fet seminar wisconsin’s vapor intrusion guidance · 2011-03-22 · soil moisture & texture...
TRANSCRIPT
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FET Seminar
Wisconsin’s Vapor Intrusion Guidance
Part 2DNR’s Vapor Intrusion Guidance
Terry [email protected]
March 2 and 16, 2011
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Vapor Intrusion Reference Documents• ITRC Vapor Intrusion Pathway: A
Practical Guidehttp://www.itrcweb.org/guidancedocument.asp?TID=49
• US EPA 2002 Draft Guidance on Vapor Intrusionhttp://www.epa.gov/oswer/vaporintrusion/
• ASTM E2600-10, Standard Guide for Vapor Encroachment Screening on Property Involved in Real Estate Transactions
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Relationship to ASTM Guidance• ASTM Guidance focuses on property
transactions and uses a 2 tier screening process to eliminate the presence of nearby vapor sources– Tier 1 – similar to Phase 1 investigation – Tier 2 – similar to Phase 2 investigation
• DNR Guidance focuses on already confirmed contaminants on property. Screening results help determine level of investigative effort. – Move outward from source
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Vapor Sources
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Background Vapor Sources• Management of “background”
sources– Common household items
• Survey & Remove, at least 24 hr in advance• Handout, “Common household materials
that may contain VOCs”– Background outdoor sources
• Always pair indoor & outdoor air samples– Sample ONLY for chemicals of concern
• Avoids unnecessary complications due to background
• Focuses on the VI pathway
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OSHA Regulated Sources• Do not sample indoor air
– “background” can not be eliminated• Sub-surface screening levels based
on industrial use; not on OSHA PELs– PELs applicable to air inside a facility
with an occupational safety program– In soils, PEL concentrations would
indicate significant level of contamination
– Lateral vapor migration presents risk to non-OSHA workspaces & buildings
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Other Sources of Vapors• Contaminants impregnated in
building materials• Contaminants that do NOT originate
from a hazardous substance release– May not be able to distinguish these
sources until AFTER vapor mitigation in place
– Involve Dept of Health Services when indoor air exceeds 10-5 risk levels. If mitigation does not reduce risks to acceptable levels, local health department may need to be involved.
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Pathway Screening
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PVOC – Pathway Screening
• Immediate Action: Explosion risk from petroleum vapors. Strong petroleum odors should be immediately investigated & building evacuated if necessary.
• Petroleum vapors can cause irritation of mucus membranes. If people complain of irritation, investigate to determine if this is related to a petroleum release. If so, follow-up investigation necessary.
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Complications of Screening• Soil moisture & texture and many
other factors affect vapor movement.• The screening distances are not hard
& fast rules, but guidelines. Experience of the consultant and PM will help guide decisions at each step.
• Every SI report should document how the VI pathway was screened and discuss why or why not further investigation was undertaken.
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Investigating the VI Pathway
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Basic investigation Approach – discussed in Part 1• Part 1 discussed conceptual site
models and where samples should be collected.
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Properties without structures• Soil vapor samples can be collected,
but may not be helpful in understanding VI risk at undeveloped properties.
• Rather than collecting soil gas samples, recommend designing new buildings with vapor barriers and passive or active vapor venting. – More cost effective than investigations– Avoids expensive retrofitting in the
future
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Vapor Action Levels (VAL)• U.S. EPA Regional Screening Level
Tables (based on 1 x 10-6 risk) : http://www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/rb- concentration_table/index.htm
• 1 in 100,000 (10-5) excess life time cancer risk or a Hazard Index = 1. – Applies to individual chemicals as well
cumulative risk• Can calculate site specific value
using website; use of the tables alone is acceptable
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Review RSL Table On-line
http://www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/rb- concentration_table/index.htm
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Converting units for gas phase• In water, 1 ug/L Benzene = 1 ppb• In air, 1 ug/L Benzene @ 20ºC=
– 1000 µg/m3
– 1 mg/m3
– 308 ppbV• EPA screening tables use µg/m3
– recommends that consultants ask the laboratory to provide results as µg/m3
• http://www.epa.gov/athens/learn2model/pa rt-two/onsite/ia_unit_conversion.html
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Converting µg/m3 to ppbV
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Non-carcinogen RSL (nRSL) values represent a HI = 1, therefore NO MULTIPLE is applied to nRSL values.
