fenestration: a world of change high performance …...smart coatings for dyna balancing cooling •...
TRANSCRIPT
Building Innovation 2Building Enclosure Technology and
Fenestration: A W
High PerformaResearch and
Stephen Se
Research andWhat’s Coming? W
Stephen SeGroup Leader, Window
Senior AdBuilding TechnologBuilding Technolog
Lawrence Berkeley seselkowit
2013 1/7/2013Environmental Council SymposiumWorld of Change
ance Facades: d Innovation:
elkowitz
d Innovation:What Do We Need?elkowitzws and Daylightingvisor,ies Departmenties Department
National [email protected]
Why Focus onTotal Building Energy Us
BBuilding sector has:
N
Largest Energy Use!Fastest growth rate!
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n Buildings??e; End Use Consumption
Buildings consume 40% of total U S energyU.S. energy
• 71% of electricity•54% of natural gas
No Single End Use Dominatesg
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U.S. EnHistory andHistory and
19731950
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19731950
ergy Use: d Future Goalsd Future Goals
Annual Energy Outlook Forecast ~+30%+30%
200819901990
-50%
80%-80%
20302005 20502020
Goals
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20302005 20502020
Significant ImpactComprehensive Bp
To routinely deliver high perforwe must find a balance betwewe must find a balance betwe
People
Technology
p
Process
Solutions fail with
Innovatio
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Solutions fail with
t Comes Only from Balanced Programgrmance, low-energy buildings en:en:
Policy
MarketsEconomics
hout this balance
Economicson
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hout this balance
Research and Inno• Technology and Built Envi
– Technology/Widgets InTechnology/Widgets In– Static, Stand alone Dy
• Tools and Creative Proces– Building Design, Construc
• Evidence-based design, m– “Mind the gap”: prediction– Role of Testbeds: Virtual
Real time performance fe– Real-time performance fe– Can we “guarantee” energ
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vation Challengesgronment
ntegrated Systemsntegrated Systemsnamic, Real-time, Connectedsction, Operationseasured performance
n vs performanceand Physical?
eedback?eedback?gy outcomes?
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Building InnovationMATERIALS AND SYSTEMS
• Smart Glass/Dynamic solar control• High R Windows, Insulation
Thermal Storage En elope str ct ral• Thermal Storage- Envelope, structural
• 200 lumen/watt lighting• Daylight integration
Dimmable Addressable Lighting Controls• Dimmable, Addressable Lighting Controls
• Task Conditioning HVAC• Climate Integrated HVAC• HVAC vs comfort and IEQ• HVAC vs comfort and IEQ
• Miscellaneous Electrical Loads
• Demand Responsep• Controls infrastructure- sensors, networks• Building- and Grid- Smart electronics• Electrical Storage
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But we need a “framework” for action,
n “Game Changers”
IT and LIFE-CYCLE OPERATIONS
• Building Life Cycle Perspective• Benchmarks and Metrics• Building Information Models (BIM)Building Information Models (BIM)• Integrated Design Process and Tools• Building Operating Controls/Platform• Building Performance Dashboards
• Understanding Occupants/Behavior• Facility Operations
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not just lists of important challenges
A Framework for Bu
Vision: To design and operateenergy performance.gy pGoal: To accurately predict andacross the building life cycle, fro
1. Predict Performance: Use fully vmodels and processes to reliablyoptimize a wide range of systemsoptimize a wide range of systemsinteractions.
2 Ensure Actual Performance: Va2. Ensure Actual Performance: Vasimulation with measurements in buildings.
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tools and smart operations in rout* NZEB
uilding Performance
buildings with “guaranteed”
d verify energy performance* om design to operations
validated simulation y simulate and s and theirs and their
alidate/integratealidate/integrate testbeds and real
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Recent Advances – N
Glazing-Façade TecGlazing Façade Tecand Systems
Design OpE SiEnergy Simu
Measured Performa
but fi
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eeds - New Directions
chnology Advanceschnology Advances s Integration
ptimizationl ti T lulation Tools,
ance Data, Testbeds
rst….
