federalism in malaysia
DESCRIPTION
Simple notes to understand the federalism in Malaysia.Slides not mine.TRANSCRIPT
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CONSTITUTIONAL & ADMINISTRATIVE LAW I
FEDERALISM IN MALAYSIA2 OCTOBER 2013
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CONTENT
Introduction Historical development of federalism
in Malaya up to Independence Formation of Federation of Malaya
1957 & Federation of Malaysia 1963 Federalism in the Malaysian
Constitution Latest issues relating of federalism in
Malaysia
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Terminologies
Federalism (Watts): the advocacy of multi-tiered government combining elements of shared-ruled and regional self-rule
Essence of federalism : perpetuation of both union and non-centralization at the same time
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Terminologies
Federalism (Elazar) : the mode of political organization that unites separate polities within an overarching political system so as to allow each to maintain its fundamental political integrity
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Terminologies
Federal political system (Watts): a broad political systems where there are 2 or more levels of govt thus combining elements of shared-rule through common institutions and regional self-rule for governments of the constituent units
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Genus of Federal Political Systems (Elazar)
Decentralized unions e.g Indonesia (27 provinces)
Federations e.g Australia Confederations e.g CIS, EU Federacies e.g Greenland to Denmark Associated statehood e.g San Marino to
Italy Condominiums e.g Andorra to France &
Spain Leagues e.g ASEAN
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Terminologies
Federation (Watts): (an entity) in which neither the federal nor the constituent units of government are constitutionally subordinate to the other
i.e. each has sovereign powers derived from the constitution, each is empowered to deal directly with its citizens in the exercise of its legislative, executive and taxing powers and each is directly elected by its citizens
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Common Structural Features of Federation (Watts)
1. 2 orders of govt each acting directly on their citizens
2. A formal constitutional distribution of legislative & executive authority & allocation of revenue resources between the 2 orders of govt ensuring some genuine autonomy for each order
3. Provision for the designated representation of distinct regional views within the federal policy-making institutions
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Common Structural Features of Federation (Watts)
4. A supreme written constitution not unilaterally amendable and requiring the consent of a significant proportion of the constituent units5. An umpire (in the form of courts or provision for referendums) to rule on disputes between governments6. Processes and institutions to facilitate intergovernmental collaboration for those areas where governmental responsibilities are shared or inevitably overlap
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Characteristics of a Federation (Sawer)
1. representation of the regions in the centre government
2. retention of existing state constitutions3. allocation of defined powers to the centre, leaving
the undefined residue of powers to the regions4. principal centre powers : taxing and spending;
foreign and interstate commerce; defense; naturalisation; bankruptcy; coinage; standard of weight and measures; posts; patents and copyrights; centre territories and property
5. guaranteed against centre discrimination in dealings with region i.e federal fairness
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Characteristics of a Federation (Sawer)
6. guarantees against region discrimination in relation to other regions7. financial provisions - centre and regions were in general given concurrent power to raise any form of tax 8. fundamental guarantees for individuals - separation of powers9. admission of new region - no existing region might be split or merged without its consent, but the centre was empowered without reference to existing regions to admit new territories as regions
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Characteristics of a Federation
10. a centre supreme court with special responsibility for issues arising under the constitution and under federal law or having an inter-regional character.11. amendment - two method of initiation were provided (in the US constitution) : by 2/3 majorities in both centre legislative Houses or by a centre People's convention called on the application of 2/3 of the region legislaturesTwo method of ratification : by approval of the legislature in 3/4 of the regions or by separate conventions in 3/4
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Conditions towards Federalism
According Riker, there are 2 circumstances encouraging a willingness to strike the bargain of federalism :
i) the expansion conditionii) the military condition @ existence of
threat
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Historical Development of Federalism in Malaysia up to 1957
Establishment of Negeri Sembilan as a (loose) federation
The office of the Yamtuan Besar N9 was created as the unifying symbol in the regions war against external aggressions (Aziz Bari)
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Historical Development of Federalism in Malaysia up to 1957
Federal Treaty 1896 – Federated Malay States Purpose of establishing the Federal Treaty;i) attaining efficiency in administration ii) fulfilling economic aim The amalgamation of the four Malay states
was limited to administrative, legal and financial aspect.
Policies were laid down at the centre by the British officers and then implemented in the states through the state councils chaired by the respective sultans
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Historical Development of Federalism in Malaysia up to 1957
Effort to establish unitary state : Malaya Union 1946 – had to be disbanded
Some of the characteristics of Malaysian Federation today have their roots in the 1946 format e.g. the provisions that allow the centre to assume control over the states
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Historical Development of Federalism in Malaysia up to 1957
Federation of Malaya Agreement 1948 was a compromise formula from the 1946 Malayan Union proposal
The 1948 Agreement created a) A strong central governmentb) Accommodate the states,
particularly the sovereignty of the Malay Rulers
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Federalism in the Reid Commission Report
A measure of financial autonomy for the states
Proposal for concurrent powers Exclusivity for both federal and
states, in certain circumstances, the federal has power to override state power
Safeguard for the states in the form of Senate’s power on constitutional amendments
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Why there is a need to establish a Federation of Malaya in 1957?
