fertilizing hazelnuts
TRANSCRIPT
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Hybrid Hazelnut
Fertilization
Lois Braun,
University
of
Minnesota
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Hazelnuts, like most perennialplants, are exceedingly efficient intheir use of plant nutrients because
they recycle nutrients internally.
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Hazelnuts, like most perennial plants,are exceedingly efficient in theiruse of plant nutrients because they
recycle nutrients internally.Thus their fertilizer re uirements are
relatively low.
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Hazelnuts, like most perennial plants,are exceedingly efficient in theiruse of plant nutrients because they
recycle nutrients internally.Thus their fertilizer re uirements are
relatively low.
important role to play in sustainable
.
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Hazelnuts, like most perennial plants,are exceedingly efficient in theiruse of plant nutrients because they
recycle nutrients internally.Thus their fertilizer re uirements are
relatively low.
important role to play in sustainable
.However, they can’t recycle nutrients
’ .
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Hazelnuts, like most perennial plants,
use of plant nutrients because they.
Thus their fertilizer requirements are.
This is one reason why they have anagricultural systems.
’,that they don’t have--fertilizers are.
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Hazelnut
Fertilization• Once established, hazelnuts may thrive and be
.
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Hazelnut
Fertilization• Once established, hazelnuts may thrive and be
.
• The best hazelnuts grow on fertile soil.
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Hazelnut
Fertilization• Once established, hazelnuts may thrive and be
.
• The best hazelnuts grow on fertile soil.
• Unlike with annual crops, for which soil may
be tilled
annually,
once
hazelnuts
are
established it will be very difficult to
incorporate fertilizers and other soil
amendments.
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Hazelnut
Fertilization• Once established, hazelnuts may thrive and be
roductive for u to 50 ears or lon er.
• The best
hazelnuts
grow
on
fertile
soil.
• Unlike with annual crops, for which soil may be
ti e annua y, once aze nuts are esta is e it will be very difficult to incorporate fertilizers and
other soil
amendments.
• Thus it is essential that potential soil deficiencies, especially of nutrients that are immobile in the
so , suc
as
p osp orus
an
po ass um,
e identified and corrected before hazelnuts are
lanted.
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Hazelnut
Fertilization• Whereas phosphorus and potassium are
,
mobile, and
can
be
lost
from
the
soil
very
.
• Nitrogen fertilizer
should
only
be
applied
– in quantities that the plant can take up,
– When the plant is able to take it up
– In locations
where
the
plant
can
get
to
it.
• Otherwise nitrogen becomes a pollutant.
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Two
Phases
for
Hazelnut
Fertilization1. Establishment phase:
•
P and
K,
and
for
lime
are
based
on
soil
test
results.
• Recommendations for N are based on size of plant an increase as t e p ant grows.
. ro uc on p ase:
Recommendations are based on:
• Leaf analysis
•
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Note that
no
fertilization
recommendations
have yet been developed for hazelnuts in the
Upper
Midwest.
Therefore,
you
will
have
to
substitute a similar crop on the submission
sheet.
• Apples and
grapes
are
decent
approximations.
• Blueberries may also be used except for pH
recommendations.
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Phosphorus for New Hazelnut PlantingsP deficiency has not been observed in hazelnuts in Oregon.
Thus these recommendations are based on recommendations
*
Bray‐P
(ppm)
Olsen‐P
(ppm)
P to
apply
(lbs/acre)
0 – 10 0 ‐ 7 VL 100 ‐ 150
11 – 20 8 ‐ 15 L 75 ‐ 125
21 – 30 16
‐ 25 ML 50
‐ 100
31 – 40 26 ‐ 33 M 25 ‐ 75
41 – 50 34 – 41 H 0 ‐ 50
‐
• Incorporate P before planting.
• To economize, P ma be a lied in bands to ust the lantin row, but kee in
•mind that hazelnuts roots may eventually span the entire row of 10 to 15 feet.
* Rosen
and
Eliason,
Nutrient
Management
for
Commercial
Fruit
and
Vegetable
Crops
in
Minnesota.
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Potassium for New Hazelnut PlantingsThese recommendations are slightly modified from those for
hazelnuts in Oregon. *
Soil test K K to apply
from those
for
other
woody
crops.
(ppm) (lbs acre)
0 – 75 L 300 ‐ 400
75 ‐
150 M 200 ‐
300
150 + H 0 ‐ 100
• ,
which can
burn
roots
if
too
concentrated.
