ferguson emc test fundamentals and nuclear power
TRANSCRIPT
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1Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd
Electromagnetic Compatibility(EMC)
and
Nuclear Power Facilities
presented by
Washington Laboratories, Ltd.Steven G. Ferguson
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2Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd
NRC Regulations
Part 50 of Title 10 of the Code of FederalRegulations (10CFR50): Domestic Licensing ofProduction and Utilization Facilities Structures, systems, and components important to
safety in a nuclear power plant be designed toaccommodate the effects of environmental conditions(i.e., remain functional under all postulated service
conditions) design control measures such as testing be used to
check the adequacy of design.
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3Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd
Safety Functions
IEEE Std 379-2000 IEEE Standard Application of the
Single-Failure Criterion to Nuclear Power Generating
Station Safety Systems Description
Replaced IEEE Standard (Std) 279, "Criteria for Protection
Systems for Nuclear Power Generating Stations,"
Incorporated in 10 CFR 50.55a(h) of the NRC
regulations
provides more specific requirements for the design ofinstrumentation and control (I&C) systems performing safety
functions
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4Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd
Safety Analysis Report
Must be sufficient to confirm that the I&Csystems important to safety are identified withdescriptions of how these systems meet theappropriate acceptance criteria and guidelinesapplicable to them.
SAR descriptions form the licensing design basisfor the plant
http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr0800/
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5Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd
NRC Regulatory Guide 1.180
Guidelines for Evaluating Electromagnetic and Radio-Frequency Interference in Safety-RelatedInstrumentation and Control Systems
Revision 1 issued October 2001 Adopted MIL-STD-461E and IEC 61000 series of test methods
Provides: Regulatory position on EMC
Position on EMI/RFI limiting practices
Position on EMI/RFI emissions and susceptibility testing
Position on SWC testing
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6Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd
RG1.180 Emission testing
MIL-STD-461E
CE101 Conducted emissions, low-frequency, 30 Hz to 10 kHz
CE102 Conducted emissions, high-frequency, 10 kHz to 2 MHz
RE101 Radiated emissions, magnetic field, 30 Hz to 100 kHz
RE102 Radiated emissions, electric field, 2 MHz to 1 GHz
IEC 61000-6-4
(None) Conducted emissions, low-frequency, 30 Hz to 10 kHz
CISPR11 Conducted emissions, high-frequency, 150 kHz to 30 MHz
(None) Radiated emissions, magnetic field, 30 Hz to 100 kHz
CISPR11 Radiated emissions, electric field, 30 MHz to 1 GHz
RG1.180 calls for applying one or the other standard no selectiveapplication
Selection of IEC method allowed if special exemption conditions are metfor power quality and proximity to equipment sensitive to magnetic fields
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RG1.180 Susceptibility testing
MIL-STD-461E CS101 Conducted susceptibility, low frequency, 30 Hz to 150 kHz
CS114 Conducted susceptibility, high frequency, 10 kHz to 30 MHz
CS115 Conducted susceptibility, bulk cable injection, impulse excitation
CS116 Conducted susceptibility, damped sinusoidal transients, 10 kHz to 100 MHz
RS101 Radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 30 Hz to 100 kHz
RS103 Radiated susceptibility, electric field, 30 MHz to 1 GHz
IEC 61000-4 61000-4-4 Conducted susceptibility, electrically fast transients/bursts
61000-4-5 Conducted susceptibility, surges
61000-4-6 Conducted susceptibility, disturbances induced by radio-frequency fields
61000-4-12 Conducted susceptibility, 100 kHz ring wave
61000-4-13 Conducted susceptibility, low frequency, 16 Hz to 2.4 kHz
61000-4-16 Conducted susceptibility, low frequency, 15 Hz to 150 kHz 61000-4-8 Radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 50 Hz and 60 Hz
