8-9 3

Barro Terminalia chebula Fruit 7-11 12-15 13-15 6

Table 19: Price of Triphala ingredients (Amla. Harro and Barro)

Rs. per Kg Product name

Kathmandu Delhi

Amala 45 48

Harro 24 10

Barro 18 10

Use and its benefits:

The three fruits Harro, Barro and Amala have multiple benefits and use. When three

fruits, powder (without seed) is mixed in equal quantity, which is popularly known as

Triphala, having multiple uses. It is also used either individual or mixed in small quantity

in many other Ayurvedic medicines for specific uses. Usually Harro is known to cure

‘Cough’, Barro for ‘constipation’ and Amala as a ‘digestive and eyesight’.

Traditionally it is recorded that during field interaction Triphala is also used as a raw

materials in Hookah used as tobacco, new innovative product to substitute tobacco

chewing habit, used in the product given to the women after birth to improve digestive

system.

Other than mixing three herbs, it is individually used in other medicine for many

purposes and especially Amala alone is used as a food i.e. pickles (Titaura), oil etc.

Quality issues:

Figure: Triphala churna availability in different packaging and sizes

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Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) regulation by the end of year 2010 will definitely

make the small enterprise difficulty in marketing of their goods and especially Ayurvedic

and medicinal products. The GMP is a system of quality assurance and quality control not

only for the product themselves but also for pre and post manufacturing processes to

ensure sanitation and minimization of risks inherent in food and medicinal production,

process which cannot be assessed by only testing the final products. The GMP code,

developed by the WHO was in fact the internationally harmonized system for assuring

quality and sanitary standard. Small scale processing units cannot afford to comply with

the standard.

Quality requirement:

Following quality of three ingredients are recommended by the traders and

manufacturers.

Harro: Brownish and black in color, glaze, without small holes, without fungus

Barro: Fushro, Glaze, without small holes without fungus

Amala: Should be completely dried with brownish black in color, Rough surface without

fungus

Triphala supply chain:

Figure below illustrates flow of Triphala (Harro, Barro and Amala) from collectors and

farmers garden up to the consumers. Major functions in Triphala processing are

collection, drying, sorting/grading, grinding, packaging, wholesale/retail and export.

GMP standard

The use of stainless steel equipment

Quality of processed water

Maintenance of sterile manufacturing facility

quality control

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Value addition possibilities

For many years, Triphala churna has been in practice

but usually liquid medicine effectiveness is more

than in powder and tablet form. Few Indian

companies are manufacturing Triphala juice in India

and in collaboration with the Nepalese company; few

products are visible in the market. It is reported that

in the juice form can be prepared either by directly

from raw or from the Triphala extract. As the

technology is new in Nepal its technical details are

not yet available but it is roughly projected that its

machine cost around Rs, 2,000,000.

Robeus Internal Pvt. Ltd. has started marketing of

Triphala juice in Nepal through networking market

approach. Mr. Kumar Tamang, Executive Director

shared the product is more efficient and innovative

National Traders (20)

Function

Export / Import

Wholesale /Retail

Packaging

Grinding

Sorting /Grading

Drying

Collection

Cultivation

Figure Supply channel of Triphala in the central Terai region

Actors

Manufacturing company (40)

Farmer’s cultivation

Wholesaler / Retailer (900)

Consumer

Local Traders

Local Collector

District Traders (22)

Export

Ayurvedic Ausadhalaya (289)

DOA

Small-scale processor (3)

Forest (Community, National, and

Leasehold)

Triphala juice marketed by Robeus Company

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than the available churna as it effect immediately in our body. Company has 32 sales

outlets with support centers with approx. 150,000 consumers. In addition to the sales

company provides basic training about health and nutrition. Product is directly procured

from the USA but in the near future they are planning to purchase in a bulk quantity in a

drum and re-packaging will be done in Nepal itself to reduce the cost of production.

Triphala is also available in the tablet and capsules from different companies.

Import and export:

Average growth rate of herbal product in the international market is 10 %. Actual

demand of Triphala is more or less is limited to 200 metric tons. Nepal has become only

an export route to transport raw Triphala from India to mainly in China and other few

more countries. Usually traders enjoy tax benefits due to non-tax item and does no

value addition in the product form except in the transportation and logistics. At present,

traders usually bring raw Triphala from India (Bihar and Patna with bulk collection at

Delhi) and through Silgudi border enters Nepal. Due to mass export, item traders usually

have 10 per cent profit margin. Current buying price for one kg Rs. 24 for Harro, 25 for

Barro and Rs. 60 for Amala. As per trader’s information, Triphala purchased from India is

50 per cent cheaper than Nepal.

Use:

Rather than mixed of three ingredients it is also used individually or mixed in other

medicines such as oil, food items – pickles, Blood pressure medicines,

7.4. Financial feasibility Financial details are compiled from the different sources and analyzed separately for

converting into powered form and simply drying and removing seeds. In both the

process financial details are projected which is tabulated as below.

