feed additives and feed efficiency in the pork industry
DESCRIPTION
Feed additives and feed efficiency in the pork industry. F.R. Dunshea 1,2 1 CRC for High Integrity Pork; 2 Department of Agriculture and Food Systems, Melbourne School of Land and Environment, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010;. We need technology. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Feed additives and feed efficiency in the pork industry
F.R. Dunshea1,2
1CRC for High Integrity Pork; 2Department of Agriculture and Food Systems, Melbourne School of Land and Environment,
The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010;
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We need technology
https://www.elanco.com/Content/pdfs/2011_11068_Three-Rights-White-Paper-Revision_AI11224.pdf
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Some technologies
Porcine somatotropin (pST, Reporcin)
β-agonists (ractopamine, Paylean)
Dietary additives
Cysteamine
Chromium
Betaine
Neuroleptics
Immunization against GnRF (Improvac)
Beta agonists (ractopamine, Paylean)
Orally active metabolic modifier
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Metabolic modifiers
Porcine somatotropin (pST, Reporcin)Recombinant peptide hormone
Daily (or less frequent) injectable
Beta agonists (ractopamine, Paylean)Orally active metabolic modifier
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Introduction
Wray-Cahen et al. 1998
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Daily pST injections increases daily gain (data 16 farms across Australia)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Gilt Gilt Boar Boar
Dai
ly g
ain
(g
/d)
ControlpST
Dunshea 2005
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Daily pST injections decreases FCR(data 16 farms across Australia)
Dunshea 2005
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Gilt Gilt Boar Boar
Fee
d:g
ain
(g
/g)
ControlpST
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MWF pST injections decreases FCR
Hellams et al 2000
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60
2.80
3.00
0 20 40 60 80
Dose of pST (mg/week)
FC
R
Daily
MWF
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Metabolic modifiers
Beta agonists (ractopamine, Paylean)Orally active metabolic modifier
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Ractopamine increases daily gain (5 ppm for 14 d followed by 10 ppm for 17 d)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Gilt Gilt Boar Boar
Dai
ly g
ain
(g
/d)
ControlRactopamine
Rikard-Bell et al. (2009a)
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Ractopamine decreases feed:gain (5 ppm for 14 d followed by 10 ppm for 17 d)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Gilt Gilt Boar Boar
Fee
d:g
ain
(g
/g)
ControlRactopamine
Rikard-Bell et al. (2009a)
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2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
Boars Gilts
Fee
d co
nver
sion
rat
io
Control Ractopamine Ractopamine + pST
Effect of feeding ractopamine for 4 weeks without or with daily pST for last 2 weeks on FCR
Rikard-Bell et al. (2009b)
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Paylean for 4 weeks plus 4 pST injections over last 2 weeks decreases feed:gain
Paylean for 4 weeks plus 4 pST injections over last 2 weeks decreases feed:gain
van Barneveld et al. (2009)
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Introduction
Wray-Cahen et al. 1998
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Introduction
Wray-Cahen et al. 1998
Cysteamine
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Cysteamine
• Cysteamine hydrochloride (CSH) increases ST secretion in rats
• Mechanism appears to be through inhibition of somatostatin (SRIF) secretion
• Responses are not as pronounced as pST and may be transitory
• Further work is required to optimise the dose and timing as high doses may blunt the response more rapidly through inhibition of gherelin
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Cysteamine at 70 ppm increases ADG
600
700
800
900
Control 70 ppm CSH
Dai
ly g
ain
(g
/d)
Dunshea 2007
Liu et al 2009
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Response to Cysteamine (70 ppm) is not as great as pST
600
800
1000
1200
Control Cysteamine pST
Dai
ly g
ain
(g
/d)
Dunshea 2007
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Cysteamine (70 ppm) and pST decrease fat
Dunshea 2007
0
3
6
9
12
15
P2 Shoulder fat
mm
or
% Control
Cysteamine
pST
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Cysteamine
• Cysteamine hydrochloride (CSH) increases ST secretion in rats
• Mechanism appears to be through inhibition of somatostatin (SRIF) secretion
• Responses are not as pronounced as pST and may be transitory
• Further work is required to optimise the dose and timing as high doses may blunt the response more rapidly through inhibition of ghrelin
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Introduction
Wray-Cahen et al. 1998
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GRF (GHRH) and other neonatal manipulations
0.400.450.500.550.600.650.700.750.80
Untouched 0.25nmol GHRH 0.50nmol GHRH Handled
Neonatal Treatment
AD
G fr
om d
ays
0-15
0 (k
g/da
y)
Female Male
Gallagher 2000
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Dunshea (unpublished)
0
2
4
6
8
Saline pST/GHRH pST
Liv
ewei
gh
t (k
g)
Weaning
Weaning + 7 d
Neonatal treatment with pST can increase weaning weight and subsequent growth
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Dunshea (unpublished)
Neonatal treatment with pST can increase slaughter and carcass weight
60
70
80
90
Saline pST/GHRH pST
Wei
gh
t (k
g)
Carcass
Slaughter
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Introduction
Wray-Cahen et al. 1998
Chromium
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Chromium
• Chromium is an essential element that improves insulin activity
• The digestibility and availability of Cr is low and variable (0.5-2% for inorganic Cr and 10-25% for organic)
• Responses to dietary Cr have been variable, possibly because of poor and variable digestibility
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Dietary Cr increases ADG but the response is variable (31 studies)
Sales and Jancik 2011
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Nano- and micro- chromium
• Chromium is an essential element that improves insulin activity