61000-4-9 Radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz to 50 kHz
61000-4-10 Radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 100 kHz and 1 MHz
61000-4-3 Radiated susceptibility, electric field, 26 MHz to 1 GHz
RG1.180 calls for applying one or the other standard no selective application
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RG 1.180 Surge Withstand Capability
(SWC) testing Ring wave
IEEE Std C62.41-1991
IEC 61000-4-12
Combination wave IEEE Std C62.41-1991
IEC 61000-4-5
Electrically Fast Transients (EFT)
IEEE Std C62.41-1991 IEC 61000-4-4
IEEE Std C62.45-1992 provides test methods for C62.41
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EPRI TR-102323 R3
Guidelines for Electromagnetic Interference Testing ofPower Plant Equipment
Revision 3, issued November 2004 Revision issued to better conform to standard test methods,
investigate CS114 test levels and provide technical rationale forvariance to RG1.180
Provides: Plant emissions data
Practices to ensure EMC
Equipment susceptibility and emissions testing guidance
Margin analysis of recommended testing limits
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EPRI R3 Emission testing
Low frequency conducted emissions
CE101
High frequency conducted emissions
CE102 IEC 61000-6-4
FCC 47CFR Part 15
Low frequency radiated emissions
RE101
High frequency radiated emissions
RE102
IEC 61000-6-4
FCC 47CFR Part 15
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EPRI R3 Susceptibility testing
Low frequency conducted MIL-STD-461E CS101
IEC 61000-4-13 & IEC 61000-4-16
High frequency conducted CS114
IEC 61000-4-6
Low frequency radiated RS101
IEC 61000-4-8, IEC 61000-4-9 and IEC 61000-4-10
High frequency radiated RS103
IEC 61000-4-3
Surge CS116
IEC 61000-4-5 and IEC 61000-4-12 or IEEE C62.41-1991
Electrically Fast Transient (EFT) CS115
IEC 61000-4-4 or IEEE C62.41
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) IEC 61000-4-2
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Low frequency conducted emissions
CE101, 30 Hz 10 kHz (AC start frequency = 2ndharmonic)
Exempt equipment from test if Power quality requirements are consistent with existing power
supply and design practices include power quality controls
New equipment will not impose additional harmonic distortionexceeding 5% THD or other power quality criteria with a validtechnical basis
Measurement in current terms
Limit relaxation allowed for high current AC power EPRI does not limit relaxation to AC
RG1.180 & EPRI R3 testing the same limits aredifferent
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High frequency conducted emissions
RG1.180 CE102, 10 kHz to 2 MHz
CISPR 11, 150 kHz to 30 MHz (if CE101 is exempt)
Measurement in voltage terms
EPRI R3 CE102, 10 kHz to 10 MHz
CISPR 11, 150 kHz to 30 MHz Measurement in current terms (voltage to current
based on 50W)
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Low frequency radiated emissions
RE101, 30 Hz 100 kHz
Applicable to enclosures and interconnecting leads
Exempt equipment from test if
RG1.180 - Equipment is not installed in areas with equipment sensitiveto magnetic fields distance not specified
EPRI R3 Applicable to new equipment that is a source of largemagnetic fields (>300A/m) installed
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High frequency radiated emissions
RG1.180
RE102, 2 MHz to 1 GHz
CISPR 11, 30 MHz 1 GHz EPRI R3
RE102, 2 MHz to 10 GHz
CISPR 11, 30 MHz to 1 GHz
FCC 47 Part 15, 30 MHz to 1 GHz
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High frequency radiated emission limits/testing
QP measurements for CISPR and FCC
EPRI calls for CIPSR/FCC testing to 5X highest frequency up to 10 GHz but no limit defined Testing is accomplished with an appropriate antenna located at the specified distance receiver parameters
defined in the test standard
RE102, FCC, CISPR
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1.0E+6 10.0E+6 100.0E+6 1.0E+9 10.0E+9 100.0E+9
Frequency (Hz)
dBuV/m
RG 1.180 1M EPRI R3 1M
FCC 10M CISPR 30M
2. 0E+6 59 44
25.0E+6 59
30.0E+6 39 30
88.0E+6 39
88.0E+6 44
216.0E+6 44
216.0E+6 46
230.0E+6 30
230.0E+6 37
960.0E+6 46
960.0E+6 50
10.0E+6 44
1.0E+9 72 37
10.0E+9