Table 20: Fixed Investment (Machine and equipment)

S.N. Particulars Unit Quantity Unit Rate (Rs.) Amount (Rs.) A Machine and Equipments 1 Three-Phase cable wire Meter 100 60 6000 2 Meter No. 1 5000 5000 3 Meter box No. 1 500 500 4 Other electrical equipments Lump sum 8000 5 Grinding machine No. 1 30000 30000 6 Plastic vessel No. 10 500 5000 7 Weighing equipment No. 1 2500 2500 8 Nanglo No. 5 150 750 9 Sieving materials No. 5 100 500

10 Packaging machine No. 1 5250 5250 11 Big vessels (Dekchi) 8000 12 Seed extractor machine 1 150000 150000 Total A 221,500 B Furniture

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1 Table No. 1 5000 5000 2 Chair No. 4 400 1600 Total B 6,600 Grand Total 228,100

Table 21: Depreciation of Machine and Equipments

SN Types of Machine and Equipment Value Dep. Rate Amount A Machine & Equipment 221,500 10% 22150 B Furniture 6,600 15% 990 Depreciation per year 23140

Table 22: Maintenance Cost

SN Types of Machine and Equipment Value Rate (Rs) Amount 1 Machine & Equipments 228,100 2% 4,562 Per Year Maintenance Cost 4,562

Table 23: Indirect Labor Cost

SN Cost head Unit Quantity Period (Months) Rate (Rs) Amount (Rs) 1 Office Assistant No. 1 6 12000 72,000

2 Machine operator No. 1 6 8000 48,000

3 Market promotion No. 3 10000 30,000

Total 150,000

Table 24: Administrative and Management cost

SN Cost head

Period Rate Per Month (Rs) Amount

1 Telephone 6 1,5 00 9,000 2 Stationery 6 500 3,000 4 House rent 12 10,000 120,000

Total 132,000 Table 25: Pre-Operating cost

SN Cost head Amount 1 Registration 8000 2 Survey 10000 3 Stationery 1500

Total 19,500

A. Triphala churna preparation

Triphala churna shall be prepared with following assumptions:

Total quantity of three tons of raw materials will be processed.

In a year only 6 months will be operated initially for few years.

Six numbers of un-skilled workers will be mobilized for sorting, grading, seed

extraction and drying activities.

Packaging will be done in pet bottle in 100 grams with labeling

Very limited promotion will be done but there will be locally promotion activities

within in the groups and community people.

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Table 26: Details of Raw Materials and other inputs: Harro (15 days x 10 kg): 167 Barro (26 days x 11 kg.): 167 Amala (26 days x 11 kg.): 167

Total in kg. per month 500 Total in kg. in a year 3000

SN Cost head Unit Quantity Rate (Rs) Total (Rs)

1 Harro (For churna) kg 1,000 13 13000

2 Barro (For churna) kg 1,000 10 10000

3 Amala (For churna) kg 1,000 20 20000

7 Electricity Unit 1380 20 27600

Total 70,600

Table 27: Direct Labor Cost

SN Cost head Workers Per Day

Working Days

Rate (Rs) Amount (Rs)

1 Unskilled labour 6 156 120 112320 Total 112,320

Table 28: Packaging, Labeling Cost and Promotion

SN Cost head Unit Quantity Unit Rate Amount 1 Plastic bottle (100 gm) No. 30000 2 60000 2 Labeling No. 30000 0.5 15000 4 Transportation 1 10000 10000 5 Promotion 1 5000 5000

Total 90,000 Table 29: Summary of total cost:

SN Cost Head Amount (Rs)

1 Raw materials 70,600

2 Indirect labor 75,000

3 Direct labor 112,320

4 Depreciation 11570

5 Maintenance Cost 2,281

6 Administrative & management Cost 66,000

7 Packaging, Labeling and Promotion 90,000

8 Pre-operating cost 9,750

Total 437,521

Table 30: Calculation of Per Unit Production Cost

SN Particular Result 1 Total Production Cost (Rs) 437,521 2 Total Production per Kg. (Rs.) 146 3 Total Production per 100 gm 15

B. Processed raw Triphala

Complete processed raw Triphala shall be prepared with following assumptions:

Total quantity of twelve tons of raw materials will be purchased from the

community forest and other forest collectors.

In a year, only 6 months will be operated initially for few years but marketing

activities will be done through out the years.

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Ten numbers of un-skilled workers will be mobilized for sorting, grading, seed

extraction and drying activities.

Packaging will be in jute sacks with 60 kg in each sack.

Very limited promotion will be done but there will be locally promotion activities

within in the groups and community people. Table 31: Details of Raw Materials and other inputs

SN Cost head Unit Quantity Rate (Rs) Total (Rs)

1 Harro (For churna) kg 3,000 13 39000

2 Barro (For churna) kg 3,000 10 30000

3 Amala (For churna) kg 4,000 20 80000

7 Electricity Unit 1380 20 27600

Total 176,600

Table 32: Direct Labor Cost

SN Cost head Workers Per Day

Working Days

Rate (Rs) Amount (Rs)

1 Unskilled labour 10 156 120 187200

Total 187,200

Table 33: Packaging, Labeling Cost and Promotion

SN Cost head Unit Quantity Unit Rate Amount 1 Sacks No. 167 50 8333 2 Transportation 10,000 2 20000 3 Promotion 1 5000 5000 4 Govt. Royalty 10,000 5 50000 5 Other informal tax 10,000 3 30000

Total 113,333 Table 34: Summary of total cost:

SN Cost Head Amount (Rs) 1 Raw materials 176,600

2 Indirect labor 75,000

3 Direct labor 187,200

4 Depreciation 11570

5 Maintenance Cost 2,281

6 Administrative & management Cost 66,000

7 Packaging, Labeling and Promotion 113,333

8 Pre-operating cost 9,750

Total 641,734

Table 35: Calculation of Per Unit Production Cost

SN Particular Amount (Rs) 1 Total cost excluding raw materials 465,134 2 Cost of production per kg of Harro 60 3 Cost of production per kg of Barro 57 4 Cost of production per kg of Amala 67

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C. Cost benefit of Amala

Assumption: Perrennial tree 4 years on per hectare basis Table 36: Cost benefit of Amala by using seeds

