fem 3335 development and sustainability associate prof dr sharifah norazizan syed abd rashid...
TRANSCRIPT
FEM 3335
Development and Sustainability
Associate Prof Dr Sharifah Norazizan Syed Abd RashidDepartment of Social & Development Science
Faculty of Human Ecology
Universiti Putra Malaysia
ContentTopics for Lectures 1-6
• Scenario of the changing world, defining social change and sources of change, and the advancement of technology and its impact on society and the environment.
• Development and the multiple perspectives on change : the changing trends of development and how the current trend differs from the traditional approach.
• The changing society and how the earth is impacted. Global perspectives on resources declining and consumption rising. The developed versus the developing worlds and the question of Ecological Footprints.
• Protocols for Sustainable Development. Tracing the historic origins of the concept and its commonly accepted definition…aims, objectives, and the basic principles of SD.
Topic 1
Scenario of the Changing World, Social Change and the Impact of Technology on
Society and the Environment
•The History of the changing world.•Social change processes and the role of technology.•The advancement of technology and its impact on society and the environment.
History of the Changing World
Early Civilization 10,000 years
20,000 10,000 0 Years Before Present
Planetary Phase100 years ?
Modern Era1,000 years
Stone Age 100,000 yearsC
ompl
exit
y
Planetary Phase of Civilization
…..refers to a current historical transition from a world of capitalist states and consumerist societies to a world of increased global connectivity with new global institutions (like the United Nations and the World Trade Organizations), new information technologies, the age of biotechnology, environmental change in the biosphere, economic globalization, and shifts in culture and consciousness.
105 104 103 102
Years Before Present
Hunting & gathering
Settled agriculture
Industrial capitalism
Economic Base
Globalization
105 104 103 102
Years Before Present
Language
Writing
Printing
Internet
Communication
Definition of Social Change
• Generally, social change is defined as the movement of society from one level of livelihood to another level.
• Social change is also defined as the framework of change and new social behavior that benefits the society.
(Triandis dalam Rozali, 1991)
Social Change Concept
• Change is important in social behavior or changes in the social system.
• Social change refers to changes in terms of existing social relationships eg in the family, economy, politic and religion
• Social change also refers to permanent changes to the cultural components, social structure and social bahavior.
cont
• The changes involved changes in cultural values, norms and roles.
• It also involved leading social institutions like the family institutions, religious, education etc.
• Social change is also a qualitative and quantitative processes of change to both planned and unplanned social phenomena
Dimensions
ValuesKnowledge
Demography
Social
Economy
Governance
Technology
Sources of Social Change
• Environmental
- natural disaster
• Population
- Fertility, mortality, longevity and consumption.
• Modernization is a process of social change initiated by industrialization process.
- industrialization, urbanization, bureaucratization
• Human interactions
- Human actions. Collective behavior, environmental factors, declining norms. Social control breakdown.
sambung
• Global development
- developed countries @rich
- undeveloped countries @poor
• Technological factors
- automation
- cultural lag
- Cultural innovation, inventions, diffusions
Technology and Social Change
• Rapid increase in the rate of population growth and the wealth of society.
• Tensions created in society, the natural environment and ecology.• Technology and engineering becoming more important in creating
and providing solutions to problems.• Technology brings about social change on human lives in terms of
culture, lifestyle, communication and interactions among them.• Technology influence peoples’ lives either positively and
negatively.• People need to plan and in control of the changes to ensure
security and that the future generation live sustainably.
Discussion
1. What do you understand by Social Change?
2. What are the factors that cause Global Social Change?
3. Define Technology and explain how technology able to change the world?
Topic 2Multiple Perspectives on Change
• Definitions • Theories and changing trends of development approaches• Current versus traditional approaches
Conceptual Surroundings of Development
Synonym for change
- usually considered as a positive change, beneficial alteration, achievement of a better (material) life
Other Parallel Concepts : Progress, Advancement and Growth• Progress derives from the idea of moving on, advancing.
• Progress has a connotation of structural changes which are based on superindividual factors.
• Development is more consciously accomplished change.
Definitions of Development
• For almost every writer a different definition of development exists.