18.0E+9 89
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Low frequency conducted susceptibility
Purpose is to evaluate performance in the presence oflow frequency interference conducted via the power orsignal lines
MIL-STD-461E CS101, Conducted susceptibility, low frequency, 30 Hz to 150
kHz
IEC 61000-4 IEC 61000-4-13, Conducted susceptibility, low frequency, 16 Hz
to 2.4 kHz IEC 61000-4-16, Conducted susceptibility, low frequency, 15 Hz
to 150 kHz
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Low frequency conducted susceptibility limits/testing
CS101 Low frequency sinusoidal signals are used to modulate the power lines to simulate
interference Prior to test a maximum drive level is establish with a fixed load
The interfering signal is coupled to the power input and the amplitude increased to the testvoltage without exceeding the maximum drive level
The test frequency range is swept at a defined rate
RG1.180 and EPRI have the same limit although EPRI is specified in current terms
IEC 61000-4-13
Low frequency sinusoidal signals are used to modulate the power lines to simulateinterference
Coupling is typically by use of a programmable power source that is programmed for thespecific test frequencies and amplitude
RG1.180 provides a test limit table for harmonic frequencies correlated to Class 2 of thestandard omitting the inter-harmonic testing
EPRI calls for Class 2 testing implying that the inter-harmonic testing of the test standard isapplicable
The limit chart in EPRI R3 is inadequate to determine the test levels so the test standard is
preferred IEC 61000-4-16
Low frequency sinusoidal signals are coupled to the power and signal lines (capacitivelycoupled or direct injection)
IEC 61000-4-13, Conducted susceptibility, low frequency, 16 Hz to 2.4 kHz
Level 3 is called out by both RG1.180 and EPRI R3 however the test level curves are notthe same
EPRI R3 does not specify the short duration high level test.
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High frequency conducted susceptibility
Purpose is to evaluate performance in thepresence of RF signals inducing currents intothe equipment via the cables
MIL-STD-461E CS114, Conducted susceptibility, high frequency, 10
kHz to 30 MHz
IEC 61000-4 IEC 61000-4-6, Conducted susceptibility, 150 kHz to
80 MHz, disturbances induced by radio-frequencyfields
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RG1.180, High frequency conducted susceptibility limits
Two IEC 61000-4-6 limits are provided 140dBmV (10Vrms) for power and medium exposure signal lines (96.5dBmA)
130dBmV (3Vrms) for low exposure signal lines (86.5dBmA) Frequency range is not defined so the 150 kHz to 80 MHz range from the test standard is normally assumed
A pre-calibrated forward power limit (drive level) is applicable if the current is not attained
RG 1.180, CS114
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
10.0E+3 100.0E+3 1.0E+6 10.0E+6 100.0E+6
Frequency (Hz)
dBuA
Pow er Signal
10.0E+3 100 91
200.0E+3 100
200.0E+3 97
30.0E+6 97 91
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EPRI R3, High frequency conducted susceptibility limits
CS114 testing between 30 MHz and 200 MHz may be exempted if RS103 is accomplished
EPRI states that use of the Army Ground Applications test level is acceptable but the limit is
shown incorrectly which applies A pre-calibrated forward power limit (drive level) is applicable if the current is not attained
TR 102323 R3
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
10.0E+3 100.0E+3 1.0E+6 10.0E+6 100.0E+6 1.0E+9
Frequency (Hz)
dBuA
CS114 Curve 3 IEC 61000-4-6
10.0E+3 49
150.0E+3 97
1.0E+6 89
30.0E+6 89
80.0E+6 97
200.0E+6 81
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Electrically Fast Transients/Bursts (EFT)
RG1.180 CS115, Conducted susceptibility, bulk cable injection, impulse
excitation
IEC 61000-4-4, Electrically Fast Transient/Bursts
Applicability to signal lines Applicable to power lines under the SWC testing allows use of
C62.41-1991
EPRI R3 Same tests as RG1.180 but different levels and applicable to
power and signal CS115 is listed but the limit is not stated 5A is implied under
the listing of differences between ERPI R3 and RG1.180