SN. Description Unit No. of labour /

Plough Per unit

cost in Rs. Total Rs. 1 Land preparation labour 20 80 1600 2 Seed Kg 4 250 1000 3 Nursery bed preparation labour 30 80 2400 4 Polbed preparation labour 20 80 1600 5 Maintenance of nursery beds labour 60 80 4800 6 Land preparation/digging pits labour 60 80 4800 7 Planting labour 40 80 3200 8 Compost tons 5 500 2500

Total A 21,900 9 Care and maintenance 60 80 4800

10 Weeding hoeing 30 80 2400

11 Irrigation Lump sum 1000

12 Others Lump sum 2000

Total B 10,200 Total expenditure 32,100 Total production (dried) kg 3600 30 108,000 Net profit 75,900

Table 37: Cost benefit of Amala by using Saplings

SN. Description Unit No. of labour /

Plough Per unit

cost in Rs. Total Rs. 1 Land preparation labour 20 80 1600 2 Saplings Number 500 10 5000 3 Nursery bed preparation labour 30 80 2400 4 Polbed preparation labour 20 80 1600 5 Maintenance of nursery beds labour 60 80 4800 6 Land preparation/digging pits labour 60 80 4800 7 Planting labour 40 80 3200 8 Compost tons 5 500 2500

Total A 25,900 9 Care and maintenance 60 80 4800

10 Weeding hoeing 30 80 2400

11 Irrigation Lump sum 1000

12 Others Lump sum 2000

Total B 10,200 Total expenditure 36,100 Total production (dried) kg 3600 30 108,000 Net profit 71,900

Note: Similarly, cost of Harro and Barro can be estimated.

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8. Operation and Management of Triphala Enterprise

Each Triphala enterprise shall be operated by cooperative structure by registering under

company act with production capacity of 3 tons of powdered Triphala and 10 tons of raw

processing with collection of Harro, Barro and Amala from the near by number of

community forest that will be sufficient to meet the target defined. At present, Harro,

Barro and Amala is not available in sufficient quantity from the community, collaborative

and national forest areas even though respondent shared that it is available in an

abundant, which was cross verified from the traders at different levels. Its actual

inventory is not available and is very difficult to estimate accurately. However, it is

estimated based on the information received from various sources during interaction

with the stakeholders. At the time of starting enterprise its actual sources and quantity

should be calculated with detail interaction with the key persons of the community forest

with the format provided in the refer annex 14.3.

Triphala is currently collected mostly from the community forest and in a few

quantities; especially Amala from the private land reaches traders in processed and raw

form. Ayurvedic medicine manufactures does not prefer Nepali Triphala due to its inferior

quality after processed even though Nepali herbs are known to be superior in the

international market. Actually, the quality of raw Triphala is degraded due to improperly

harvesting, drying and seed extraction process followed.

It has been realized by experts that many program interventions have attempted to

build the capacity of farmers to do all value addition at the farm level up to the final

product form but in most of the cases was failed due to low economic of scale and the

product is not competitive to compete

in the market. Converting product into

final form and marketing requires very

high technology and management

skills, which are now not available with

the farmers. That is why many experts

felt that Triphala should be processed

only up to the level with no change in the product form. Cooperative shall act as a

collection center with infrastructure of scientific weighing machine, drying technology,

seed extractor and storage capacity. Each cooperatives shall work on collection of

Quality indicators of Triphala before it is processed

Premature Harvesting from the forest reduce the quality of raw materials

Proper drying methodology – not in the direct sunlight and the optimum moisture content maintained

Proper storage infrastructure – requires ‘Humidify fire’ Seed extract manually is cumbersome

Box 1: Mr. Karam Chandra Agrawal and his son Mr. Shyam Agrawal, national level NTFP trader, Teku, shared that once they have purchased Triphala from terai districts through local traders and after storing for some time the whole raw materials turned into black colour and fungus. All the materials purchased were completely loss for them. Then after, they have not purchase from the local traders.

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minimum of 10 tons of raw Triphala and semi processed with the quality standard as

desired by the traders or other buyers.

These cooperatives should be linked with the market traders with the contractual

agreement those who are ready to work in a long-term partnership with these

cooperatives. When these cooperatives reach optimum level of transaction in semi

process form they can start preparing churna of various products available with limited

quantity. Triphala churna alone cannot sustain its business. National consumption of

Triphala is high due to the reason that Harro,Barro and Amala is maximum used in many

medicines with various other combination. Amala is used due to its multiple benefits in

preparation of Charawanpras, hair oil, food (pickle) etc. Its consumption is high but the

margins are low compare to other Ayurvedic medicines.

For proper operation and management of the unit, following human resources are

required. Without Ayurvedic Doctor

Company could not be registered.

1. Ayurvedic Doctor

2. Machine operator

3. Marketing officer

4. Supervisor

5. Daily wage women/men labours

Ayurvedic doctor takes an overall responsibility of quality control and guarantee the

products is edible. To operate machine converting powdered form, one operator is

required who will look after all machinery work and its overall maintenance. One

supervisor will manage and supervise all labours who will work on daily wage basis.

Especially poor and disadvantage women will be employed as a labourers.

Box 2: Mr. Govinda Ghimire once has already started Triphala mini processing unit in Udayapur by investing around 1.25 Lakhs but finally, the units is not successful in processing Triphala alone and later used the same machine for grinding locally available spices and packaging.

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9. Interested Individuals and Organisations in Triphala Entperprise

In the districts, most people involved in Triphala promotion especially traders and

farmers are enthusiastic towards establishment of Triphala processing units but few

others are skeptical towards the concept due to many entry barriers. Even though the

Triphala churna preparation is simply drying and converting into powder form, as it is

used as a medicine, all the preparation should be quality controlled and marketed so that

consumer perceived as a edible product. Consumers are nowadays aware of the quality

of the product they purchase. However, local traders and individuals farmers are very

positive towards establishment of small-scale units.