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Glazing, WindowGlazing, WindowTwo Contrasting ViewsTwo Contrasting Views
1976 Perspective: Code Official’s View of the Ideal Window
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ws and Facades:ws and Facades:s of Energy Efficiencys of Energy Efficiency
ws2011 Perspective: Architect2011 Perspective: Architect’’s s
View of the Ideal WindowsView of the Ideal Windows
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3 Pathways for UCommercial
• Just meet the code– Small Windows, prescriptive properties,– No special shading or daylightingNo special shading or daylighting
• Conventional “good” solupackages)– Modest sized windows skylightsModest sized windows, skylights– Double glazing– Spectrally selective glass– Manually operated Interior shading– On-off lighting controls
• Architectural Solution withFaçade”– Highly glazed façade; extended daylig– Reliable tools reduce risk– High Performance technology with Syst– Dynamic, smart control- automated s
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Dynamic, smart control automated s– Economic from Life cycle perspective– Optimized for people and for energy, ele
Use of Glass in Buildingsg, e.g. double
utions: (prescriptive
h “Transparent Intelligent hted zone
tems Integrationshading, dimmable lights
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shading, dimmable lights
ectric demand
An “Intelligent” Fag• Manage/minimize thermal los• Provide solar control to meeProvide solar control to mee
– Block direct sun to avoid th– Control solar heat gains to
energ se and ens re theenergy use and ensure the- Collect solar heat gains and- Reject solar heat gains to re
• Provide comfortable daylight• Provide fresh air to interior w• Enhance occupant health c• Enhance occupant health, c
maintain view to outdoors, co• Reduce operational cost ba
from the utility
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from the utility• Power generation (photovolt
açade might…..ç gss and gaint instantaneous needs:t instantaneous needs:
hermal and visual discomfortminimize heating or cooling
ermal comfortermal comfortd distribute as a heating source educe cooling loads
while minimizing noisecomfort and performance:comfort, and performance: mbat SAD, etc.sed on energy cost signal
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Challenge for Adva
• Make high performance and enemarket advantage, not an extra g ,
• New Technology, Smarter Desig– New Business Opportunities– Design freedom and flexibilit
V l dd d b fit b– Value-added benefits, e.g. be– New performance benefits: e
Modest/no extra first costs a– Modest/no extra first costs asavings
– Lower impact on global envir
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anced Facades
ergy efficiency a cost or a risk
gn offers:Manufacturer
tytt ti
Manufacturer
Architectetter acousticse.g. comfortnd large annual
Occupant
nd large annual
ronment
Owner
Society
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Vision: Windows for “ZeFacades: Energy Losers
Fenestration -> Net Z• Heating climates
– Reduce heat losses so tbalances and exceeds loNeed lower heat loss tec– Need lower heat loss tec
• Cooling climates– Reduce cooling loadsg– Static control -> dynamic
• All climates– Replace electric lighting
•• Electricity supply optionsElectricity supply options
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– Photovoltaics-building sk
ero-Energy Buildings”?--> Neutral --> SuppliersZero Energy Impact
hat ambient solar energy osschnologieschnologies
c control
with daylights?s?
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kin as power source
Commercial Building
What if all windows in commerciawith...?
Current Stock
Today's Typical Product
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g Window Energy Use
al buildings were replaced ?