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23Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd
EFT limits/testing
CS115 uses a pre-calibrated test current using a fixed load testfixture then interference is applied that drive level
RG1.180 2A
EPRI R3 5A
Interference is coupled inductively current injection
IEC 61000-4-4 uses an open circuit voltage that is applied to thecircuit RG1.180 1kV (low exposure), 2kV (medium exposure) for signal lines
RG1,180 2kV (low exposure), 4kV (medium exposure) for power lines(SWC)
EPRI R3 2kV power lines; 1kV signal lines (2kV for lines that connectto unsuppressed inductive loads)
Interference is coupled capacitively voltage injection Common mode and differential mode testing is not discussed
although both test standards have provisions for testing
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Surge
RG1.180 CS116, Conducted susceptibility, damped sinusoidal transients, 10 kHz to 100
MHz or
IEC 61000-4-5, Surge immunity test (combination wave) and
IEC 61000-4-12, Oscillatory waves immunity test
Applicability to signal lines
Applicable to power lines under the SWC testing allows use of C62.41-1991 EPRI R3
Same tests as RG1.180 but different levels and applicable to power and signal
RG1.180 defines 4-12 test as ring wave and EPRI R3 provides for a repetitionfrequency for the oscillating wave
CS116 is listed but the not recommended
Oscillating wave specified rise time; \ Damped Oscillatory vs. Ring Wave
Test duration CS116 calls for duration and pulse repetition rate
4-5 combination wave test uses a number of repetitions
4-12 ring wave test uses a number of repetitions
4-12 oscillating wave uses a repetition frequency and duration
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Surge limits/testing
CS116 uses a pre-calibrated test current using a fixed load test fixture theninterference is applied as lesser of test current or drive level
RG1.180 5A
EPRI R3 no limit stated (allows but does not recommend CS116)
Interference is coupled inductively current injection
IEC 61000-4-5 uses an open circuit voltage that is applied to the circuit (currentlimiting is applicable)
RG1.180 1kV (low exposure), 2kV (medium exposure) for signal lines RG1,180 2kV (low exposure), 4kV (medium exposure), 6kV (external) for power lines
(SWC)
EPRI R3 2kV secondary power lines; 4kV primary power lines; 2kV signal line shields andremote grounds
Interference is coupled capacitively voltage injection
IEC 61000-4-12 uses an open circuit voltage that is applied to the circuit (currentlimiting is applicable)
RG1.180 1kV (low exposure), 2kV (medium exposure) for signal lines RG1,180 2kV (low exposure), 4kV (medium exposure) for power lines (SWC)
EPRI R3 2kV secondary power lines; 4kV primary power lines; 2kV signal line shields andremote grounds
Interference is coupled capacitively voltage injection
Common mode and differential mode testing is not discussed although both teststandards have provisions for testing
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Low frequency radiated susceptibility
(magnetic field)
Exempt test if equipment is not near sources of large magnetic fieldsand limiting practices are used
RG1.180 indicates CRTs, motors, high current cables as large sources
EPRI R3 indicates 300A/m sources
Test methods:
RS101, Radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 30 Hz to 100 kHz
IEC 61000-4-8, Radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 50 Hz and 60 Hz
IEC 61000-4-9, Radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz to 50kHz
IEC 61000-4-10, Radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 100 kHz and 1MHz
IEC 61000-4-10 has additional limiting applicability to high current switchingsources (bus bar switching) in EPRI R3
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Low frequency radiated susceptibility limits/testing
RS101 MIL-STD-461E Army limit (flux density terms)
IEC 61000-4-8 50 or 60 Hz sine wave, 30 A/m (152dBpT) continuous (300 A/m (172dBpT) short
duration)
IEC 61000-4-9 RG1.180 and EPRI R3 indicate a frequency range for the test but standard is
based on a pulse
Pulse 6.4/16mS, 300A/m (172dBpT)