Carcinogen RSL (cRSL) values represent a 10-6 excess life time cancer risk. We allow a 10-5 risk, therefore cRSL values are multiplied by 10 for WI screening values.
(c** in the RSL Table means nRSL < 10 x cRSL. Therefore, nRSL will be the screening level for these compounds. c* means nRSL is < 100 x cRSL.)
Applying EPA’s RSL Table to WI Vapor Action Levels
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Quick Look-up Table for VALs
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Vapor Risk Screening Levels
•Used to estimate risk to indoor air. •Based on a multiple of VAL
Sample Location
Attenuation Factor(resident/co mmercial)
Equivalent “dilution” factor
Equivalent “risk” using Table Values
cRSL HQIndoor Air 1 1 10-5 1Sub-slab 0.1 10 10-4 10Shallow soil gas
0.1 10 10-4 10
Deep soil gas 0.01 100 10-3 100Groundwater 0.001 1000 10-2 1000
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Definition of Attenuation Factor
ss
IA
CCAF
31000 mLHC
CAFgw
IA
Henry’s Constant: http://www.epa.gov/athens/learn2model/part- two/onsite/esthenry.html
Sub-slab or soil gas:
Groundwater:
Note: The default AF for groundwater to indoor air is 0.001. If the contaminated groundwater is located close to the building foundation, AF should be increased to 0.1 (i.e., treated as a sub-slab concentration).
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Indoor Air samples• Must be paired with outdoor air
sample• Can collect simultaneously with or
subsequent to sub-slab sampling• Not always needed; should be
collected if building occupied & COC not in use
• Negative result can not rule out VI• Positive result does not necessarily
confirm VI pathway• Inform DHS when IA > VAL
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Sub-slab vapor samples
• More likely to reveal vapor threat to specific receptor
• More likely to originate from sub- surface contamination
• Can usually rule out vapor pathway if sub-slab vapor less than screening level
• If SS > screening levels, must follow- up with additional investigation and/or mitigation.
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Other media (soil gas /groundwater)
• Useful to understand vapor migration and identify buildings that need to be screened for VI
• Concentrations above screening levels should be followed up. If there is a building nearby, sub-slab within building will usually be necessary to assess the risk of VI.
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Other media (Utility Corridors)
• Guidance proposes AF=0.01 for vapors in utility corridors.
• If there is evidence of preferential pathway, may need unique sampling approach.– Sub-slab samples often best option
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Assessing Sub-slab vapors at Industrial Buildings
• Standard sub-slab samples expensive & unwieldy at buildings with large footprints
• Recommend “high purge volume sampling” for large buildings– Produces an integrated sample – The sample is more representative of the
sub-slab volume– Very similar to a pump test– Equipment & testing straightforward
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Reference for High Purge Volume Sampling
McAlary, T., et.al., High purge volume sampling – a new paradigm for subslab soil gas monitoring, Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation, v. 30, no. 2, Spring 2010, pp. 73 – 85.
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Questions?
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Responses to Vapor Intrusion
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Exceedance of VAL or Sub-slab Screening Level• Requires response• Additional samples may be collected
to confirm initial results• Assess all the evidence to determine
if VI poses risk to building occupants• If a risk from the VI pathway exists,
then proceed as with other pathways:– Eliminate immediate threats– Take appropriate remedial actions
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VAL Exceeded in Occupied Building• If caused by VI, action to reduce
exposure should be taken as soon as possible.