• Important to first distinguish between: Development as a state or condition-static Development as a process or course of
change- dynamic
Meaning of Development-Todaro
• Development is not purely an economic phenomenon but rather a multi-dimensional process involving reorganization and reorientation of entire economic AND social system
• Development is process of improving the quality of all human lives with three equally important aspects. These are:
Todaro’s Three Objectives of Development
1. Raising peoples’ living levels, i.e. incomes and consumption, levels of food, medical services, education through relevant growth processes
2. Creating conditions conducive to the growth of peoples’ self-esteem through the establishment of social, political and economic systems and institutions which promote human dignity and respect.
2. Increasing peoples’ freedom to choose by enlarging the range of their choice variables, e.g. varieties of goods and services
Alternative Interpretations of Development
• Development as Modernization- emphasizes process of social change which is required to produce economic advancement; examines changes in social, psychological and political processes;
• How to develop wealth oriented behavior and values in individuals; profit seeking rather than subsistence and self sufficiency
• Shift from commodity to human approach with investment in education and skill training
Alternative Interpretations of Development
• Development as Distributive Justice - view development as improving basic needs
• Interest in social justice which has raised three issues:
i. Nature of goods and services provided by governments
ii. Matter of access of these public goods to different social classes
iii. How burden of development can be shared among these classes
Target groups include small farmers, landless, urban under-employed and unemployed
Marxist View of Development
• Emphasizes Mode of Production - elements and activities necessary to produce and reproduce real, material life
• Capitalist (market economy) mode depends on wage labor whose labor power produces a surplus which is accumulated and appropriated by the employer-result is often class conflict in capitalist societies
Sustainable Development
• Defined as development that is likely to achieve lasting satisfaction of human needs and improvement of the quality of life and encompasses:
Help for the very poorest who are left with no option but to destroy their environment to survive
Idea of self-reliant development with natural resource constraints Cost effective development using different economic criteria to
the traditional –i.e. development should not degrade environment Important issues of health control, appropriate technologies, food
self-reliance, clean water and shelter for all People centered activities are necessary- human beings are
the resources in the concept
Development Philosophy
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• Physical needs.• Physical and emotional security.• Social needs.• Status, respect, power.• Self-actualization.
Current Trends of DevelopmentDevelopment from Below
• Bottom up approaches (as opposed to top-down) to peoples’ participation are important in this view
• How are various social groups and classes affected by rural-urban, core-periphery and other spatial interactions?
• Growing importance of “decentralization” of decision-making and authority from center to periphery
Current Trends of DevelopmentDevelopment from Below
• Voluntarism- creativist idea of individuals (contra consumerism of
passive recipients)
• Avoidance of bureaucracy
• Self-reliance as objective (contra as means for modernization)
- aims and values from within - no forerunners to follow
Current Trends of DevelopmentDevelopment from Below
• Empowerment- capacitation- Participation
• Indigenous knowledge- populism- critique of science and theory- Aversion (dislike) of systematization
• Trickle-up- grass-root development agency- distrust of experts
Current Trends in Development
Participatory, People-Centered Development
• Decisions about development goals, objectives, and the means to achieve these goals and objectives are decided by the people.
• Development must be sustainable (i.e., ecologically sound, cost-effective, local control).
• Modest and achievable goals. No utopias.• Feedback on goals, objectives, methods of
development.
Current Trends in Development
Participatory, People-Centered Development
• Appropriate technology.• Sustainable technology.• Informed technology.• Control over technology.• Place-based technology.
• Adaptive technological change.
Popular Development and Power
• How does the power structure affect development?• Examine sources of empowerment, inequality and
discrimination• Need to devise more people centered approaches
which stress empowerment and participation• Empowerment as participatory development seeks to
engender self-help and self-reliance but also effective collective decision-making
Obstacles to Participatory Development
• Customs and traditions.• Lack of skills.• Apathy.• Depression.• Tensions among competing groups.• Macroeconomic and social forces.• Resources for a more labor-intensive approach.
Discussion
• Define Development, its aims and objectives?
• Outline the theories of Development?
• What is the current trend of development and how does it differ from the traditional approach?
• How would you describe the current trend of development in your country?
Topic 3
Development, Advancement and Modernity -Science and Technology and its Impact on
Society and the Environment
• Our Changing society. • Global perspectives where resources declining and consumption rising• Drivers of technological change and impact on planet earth• The developed versus the developing worlds and their ecological
footprints
The New Global Setting
• Increased financial, trade, investment and technology flows.
