February 7, 2014

• Label the Greece and Asia Minor map with the key places and features.

• Then, color the water blue.

Early Greece

1. Minoans and Mycenaean

a. Minoans of Cretei. 2000 B.C.

1. Established colonies on islands in the Aegean Sea

2. Traded goods with these colonies

ii. Minoan Life1. Buildings

a. Solidly constructed

b. Private roomsc. Basic plumbingd. Brightly colored

artwork on the walls

2. Artworka. Has helped historians

understand Minoan lifei. Ships tell us that

they were tied to the sea

ii. Women appear to have major roles in society

iii. Also shows what they did for fun

3. Writinga. They did have a writing systemb. Called Linear A

i. We do not know how to read it.

Linear A script of the Minoans (1700 – 1550 BC)100 symbols, each representing a syllable

iii. Decline1. Minoan society suddenly fell apart2. One possible cause was a world-shaking disaster3. Eventually would be conquered by Mycenae

b. The Mycenaean Statei. Located on

mainland Greeceii. Language was a

form of Greek

iii. Society1. Dominated by intense competition2. Frequent warfare3. Powerful kings

iv. Kings1. Taxed trade and

farming2. Built great

palaces and high walls

a. Example: the Lion’s Gate

v. Inspired great legends1. Trojan War

a. Greeks fought a powerful city called Troyb. Historians are not sure if the war happened

i. Have found remains of a city they believed to be Troy

ii. Evidence suggests that the city was destroyed in Battle

2. Greek City-States

a. Life in a polisi. A Polis (city-state) became the

basic political unit in Greeceii. Each polis had their own law,

customs and government

iii. A polis was built around a high area called an acropolis1. Used as a fortress2. Housed temples

to the gods3. Spaces for public

ceremonies

iv. Below the acropolis was the agora (marketplace)1. People did business,

gossiped, and discussed politics

2. Shops, houses and more temples surrounded the agora

v. City wall surrounded the entire polis

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=514IEcgz1Q8

b. Spartai. Located on the large

peninsula of southern Greece

ii. Took control of the towns around them

1. Made captured people become helots (state slave)

2. Helots were forced to do manual labor

iii. Spartans spent their time training for war1. Built up their army to keep the helots under

controliv. Military

2. Demanded toughness and strength from birth3. Babies were examined for strength after birth

a. If found to be unhealthy was left out in the wilderness to die

3. Boys were taught by their mothers until the age of 7

4. At 7 boys went to a school to be trained for combata. Created by King Lycurgusb. Goal was to prepare the boys for the

hardships they would face as soldiers

5. At the end of their training, boys were sent into the wilderness without food or supplies and were expected to survive

6. At 20, boys became hoplites (foot soldiers)7. Had to serve 10 years in the military, then

they could leave and take their place as citizens

v. Women1. Trained in gymnastics for physical

fitness2. Believed they had to be fit to have

strong children3. Had the right to own property

vi. Politics1. Sparta had 2 kings who served as

military commanders2. Council of Elders

a. Made the decisionsb. Considered an honor to be on this

council

3. Gods and Heroes

a. Olympic godsi. Greeks believed in hundreds of gods and

goddessesii. Deities governed one aspect of nature of

lifeiii. Believed 12 gods were particularly

influential in their lives1. These 12 gods lived together on Mt.

Olympus

a. Zeus- King of the gods; god of the Sky

b. Hera- Queen of the gods; goddess of marriage and women

c. Poseidon- god of the seas and earthquakes

d. Hades-god of the underworld

e. Demeter- goddess of agriculture

f. Hestia- goddess of the hearth and family

g. Athena- goddess of wisdomh. Apollo- god of prophecy,

healing, poetry, music and the sun

i. Artemis-goddess of hunting and the moon j. Ares-god of war

k. Aphrodite- goddess of love l. Hephaestus- god of metal work

iv. Did not consider the gods to be perfect1. Greek myths indicate this belief2. Each polis claimed one god or

goddess as its special protector

v. Believed some places to be sacred1. Example:

Delphivi. Olympic Games

2. Held every 4 years

b. Myths about Heroesi. Purpose of the myths

1. Used to teach Greeks where they came from and what sort of people they should be

a. Herculesi. Son of Zeusii. Had godlike strengthiii. Renown across Greece

b. Theseus1. Athenian prince

who killed the Minotaur of Crete

2. Famous only in his home city

ii. What they did1. Killed monsters2. Made discoveries3. Founded cities4. Talked with god almost on equal

terms

iii. Hubris1. According to Greek myths heroes

could only rise so far2. Hubris (great pride) brought many

heroes to tragic ends3. Deaths served as a lesson to not

overstretch one’s abilities

Minoans and Mycenaeans

• Use your notes, textbooks, and technology to complete the Minoans vs. Mycenaeans graphic organizer.– Use pages 127 – 129 (including maps)– Use the book with the black spine, pages 64 - 67

The Odyssey

• Read The Odyssey on page 133 of your text.• Write a one-page (minimum) news broadcast

about the Trojan War

February 10, 2014

• Analyze the map on page 126. With your partner, create a list of Greece's geographic advantages and disadvantages. Then, answer questions 1 and 2.

War and Democracy in Greece

1. Athenian Democracy

a. Developmenti. Birth place for democracy was

Athens1. A form of government run by

the people

ii. Significant Leaders1. Draco

a. Thought the only way to end unrest was through harsh punishment

b. He reformed city laws to accomplish this idea

c. Harshness of the laws only made things worse

2. Solona. Overturned Draco’s laws and reformed themb. Outlawed slavery c. Encouraged trade to help reduce povertyd. Allowed all men in Athens to take part in the

assembly that governed the city and serve on juries that heard trials

e. Only the wealthy could run and hold officef. First real steps toward democracy

3. Peisistratusa. Was a tyrant

i. A strong man who seizes power by force and claims to rule for the good of the people

b. Was popular with the peoplec. Pushed aristocrats out of officed. Increased trade to make Athens

richer

4. Cleisthenesa. Reforms set the stage for Athenian

Democracyb. Divided Athens into 10 tribes

i. These tribes would be the basis on for their elections

b. Nature of Athenian Democracyi. Only free male Athenians over the

age of 20, who completed military training could vote

1. Expected to take part in 4 areasa. Vote in all elections b. Serve in office if electedc. Serve on juriesd. Serve in the military during war

ii. Athenian democracy consisted of three main bodies1. Assembly

a. Included all people eligible to take part in the government

b. Made all the laws and important decisions for Athens

c. Direct Democracyi. A type of system in which all

people voted directly on the issue

2. Council of 500a. Main role was to write laws that

could be voted on in the assembly3. Courts

b. A complex system that heard trials and sentenced criminals

c. Had as many as 6000 members, chosen from the Assembly

iii. Elected Officials1. Generals

a. Would lead the city in war2. Archon

a. Chief of state in Athensb. Was the head of the Assembly and Council

of 500c. Served one year terms but could be re-

electedd. Could be removed from office or punished

if he failed to serve the people well

c. Golden Age of Athensi. Increased influence

1. Delian Leaguea. Alliance with the city-states of

Greeceb. Controlled by Athens

i. Controlled the league’s ships and money

c. League will in essence become an Athenian Empire

ii. Rebuilding Athens1. Used money from the Delian League’s treasury to rebuild the city after the Persian War2. Built temples on the acropolis

a. Grandest was the Parthenon3. Built new roads, expanded the port and constructed high walls around the city

iii. Age of Pericles1. Pericles

a. Elected as one of Athens generalsb. Also a politicianc. Introduced paid public offices and juriesd. Encouraged introduction of democracy

into other parts of Greecee. Commissioned the building of the

Parthenon

2. War in Greecea. The Persian Wars

i. Cause of Conflict1. Ionian Rebellion

a. A Greek city-state conquered by Persian and rebelled against them

b. Asked fellow Greeks to help them gain independence

c. Persians put rebellion down; wanted to punish those who helped

ii. 1st Persian Invasion1. Persians set out for

Greece with tens of thousands of soldiers

2. Landed at Marathon and fought the Athenians there

3. Athenians used a phalanx system to fight the Persians with a. It is a tight

rectangular formation in which the soldiers held long spears out ahead of the wall of shields

b. Forced Persians to retreat

4. Legend of Marathona. Messenger ran from Marathon to

Athens to tell the news…got there…gave it and then died. He ran about 26 miles.