2010 Cost= $20B $20B
Heat
Cool
aves15B
-0.7 -0.3 0.0 0.3 0.7 1.0 1.3A l P i E C i Q d
Cool
Lighting Potential
15B
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Annual Primary Energy Consumption, Quads
Advanced FacadeProgram Goals:gNet Zero Energy Balance for NeEnhanced View and Thermal CoReliable, cost effective operatio
Advanced
Tools to design, optimize, specifAdoption/diffusion throughout in
Technologies: Sensors;Controls;Hi R windows,Hi R windows,Cool coatings;Switchable coatings;Automated Shading; Daylight-redirectingDaylight redirectingOperable windows,
Human Factors: Thermal comfort
Business CManufacturingInstallation
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Thermal comfortVisual comfortSatisfactionPerformance
InstallationCommissioningReliabilityCost
es and DaylightingApplication:
ew and Retrofitomfortns
All climatesAll Building typesNew-Replacement-Retrofit
Program Activities:SimulationOptimization
fy, controlndustry
OptimizationLab testField Test Demonstrationse o st at o sStandards
PartnersManufacturers
CaseDecision ToolBooks Guides
ManufacturersOwnersArchitectsEngineersSpecifiers
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gBooks, GuidesWebsitesSimulation ToolsTestbeds
SpecifiersCode officialsContractorsUtilities
Optimizing Energy iDependent on a number
of parameters• Climate• Orientation
Energy UseOrientation
• Building Type• Fenestration area• Glass type
O tiIncreased lighting enuse and gains
• Operations• Daylight• Shading• ……
Need to balance between a number of issues
• Energy• I• Demand
• Carbon• Peak Cooling• Comfort: visual/thermal
• Ifse
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• Comfort: visual/thermal• View• Appearance• ……
n Integrated Facades
Slopes vary depending on efficiency of lighting and HVAC tHVAC systems
Increased solar heat gains
nergy
Minimum energy use
Ideal: Integrated approach toIdeal: Integrated approach to façade-lighting-HVAC building systems to achieve optimum energy-efficiency and comfort.
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… It’s Complicated!!
Insulating WNet Energy Produce
Single Glaze: U = 1.1AnnualHeatingEnergyB l
Double Glaze: U =
Double Low “e
Balance
Double, Low e
Win
+ Gain
- Loss
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+ Gain
1973 1980 1990 2000
Windows Asers in Cold Climates
= .5
” U = 3 - 4 (Energy Star)U = .3 -.4 (Energy Star)
ndow U = .1 - .2 (Triple or Vacuum)
Window U < .1
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Hi-R Technology TraReduced
R5, High Cost
loss spa
Improved Frames R id ti l
Net Lower cost Krypton
Residential
Zero, Low Cost
Krypton
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2012
ack: FY12-20 Timelined heat acers
Dynamic and PV integration
Improved Frames Commercial
Gas loss & deflection resolved
Vacuum insulated glass
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2020
High R-value Window PerfoSurface temperatures from infrared thermography; Test
Warmer surfaces indicate higher insulating values; Energ
Double Glazed Low-eTriple (plastic
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ormance: IGU Glass - Edgeconditions: cold side -18°C, warm side 21°C)gy Star Window (left) vs LBNL HiR technology
21 °C
Glazed Low-e, Kryptonc insert center layer)
18 °C
12 °C
15 °C
9 °C
3 °C
6 °C
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Minneapolis: Hestatic high solar, hi-R (U=0.1 Btu
11
Minneapolis, MN - Combined Annual Heating and CAnnual energy use vs. windo
0.8
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moderate gain low-e Kr triple
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0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.70.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
SHGC
SHGC
eating Climates: u/h-ft2-F) can meet ZEH goals
Cooling Energy (MBtu)ow properties
Residential Energy
140
145
Residential Energy Use (MBTU/yr) vs Window Thermal Properties (U,
110
115
120
125
130
135 Properties (U, SHGC)
Specific windows
80
85
90
95
100
105
(acrylic center layer)
pplotted on map of iso-energy use
70
75
nergy
e energy
(acrylic center layer) House with no windows uses 82MBTU
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0.8 0.9 10.8 0.9 1
What are the Best Solara Window Anywhy
Varies with Locatio
Varies with Seas
Varies with Occup
So the best solutionproperties a
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r Optical Properties for here in the U.S.?
on and Orientation.
son and Weather.
pant Use Patterns
n is a window whose are variable.