• Rapid and accelerating technological progress, including ICTs, biotechnology, new materials, electronics, robotics have both positive and negative impacts on society and the environment.
• New managerial and organizational systems
• New international rules and regulations: trade, quality, environment, intellectual property rights
Terminology
• Technology is the modification of the natural environment in order to satisfy perceived human needs and wants.
• Technological literacy is the ability to use, manage, assess, and understand technology.
Our Changing Society
• Living longer• More generations co-existing• Rising divorce rate• Changing household structures• Smaller households• Fast rising incomes & wealth• Changing ethnic mix (Eurasian)• Living elsewhere• Living differently• Home leasing on the rise• New tribalism• Spending differently• Outsourcing tasks and chores
• Rise of virtual shopping
• Living with leisure
• New entertainment & sports
• Increasing knowledge
• Increasing financial literacy
• Living with IC&T
• Electronic “guardian angels”
• Working differently
• New industries/ occupations
• Changing spirituality
• Outlawing discrimination
• Changing politics (ideologies)
• Ecological sensitivity
Depletion of nonrenewable resources
SOLAR CAPITAL
Human Capital Human Economic
and Cultural Systems
Pollution and waste
Degradation of renewable resources
Heat
Goods and services
Natural Capital
EARTH
Global Perspective
life supporting resources
declining
consumption of life supporting resources
rising
The Technology Divide - Outlook
• A small number of industrialized countries provide practically all the world’s technology innovation.
• Some developing countries are able to adopt these technologies in production and consumption.
• The remaining part is technologically disconnected, neither innovating nor adopting foreign technologies.
Planet Earth is Impacted -The Developed and Developing
Worlds
• Ecological Footprints -The ecological footprint is a measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems.United States - 5 hectares/personDeveloping nations - 0.5 hectare/person
• For everyone to live at today’s US footprint would require 3 planet Earths
• Increasing affluence and population is damaging Earth’s essential ecology
Our Planet in Danger
• Atmospheric pollution and climate change• Water pollution, including ground aquifers• Deforestation and loss of oxygenation • The oceans, coral reefs and their bounty• National parks, wildernesses and wetlands• Nonrenewable natural resource depletion
Biodiversity is in Danger Global warming…
Drivers for Technological Change
• Social• Technology and Science• Economic• Environmental• Political
Social Drivers
• Consumer awareness, perceptions, attitudes
and beliefs affecting preferences and choice• Increasing per capita incomes in developing
countries• Demographic changes• Lifestyle changes associated with urbanization in
developing countries
Info and Communication
• Cell phones, internet access• Greater direct access to international markets
– web site
– Internet • Greater accessibility to information
– Technologies, market data, scientific and
technical databases• Direct connection between buyer and seller• Improved and real time traceability
Summary
• Major increases are occurring in human population and affluence.
• Major stresses result in our society, natural environment, and ecology.
• Technology and engineering are central to the creation and the mitigation of problems.
• Predicting the future is difficult. The next twenty five to fifty years will be decisive.
Role and Impact of Technology:Sustainability
• It is technological development that meets the economic and environmental needs of the present while enhancing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
• As world population increases, the industry can serve more customers with higher quality, higher performing products and services, while demonstrating responsible stewardship of our planet.
• The nation should be properly positioned to bring into reality the technology vision of an industry – one that protects environmental quality, improves economic well-being, and promotes a higher quality of life.
Topic 4
Protocols for Sustainable Development
Background history of Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development History : A Background
Critique of traditional development
•Contributing to health problems, ecological degradation, poverty and social injustice
•Undermining ecological, social and economic capital of communities
Sustainable Development as remedy.
Emergence of Sustainable Development
Stockholm Conference (Eco-development)
1972
Brundtland Commission (our Common Future)
1987
UN Conference on Environment & Development (Agenda 21)
1992 (June)
UN Commission on Sustainable Development 1992 (Dec.)
National Sustainable Development Action Plans 1992 +
UNCSD Reviews Progress on Agenda 21 1997
Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
1997 (Dec.)
Background
• The topic takes an historical approach tracing the widening understanding of sustainable development from the 1980s up to the present day. This history includes landmark international events such as: the 1987 Brundtland Report, the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janiero, the 1997 Rio+5 Conference and the 2000 Millennium Summit in New York, and the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg.