K2SO4 (potassium
sulfate)
is
preferred.
• To economize, K may be applied in bands to just the planting row,
but kee in mind that hazelnuts roots ma eventuall s an the entire row of 10
to 15 feet.
*Olsen, 2000.
Hazelnut
Nutrient
Management
Guide,
Oregon
State
University
Extension
Service.
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Limin• The best pH for hazelnuts is about 6.5 but they
can tolerate soil H from 5.0 to 7.0.
• Apply lime
if
pH
is
below
5.6,
using
rates
recommended based on your soil’s buffering
capacity.
• Use dolomitic lime
to
supply
magnesium
if
soils
test ower t an ppm magnes um.
• Incorporate lime into the soil as deeply as
.• Apply lime at least several weeks before planting;
.
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• Some N fertilizers can burn, or even kill new
transp ants, so t s est not to app y any at a
at planting.
Survival in response
new transplants.
Ouch!
Survival was
negatively
correlated
with
N
rate
at
all
sites
at
p < 0.002,
R
2
> 0.91.
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• Some N fertilizers can burn, or even kill new
transp ants, so t s est not to app y any at a
at planting.
• N requirements in first year are so low that
they can
easily
be
supplied
from
the
soil
for
the first year after planting, unless soil organic
matter is less than 3%.
2 year old seedling
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3 year old plants, Becker, July 2005
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22 g N
lant‐1
Controls
3 year old plants, Becker, July 2005
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End of Third Year
3 g 11 g 22 g 33 g
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• Some N fertilizers can burn, or even kill new
transp ants, so t s est not to app y any at a
at planting.
• N requirements in first year are so low that
they can
easily
be
supplied
from
the
soil
for
the first year after planting, unless soil organic
matter is less than 3%.
• Starting in
their
second
or
third
year,
apply
N
in ro ortion to size of bush.
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Nitrogen for New Hazelnut Plantings
Tentative recommendations—these might be too high!
oz per
cubic
yard
of bush volumeg per
cubic
meter
of bush volume
2 0 – 1/8 oz 0 – 5 g
3 0 – ¼
oz 0
– 9
g
• For large plantings measure several bushes and average them;
multi l the amount needed er bush b number of lants er
acre to
get
N
application
rate
per
acre.
• If soil organic matter exceeds 4.5%, no N is needed.
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‐
• The nutrient requirements of hazelnuts, espec a y young aze nu s, are ow re a ve o
annual crops.
fertilizer for their first year, except on extremely
low or anic
matter
soils.
• It is very important to do a soil test before
planting and to amend the soil for immobile
nutrients , especially
phosphorus
and
potassium,
that may be lacking.
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Fertilizing
Established
Hazelnuts
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Two Phases for Hazelnut Fertilization
1. Establishment phase:
• Recommendations for immobile nutrients such as
P and K are based on soil test results.
• Recommendations for N are based on soil organic
.
2.
Production phase:
Recommendations are based on:
• Plant size (large plants need and can take up more)
,• Leaf analysis,
• Yield: ex ort of nutrients in harvest
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Why not just apply more fertilizer
than the
crops
are
likely
to
need
and
• Wastes your
money
reduces
your
profitability
• utr ents not qu c y ta en up y t e crop may
become environmental pollutants:
– trogen
– Phosphorus
• ome nu r en s,
n excess,
can
e
arm u
o your
crop:
– trogen, app e as e t er ammon um or n trate
– Potassium if
applied
as
Muriate of
Potash
(KCl).
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Wh
do
we
focus
on
Nitro en?• N is the nutrient most likely to be limiting.
• s mo e: s eve s n e so uc ua e as a
result of
the
balance
between
losses
and
gains.
N is lost through:
• Leaching
•
N is gained through:
• Fertilization
•
• Denitrification
• Immobilization
N changes between forms in the soil:
organic matter, urea, ammonium,
• This is why routine soil tests do not test for N.• an
p a e nitrate, etc.
and why we need leaf analysis.
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Leaf Analysis
• Chlorosis (pale leaf color) may be an indicator of N deficienc , but not necessaril .
• Vigorous growth
may
dilute
the
concentration
of
leaf nutrients.
• Factors that limit growth may result in very high
leaf concentrations
of
nutrients
that
are
not
m te .