• The digestibility and availability of Cr is low and variable (0.5-2% for inorganic Cr and 10-25% for organic)
• Responses to dietary Cr have been variable, possibly because of poor and variable digestibility
• Reducing the Cr particle size may improve responses
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Dietary Cr increases carcass weight
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
Control CrPic micro CrPic nano CrPic
Carc
ass w
eig
ht
(kg)
Hung et al. 2011
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Dietary Cr reduces backfat in very lean pigs
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
Control CrPic micro CrPic nano CrPic
P2
bac
k fa
t (m
m)
Hung et al. 2011
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Dietary nano CrPic increases the expression of muscle PI3K (an insulin signalling gene)
0
50
100
150
200
Control nano CrPic
Rel
ativ
e ex
pre
ssio
n (
%)
Low fatHigh fat
Hung et al. 2011
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Betaine
• Betaine is an osmoregulator that reduces maintenance energy requirements
• Improved pigs can be limited by DE intake
• Responses to metabolic modifiers may be limited by DE intake
• Betaine may provide additional energy for protein deposition in pigs
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Betaine and pST have additive effects on daily gain in boars fed 80% ad libitum
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Control Betaine
Dai
ly g
ain
(g
/d)
Control
pST
Betaine P=0.049
pST P<0.001
ab
cc
Suster et al. (2006)
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Betaine and xylanase have additive effects on daily gain in gilts fed 80% ad libitum (2.7 kg/d)
700
800
900
Control Betaine
Dai
ly g
ain
(g
/d)
Control
Xylanase
Dunshea (unpublished)
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Dietary neuroleptics may improve growth of boars
• Performance of group-housed entire males over the late finishing period is less than potential, possibly because of aggressive and sexual behaviours
• Dietary neuroleptics (and immunization against GnRF) offer a means of reducing sexual and aggressive behaviours
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Dietary neuroleptics may increase carcass growth
Dunshea et al. 2011
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• Physical castration of male pigs results in reduced feed efficiency and lean deposition and excess deposition of fat
• Performance of group-housed entire males over the late finishing period is less than potential, possibly because of aggressive and sexual behaviours
• Immunization against GnRF offers a means of reducing boar taint and negative behaviours and improving growth performance over that of both entire and physically castrated males
Immunological castration (Improvac)
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0
200
400
600
800
0 30 60 90 120 150
Lea
n t
issu
e d
epo
siti
on
(g/d
)
Age (days)
Suster et al. (2006)
Entire males deposit more lean than physically castrated barrows during finishing
Entire
Barrow
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0
10
20
Fat mass (kg) Fat % P2 (mm)
kg, %
or
mm
Entire
Barrow
Physically castrated barrows are fatter than entire males at 150 days of age
Suster et al. (2006)
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0
1
2
3
4
Study 1 Study 2 Study 3 Study 4
Fee
d:g
ain
Entire
Barrow
Physically castrated barrows are less efficient than entire males (ca. 11%) from weaning to market
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I Smell Boar Taint!
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GnRFHypothalamus
Pituitary
LH & FSH
steroids such astestosterone & androstenone
boar taint & sexual & aggressive activities
Testes
Sexual development in the boar
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GnRFHypothalamus
Pituitary
LH & FSH
steroids such astestosterone & androstenone
boar taint & sexual & aggressive activities
Anti-GnRF
Testes
Immunization against GnRF (with Improvac) arrests/reverses sexual development in the boar
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Immunocastration reduces testes size
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
14 16 18 20 22 24
Age (weeks)
Tes
tes
wid
th (
mm
)
Boar Improvac Dunshea et al. (2001)
Primary Secondary
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 2 4 6 8
Weeks after secondary immunization
Tes
tost
ero
ne
(ng
/mL
)Boar
Improvac
Dunshea et al. (2008)
Plasma testosterone declines rapidly and remains low for upto 8 weeks
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0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0 2 4 6 8
Weeks after secondary immunization
Fat
an
dro
sten
on
e (µ
g/g
)Boar
Improvac
Dunshea et al. (2008)
Fat androstenone declines rapidly and remains low for upto 8 weeks
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0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Androstenone (µg/g fat)
Ska
tole
(µ
g/g
fat
)Boar ImprovacBarrow
Castration and immunocastration eliminate boar taint
Dunshea et al. (2001)
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Dunshea et al. (2011)
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Moore et al. (2011)
Immunization agaisnt GnRF decreases the lysine requirement beyond 3 weeks after secondary immunization
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Boar Boar + pST
Dai
ly g
ain
(g
/d)
Control
Improvac
pST and Improvac combine to increase daily gain
Oliver et al. (2001)
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Boar Boar + Ractopamine
Dai
ly g
ain
(g
/d)
Control
Improvac
Ractopamine and Improvac combine to increase daily gain
Moore et al. (2008)
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Conclusions
• We have some excellent metabolic modifiers (eg. pST and ractopamine) and we need to advocate their use while we continue to identify other technologies
• Dietary additives offer a means of manipulating growth performance but can be variable and inconsistent and further research is needed to identify the circumstances under which they are most effective.
• There may be opportunities to manipulate the somatotrophic/IGF/insulin axis with dietary additives (although responses will likely not match pST)
• Immunization against GnRF offers a means of improving feed efficiency through making use of entire males without the risk of boar taint