IEC 61000-4-10 Damped oscillatory wave 100 kHz (40 Hz repetition) and 1 MHz (400 Hz
repetition) Test level is 30A/m (152dBpT)
Testing is performed with an induction coil adjacent to test article or coilsurrounding the test article depending on test
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High frequency radiated susceptibility
(electric field)
MIL-STD-461E, Radiated susceptibility, electric field, 30 MHz to 1GHz (10 GHz EPRI)
Modulation with a 1 kHz square wave
IEC 61000-4-3, Radiated susceptibility, electric field, 26 MHz to 1GHz
Modulation with a 1 kHz sine wave
RG1.180 and EPRI R3 call for the same tests and levels
EPRI adds testing for RS103 in the 10 kHz to 30 MHz frequency rangeif CS114 is not performed
EPRI supports deletion of 30 MHz to 80 MHz if IEC 61000-4-6 testing isperformed
EPRI calls for testing above 1 GHz for evaluation of wireless deviceinterference
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High frequency radiated susceptibility
limits/testing
RG1.180 and EPRI specify 10V/m test levels
Test frequency range based on test method and other testing asstated previously
Modulation is not consistent between standards
Testing at frequencies between 1 GHz and 10 GHz is becoming thenormal
Testing is accomplished with a radiating antenna producing the testfield
MIL-STD-461E testing calls for use of field probe to measure test levelduring test
IEC 61000-4-3 testing supports testing with a uniform field calibratedprior to test
Use of an anechoic shielded enclosure is standard
Antenna placement may be varied to broaden the beamwidth coveragebut test article must see exposure
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Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)
Not specified in RG1.180
Optional in EPRI R3
IEC 61000-4-2 is the test standard Level 4 testing (8kV contact; 15kV air)
Test points selected based on accessibility
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Tailoring testing
Understand the test article use and installation to assess applicable tests Items not exposed to high magnetic fields are exempt for the associated
susceptibility tests
Look as the applicability tables in the standards Required indicates test is always applicable
Evaluate determine applicability based on use and criticality
Optional used when impact is minimal or control measure negate the need
Why tailor? Cost and schedule drivers
Testing cost is somewhat elevated by performing unnecessary tests
Recurring cost to add unnecessary control measures may be significant
Installation practices may be a significant cost driver to provide unnecessarycontrol measures
Not advocate of deleting tests operational down-time from EMI is an on-going
cost that specifying control measures can mitigate Test planning should consider the application instead of blindly calling for
doing all potential tests
Wide usage equipment may elect to do all testing for all standards
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Acceptance criteria
Acceptance criteria provided earlier is notsupported by RG1.180 or EPRI R3
SWC testing of RG1.180 specifies thatperformance criteria be established in the testplan
Open door testing is frequently called on for
equipment that must operate duringmaintenance test planning should consideracceptance with closed doors if reasonable
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Threshold measurements
Threshold measurements provide data on the amplitude andfrequency of interference that produces susceptibility
This is the lowest level that produces unacceptable results
Frequency ranges of susceptibility need to be identified
Test procedure needs to identify measurements of susceptibility Threshold measurements
Reduce interference level for test article recovery
Reduce an additional 6dB
Increase amplitude to point of susceptibility
Record that measurement
Why? Absence of information makes acceptance of a deviation nearly
impossible
Solutions need the data to support design
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C i ht 2011 W hi t L b t i Ltd
Contact
Contact:
Steve Ferguson: [email protected]
Washington Laboratories, Ltd.
7560 Lindbergh Drive
Gaithersburg, MD 20879
301/216-1500: fax: 301/216-1590www.wll.com