ferry landings at ocean sites
DESCRIPTION
Malcolm McLarenTRANSCRIPT
Ferry Landings at Ocean Sites
Malcolm G. McLaren, PE
McLaren Engineering Group
Commuter Options Long Branch, NJ to
Manhattan
Car – 54 miles 1.25 to 2 hrsTolls Parking
Train – 85-100 minutesFare - $30 rt
Bus – 85-100 min to PA125 min. to Wall StFare - $32 rt
Ferry – 25 NM, 65 min.
Ferry Terminals in NY Harbor
Core Requirements – Ferry Operations
Harbor TypesNatural Harbors Manmade Harbors
New York Harbor
Port of Long Beach, California
Assignment – Create a Harbor
• Evaluate Site History• Consider Extreme Wave Forces• Determine Design Limits & Forces• Design must meet permit requirements of State &
USACOE• Environmentally sensitive design• Passenger Safety• On vessel• Transfer to vessel • ADA Compliance• Economics
Harbor Design Considerations
History of Long Branch Piers
Long Branch Pier
1828 First pier constructed: Bath House Pier
Uses: Transportation
1830 Steamboat service to New York started
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Long Branch Pier
1828 First pier constructed: Bath House Pier
Uses: Transportation
1830 Steamboat service to New York started
1854 Pier destroyed by nor’easter after 24 years of service
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Long Branch Pier
1875 Second pier constructed: East End Excursion Pavilion
Uses: Docking
1875 Destroyed by storm after only one week
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Long Branch Pier
1879 Third pier constructed of tubular steel: Ocean Pier
Uses: Pier: Docking, Restaurant, Promenade Underneath Pier: 600 Bath-houses
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“The Great Iron and Tubular Pier at Long Branch” 1879
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The Plymouth Rock about to dock at the Ocean Pier 1879
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“Bathing in the shade beneath the pier”,
Ocean Pier 1879
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2010Image: Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, August
23,1879
The Steamer City of Richmond launched 1880
Image: HistoricLongBranch.com
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Long Branch Pier
1881 Pier destroyed by winter storm after two years of service
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Long Branch Pier
1881 Fourth pier constructed: Ocean Pier / Iron Pier Entrance through a pavilion at the foot of South
BroadwayUses: Pier Entrance - Bar, Drugstore, Express Office,
Film Theater Pier - Docking, Restaurant, Promenade, Orchestra Stand, Fishing, Benches & Rocking Chairs
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“Iron Pier and Surf Bathing, Long Branch” 1890
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“Bathing Scene at Long Branch, NJ” 1906
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Long Branch Pier
1889 Pier severely damaged by high tides; repaired with wooden piling
1893 Pier cut in two by tugboat; outer portion rebuilt
1908 Remains of pier torn down
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Long Branch Pier
1912 Fifth pier constructed of concrete: Amusement Pier / Fishing Pier
Uses: Dance hall, Theater, Amusement Rides, Restaurants, Bars, Haunted Mansion, Concession Stands, Gift Shop, Games of Chance & Skill, Fishing (no docking)
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Long Branch Pier 1921
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Long Branch Pier ca. 1924
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“Bathing scene from Boardwalk” 1924
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Pier Scene Showing 40’ Tall Airplane Swing Ride ca. 1924
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Long Branch Pier
1944 Pier severely damaged by hurricane
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Carousel Wrecked by Hurricane, 1944
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Image: Eddy and Gloria Bruno via www.HistoricLongBranch.org
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Long Branch Fishing Pier, ca. 1958
Long Branch Fishing Pier, ca. 1958
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www.HistoricLongBranch.org
Kid’s World, Long Branch Pier 1985
Image: Bill and Seph Cherkasky via DarkInThePark.com
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Fire, Long Branch Pier 1987
Image: Press File Photo via APP.com
