Federal Aviation Regulations

PART 91PART 121

Record Keeping Requirements – 14 CFR Subpart V

• This subpart prescribes requirements for the preparation and maintenance of records and reports for all certificate holders.

Records and Reports:

Crewmember & Dispatcher Records (121.683)

Dispatch Release (121.687)Load Manifest (121.693)Maintenance Log (121.701)Mechanical Reliability Reports

(121.705)Service Difficulty Reports (121.703)Communications Records (121.711)

121.695 Disposition of load manifest, dispatch release, and flight plans: Domestic and flag operations

• (a) The pilot in command of an airplane shall carry in the airplane to its destination—(1) A copy of the completed load manifest (or information from it, except information concerning cargo and passenger distribution);(2) A copy of the dispatch release; and(3) A copy of the flight plan.

• (b) The certificate holder shall keep copies of the records required in this section for at least three months.

[Doc. No. 6258, 29 FR 19226, Dec. 31, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 121–178, 47 FR 13316, Mar. 29, 1982; Amdt. 121–253, 61 FR 2616, Jan. 26, 1996]

121.709 Airworthiness release or aircraft log entry

(a) No certificate holder may operate an aircraft after maintenance, preventive maintenance or alterations are performed on the aircraft unless the certificate holder, or the person with whom the certificate holder arranges for the performance of the maintenance, preventive maintenance, or alterations, prepares or causes to be prepared—

(1) An airworthiness release; or(2) An appropriate entry in the aircraft

log.

SUBCHAPTER F--AIR TRAFFIC AND GENERAL OPERATING

RULES

Part 91General Operating and Flight Rules

Part 91 Subpart A - General

91.1 Applicability • Operation of aircraft

• All of Part 91 within 3 nm of the US coast• Most of Part 91 within 12 nm of the US

coast

Part 91 Subpart B – Flight Rules

• 91.101 Applicability Operation of aircraft anywhere within the US and

within 12 nautical miles of the US coast

• 91.103 Preflight action• PIC responsible for all preflight actions

• Become familiar with all available information• Wx reports and forecasts, fuel requirements,

alternatives available, known traffic delays (if advised by ATC)

• Runway lengths at airports of intended use• Aircraft with an approved AFM, takeoff and

landing distances

91.105 Flight crewmembers at stations

• 91.105 Flight crewmembers at stations• Mandatory for all takeoffs and landings• Shoulder harness mandatory for all takeoffs

and landings• Safety belt fastened while at the

crewmember station• Cruise – allowed to leave the station for

physiological needs or to perform required duties

91.117 Aircraft Speed

• 250 KIAS below 10,000’• 200 KIAS below 2,500 AGL within 4

nm of the primary airport for Class C or Class D airspace unless otherwise authorized

• 200 KIAS below the floor of Class B airspace

• Exceptions allowed for all speed rules for all aircraft to fly at minimum safe speed

• 91.119 Minimum Safe Altitudes• Congested areas – 1,000’ above highest

obstacle w/i 2,000’ of a/c• Uncongested areas – 500’ above surface

or 500’ from any person, vessel, vehicle, or structure when over open water or sparsely populated areas

• 91.121 Altimeter settings• Current altimeter setting w/i 100 nm

below 18,000’• Use of 29.92 at or above 18,000’• Conversion table presented (00.50 = 500

feet)

• 91.123 Compliance with ATC clearances and instructions

• PIC may not deviate from an ATC clearance except in an emergency or RA from TCAS

• If deviation occurs, notify ATC as soon as possible• Written report from PIC w/i 48 hours if given priority

by ATC in an emergency if requested by ATC• Rule covering a pilot following the clearance issued to

the pilot of another aircraft• ATC clearance is not binding until the PIC accepts the

clearance (PIC can always refuse a clearance)

• 91.139 Emergency air traffic rules• The FAA will utilize the NOTAM system to

outline restrictions and limitations concerning emergency air traffic rules

• Compliance is mandatory by all pilots

• 91.141 Flight restrictions in the proximity of the Presidential and other parties• No person may fly in the vicinity of any area

to be visited or traveled by the President or VP (notification via NOTAMs)

• 91.143 Space flight operations – same as .141

SUBCHAPTER G--AIR CARRIERS AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS

Part 121 – Operating Requirements: Domestic, Flag, and Supplemental Operations

Subpart I-

AIRPLANE PERFORMANCE OPERATING LIMITATIONS

121.171 Applicability.

• Effective length of the runway for landing

• Obstruction clearance plane

121.189 Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Takeoff limitations

• Take-off Weight• Accelerate –Stop Distance• Clearway Length• Take-off Run• Max Certified Take-0ff weight• Take-off path clearance• Appropriate Corrections• Bank Angle

121.191 Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route

limitations: One engine inoperative.

Performance must be based on;Most critical eng. fails at most critical

point en-routeRemaining engines at MCTThe most unfavorable center of gravity

Flight plan must -Clear terrain by 2,000’ w/in 5sm of track.

Positive slope at 1,500’AGL above Alternate AirportAlternate Airport specified in release & meets weather minimums

121.193 Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: Two engines inoperative

• 121.193(c)• ETP’S required whenever intended flight track is more than 90

minutes from a suitable airport.