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Smart Coatings for DynaBalancing Cooling
• Flexible, optimized control of gain and daylight
• Passive control– Photochromic - light sensitive
Thermochromic heat sensitive– Thermochromic - heat sensitive
• Active control– Liquid CrystalLiquid Crystal– Suspended particle display (SPD– Electrochromic
• Active control preferred; but requires wiring windows for pand control
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• Automated blinds, shades, et
amic Control of Windowsg and Daylighting
solar
““OFFOFF””
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power ““ONON””
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c…
LBNL Advanced Faç
2003-2006Electrochromic
windows
Industry Advisory Groups:ManufacturersGlazing, ShadingFraming, Lighting
ControlsControlsDesigners
Architects, EngineersSpecifiers
Owner/OperatorsP bli P i t
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Public, PrivateUtilities
ade Testbed Facility
2007 20132007-2013Automated
Shading• Berkeley, South facing
3 Rooms• Changeable façade
Li hti HVAC• Lighting, HVAC• Heavily instrumented• Static/Dynamic• Occupant Studies
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p• Controls/Automation
Exploring PeIntegrated Shading a
in LBNL Facadein LBNL Facade
Daylight Redirec
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External Dynamic Shading
erformance of and Lighting Controlse Testbed Facilitye Testbed Facility
cting Glass
Electrochromic Glass
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Automated Shading ControlTime Lapse from Tests in
Interior Daylight Luminance PaInterior Daylight Luminance Pa
LBNL Façade Test Facility
1
14
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ls Glare Throughout the DayLBNL Façade Test Facility: atterns with Dynamic Shadingatterns with Dynamic Shading
32
2 365
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Automated daylight blindmirrored coating in upp
fi i h i lfinish in lo
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d: concave-up slats with per zone and light grey ower zone
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Comparative Shading S
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System Performance
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Average Annual LiUse vs Visual DUse vs Visual D
full power
auto-RS
ref-RS
0 34
auto-VB
split-VB
0.34
split-opt-VB
diff-VB
auto-split-mir-VB1
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Conclusion: Automated systems delive
ighting Energy DiscomfortDiscomfort
Percent ofday
10% of day =1.2 hours
daywindow >2000cd/sqm
0.57 W/sf4 W/sf
LPD (W/sf)4 W/sf
W/sf
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er excellent energy savings and comfort
When to (automaticallos
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Desktop Pollin
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31ng Station
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(Day)Lighting Con
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Good Lighting Controls (D
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Data from advanced lighting controls demonstrationi E ill CAin Emeryville, CA (1990) !!!
Energy Use
0-80%vings
Energy Use before retrofit:
After retrofit:After retrofit:South zone:North zone:
Dimming is 3% of
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Dimming is 3% of lighting sales
Daylight oror
“Natural Light”Light
= MarketMarket
Advantage?
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New Daylighting TechnoP t ti l 100% i i• Potential: 100% increase in
• Improve visual comfort in perimeter • Improve uniformity of daylight in per• Extend the impact of daylight from 5
Improve ExistinImprove ExistinInvent New So
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ologies and Systemst ti l i t ipotential perimeter savings
zone -> greater acceptancerimeter zone5m deep to 10-15m
ng Solutionsng Solutionslutions
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New Technology foLight Controlg
• Conventional Directional control – glass block, fritted glass, diffusers– shading systems
• New Options– Special blindsSpecial blinds– Prismatic glazings – Holographic materials– Laser cut panels– Light pipes and Fiber optics
• Emerging Options– Nano- based optical control– Static dynamic control of light
• Challenges– Fabrication at affordable cost
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Fabrication at affordable cost– Characterization - how do they perfo
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t
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orm?
Exploring IntelligentMaximum performance req
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t Control Systems:quires full integration with ( l l??)(manual control??)