• Much has been written in academic terms about the meaning of sustainable development and the need to integrate ecological and economic principles into personal and public decision-making.
• However, there is no agreed definition of the concept and perhaps there is no need for one. This is because sustainable development concerns a process of change and is heavily reliant upon local contexts, needs and interests.
Introduction Sustainable Development
• Sustainable development is one of the most fundamental challenges confronting humanity.
• There is as yet no commonly accepted definition of the term. Of the numerous definitions to be found in literature, the most commonly accepted, states that sustainable development is “meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to develop.” (Our Common Future published by the UN World Commission on Environment and Development).
Brundtland Report cont
• In 1987, the World Commission on Environment and Development (chaired by G.Harlem Brundtland) released its report The Brundtland Report, also known as Our Common Future. A Global Agenda For Change.
• The Report alerted the world to the urgency of making progress toward economic development that could be sustained without depleting natural resources or harming the environment.
• The Report provided a key statement on sustainable development, defining it as ….development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
cont
•"Our Common Future", otherwise known as the Brundtland Report, which framed much of what would become the 40 chapters of Agenda 21 and the 27 principles of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development.
•It defined sustainable development as development which; “meets the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”
What were new then as stated in the Brundtland Report???
• The notion of equity and justice within and between generations.
• The idea of developing a shared understanding of the long-term goals for human life on earth.
• The idea of new governance instruments and of building collective action.
• Advocating the need for leadership and building trust with others.
Brundtland Report cont
The Brundtland Report was primarily concerned with securing a global equity, redistributing resources towards poorer nations whilst encouraging their economic growth. The report also suggested that equity, growth and environmental maintenance are simultaneously possible and that each country is capable of achieving its full economic potential whilst at the same time enhancing its resource base. The report also recognized that achieving this equity and sustainable growth would require technological and social change.
Brundtland Report cont
The report highlighted three fundamental components to sustainable development : environmental protection, economic growth and social equity. The environment should be conserved and our resource base enhanced, by gradually changing the ways in which we develop and use technologies. Developing nations must be allowed to meet their basic needs of employment, food energy, water and sanitation. If this is to be done in a sustainable manner, then there is a definite need for a sustainable level of population. Economic growth should be revived and developing nations should be allowed a growth of equal quality to the developed nations.
Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development:
“Our Common Future” (Brundtland 1987)
1. Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two
key concepts: •the concept of ‘needs’, in particular the essential needs of the world’s poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and •the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment’s ability to meet present and future needs.
cont
4. The satisfaction of human needs and aspirations is the major objective of development. The essential needs of vast numbers of people in developing countries for food, clothing, shelter, jobs - are not being met, and beyond their basic needs these people have legitimate aspirations for an improved quality of life. A world in which poverty and inequity are endemic will always be prone to ecological and other crises. Sustainable development requires meeting the basic needs of all and extending to all the opportunity to satisfy their aspirations for a better life.
Sustainable Development A Context & Direction
• “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs”
• “Living off the interest of our environmental and resource capital rather than spending the capital itself
”
• “Thinking globally, acting locally”
• “Doing more with less”
Definition of Sustainable Development
• The phrase “sustainable development” has become an essential part of the vocabulary in environment and development circles. It denotes a particular approach to the process of development.
• The term is really a combination of two separate concepts - DEVELOPMENT and SUSTAINABILITY.
• DEVELOPMENT” is usually understood as a process that moves towards people’s participation in the meeting of their own basic human needs such as food, health care, employment and housing.
63
Definition of Development
• Transformation from one level to another which will enrich human life to become more better and various in material and culture aspect, rational and others.
(Galseki, 1972)
• Development is like a variable, a complex definition and have
different meanings and are not consistent which means can change according to whom who suggest and use it.
(Van Nieuwenhinjze, 1969)
• Nowadays development concept are more to achieve sustainable development.
cont
Positive processes of development are ones in which:
• people participate to solve their own problems.
• traditional cultures and lifestyles are respected.
• people become less dependent on external aid and more capable of using and developing their own resources.
• power and resources are shared.
• women, indigenous people, and other marginalized groups participate in decisions.
65
• Economist: sustainable as an effort to explain balancing which is needed between economic growth and natural environment conservation.
