feed-in tariff primer feed-in tariffs are successful they have created rapid growth in new renewable...
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Feed-in Tariff Primer Feed-in tariffs are successful
• They have created rapid growth in new renewable generation
• They have created the most kilowatt-hours of actual renewably-generated electricity of any policy
• They have proven successful in Germany, France, & Spain
Feed-in Tariff PrimerFeed-in tarifs are adaptable to North America
• No intrinsic limitations to use inCanada or the United States
• No intrinsic limitations to use inStates, Provinces, or at the Federal level
• Have been successfully used in both Ontario, Canada and California (early 1980s)
• Currently being considered in severalUS States & Canadian Provinces
Feed-in Tariff PrimerFeed-in tariffs go by many names
• Advanced Renewable TariffsA system of feed-in tariffs (prices or payments) for
different technologies
• Renewable Energy PaymentsBecause the “tariffs” are a payment per kilowatt-hour
of electricity generated
• Standard Offer Contracts (Incorrect!)Feed-in tariffs use “standard contracts” but not
“standard offers” as the “offers” differ by technology (one price for solar, another for wind)
Feed-in Tariff PrimerFeed-in taiffs are more equitable
• Everyone can participateHomeowners, farmers, Native Americans,
small & large businesses
• Payments not tax creditsParticipants do not have to be rich or have
tax liability to participate
• Payments not subsidies for hardwarePayments for electricity generated
Payments are bankable
Feed-in Tariff PrimerFeed-in tariffs are bankable
• Predictable revenuesEnable traditional financing
• Tariffs are high enough to workPrices based on the cost of
generation plus a reasonable profit
Prices not based on “value” of electricity
Feed-in Tariff PrimerKey program elements
• Priortity access to the grid for all
• Long contracts (20-25 years typical)
• Prices DifferentiatedBy technology, size, application, and resource
intensity (wind and now solar)
• Prices determined by cost plus profitFair but not excessive profit
• Inflation protection
• Periodic Review (every 2-4 years)
Feed-in Tariff PrimerAccess to the grid
• Must be able to connect
• Connection must be simple, timely, and at reasonable cost
Feed-in Tariff PrimerPriority purchase
• Renewable energy must be first priority
• Take or pay contractsProducer must be assured that the electricity
they produce is purchased
Only exception is “system emergencies”
Feed-in Tariff PrimerContract length
• 20 years or more
• Longer contracts = lower initial tariffShorter contracts = higher initial tariffs
• Germany: 20 years
• Spain: 25 years to life of plant
Feed-in Tariff PrimerDifferentiated prices
• Differentiated by technlogywind, solar, biomass, geothermal, hydro, etc.
• Differentiated by sizehigher prices for small projects
lower prices for large projects
• Differentiated by applicationhigher prices for rooftop solar
lower prices for ground-mounted solar
Feed-in Tariff PrimerDifferentiated prices for wind energy
• Differentiated by resource intensityLower prices for windy sites
Higher prices for less windy sites
• Ensures nearly all can participateLandowners can’t move to windier sites
• Limits excessive profits at windy sites
• Distributes development geographicallyAvoids concentrating wind development
Feed-in Tariff PrimerPrices determined by cost
• Prices (tariffs) determined by costOf generating electricity by each different
technology, and
• Reasonable profitDetermined by existing regulatory practiceFair but not excessive profit
• Prices are not basedOn the cost of conventional fuels, orOn the “avoided cost”, orOn the “value” of the electricity
Feed-in Tariff PrimerInflation Protection
• Protects invested capitalHigher protection = lower initial tariffs
• Prices adjusted periodicallyFor new projects
Inside existing contracts
• Inflation indexing often less than 100%France & Spain: 50% to 70% indexing
Feed-in Tariff PrimerPeriodic Review
• Determines if program is robust
• Determines if targets being met
• Allows price adjustmentIf profits are too high
If targets are not being met
• Allows addition of new technologies
• Every 2-4 years
Feed-in Tariff PrimerSolar Growing with Feed-in Tariffs
• Major Solar PV MarketsGermany--1,500+ MW/year
Spain--500 MW/year
Italy--300-500 MW/yr
Japan--250 MW/year
California--200 MW/year
• Markets with Feed-in TariffsGermany, Spain & Italy
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
World Solar PV Capacity 2008~13,000 MW
Germany41%
Spain25%
Japan17%
USA9%
Rest of World8%
Renewable Tariffs & Solar Photovoltaics in Germany
Renewable Tariffs Launched
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
Year
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
MW Total (Thousands)
Advanced Renewable Tariffs Launched
1,000-Rooftops (2,500 x 3kW)
100,000 Rooftops
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Feed-in Tariff Primer Solar PV Success in Germany
• 500 MW on Home Rooftops/year
• 2,000 MW+ Total
• 2 TWh/yr
• ~ €1 Billion/yr Revenue
• Anyone with a Roof Can Do Solar in Germany!