Usually National highways are closed due to various political strikes, so during the

time, mostly necessity products are entered from India. Due to logistic supply problem

mostly the products does not reaches up to the remote areas of the district. Market

functions only when there is a continuous supply and when there is no supply then there

are mostly chances that the costumer switches to other available brands. To grab this

opportunity there is a possibility of Triphala churna targeting local market demand and

mostly local traders believe that there should be locally available Triphala as well as

other available Ayurvedic products manufacturers who can meet the demand of local

market.

Certainly due to quality issue, investment capacity along with the technical and

management skills it is very difficult to implement this concept of establishing mini

processing units in the districts. Traders actually believes that there is a scope of

collection of not less than 200 tons of Triphala if it cultivated in the community forest

and other available unutilized land and ultimately if there is no volume of production

then it is difficult to sustain to every level of actors.

Mainly all traders met during the interaction have shown interest in investing up to

Rs. 100,000 at local level for starting new venture. Big size traders are interested in

agreement to purchase dry Triphala with quality processed in sufficient quantity

minimum of 10 tons. Similarly, Ayurvedic medicine manufacturing companies are ready

to procure with agreed terms and conditions.

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10. Support services and its delivery from different agencies Very few development organisations/programme are involved in the promotion of

Triphala based enterprise in Nepal. However, there are regular Government support

services mechanism from various departments and institutions. The details below

highlights various institutions involved directly/indirectly in the promotion and its

services.

Ministry of Health: Ministry of Health has already set up a focal unit – Ayurveda

& Alternative Medicine Section which is responsible to develop necessary planning,

policies, rules and regulations regarding all kinds of traditional medicine existing in

country and play vital role in corporation, coordination, direction and monitoring and

other organization related to TM under the ministry. The following organizations/

institutions are working currently under the ministry.

a. Department of Ayurveda: This Department is under the Ministry of Health who

looks after government networks of Ayurveda and policy and planning. The

constraints of manpower, visionary leadership, budgetary allocation, prioritization

of activities, and lack of activity monitoring matrixes have been realized recently

for the development of this sector.

b. Ayurveda Hospitals: Two Ayurveda hospitals – one in Kathmandu with hundred

beds (Nardevi Ayurveda Ausadhalaya under Ayurveda Ayusadhalaya Development

Committee), and a regional hospital with 30 beds (more 10 beds with cabins in

internal resources) are running in Dang.

District Ayurveda Health Centers: 61

Zonal Ayurveda Dispensaries: 14

Local Ayurveda Dispensaries: 216

c. Council of Ayurvedic Medicine: Apex body to control, monitor and regulate

Ayurveda professional and traditional healers and academic institutions. Following

three categories of professional has been registered in the council:

d. Ayurveda Physicians: Graduates are registered as a full-fledged member of the

council.Ayurveda Para-medicals are registered under a sub-committee of the

council.Traditional Ayurveda practitioners are enrolled and licensed for their

practice. For this that is having three generations of practicing of Ayurveda and at

least minimum of 50 years age groups (deadline is for one year) are eligible for

enrolling. Due to this limitation, many other traditional healers are not able to get

enrollment for licensing practice. The discussion is going on amending this clause

and incorporate training component to upgrade their knowledge and bring them

into the main stream.

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e. Academic Institutions: The first formal technical education started in the

country was in Ayurveda. In 1928 AD Nepal Rajakiya Ayurveda Vidyalaya was

started in Naradevi, Kathmandu for the production of Ayurveda manpower i.e.

Vaidyas of all levels up to Acharya, equivalent to a Bachelor of the present day

standards in contrast to the technical education in the modern system. In spite of

the fact that Ayurveda is traditional and that formal education began much earlier

than arrival of the modern medical system, since the advent of “democracy” in

1950, the emphasis and all out efforts has been on the modernization and

expansion of modern health services. Ayurveda Campus TU is the continuing

institute of Ayurveda Vidhyalaya. Other training Institutes under Mahendra S.

University and CTEVT in the periphery are running. At present, one graduate level

Ayurveda College, seven three-years- course educational institutions, and three

fifteen month tranining institutions are running legally throughout the country.

f. Ayurveda Pharmaceutical Sector: There is one government owned producing

unit, Singha Durbar Baidhyakhana Vikas Samiti (started from Malla dynasty 357

years ago with a high reputation in its history) running below capacity and

constraints of quality measures. There are 32 other private Ayurveda

pharmaceutical companies, with limited capacity and some of them are not

functioning all of the time.

g. National Ayurveda Research & Training Centre: Governments of Nepal &

China have signed recently for the establishment of this institute and this is a

recent development in Ayurveda sector in Nepal.

h. Other: There are a significant number of institutions - Public, Development

Partners’, I/NGO and Private Organizations and Institutions involved in Medicinal

plants including NTFPT - involved in this sector. There is minimal coordination

within the Ayurvedic sector, which is very important and vital for the overall

development of the country and Intellectual property rights issues.