• Thus leaf analysis data should be combined with
,
productivity and soil analysis, in making fertilizer
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End of Third Year
3 g 11 g 22 g 33 g
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Hazelnut Leaf Sufficiency RangesDeficient Low Normal Excessive
Nitrogen (%) 1 < 1.9 1.91 – 2.10 2.11 – 2.50 > 2.50
2 < – – >
Potassium
(%) <
0.50 0.51
– 0.80 0.81
– 2.00 >
3.00Sulfur (%) < 0.08 0.90 – 0.12 0.13 – 0.20 > 0.50
Calcium (%) < 0.60 0.61 – 1.00 1.01 – 2.50 > 3.00
Magnesium (%) < 0.18 0.19 – 0.24 0.25 – 0.50 > 1.00
– – ,
Iron (ppm) < 40 41 – 50 51 – 400 > 500
Copper (ppm) < 2 3 – 4 5 – 15 > 100
Boron (ppm) < 25 26
– 30 31
– 75 > 100
Zinc (ppm) < 10 11 ‐ 15 16 ‐ 60 > 100
. o u y o u , .
2. Ranges for all other nutrients based on Olsen, 2000. Hazelnut Nutrient Management
Guide, Oregon
State
University
Extension
Service.
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.
• Collect the
third fully
expanded
leaf
from
the
apex o a stem n u sun.
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How to take leaf samples
Collect the third fully expanded leaf from the
1st fully Not fully
leaf expan e
2n fully
expanded
leaf Collect the 3rd
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• st .
• Collect the
third fully
expanded
leaf
from
the
.
• Collect at least 20 leaves from 20 stems, all in
,
.
• Avoid leaves which are damaged.
i d i d
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Nitrogen Recommendations Based
on
ea
na ys s an
an
ze
% Leaf N N to Apply
z per cu c oo o
bush
volume
g per cu c me er o
bush
volume< 1.9 % Deficient 0.02 – 0.03 16 ‐ 47
1.9 – 2.1 Borderline 0.01 – 0.02 8 ‐ 16
2.1 – 2.5 Optimal 0 – 0.01 0 ‐ 8
> 2.5 Excessive none none
• Measure bush diameter (D) and calculate bush volume as D x D x D.
• For a large planting, measure several bushes and calculate their
average size.
• Choose the lower end of the range if the soil is high in organic
, .
Warning!
These recommendations
might
be
too
high!
% L f N
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% Leaf N
i c i e n t
2.6
2.8
s u f
2.1%
1.9% borderline2.02.2
.
d e
f i c i e n t
1.4
1.6
1.8
L e a f N
0.8
1.0
1.2
0.2
0.40.6
0.0Arb Cerl
clones
Eric Gibs Lamb
GPT
Mick Price Shep
clones
SpC
GPT
SpC
stock
Steck
clones
Stap
f
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% Leaf N (samples from unfertilized bushes)
Lousy yields
i c i e n t
2.6
2.8 Outstanding
yields
s u f
2.1%
1.9% borderline2.02.2
.
d e
f i c i e n t
1.4
1.6
1.8
L e a f N
0.8
1.0
1.2
0.2
0.40.6
0.0Arb Cerl
clones
Eric Gibs Lamb
GPT
Mick Price Shep
clones
SpC
GPT
SpC
stock
Steck
clones
Stap
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Jim Mickelson’s Nitro en Trial
~ 45 N a lied er lant
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Questions:
1. Will this also result in a yield benefit?
. as g per p an e r g amoun
3. How long is this N good for?
Nitrogen Recommendations Based
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Nitrogen Recommendations Based
on
ea
na ys s an
an
ze
% Leaf N N to Apply
Oz per cubic foot of
bush volume
g per cubic meter of
bush volume
< 1.9 % Deficient 0.02 – 0.03 16 ‐ 32
1.9 – 2.1 Borderline 0.01 – 0.02 8 ‐ 16
2.1 – 2.5 Optimal 0 – 0.01 0 ‐ 8
.
• Measure bush diameter (D) and calculate bush volume as D x D x D.
, u v u u
average size.
• Choose the lower end of the range if the soil is high in organic
matter, and the higher end of the range if it is low.
Warning!
These recommendations
might
be
too
high!