iii. Preparations for 2nd Invasion1. Darius planned a 2nd attempt but died before he

could execute it2. Xerxes continued with the planning3. Set out with hundreds of thousands of troops4. Athens seeks help from other city-states; Sparta

answersa. Athens would command the navyb. Sparta would command the army

iv. 2nd Persian invasion1. Thermopylae

a. Spartans gathered at the mountain pass of Thermopylae to slow the Persians march on Athens

b. Held them off for several days

c. Persians found a way to surround the Spartans

d. Spartan sacrifice allowed time for the Greek defense

2. Salamisa. Persians headed south

to Athensb. Used their fleet to

deliver supplies

c. Athenian commander lured the Persian fleet into the Strait of Salamisi. Strait was narrow and did not allow for the much

larger Persian fleet to maneuver wellii. Greek warships cut down the Persian fleet

d. This battle changed the nature of the war

3. Plataeaa. The Greek army led by

the full might of Sparta crushed the Persians

b. After the defeat Persians gave up on the invasion and agreed to a peace settlement

b. The Peloponnesian Wari. The Peloponnesian League

1. Headed by Sparta2. Fear the Athenian fleet would cut

off their supplies3. Both sides will declare war on the

other

ii. War in Greece1. Lasted for years2. First part of the war no one gains ground

a. Agreed to a truce3. War starts again when Athens attacked

one of Sparta’s allies4. Sparta takes to both land and sea and

defeat the Athenians

5. Athens is forced to surrender6. Sparta tried to control all of Greece but was

unable to do so7. Sparta will be conquered by Thebes

a. Even they cannot control all of Greeceb. Leaves a power vacuum in Greece

Choose one…

• Write a dialogue in which at least two leaders discuss Athenian government.– One page minimum

• Create a comic strip depicting a conversation involving at least one Athenian leader.

• Imagine you are an Athenian leader. Write a one-page journal entry (including a visual component) discussing your ideas and experiences.

** You may use technology to do additional research **

Athens vs. Sparta Graphic Organizer

• Use the following resources to help you be successful:– Notes– Textbook– A History of Western Society (orange spine) pages

66- 68, 70, 75-79– Personal technology

• When you’re finished, please complete the Minoan and Mycenaean Graphic Organizer

February 11, 2014

• Can someone teach something so controversial that they should be put to death (or punished harshly)? Explain.

Greek Achievements

1. Philosophy

a. Socratesi. First great Athenian philosopherii. Interested in broad concepts: truth, justice and

virtueiii. Believed philosophers could learn what made

good people and good societiesiv. Believed in order in find answers you have to ask

questions1. Developed what we call the Socratic Method

b. Platoi. Student of Socratesii. A writer

i. Most famous work is the Republiciii. Writings covered topics on truth, goodness and the

ideal form of governmentiv. Believed most qualified to lead in government were

philosophersv. Wanted to make philosopher’s education more formalvi. Founded the Academy

c. Aristotlei. Studied at the Academyii. Concerned with the nature of the world around himiii. Emphasis on reason and logic