Table 38: Organisations and its service delivery SN. Organisation/Institution Services

1 Department of Plant and Resources Policy and planning 2 Department of Forest Community forest conservation 3 Department of Ayurvedic Ayurvedic medicine free distribution

Counselling 4 District Forest Coordination Committeee

(DFCC)

Cultivation Promotion Bio diversity conservation

5 District Forest Office 5 NTFP network

Informal networks between the Triphala producers Sharing of information and knowledge Raw collection Sales and marketing

6 National Agriculture Research Council Research and development

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(NARC) 7 Development organizations: ICIMOD, IUCN,

ANSAB International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD)

Streamlining supply chain • Organic cultivation • Certification training • Publications • Lobby for policy development

8 Herbs and NTFPs Coordination Committee (HNCC)

• Coordination among stakeholders • Reviewing royalty • Lobbying for policy improvement

9 District Agriculture Development Organisation (DADO)

Support in infrastructure development support Lobby and advocacy

10 District Soil Conservation Office (DSCO)

Provision of providing seedling of Triphala Supervision and monitoring Plantation for soil conservation

11 Jadibudi Association of Nepal (JABAN)

Export promotion Market price promotion Networking and linkages with the traders

12 AECOFUN and FECOFUN

Domestication and governance work on NTFPs • FUG operational plan revisions, including NTFPs • NTFPs nursery and extension materials • Capacity building of local FUGs and monitoring work

13 FUG (CF, CFM, LHF, PLF) Second generation operation plan Business promotion of NTFP products Poor and social inclusion

With support from District Forest office, Bara for providing degraded forest area, Sristi

Forest conservation group has planted 850 seedlings of Amla with support from BISEP-

ST/DSCO project.

Care Nepal support in Non-Timber Forest Resource and Herbal Product Co. (Ltd)

Nepalgunj: The processing unit is very recently established in Kohalpur-4, Pragati

Nager in Banke district with financial support from Care

SAGUN Project. Shareholders of the unit are the members of

CFUG and other knowledgeable people. The unit has targeted

to produce 5 tons of Triphala powder in a year targeting local

market consumer. At present, unit is producing Triphala

powder, which is packed in small quantities and sold to the

local community people. Triphala powder produced by them

lacks quality and hygiene aspect. It will be difficult to sell in

the market areas. However, it can be sold within their members.

In Bara district there has been few initiatives in plantation of Amala in the degraded

forest areas with support from BISEP-ST and DSCO.

Ayurveda Health Policy, 1996: With objectives to improve the health condition of the

people at large and making them self-reliant on health services by exploiting huge

natural medicinal resources available in the country, Ayurvda Health Policy came into

Mr. Lal Bahadur Rana infront of Srijana CFUG office in Kohalpur -4, Bake

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existence in 1996. It has committed to improve upon qualitatively and quantitatively the

Ayurveda related infrastructures such as Department of Ayurveda, Central and district

Ayurvedic hospital, Singh Durbar Vaidya Khana, the Ayurvedic dispensaries and other

private organisations. The policy has emphasized on herb farming, production of herbal

medicines and development of herbal medicine based enterprises. Ayurvedic human

resources of high quality in the fields of education health and preparation of medicines

are envisaged to produce. The policy points out the necessity for establishing an

international standard ayurvedic research institute for doing meaningful and useful

Ayurvedic research.

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11. Intervention strategies Triphala (Harro, Barro and Amala) should be processed only up to the level where there

is no change in the product form. Triphala producers should be linked with the market

traders and finally with the processing company with contractual agreement of specified

quantity those who are ready to work in partnership with the producers. Producers group

shall aggregate together and register as a cooperative to work on collection and

marketing of semi processed Triphala and other herbs. When the products are processed

and converted into final form then the next difficult task is to sell it.

Raw Harro, Barro and Amala are slowly depleting every year from the forest area so

the members of forest users group should educated in sustainable harvesting and

monitored by local stakeholders in close coordination with the NTFP networks. Educate

the community members about its importance for generating cash income only when it is

collected in a sufficient quantity. Every business to function, it requires sufficient raw

materials and its supply chain should be well established from producers until the factory

and then up to the consumers. We should now be in a position to decide whether these

raw materials will be locally produced or imported from India.

It needs to be cultivated in the forest areas and are allowed to control within the

boundary of CFUG. When sufficiently collected there should be a technology transfer

about appropriate drying and seed extraction by providing them training and machines.

Up to the local level the quality of product should be enhance. It should be proved to

them that even by improving quality can fetch higher price. Actually by nature our

product quality is rich in nutritious but we human beings have degraded its quality by

without properly treating it.

As there is huge competition in the market for final product and the margins are very

low it is usually bad idea to enter into this venture when we don’t work in a volume and

quality standard. Instead of taking high risk in investing in plant and machinery it is

better at this stage to initially build the capacity to work in a volume only in certain

processing level without changing the product form. Usually people have nowadays very

bad perception towards powdered products due to high chances of adulteration and the

brand identity plays a very important role towards wining the consumers mind.

Nowadays there are small-scale masala mill whose job is to convert into powder form

and takes charges of it and they are sustainable by taking service charge. As Triphala is

a classical medicine and just converting into powder is not and issue to any organisations

but how you guarantee customers that the product is pure with quality raw materials,

hygienically processed and packaged. If the right procedures are not followed to prepare

final products then there will be chances of high customer’s complaints.

For working in small quantities, no machines are actually required when the

processing is taken care with existing available skills and knowledge with guarantee that

the product is good in quality.

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NTFP Network shall liaise with the individual farmers or groups for collection of raw

Triphala and further process up to the level without change in their form. The final

products shall be linked with the market traders or industrial buyers by long-term

contractual agreement. There is requirement to educate CF/CFM users to cultivate

Triphala ingredients in a commercial scale and link with the traders for their economic

return and improve their livelihood.

12. Conclusions It is early to start processing of Triphala churna by the community owned NTFP network

members either individually or cooperatives. The reason is supply channel of raw

materials required for processing in not established yet and the quantity of raw materials

is not uniformly available from different types forests (CF,CFM, LHF, and PLF). It is

necessary to first estimate resource inventory from the forest and other sources before

investing in this venture. Cooperatives or individuals can initially start with improving the

quality of raw materials before it is sold to the traders. In any business, relationships are

established by trust and commitment. This trust can be established by providing quality

products to the traders and factories so that they can be assured for quality product with

a regular supply.