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Nitrogen Recommendations
Example Calculations
% Leaf
N
Apply up to ____ Lbs of N per acre
Plants/acre 290 580 290 580 290 580
of plants in feet
(volume*)
(1.89
cu yds)
(1.89
cu yds)
(9.9
cu yds)
(9.9
cu yds)
(29
cu yds)
(29
cu yds)
< 1.9 % Deficient
1.9 – 2.1 Borderline 15 29 78 156 228 455
2.1 – 2.5 Optimal 7 15 39 78 114 228
> . xcess ve none none none none none none
* Volume calculations assume plants are as wide as tall.
’ o w v y , u
(even 341 lbs/acre) is way too much N to apply at one time! If such high rates are needed,
apply 150
lbs/acre
N,
then
leaf
sample
again
to
see
if
more
is
still
needed.
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Staples Leaf N
(2010)2.5
2.4
N
2.2
2.3
%
L e a f
2.1
2.1 %
Sufficiency
Threshold
2.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Applied N (g per cubic meter of canopy volume)
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Staples GrowthIncrease
in
Canopy
Volume
Spring
2010
to
Fall
2011
significant at p = 0.09
12
e
8
a s
e i n v o l u
4
6
e t e r s i n c r e
16 N
0
2 c u b i c
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
applied N (g N per cubic meter of canopy volume)
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t er
actors(esp. other limiting nutrients,
and weeds)
Increased Leaf
N
darker reen color Other factorswithin
1st year
(weeds, herbivory,
Soil moisture, etc)
Enhanced GrowthOther factors
2n or 3r
year
Increased Yield
later
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% of Weight Harvested
N Removed with HarvestHusks
39%
Kernels
22%Based on 36%
Husks
26%
Shells
39%
‐
out rate
N
Concentration
Shells
9%
Kernels
65%
Kernels 3.2 %
Husks 0.7 %
e s .
N R d ith H t
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N Removed with Harvest
Projected Yield
(lbs/plant)
Estimated N Removed per Plant
(oz/plant)
Low Medium High Lo Medium High
Kernels 1.0 2.5 4.0 0.52 1.29 2.06
Husks 1.8 4.4 7.1 0.21 0.51 0.82
Shells 1.8 4.4 7.1 0.17 0.18 0.29
Total 4.5 11.4 18.2 0.79 1.98 3.18
Assuming 10 by 15 ft spacing (290 plants/acre)
Rule of thumb:
Multiply the
kernel yield
(in
whatever
units
you
like)
by
5%
to get a rough estimate of N removed (in the same units).
Note
that
if
you
return
either
husks
or
shells
to
the
planting,
less
N
will
be
removed
with
harvest.
When to Appl Fertili er
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When to Apply Fertilizer
to Hazelnuts
•
– Late July
or
early
August
best
–
• Do not apply when plants are leafless or when
e r
eaves are
senesc ng.
• Do not apply when plants are water stressed,
either due
to
drought
or
due
to
waterlogging.
How to Apply Fertilizer
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How to Apply Fertilizer
to Hazelnuts
• “ ‐ ”
• Control weeds
within
zone
of
fertilization.
, especially for N, to get it in the plant root zone
and to revent losses.
• Slow release fertilizers such as coated ureas, tree stakes or com osted manure release
nutrients at
a rate
at
which
the
crop
can
take
them up.
Calculation of
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Example B: Established Apple OrchardFertilizer to
Apply (lbs/acre)
Amount required
(lbs/acre)30
lbs 75
lbs 150
lbs
Ratio required 2 5 10
source (dairy manure) 2 % 3 % 3 %
Needed to
supply
75
lbs
2,500
lbs
manure
Apply
2,500
lbs
of P @ 3% P = 75 lbs P dairy manure
2,500 lbs manure will also
supply
50 lbs N 75 lbs K
–
= < 0
– –
Analysis of K source
(K2SO4)
0 0 50 %
(potassium sulfate)
Potassium sulfate needed 0 0 150 lbs @ 50% =
75 lbs
K
Apply 150 lbs
K2SO4
Take Home Points
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Take‐Home Points• Applying
nutrients
in
excess
of
crop
needs
wastes
money, may damage the crop and is
.
• Fertilizer recommendations
for
established
analysis, soil analysis and observations about
plant health
and
vigor.
• Researchers may develop recommendations
based on yield.
• Apply fertilizer
at
the
right
rate,
right
time
and
with the right method to minimize waste and
po u on.
Hazelnuts like most perennial
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Hazelnuts, like most perennial
,their use of plant nutrients because
.
This
is
part
of
their
beauty!