• To maintain, to endure, to reserve (Webster’s Dictionary)
• Capable of being maintained at length without interruption,
weakening, or loss in power or quality.
Definition of Sustainable
• Is the main goal in economic and social development because it encompass the welfare of future generation. ( Simon, 1989)
• Sustainable development is a process of bringing Economic Development, Community Development and Ecological Development to balance with each other.
(The Local Agenda 21 Planning Guide, ICLEI )
• Sustainable development is "Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" (WCED / Brundtland Commission, 1987)
Definition of Sustainable Development
Definition of Sustainable Development (Contd.)
The result is a new approach to development that combines some key development principles (factors that are necessary to ensure long-term economic, political, or social viability - such as involvement of women, appropriate technology, and community participation), with factors necessary to ensure environmental viability (impact assessment, consideration of the particular environmental context, etc.)
What is Sustainability?
There is no universally agreed definition on what sustainability means. There are many different views on what it is and how it can be achieved. The idea of sustainability stems from the concept of sustainable development which became common language at the World's first Earth Summit in Rio in 1992. The original definition of sustainable development is usually considered to be:
"Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." Brundtland Report for the World Commission on Environment and Development (1992)
Definition of Sustainability
“SUSTAINABILITY” as the word suggests means that the development project or process is one that can be maintained in the long term. This means it must be economically, socially, and politically sustainable; it also means that it must be environmentally sustainable. Development must take place without destroying or undermining the ecological and resource base upon which it rests.
Concepts in Sustainable Development
• The central concept of this definition is the need for intergenerational equity : future generations have the same rights as the present ones.
• Intergenerational equity means that persons of the same generation belonging to different political, economical, social and geographical contexts, have the same rights. The success of this concept, mainly of ecological source, has inspired the international debate and led to numerous in-depth studies and further elaborations, so that over time it has come to comprise all dimensions that contribute to development.
Concepts of Sustainable Development cont
• The interdependence of society, economy and the natural environment is another key concept in SD. The very existence of mankind was dependent upon utilizing the environment for resources, respecting that there are limits to what nature can provide without being damaged.
• Unfortunately, mankind, through unsustainable patterns of resource consumption, seems now to be increasing the rate of change and consequently the levels of stress experienced within the environment.
• Interdependence exists across both time as well as space. Past, present and future are inextricably connected. Understanding the concept of interdependence will assist us in recognizing our responsibilities for the future.
Other Concepts of SDNeeds and Limitations
"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts:
•the concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and
•the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs."
Goals of Sustainable Development
• A sustainable society enables its members to achieve a high quality of life in ways that are ecologically sustainable (United Nations). Sustainability is related to the quality of life in a population or community - whether the economic, social and environmental systems
• Securing economic development, social equity and justice, and environmental protection is the goal of sustainable development. Although these three factors can work in harmony, they are often found to conflict with one another.
• A Goal for Sustainable Development is to enable each individual to live life to their full potential physical, mental, and spiritual development (1992 Earth Summit - Agenda 21)
Aims of Sustainable Development
• More recently, society has grown to realize that we cannot live in a healthy society or economy with so much poverty and environmental degradation. Economic growth will remain the basis for human development, but it must change and become less environmentally destructive. The challenge of SD is to put this understanding into practice, changing our unsustainable ways into more sustainable ones.
• The aim of sustainable development is to balance our economic, environmental and social needs, allowing prosperity for now and future generations.
• Sustainable development consists of a long-term, integrated approach to developing and achieving a healthy community by jointly addressing economic, environmental, and social issues, whilst avoiding the over consumption of key natural resources.
Principles of Sustainable Development
The guiding principle of sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Sustainable development recognizes the interdependence of environmental, social and economic systems and promotes equality and justice through people empowerment and a sense of global citizenship. Whilst we cannot be sure what the future may bring, a preferable future is a more sustainable one.