Because revenue stream is bankable
20007
Feed-in Tariff Primer Solar PV for German Homeowners
• 150,000 New Systems• €6 Billion• Total of 600,000 Systems in Operation• ~1,500 MW in 2008!• ~2,000 MW in 2009 (Estimated)• Total 5,000 MW, 2008; 7,000 MW, 2009• ~2%Supply in Conservative Bavaria• ~1%Supply in Germany
2007
Feed-in Tariff PrimerSolar New Farm Crop in Germany
• 700 MW on Barn Roofs in 2008
• Total of 1,500 MW in Operation
• ~€9 Billion Invested by Farmers
• 1.5 TWh/year
• ~€700 million/year Farm Revenue
Feed-in Tariff PrimerEuropean Wind Market
• Europe = 2/3 of World Wind Capacity
• Gemany, France & Spain = 2/3 of Europe’s Wind Capacity
Top European Markets
• Germany, France & SpainAll Three Use Feed-in Tariffs
Feed-in Tariff PrimerWind Growing with Feed-in Tariffs
• Germany 2004-2008: ~2,000 MW/year30,000 MW by 2012
• Spain 2004-2008: ~2,000 MW/year
• Germany50% Community Owned
~€20 billion from Small Investors
Geographically Distributed
7% of Supply
Feed-in Tariff PrimerResults of German Feed-in Tariffs
• Renewables 15% of Supply12% of Supply from New Renewables
• Renewables 9.6% of Primary Energy• 90,000 Employed in Wind Industry• 50,000 Employed in PV Industry• 8,000 Employed in Biogas Industry• 280,000 Employed in Renewables• €32 (~$50) Billion Turnover
2008
Cost of German EEG~$50/yr/household
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
EEG 5%Generation 58%
CHP Act 2%Concession 10%
VAT 14%
Eco Tax 11%
North American Jurisdictionswith Modern Feed-in Tariffs
• Ontario, CanadaFirst comprehensive system of feed-in tariffs in North America (2009)
• Vermont (2009)
Ontario’sAdvanced Renewable Tariffs
• Technology differentiationSolar, Wind, Hydro, Biomass, Biogas
• Size & application differentiationSolar: 5 classesWind: On Land & OffshoreBiogas: 5 classes
• Prices based on cost of generation• Community & aboriginal bonus• No program cap
Vermont’s Feed-in Tariffs
• Technology differentiationSolar, Wind, Hydro, Biogas, Biomass
• Includes small wind tariff
• Prices based on cost of generation
• Modest program cap (50 MW)
• Limited project size cap (2.2 MW)
Hawaii’s Proposed Feed-in Tariffs
• PUC rules in favor of feed-in tariffsFall 2009
• Technology differentiation
• Size differentiation
• Prices based on cost of generation
• Limited project size (5 MW)
• Final rules end of 2009
Feed-in Tariff PrimerNorth American Experts
• Toby Couture, E3 Analytics, [email protected],
506-292-3585
• Karlynn Cory, NREL, [email protected], 303
384-7464
• John Farrell, Insitute for Local Self Reliance,
[email protected], 612-379-3815 x210
• Wilson Rickerson, Rickerson Energy Strategies,
[email protected], 617 930 5502
Feed-in Tariff PrimerFor More Information
• www.wind-works.org/articles/feed_laws.html
• www.allianceforrenewableenergy.org
• www.worldfuturecouncil.org/arguing_fits.html
• International feed-in tariff news group
• The Feed-in Tariff Channel