1. To preserve the sovereignty of the Malay rulers
2. To ensure a uniform development among the various states
3. As a preparation towards self-government and independence
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Why there is a need to establish Federation of Malaysia in 1963?
1. To balance the ethnic composition with the entrance of Singapore, Sabah & Sarawak
2. To prevent communism from spreading to Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak
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Federalism in the Malaysian Constitution
Part VI – Relations between the Federation and the States with 8 chapters
a) Distribution of legislative powersb) Distribution of executive powersc) Distribution of financial burdensd) Lande) National developmentf) Federal surveys, advice to states and
inspection of state activitiesg) National council for local governmenth) Application to states of Sabah & Sarawak
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Federalism in the Malaysian Constitution
Art. 73 – legislative powers Art 74 – subject matter of federal &
state legislature Art 75 – inconsistencies between
federal & state law Art 76(1) – power of the Parliament
to legislate for the states Art 76A – Parliament’s power to
extend legislative power of the State
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Federalism in the Malaysian Constitution
Art 77 – Residual power Art 79 – Exercise of concurrent
legislative powers Art 80 – Distribution of Executive
powers Art 81 – State Obligation towards
federal government
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Federalism in the Malaysian Constitution
Art 150 – Emergency powers (indirect)
Art 2 – Admission of new territories into the federation (indirect)
Art 71(3) – federal guarantee of state constitutions
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MALAYSIAN FEDERAL SYSTEM
Federal List State List Concurrent List
1. External affairs2. Defence3. Internal security4. Civil and criminal
law and procedure and the administration of justice
5. Federal citizenship and naturalization; aliens
6. Machinery of the government
7. Finance8. Trade, commerce,
industry
1. Islamic law, personal and family law of Muslim; wakafs; Malay customs, zakat/similar islamic religious revenues; mosques/Islamic public places of worship; creation & punishment of offences by Muslims against the precepts of Islam; constitution & procedure of Syariah courts; control of propagating doctrines among Muslims; determination of matters of Islamic law, doctrine and Malay custom
1. Social welfare; social services; protection of women, children and young persons
2. Scholarships3. Protection of wild
animals and National Parks
4. Animal husbandry; prevention of cruelty to animals; veterinary services; animal quarantine
5. Town and country planning
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Cases
Government of Kelantan v Government of the Federation of Malaya & Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj [1963] MLJ 355
(the validity of the establishment of Federation of Malaysia without consultation with the states)
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Cases
City Council of Georgetown v Government of the State of Penang[1967]1 MLJ 169
(Art 75 – validity of state law vs federal law – federal law prevailed)
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Cases
Government of Malaysia v Government of Kelantan [1968]1 MLJ 129
(ability of the state to raise its own revenue)
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Cases
Mamat bin Daud v Government of Malaysia[1986]2 MLJ 192, [1988]1 MLJ 119
(pith and substance rule)
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Cases
Pihak Berkuasa Nageri Sabah v Sugumar Balakrishnan & Anor [1998]3 MLJ 289, [1998]3 CLJ 85
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Cases
Ketua Pengarah Jabatan Alam Sekitar & Anor v Kajing Tubek & ors [1997]3 MLJ 23
(Bakun Dam’s case – concurrent power to make law regulating the production, supply and distribution of electricity)
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INTERGOVERNMENTAL BODIES
Intergovernmental relations : Purpose of intergovernmental
relations:1. Cooperation2. Consultation3. Coordination
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INTERGOVERNMENTAL BODIES IN MALAYSIA
1. Conference of Rulers
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INTERGOVERNMENTAL BODIES IN MALAYSIA
2. National Land Council
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INTERGOVERNMENTAL BODIES IN MALAYSIA
3. National Finance Council
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INTERGOVERNMENTAL BODIES IN MALAYSIA
4. National Council of Local Government
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CURRENT ISSUE RELATING TO FEDERALISM IN MALAYSIA
1. Fiscal federalism- Distribution of wealth
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CURRENT ISSUE RELATING TO FEDERALISM IN MALAYSIA
2. Federalism & democracy- Discriminatory treatment between the states
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CURRENT ISSUE RELATING TO FEDERALISM IN MALAYSIA
3. Residual power
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CURRENT ISSUE RELATING TO FEDERALISM IN MALAYSIA
4. Role of the Senate
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CURRENT ISSUE RELATING TO FEDERALISM IN MALAYSIA
5. Role of the Conference of Rulers
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CURRENT ISSUE RELATING TO FEDERALISM IN MALAYSIA
6. Operation of Concurrent Powers
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Future of Malaysian Federalism
post 2013 general election – confrontational federal-state relation or towards cooperative federalism?
Politics and administration as factors in determining the pattern of federalism in Malaysia