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Building Performance(cost, comfort,
nformationstem
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n Cost tradeoffs“Smart Grid”
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NY Times: Intelligent Ligh(Field Energy Measure
• Automated Shaded(Multifunctional)
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hting, Shade Control, UFAD ment study in Progress)
• Dimmable lighting–Addressable– (Multifunctional)
New York Times office with dimmable lights and automated shading
FaçaExterna-- ShadiGlazingGlazing-- Low-E
-- Frit - sInterna-- MotorMotor
-- S-- G
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ade Layersal layer: Fixeding, light diffusiong layer: Fixedg layer: FixedE, spectrally selective- thermal control- solar gain controlg
solar, glare controll layer: Dynamicrized Shade systemrized Shade systemolar control
Glare controle Layers: Floor to Floore Layers: Floor to Floor
floor to deskdesk to headhead to ceiling
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head to ceilingplenum
Test/Optimize: PhysicaPhase 1: Physical
E l Sh di d li h i l f• Evaluate Shading, daylighting, employee feconstructability in a ~5000 sf testbed
• Fully instrumented; 1 year testing
Ph 2 Vi lPhase 2: Virtual• Extend Data by Orientation and Floor Level• Shade Control Algorithms for Motorized Sha
using Simulationusing Simulation• Built a virtual model of the building in its urba
hourly weather data to simulate performance
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“If It Exists, It Mus
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Amory Lovins (?)
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DataDataToolandand
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hallenge:Measured Performance
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for low energy designs(red triangle: EUI <= 40)
6. Uncalibrated simulated results
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Ratings, Labels
“Big Data” Comes to tEnergy AnalyticEnergy AnalyticDOE/EERE Building En
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EnergyIQ Benchmarking Tool• Seminal work on building commissioning cost‐
benefit analysis of >600 buildings• Energy Information & Benchmarking Systems for
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the Buildings World:cs for Buildingscs for Buildingsnergy Data Initiativesvestors, owners, operators, designers.
Standard Energy Efficiency Data (SEED)
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Advanced statistical methods to analyze emerging “big data” from data‐rich buildings
and large portfolio datasets
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Advanced Simulation EnSimergy: GUI with I
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50
Glazing and Façade DecDownload http://windows.lbl.gov/softw
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ulation Tools
Glazing/Shading/DaylightMeasurement and Valida
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tingation
• Façade/daylighting test facility• Integrated Systems testbeds• Mobile Thermal Test Facility • IR Thermography chamber• Large integrating sphere• Optics laboratory• Scanning Goniophotometer• HDR Imaging• Field Data Collection systems• Commissioning systems
• Virtual Building Controls Testbed• Daylighting controls laboratory
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WINDOW ATTACHWindow attachments (coverings) are products added to existing win•improve energy performance, comfort, glare, privacy, security, or enhance the a•The primary energy impact from the attachments is ability to reduce U, manage
Types of Attachments:•Exterior attachments:•Exterior attachments:
•Interior attachments:Low-e Storm Window Fixed Awning Dynamic Awning
Drapes Louvered blinds Roller shades Surface applied
•Between Glass (applies to non‐sealed glazing systems only – applied as a reDrapes Louvered blinds Roller shades Surface applied
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d film Cellular shade Window quilt Seasonal film kit
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COMPLEX GLAZING
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G DATABASE-CGDB
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Process Flow for Systems for which there are no analytical
models; direct system measurement required
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HONEYCOMB SH
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COMFEN: FaçadeDownload: window
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bon, Comfort…
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Diving Deeper: ExplorinSolar Gain/Daylig
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ng Performance Detailsght/Glare Results
Glare Assessment w/ Radiance
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What Do We Learn fro
DOE EC d
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1985-2000
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2010
DOE/CEC/PG&EElectrochromic
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Daylighting Testbed Oakland CA
1999
NY Ti
om the “Real World”?NY Times
Mockup and Test bed
2003-2007