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1987 Pier destroyed by fire
Long Branch Pier
2001 Pier remnant torn down
2005 Pier Village opened
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Local Conditions
Prevailing Wind
Prevailing Current
Prevailing Waves
Permitting by NJDEP and Army Corps
• NJDEP• CAFRA (Coastal lands)• Land Use (Waterfront Dev.)• Tidelands (Land ownership)
• USACE• Section 10 (Nav. Waterways)• Section 404 (Water Quality)
Environmental Considerations• Impeding Natural Sediment Transport• Aquatic Biota
• Temporary or Permanent Loss of Bottom Habitat• Threatened & Endangered Species• Opportunity for New Aquaculture
• Stormwater Runoff• NEPA Compliance (Air, Noise, Traffic, Historic Resources)• Re-Suspension of Contaminants and Turbidity• Shading Effects • Fish Abundance, Reproduction and Migration
Operating Vessels
Monohull Fast Ferry
Catamaran Fast Ferry
Fast Ferry
• Construction Type Welded Aluminum Catamaran• Length 141 Feet• Beam 34 Feet• Speed 30 Knots• Engine Type Diesel• Horsepower 4800• Propulsion Propeller • Capacity 399 Enclosed Seats• Maximum Service Wave 8 Feet
Waves in the Open Ocean 19 Miles Offshore
Operating Days per year
S e rie s 1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
61 182 245 292 325 341 350
Wav
e H
eig
ht
Days per Year Wave Height Not Exceeded
Wave Frequency Analysis
8 ft
HV1(Vessel 1: 78 ft Length x 28 ft Beam)
HV3(Vessel 3: 141 ft Length x 34 ft Beam)
HV2(Vessel 2: 125 ft Length x 40 ft Beam)
Design parameters – Pier and Breakwater
• Setting the Height of the Structure• Design Wave Height• Design Flood Level / Storm Surge• Considerations for Sea Level Rise• Accessibility to the Ferry• Upland Viewsheds
• Picking the Structure Type• Integrated Wave Attenuation
• High Wave/Water Loading• Detached Wave Attenuation
• Sediment Transport Disruption
Breakwater Options• Integrated Breakwater
• Wave screens• Caisson walls
• Detached Breakwater• Rubblemound structure• Pile/Crib system
Integrated Breakwater - Piles & Wall
Integrated Breakwater - Cellular Cofferdams
Integrated Breakwater - Caissons
Pier Elevation• Design Wave Height• Design Flood Level / Storm Surge• Considerations for Sea Level Rise• Accessibility to the Ferry• Upland ViewshedsTOP OF PIER +26.0’
12.3’ MSL + 100 YEAR STORM SURGE
3.0’ MHWS + SEA LEVEL RISE
-0.3’ MSL
-32.5’ BOTTOM OF WAVE SCREEN -34.5’ SEAFLOOR
24.3’ WAVE CREST
Design Wave on Breakwater• Design Wave Height
• 20-yr WIS (Wave Indormation Study) hindcast wave data
• Extreme Value Analysis (EVA)
• Wave Forces• Non-breaking wave
24’ wave ≈ 50kips/ft
Transmitted Wave to HarborWave energy balancing act: reflection, absorption and transmission
TOP OF PIER +26.0’
7.0’ WAVE CREST
3.0’ MHWS
-0.3’ MSL
-32.5’ BOTTOM OF WAVE SCREEN -34.5’
SEAFLOOR
12.0’ TOP OF WAVE SCREEN
2 FT. WAVE TRANSMITTED
Transmitted Wave to HarborEffects of Wave Diffraction
• Need Large, Calm Area Inside Breakwater for Ferry Maneuvers
• Entrance & Exit Wave Conditions to Avoid Broadside Waves on Ferry
Breakwater Considerations
• Withstand large forces• Allow flow to avoid sedimentation• Support Pedestrians and Buildings
ADA Compliance
• Exempt from 30’ max. run• Max. 1V:12H slope between Mean High Water and
Mean Low Water• Runs over 80’ exempt from 1V:12H slope
Floating Landing – Design Parameters
• Acceleration (SNAME & ITTC 1999)Description Max.g Max.g-rate
Comfort standing person:•99% will keep balance without a need of holding 0.07 g 0.03 g/s
Comfort seated person:•Typical bus stop and up/down gear shifts 0.20 g 0.20 g/s
Safety standing person:•Elderly person will keep balance when holding•Mean person will keep balance when holding•Mean person max. load keeping balance when holding
0.08 g0.15 g0.25 g
0.20 g/s0.20 g/s1.00 g/s
Safety seated person (no or 2-point seat-belt):•Nervous person will start holding (X and Y load)•Persons will fall out of seat (no seat belt)
0.15 g0.45 g
0.80 g/s3.00 g/s
Safety seated person (3-point seat-belt):•Low tolerance for injury (car industry) 40 g (Z)
10 g (X&Y)
Passenger TransferGantry Bridge
Passenger TransferFloating Landing
Long Branch Pier Schemes
Alternative A - ConventionalAlternative B - Shaped
Alternative C – Pod and Pathway
The New Long Branch Pier
Core Requirements – Ferry Operations
E N G I N E E R I N G D I V I S I O N S
Structural • Site/Civil, Geotechnical and Survey
Bridge, Highway and Rail • Forensics Marine • Waterborne Transportation
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