1. Reason- clear and ordered thinkinga. Used to learn about the world

2. Logic- process of making inferencesa. People use what they already know to infer

new facts

2. Literaturea. Homer’s epics

i. Tell about great events and heroesii. Both tell stories about the Trojan war

1. The Iliada. Starts with the last year of the Trojan Warb. Story about two mighty heroes: Achilles and

Hector2. The Odyssey

a. Tells the story of Odysseus (who angered the gods)

b. Forced to wander the seas for 10 years

b. Other forms of Poetryi. Descriptive

1. Tells storiesii. Lyric Poetry

1. Deals with emotions and desires

3. History

a. Herodotusi. Lived during the Persian warsii. Wrote The Histories

1. Describes major events: wars, battles, debates

b. Thucydidesi. Lived during the Peloponnesian

Warii. Used primary sources

1. Looked at sources critically and ignored what seemed unreliable and irrelevant

4. Drama

a. Art of playwritingb. Two types

i. Tragedy1. Three main writers

a. Aeschylus1. Wrote plays on ancient Greek

myths and on events from Athenian history

b. Sophoclesi. Concentrated his plays on suffering

that people brought upon themselvesc. Euripides

ii. Wrote about characters whose tragedy was not brought about by flaws but by chance or irrational behavior

ii. Comedy1.Many were satires, plays

written to expose the flaws of their society

5. Greek Architecture and Art

a. Architecturei. Parthenon

1. Great and grandest example of Greek architecture

2. Housed the statue of Athena3. Had no windows4. Parts of the temple were painted

b. Sculpturei. Greeks adept at human formii. Tried to recreate what they observediii. Wanted statues to look lifelike and

activeiv. Did not portray figures as they really

were but as physically perfect

c. Paintingsi. Best examples are found on vases, plates, and

other vesselsii. Decorated with scenes from everyday life, myths

or legendsiii. Two colors used: black or rediv. Lifelike and full of movement

The Hellenistic World

1. Macedoniaa. Philip II

i. Reorganized Macedonian army

1. Adopted the Phalanx system but modified it by using longer spears

2. Also had larger bodies of archers and cavalry

ii. Conquered every major city-state in Greece except Sparta

iii. Assassinated in 336 B.C.; Son Alexander became king

b. Alexander the Greati. 20 years old when

he became kingii. Student of Aristotleiii. Re-established

control over Greece

iv. Attacked Persia in 334 B.C.1. Alexander’s army was smaller but was loyal to

him and was well2. Defeats Persian army

v. Attacked Egypt3. Welcomed as a liberator4. Named the new pharaoh

vi. Will try to take India but army refused to go on

vii. 323 B.C. Alexander dies in Babylon; he was 33 years old

viii. Had no heir

ix. Empire divided between his top 3 generals1. Antigonus- King of

Macedonia and Greece

2. Seleucus- Persian Empire

3. Ptolemy- Egypt

a. Blending Culturesi. Alexander helped create a new type of culture

called Hellenistic or “Greek-like”

2. Hellenistic World

b. Alexandriai. Built by Alexander, in Egyptii. Location of the Nile River was ideal for tradeiii. Built great palaces and grand monuments

1. The Museuma. Held many works of art

2. The Library of Alexandriaa. Contained many works on philosophy, literature, history and

the sciences

c. Life in the Hellenistic Worldi. Government

1. City-states were replaced with kingdoms2. Democracies became monarchies

ii. Women1. Gained the rights to receive an education and to own

property2. Legally they were not equal to men though

a. Philosophyi. Cynicism

1. Called cynics2. Rejected pleasure, wealth and social responsibility3. Believed man should live according to nature

3. Hellenistic Achievements

ii. Epicureans1. Believed people should seek out pleasure

a. Pleasure is viewed as goodb. Pain was viewed as evil

2. Believed one should develop close friendships with people who shared similar ideas

iii. Stoicism1. Called Stoics2. Placed emphasis on reason, self-discipline,

emotional control and personal morality3. Believed people should find their role in society

and strive to fulfill it

b. Science and Technologyi. Euclid

1. Formulated many of the ideas of geometry that we still use today

ii. Eratosthenes1. Calculated the size of the globe

iii. Archimedes1. Developed the

compound pulley2. Invented the

mechanical screw

Mechanical Screw

Compound Pulley

Historical Head

• Create a historical head for any of the figures:– Socrates– Plato– Aristotle– Homer– Herodotus

– Thucydides– Alexander the Great

• Include words and symbols to show what your character is thinking

• Use color!