Fuel / Terrain calculations consider1. 2 engines fail at most critical point enroute2. Clear all terrain by 2,000’3. Positive slope at 1,500AGL above diversion airport.4. 15 minutes of fuel at cruise power.

60%

Dry & Wet Performance

DRY Performance = Land and stop within 60% of runway length without using

reverse thrust.

60% +15%

WET or Slippery Runway Performance = 15% additional runway over dry

requirements

121.197 Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Alternate airports.

• No person may list an airport as an alternate airport in a dispatch or flight release for a turbine engine powered airplane unless (based on the assumptions in §121.195 (b)) that airplane at the weight anticipated at the time of arrival can be brought to a full stop landing within 60 percent of the effective length of the runway for turbojet powered airplanes, from a point 50 feet above the intersection of the obstruction clearance plane and the runway.

• In the case of an alternate airport for departure, as provided in §121.617, allowance may be made for fuel jettisoning in addition to normal consumption of fuel and oil when determining the weight anticipated at the time of arrival.

Subpart T

121.533 Responsibility for operational control: Domestic operations. 121.535 Responsibility for operational control: Flag operations.

• The Dispatcher & PIC are Jointly responsible for Operational Control

Responsibility for Operational Control

• The aircraft dispatcher is responsible for—

(1) Monitoring the progress of each flight;

(2) Issuing necessary instructions and information for the safety of the flight; and

(3) Cancelling or re-dispatching a flight if, in his opinion or the opinion of the pilot in command, the flight cannot operate or

continue to operate safely as planned or released.

Responsibility for Operational; Control (Continued)

(d) Each pilot in command of an aircraft is, during flight time, in command of the aircraft and crew and is responsible for the safety of the passengers, crewmembers, cargo, and airplane.

(e) Each pilot in command has full control and authority in the operation of the aircraft, without limitation, over other crewmembers and their duties during flight time, whether or not he holds valid certificates authorizing him to perform the duties of those crewmembers.

(f) No pilot may operate an aircraft in a careless or reckless manner so as to endanger life or property.

121.539 Operations notices

Each certificate holder shall notify its appropriate operations personnel …….

121.541 Operations schedules: Domestic and flag operations

• In establishing flight operations schedules, each certificate holder conducting domestic or flag operations shall …….

121.542 Flight crewmember duties

• (a) No certificate holder shall require, nor may any flight crewmember perform, any duties during a critical phase of flight except those duties required for the safe operation of the aircraft.

• (b) No flight crewmember may engage in, nor may any pilot in command permit, any activity during a critical phase of flight which could distract any flight crewmember from the performance of his or her duties or which could interfere in any way with the proper conduct of those duties

• (c) For the purposes of this section, critical phases of flight includes all ground operations involving taxi, takeoff and landing, and all other flight operations conducted below 10,000 feet, except cruise flight.

121.543 Flight crewmembers at controls

• (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, each required flight crewmember on flight deck duty must remain at the assigned duty station with seat belt fastened while the aircraft is

taking off or landing, and while it is en route.

121.545 Manipulation of controls

121.547 Admission to flight deck

• No person may admit any person to the flight deck of an aircraft unless the person being admitted is—

121.548 Aviation safety inspector's credentials: Admission to pilot's compartment

121.548a DOD Commercial Air Carrier Evaluator's Credential

121.550 Secret Service Agents: Admission to flight deck

• ….. the inspector must be given free and uninterrupted access to the pilot's

compartment of that aircraft

121.557 Emergencies: Domestic and flag operations

• (a) In an emergency situation that requires immediate decision and action the pilot in command may take any action that he considers necessary under the circumstances

121.563 Reporting mechanical irregularities

121.565 Engine inoperative: Landing; reporting

(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, whenever an airplane engine fails or whenever an engine is shutdown to prevent possible damage, the pilot in command must land the airplane at the nearest suitable airport, in point of time, at which a safe landing can be made.

Subpart U-

Dispatch & Flight Release Rules

121.595 Dispatching authority: Flag operations.

No person may start a flight unless an aircraft dispatcher specifically authorizes that flight

121.601 Aircraft dispatcher information to pilot in command: Domestic and flag operations.

• (a) The aircraft dispatcher shall provide the pilot in command all available current reports or information

• Before beginning a flight…

• During a flight…

121.617 Alternate airport for departure

121.619 Alternate airport for destination: IFR or over-the-top: Domestic operations

121.621 Alternate airport for destination: Flag operations

121.625 Alternate Airport weather minima

121.631 Original dispatch or flight release, re-dispatch or amendment of dispatch or flight release

No person may allow a flight to continue to an airport to which it has been dispatched or released unless………..

121.639 Fuel supply: All domestic operations

121.645 Fuel supply: Turbine-engine powered airplanes, other than turbo propeller: Flag and supplemental operations

121.646 En-route fuel supply: flag and supplemental operations

• No person may dispatch or release for flight a turbine-engine powered airplane with more than two engines for a flight more than 90 minutes (with all engines operating at cruise power) from an Adequate Airport unless the following fuel supply requirements are met…