However, Triphala churna shall be produced at the local level targeting only near by

market without any more promotional activities. In the rural market areas, Triphala

churna is mostly available from Indian companies, which are expensive and less efficient

compare to Nepali product. In addition to the three herbs- Harro, Barro and Amala other

more herbs and minerals shall be added to cure more diseases but this requires

Ayurvedic doctor with intensive research with the proof. The pulverize machine shall be

used for making powder of various spices.

For the better future of traditional medicine, immediate steps needed it to capture,

protect, and commercially exploit the natural resources, medicinal plants, traditional

medicine and their related intellectual property rights for the overall sustainable growth

and development.

13. References

1. ANSAB trade bulletin

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2. Ayurvedic Sandesh, Department of Ayurveda, Teku, Kathmandu

3. Study on compilation and prioritization of ten important NTFPs of Nepal for

commercial promotion through private sector investment, AEC

4. Field visit report prepared by DFCC office, Bara

5. FRAME : Role of natural products in resource management, poverty alleviation,

and good governance - a case study of Jatamansi and Wintergreen, March 2006,

prepared by Mr. Binod Pokharel, Mr. Madhusudan Subedi, Mr. Indu Bikal Sapkota,

Dr. Bhishma Subedi, The Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and

Bioresources (ANSAB), and EnterpriseWorks/VITA for International Resources

Group (IRG).

6. VALUE CHAINS IN NEPAL

7. Handbook on herbal medicine, IUCN

8. Brief abstract on status of traditional medicine in Nepal by Rishi Ram Koirala,

National Ayurveda Association, Nepal

9. Visited website of

a. Department of Drug Administration

b. Gorkha Ayurved Company (P) Ltd.

c. Dabur Nepal

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14. Annex

14.1. Interview questionnaire forms A. Input /Cultivation / Harvesting:

1. Where are Triphala (Harro, Barro and Amala) plants available?

Community owned Forest Collaborative Forest Government Manage Forest cultivated in the private land cultivated in barren land

Others, please specify: _____________________________________

2. If anyone is interested to cultivate seedlings/saplings, is it easily available? If yes, what is

the cost of each saplings or seeds?

Seeding/saplings is easily available / not available

Cost of seeding/saplings: Rs. _________ per kg., Rs. __________ per piece 3. Is there nursery available for Triphala plants? If yes, where it is available?

Nursery is available

Specify place: _______________________________________________

4. How many people are involved in cultivation/harvesting of Triphala in your area?

Write number of people in the box with each number in each box 5. Who are involved in plantation of Triphala plants?

Local farmers Traders Big businessmen

Others: ______________________________________

6. Who are involved in harvesting of Triphala plants?

Local farmers Traders Big businessmen

Others: ______________________________________

7. How much farmers earn by selling Harro, Barro and Amala in a year and are they

sustained by involving in this sector?

Rs. Per Year

8. What types of ethnic community people are involved in this sector?

9. What are their other sources of income?

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10. How did they start Harro, Barro and Amala cultivation?

11. What are the other support received from the NGOs/INGOs or donors?

Training Linkages with the traders

Others: ______________________________________

12. If the plants are cultivated, how much amount is needed to invest?

Cost of cultivation: Rs, ____________ per hectare

13. What are the present constraints for availability of quality seed/sapling?

Not easily available Need to travel far distance

Others: ______________________________________

14. What are the benefits of Triphala products? Explain briefly

___________________________________________________________________ 15. As per your knowledge what is the average availability area of Triphala in Nepal?

Product Average area in Hectare Harro

Barro

Amala

16. What is the annual production of Triphala from your area? Can you estimate roughly the

total production from Nepal?

Product Quantity from district Quantity from Nepal Harro Barro Amala

17. In your district in which VDCs Triphala plants are available? List the name of the VDCs

18. What is the Triphala plants production and harvesting cycle?

Season Harro Barro Amala

Plantation season in Month:

Harvesting season in Month:

Others:

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19. At what rate framers/individuals are selling Triphala to the collectors and what is the

average quantity of production from each plant?

Product Selling price Quantity from each plant Harro Barro Amala

20. How many people are required for cultivation/harvesting? What types of skills are

required?

Designation Function Skills

21. How raw Triphala are sold to the traders?

Traders come to us for purchase Sends someone representative Farmers have contact with the traders Others, please specify: ______________________________________

22. How Triphala are carried up to the market traders and up to the factory?

Carrying by human Tractor Cycle Others, please specify: ______________________________________

23. Where are the traders located?

List out few names of the places: _______________________________

24. What is the supply channel of Triphala products?

25. Who are the main manufacturers of Triphala power?

Name Address Telephone Remarks

26. Is there any conservation of Harro, Barro and Amala species issues, if yes explain?

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B. Processing and Marketing:

1. Describe the process of preparing Triphala? Write Step by step flow chart, if possible. 2. How much quantity of raw materials (Harro, Barro and Amala) is required in a year? Cash

or Credit purchase

Harro Barro Amala

Cash purchase Credit purchase

3. How much quantity of raw materials (Harro, Barro and Amala) is available in a year?

Harro Barro Amala

4. Who are the target consumers?

Person suffering from constipation

Person suffering from eye sight person

Control blood pressure

Improve digestive system

Improve immunity power

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Others: _________________________

5. What are the good quality indicators of Triphala’s ingredients?

Harro Barro Amala

6. What are the good quality indicators of Triphala?

Colour

Taste

Finely sieved

Others: ________________________________________________________

7. Final wholesale and retail price of Triphala? How the price is fixed and what are the main factors for determining price of the products?