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Measuring Commercial BuilNew LBNL Test Bed Facility T
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Lighting
Room side conditioning
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conditioning and Controls
Ideal TestbeBuilding Scale, Reality-ba
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Lab Scale Test Beds
Test Bed Program
Architects Architects InvestorsInvestors
Test Bed Program
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& Engineers
ManufacturersManufacturers &Entrepreneurs
&Entrepreneurs
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Test bed will generate usefu
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Early AdoptersReal Buildings
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StateLocal Govt
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ul data for all decision-makers
FLEXLAB TeFacility for Low Energy e
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stbed Facility eXperiments in Buildings
nce Berkeley National Laboratory
p gded, $16M
Facility for Low Energy eFLEXLAB: 3 m
• Exterior Testbeds• Focus on Integrated Systems
& retrofit& retrofit• 5400 sf• Outside B90• Opens Fall 2013
• Occupied Lighting & Plug Load• ~3000 sf inside B90• Span width of B90p• Controls, Visual Comfort & Behavior• Opens Fall 2012
• Controls & Visualization• Virtual Design & Modeling• Controls Interoperability, Sensors
D d R I t ti
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• Demand Response Integration• ~1000 sf inside B90• Opens Fall 2012
eXperiments in Buildingsmajor facilitiesj
nce Berkeley National Laboratory
Interchangeable li hti d
Reconfigurable, “Klighting and controls
Interchangeable façade elements: shading glazingshading, glazing
Granular sensor, instrumentation and
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metering system
Interchangeable skylights
Kit-of-Parts”
Interchangeable HVAC systems: air- and water-based
Data acquisition
nce Berkeley National Laboratory
and controls
Next S
Accelerating IAccelerating ICollabo
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Stepsp
nno ation iannovation via oration
nce Berkeley National Laboratory
Role of Innovation vs• Faster, Better, Cheaper…
– Incremental <--> Disru– Local <--> Widespread
• R&D Generates “New an– Building Technologies a– New Analysis Tools
New Business Process– New Business Process– New Benefits- e.g. envi
R&D Reduces “Negative• R&D Reduces “Negative– Risk and Uncertainty– Time
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– Cost
s Standard Practice….ptive
nd improved” optionsand Systems
esesironmental quality
es” that Stifle Actiones” that Stifle Action
nce Berkeley National Laboratory
Defining an InnoDefining an Innoto the
How do we aggressively ac1. The learning curve2. The adoption curve3. Creation of new part4. Transition to new exp
…guaranteed per
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ovation Pathwayovation Pathway Futureccelerate….
tnershipspectationsrformance??
nce Berkeley National Laboratory
LBNL- AECO (Architect/EPartnershi
Advanced Tools and Proc(i) develop new design workflowdesign and operation of buildingg p gthe tools within the Partner’s orgMeasured Performance Ddata and design information for bdata and design information for banalysis, discussion, benchmarkresearch in collaboration with LBEmerging Technology DeEmerging Technology Demeasure performance of innovator in buildings
FLEXLAB Testbed PrograFLEXLAB Testbed Prograperformance studies in new FLE
T E l C ll b ti
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To Explore Collaboration [email protected]
Engineer/Contractor/Owner)p Invitationcesses: actively collaborate with LBNL to
ws and evaluate new tools to enable the gs with guaranteed performance, (ii) adopt g g p , ( ) pganization, Data: Contribute measured performance building projects that can be used forbuilding projects that can be used for king, test cases and other potential BNL. emonstration Projects: Explore andemonstration Projects: Explore and tive technologies and systems at lab scale
am: Partner in design and execution ofam: Partner in design and execution of EXLAB facilities.
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nce Berkeley National Laboratory
Opportunities:
Where do we go from hWhere do we go from h
“Think Big, Start Sg,
Ask the Right Questions; Listen Carefully to the Answery
“If I had asked people wp pwanted, they would hafaster horses.”
Henry Ford
here?here?
mall, Act Now”,
rs
what they yave said
Benefits of High Perform
Add V
Improve
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Occupant Comfort,Satisfaction and
Performance
OccupantBuildin
mance Building Facades
Value Reduce Energy, Value,Operating sts
gy,Greenhouse Gas
Emissions
Planetng Owner Planet
Information RSt h S lk itStephen SelkowitzE-mail: [email protected]
More Info:More Info:
http://windows.lbl.gov/resources/LBN
http://windows.lbl.gov
New York Times projectNew York Times projecthttp://windows.lbl.gov/comm_perf/newyoAdvanced Facades projecthttp:lowenergyfacades.lbl.govp gy ghttp://gaia.lbl.gov/hpbfCommercial Web Sitehttp://www.commercialwindows.org
http://buildings.lbl.gov
Resources
Lresources.pdf
orktimes.htm