• Sub-slab depressurization (SSD) aka “radon” systems most commonly installed.
• Other actions – HVAC adjustment; sealing vapor entry points; building pressurization, etc. may also be useful
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Sub-slab Screening Levels Exceeded• In general, vapor mitigation should
be implemented where sub-slab vapor concentrations exceed screening levels, even if IA < VAL.
• If IA < VAL, mitigation does not need to be implemented immediately. – However, IA monitoring program should
be implemented– Decisions for monitoring and mitigation
based on when remedial action may occur; use of building; etc.
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Remediation of the VI Pathway
• RP is to undertake remedial action to address the pathway.
• Operation of SSD is considered a short-term response to an exposure, not a stand-alone remedial option.
• Remedial options assessment and action follows usual NR 700 process.
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Verification Monitoring for Mitigation• Verification necessary post VI
mitigation to ensure effectiveness• Pressure gradient (SSD)
– Manometer on SSD exhaust pipe– In certain cases, sub-slab pressure
transducers• Indoor air sampling
– Confirm that exposure to VI has been eliminated
– Recommend samples at 3 & 6 mo. after mitigation installed (for SSD).
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Monitoring as a response to exceedance of VAL/VRSL
• Follow-up monitoring is acceptable when SS > VRSL with following criteria:– Indoor Air > 10 x VAL – immediate action
to halt exposure– Indoor Air > VAL – immediate follow-up
testing & assessment to interrupt pathway
– Indoor Air < VAL – On-going, long-term monitoring program can be implemented.
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Monitoring as a response to exceedance of VAL/VRSL
• Where the contaminant source underlies a building (such as a dry cleaner) - don’t rush into SSD when IA < VAL and a remedy being implemented. May be best to implement remedy and reassess sub- slab levels in the future to determine the need for mitigation.
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Site Closure
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VI sites can be closed when:• NR 726 requirements met• Indoor Air < VAL & verified• Contaminant source remediated to
the extent practicable– Reduce to extent practicable the length
of time mitigation must be operated• Property owners notified of O&M
responsibility for mitigation system.• Source property and off-source
property (if affected) entered into on- line database.
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VI Closure Conditions• BRRTS Action Code (226) enhanced
with drop-down list of options– Vapor mitigation system due to
hydrogeologic conditions– Vapor mitigation system where sub-
slab levels >VRSL– Vapor mitigation system where
compounds of concern are used– Vapor controls during future
redevelopment (residual contamination from CVOCs)
– Vapor mitigation system with specific exposure conditions
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Questions?
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VI Case Examples
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SS>VRSL; IA = ND Silver Terrace (PCE)
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SS >VRSL; IA >VAL Express Cleaners
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Express Cleaners – horizontal trench, pipes for SSDS
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Air intake
SSDS exhaust
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Express Cleaners - Indoor Air PCE Levels
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.008
/11/
2003
10/1
1/20
03
12/1
1/20
03
02/1
1/20
04
04/1
1/20
04
06/1
1/20
04
08/1
1/20
04
10/1
1/20
04
12/1
1/20
04Date
ug/m
3 P
CE
Series1
Floor Sealed
SSDS improved
HVAC improved
01/1
3/05
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Redevelopment & Protecting VI Pathway: Humboldt Ave site
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Humboldt Ave – Vapor Barrier Trench
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Humboldt – Installing passive vent pipe in trench
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Off-site Plume with Possible VI Master DC
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New construction on CVOC contaminated property: Brass School
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Redevelopment of CVOC contaminated property: Brass School (TCE)
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Petroleum Release with Free Product – Gauerke Tire (Closed)
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Petroleum Release with Free Product – Gauerke Tire (Closed)
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Installation of the depressurization system. Bottom tier.
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Depressurization system being tied into sump inside basement.
Air Vent lineSecond tier of system
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PVC Drain Tile
Depressurization System
Vent w/ exhaust fan Sump discharge
to sanitary