Raw form

Product Wholesale price in Rs. Per

kg. Retail price in Rs. Per kg.

Harro Barro Amala

Powder form

Product Wholesale price in Rs. Per kg.

Retail price in Rs. Per kg.

Harro Barro Amala All mixed

Factor affecting price of Triphala products:

Market demand and supply Bargaining power of traders

Availability of raw materials

Others: _____________________________

8. Who are the present producers of Triphala products?

9. How much quantity of Triphala is consumed in a year in Nepal?

Quantity consumed: _________________________

10. How much quantity of raw Triphala is exported to other countries? Specify name of the country?

Producers Name: _____________________________

Contact address: _____________________________

Telephone: _____________________

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Quantity exported:______________________

Country name: _________________________

11. What are other value addition possibilities other than the Triphala powder?

Individual Harro, Barro and Amala separate powder Better packaging then the existing available

Others: ___________________________________

12. What is your present production capacity of Triphala powder?

< 500 kg. 500 to 1000 Kg. 1000 to 2000 kg. > 2000 kg.

Others: ____________________________________

13. What are the plants and equipments required for Triphala production in power form? Specify its cost.

Plants & Equipments Cost in Rs. Remarks

14. How many traders are involved in Triphala business and what is their major volume of

transaction in terms of quantity and cash?

Number of traders: __________, Volume of transaction: Rs. ________ , ________ Tons.

15. How much quantity of Triphala is processed in your enterprise?

Product Quantity in Kg. Remarks Harro Barro Amala

16. What is your plant capacity to process Triphala in your enterprise?

Plant capacity in ________ Tons. 17. Triphala powder is available in what sizes and packaging?

Packaging

Plastic bottles Loose packs Plastic packs

Available in gm

< 50 gm 100 gm 200 gm 500 gm > 500 gm

18. What is the monthly operating cost, annual variable cost, monthly fixed cost, investment

amount, profit margin from the enterprise?

Monthly operating cost: _________

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Annual variable cost: ___________

Monthly fixed cost: ____________

Investment amount: ___________

Profit margin: ____________

Total income from sales: ____________

19. How much is your administration expenses incurred? Explain all expense heading

Expense in Rs. List all expense headings

20. How much is your pre-operating cost incurred?

S.N. Description Amount 1 Registration cost 2 Business Plan 3 Training

Total pre-operating expenses 21. What are the buying and selling targets:

Buying items Selling items

22. What are your fixed asset investments? Calculate the annual depreciation amount from the

list of investment amount.

Fixed asset investments depreciation amount

23. What is the annual variable cost involved and monthly fixed operating cost? List the items.

Annual variable cost Monthly fixed operating cost

24. What is your initial investment?

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Investment of fixed assets

Investment of variable cost

Investment of fixed cost

25. What was your source of investment?

Annual interest of loan

Interest rate

26. What is your annual profit and loss account?

Income

Expenses

27. What are your regular activities and its expenses

Activities

Expenses

28. What are other Institutional development activities that you do?

Activities

Expenses

29. What are your regular activities?

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30. How many people are required for processing Triphala? What types of skills are required?

Designation Function Skills

31. What is your promotional strategy for marketing of the Triphala powder?

Attractive packaging

Low price than the competitors

Quality product with not compromise in price

Attractive incentives for Ayurvedic medicine and doctors

Others: ____________________________________ 32. What are the existing constraints for marketing Triphala powder? Please list in a bullet

points.

33. Marketing expenses

Expense head Amount in Rs. Trade Fairs Brochures Direct Visits Visiting Card Others

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34. Is your processing unit registered or not?

Not registered

Registered

Willing to register

Note: Inputs will be gathered during the interviews to do the SWOT analysis for assessment of feasibility of Triphala enterprise by asking questions from all angles. For financial assessment we will gather all facts and figure to draw final conclusion. C. Market Trader:

35. How much quantity of raw materials (Harro, Barro and Amala) is required in a year? Cash or Credit purchase

Harro Barro Amala

Cash purchase Credit purchase

36. How much quantity of raw materials (Harro, Barro and Amala) is available in a year?

Harro Barro Amala

37. Who are the target consumers?

Person suffering from constipation

Person suffering from eye sight person

Control blood pressure

Improve digestive system

Improve immunity power

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Others: _________________________

38. What are the good quality indicators of Triphala’s ingredients?

Harro Barro Amala

39. What are the good quality indicators of Triphala powder?

Colour Taste Finely sieved Others: _________________________

40. Final wholesale and retail price of Triphala? How the price is fixed and what are the

main factors for determining price of the products? Raw form

Product Wholesale price in Rs.

Per kg. Retail price in Rs. Per kg.

Harro Barro Amala

Powder form

Product Wholesale price in Rs. Per kg.

Retail price in Rs. Per kg.

Harro Barro Amala All mixed

Factor affecting price of Triphala products:

Market demand and supply Bargaining power of traders

Availability of raw materials

Others: _____________________________

41. Who are the present producers of Triphala products?

Producers Name: _____________________________

Contact address: _____________________________

Telephone: _____________________

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42. How much quantity of Triphala is consumed in a year in Nepal?

Quantity consumed: _________________________

43. How much quantity of raw Triphala is exported to other countries? Specify name of the country?

Quantity exported:______________________

Country name: _________________________

44. What are other value addition possibilities other than the Triphala powder?

Individual Harro, Barro and Amala separate powder Better packaging then the existing available

Others: ___________________________________

45. How many traders are involved in Triphala business and what is their major volume of

transaction in terms of quantity and cash?