Key Principles
"In essence sustainable development is about five key principles: quality of life; fairness and equity; participation and partnership; care for our environment and respect for ecological constraints - recognizing there are 'environmental limits'; and thought for the future and the precautionary principle". (From Making London Work by Forum for the Future's Sustainable Wealth London project)
contd
"The environment must be protected… to preserve essential ecosystem functions and to provide for the wellbeing of future generations; environmental and economic policy must be integrated; the goal of policy should be an improvement in the overall quality of life, not just income growth; poverty must be ended and resources distributed more equally; and all sections of society must be involved in decision making". (The Real World Coalition 1996, a definition based on the work of the World Commission on Environment and Development)
Principles of Sustainable Development
Basic Principles
•Inter generational equity
•Polluter pays principle eg remedy to compensate the villagers suffering from the lethal waste left behind by a group of chemical industries
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: DEFINING A NEW PARADIGM
•There has been a growing recognition of three essential aspects of sustainable development - ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL
•The goals expressed or implied are multidimensional, raising the issue of how to balance objectives and how to judge success or failure.
COMMON THREE-RING SECTOR VIEW OF SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMY
NATURAL ENVIRONMENTSOCIAL
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
source : B Giddings, B Hopwood & G O’Brien, Sustainable Cities Research Institute
Economic, Environmental and Social
• * Economic: An economically sustainable system must be able to produce goods and services on a continuing basis, to maintain manageable levels of government and to avoid extreme sectoral imbalances which damage agricultural or industrial production.
• * Environmental: An environmentally sustainable system must maintain a stable resource base, avoiding depleting non-renewable resources and that investment is made in adequate substitutes. This includes maintenance of biodiversity, atmospheric stability, and other ecosystem functions not ordinarily classed as economic resources.
• * Social: A socially sustainable system must achieve fairness in distribution and opportunity, adequate provision of social services including health and education, gender equity, and political accountability and participation.
Dimensions of Sustainable Development
Sustainable development requires simultaneous and balanced progress in four dimensions that are totally interdependentSocialEconomicEnvironmentalPolitical **
Achieving this goal requires a dynamic balance between Production and ConsumptionEcology and EconomicsDevelopment and Conservation
Since 1987: What is Sustainability /Sustainable Development?
• There may be as many definitions of sustainability and sustainable development as there are groups trying to define it. More than 500 definitions in the literature.
• Most widely accepted is that in the Brundtland Report [1987]. All the definitions have to do with:
Living within the limits Understanding the interconnections among economy, society,
and environment Equitable distribution of resources and opportunities
Sustainability
• “A condition where economic, political, cultural and ecological practices operate to enable succeeding generations to receive stock of equitably distributed natural capitals to meet their needs that is no less per capita in quantity and quality than that utilized by preceeding generations to meet their own needs….” McManus 1996 pg 67
• In other words… “Leaving as much (and as good) natural resources to the next generation as was enjoyed by us the earlier generations..”
Sustainability is also …
….. the condition under which the patterns of interaction and the resulting satisfaction of human needs and wants can endure from generation to generation. In other words, sustainability is the condition achieved when our economic, environmental and social systems are operating in a manner that yields constant or increasing human well being over the long run.
Viederman/Steve Hackett EcologicalEconomics: Five Capitals
Sustainability … a community's preservation and prudent use of natural, human-made, human, social and cultural capital in order to generate a sustained flow of benefits that support the "3 pillars" of economic vitality, ecological integrity and democratic process.
However, different ways of defining sustainability are useful for different situations and different purposes. For this reason, various groups have created definitions of:
• Sustainability and sustainable development • Sustainable community and society • Sustainable business and production • Sustainable agriculture
etc
The 3 E’s and the 3 P’s
Three E’s (also ~ Triple Bottom Line)• Economic• Environmental• Equity (Social)
Three P’s [EPA’s P3]• People• Prosperity• Planet
Millennium Development Goals (UN Goals for 2015)
• Eradicate Extreme Hunger and Poverty (economics)
• Achieve Universal Primary Education (equity)• Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women• Reduce Child Mortality• Improve Maternal Health• Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
(equity)• Ensure Environmental Sustainability
(environment)• Develop a Global Partnership for Development
Sustainability Definitions in 33 US Cities
(Warner 2002)
In a survey of cities (who at the city?), 93 percent regarded a healthy economy and 79 percent regarded a healthy environment as extremely and very important, while 63 percent mentioned equity as
important.
Discussion
• Define Sustainable Development and What are its aims and Objectives?
• What are the concepts and basic principles of Sustainable Development?
• What do you understand of Equity and Balance? In your opinion, is there a need to restructure the world’s income and consumption patterns if Sustainable Development is to achieve its Aims and Objectives?
Thank You