Number of traders: __________, Volume of transaction: Rs. ________ , ________ Tons.

46. Triphala powder is available in what sizes and packaging?

Packaging

Plastic bottles Loose packs Plastic packs

Available in gm

< 50 gm 100 gm 200 gm 500 gm > 500 gm

47. What is the monthly operating cost, annual variable cost, monthly fixed cost,

investment amount, profit margin from the enterprise?

Monthly operating cost: _________

Annual variable cost: ___________

Monthly fixed cost: ____________

Investment amount: ___________

Profit margin: ____________

Total income from sales: ____________

48. What are your regular activities?

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49. What is your promotional strategy for marketing of the Triphala powder?

Attractive packaging

Low price than the competitors

Quality product with not compromise in price

Attractive incentives for Ayurvedic medicine and doctors

50. What are the existing constraints for marketing Triphala powder? Please list in a bullet

points.

51. Judge his interest and ask whether he is willing to become as a co-investor in Triphala processing in partnership with the local producers group?

I am interested in partnership

I am not interested in partnership

I am only interested in purchasing processed Triphala

Others: ____________________________________ 52. If he is willing to invest, what will be his terms and conditions? 53. How much amount he is willing to invest?

< Rs. 10,000

Rs. 10,000 to Rs. 25,000

Rs. 25,000 to Rs. 50,000

Rs. 50,000 to Rs. 100,000

> Rs. 100,000

D. Service provisions:

1. Which organizations /programmes are working in the Triphala promotion in the terai areas?

Organisation Name Contact person

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2. In which areas of services organisations are involved?

Input supply

Cultivation/harvesting

Processing

Marketing

Others: _____________________

3. Experience shared by the organizations involved in Triphala promotion in terms of:

a. What they have done so far?

b. Its future prospects? 4. How many beneficiaries are covered by the program?

No. of beneficiaries: _________

5. Current status of the enterprise

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14.2. List of persons met

S.N. Name, Position Organisation Name Contact address 1 Shiva Shankar Gupta, Secretary NTFP Network, Dhanusha 041-690424 / 9744008787 2 Sambu Chaudari NTFP Network, Bara 3 Sita Ram Dahal NTFP Network, Sarlahi 4 Laxmi P. Gautam, Vice president NTFP Network, Sarlahi 5 NTFP Network, President NTFP Network, Makwanpur 6 Dr. Achut Raj Malani NTFP Network, Makwanpur 7 Puspa Raj Parajuli 8 Yagy Prasad Kadel 9 Uttam Khadka Trader, Hetauda 9845057310

10 Bal krishna Khadga Trader, Hetauda 9855067658 11 Jit Bahadur Magar Trader, Hetauda 057-520980 12 Bir Singh Tamang Trader, Hetauda 9845106808 13 Sankar Karki Trader, Hetauda 14 Alue Sah Trader, Hetauda 15 Shivshankar Gupta Dhalkebar - 3, Dhanusha 9744008787 / 041-690424 16 Gopal Prasad Chaulagain Hetauda 9845042734 17 Ran Narayan Jha Trader, Janakpur 9841505090 18 Karam Chandra Agrawal Rakesh Traders Teku 9851035043 19 Dr. Basudev Kadel Singhadurbar Vaidyakhana 20 Ajaya B. Pradhanang Fluer Himalaya 5529436/5529059 21 Kumar Tamang, Executive Director Robeus Internatonal 4461288 / 9851016896 22 Lal Bahadur Rana NTFP Cooperative, Kohalpur 081-692612 / 9848022672 23 Samudayik Jadibuti Cooperatiion 9844086949 24 Rabin Lamsal Nardevi clinic 4269962 25 Mohan Poudel, General Manager Gorkha Ayurvedic 4352763 26 Shambhu Singh Regional Office 27 Prabin Bidari Regional Office 28 Arjun K.C Regional Office 30 Bhim Dhakal BISEPST 31 Raj Kumar Paudyal BISEPST

32 Dr. Dev Bhakta Shakya, Executive Director AEC

33 Govinda Adhakari DOF 34 Nanda Lal Yadav AFO, DOF, Makwanpur 35 Shiva Adhakari Departmetn of Ayurveda 4269910/4269911

36 Dr. Khem Raj Bhattarai Department of Plant Resources Tel: 5560977 email: [email protected]

37 Keshab Thapaliya, Framer Kishan Samudayik Sastha, Bara 9803356769/9845223684 38 Dil Bahadur Bhatarai Kishan Samudayik Sastha, Bara 9845031634 39 Kashi Nath paudel, Trader Trader, Sarlahi Ganesh Chowk, Tel: 9841540719 40 Somesh Das PSO, DFCCO, Bara 41 Keshab Acharya PSO, DFCCO, Makwanpur 551739/ 9845136087 42 Pankaj Kayasta PSO, DFCCO, Sarlahi 524665/ 9845027699 43 Rameshwor Pandit CMO, DFCCO, Dhanusha 521049/ 9841034612 44 Raj Kumar Rimal Ranger, DFCCO, Makwanpur 527314/ 9804824116 45 Govinda Ghimere, Executive Director Alternative Herbals Pvt. Ltd.

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14.3. Collection of Triphala SN Source of Triphala Collection time Period up to the

Processing unit Mode of transportation

14.4. Payment Slip Format for Collectors

Date Name of the Collector

Quantity (kg)

Rate per Kg

(Rs)

Total Amount

(Rs)

Amount Paid (Rs)

Amount Due (Rs)

Signature Remark

Batch Recording System Date: 2064/ / Batch: 1st / 2nd Time:

SN Name of the Worker Signature Remarks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8 9

Total Production of this Batch:................................

Approved By: