Feudalism

(900-

1500s)

1200s: church & secular 1200s: church & secular struggle for powerstruggle for power

Expansion of townshipsExpansion of townshipsMore attractive lifestyleMore attractive lifestyleBurghers : Live in citiesBurghers : Live in citiesmerchants, traders, merchants, traders, beggars...beggars...

Material wealthMaterial wealth

1200s: church & secular 1200s: church & secular struggle for powerstruggle for power

Expansion of townshipsExpansion of townshipsMore attractive lifestyleMore attractive lifestyleBurghers : Live in citiesBurghers : Live in citiesmerchants, traders, merchants, traders, beggars...beggars...

Material wealthMaterial wealth

Punishable OffensesPunishable OffensesThreat to church or belief embodied in RC Bible

Free will to be ‘good’●Autonomy●Responsibility

Threat to lord or kingnon payment of rents

Sin = Deviance

The Middle Ages &

The Inquisitions

● 420: Impossibility of 420: Impossibility of weather-weather-magicmagic

● 1200- Pope Innocent III – 1200- Pope Innocent III – threatened by Catharismthreatened by Catharism

– Challenged how one could Challenged how one could communicate with God.communicate with God.

● 1273: Dominican Monks fuel 1273: Dominican Monks fuel fires...fires...

● 1480s1480s: witchcraft defined by Pope : witchcraft defined by Pope Innocent VIII as the Innocent VIII as the biggest threat biggest threat to Christianityto Christianity

● 1480s to 1750s Legally sanctioned 1480s to 1750s Legally sanctioned Inquisitions: A papal judicial Inquisitions: A papal judicial institution that inquired into heresyinstitution that inquired into heresy

● 420: Impossibility of 420: Impossibility of weather-weather-magicmagic

● 1200- Pope Innocent III – 1200- Pope Innocent III – threatened by Catharismthreatened by Catharism

– Challenged how one could Challenged how one could communicate with God.communicate with God.

● 1273: Dominican Monks fuel 1273: Dominican Monks fuel fires...fires...

● 1480s1480s: witchcraft defined by Pope : witchcraft defined by Pope Innocent VIII as the Innocent VIII as the biggest threat biggest threat to Christianityto Christianity

● 1480s to 1750s Legally sanctioned 1480s to 1750s Legally sanctioned Inquisitions: A papal judicial Inquisitions: A papal judicial institution that inquired into heresyinstitution that inquired into heresy

Malleus Maleficarum, 1486Malleus Maleficarum, 1486

““Witch Hammer”Witch Hammer”

Kramer & Sprenger Kramer & Sprenger GermanyGermany

Means of discoveryMeans of discovery Guidelines for trial and Guidelines for trial and

executionexecution

Trials – crop failures (p. 18)Trials – crop failures (p. 18)

Systemic Punishment:Systemic Punishment:Witch TrialsWitch Trials

Community CentredCommunity CentredGoal of Punishment: penanceGoal of Punishment: penanceChildren under 7?Children under 7?Guilt tied to punishmentGuilt tied to punishmentTortureTortureNo witnesses for accusedNo witnesses for accusedConfession = last ritesConfession = last ritesEffort to appear just and fairEffort to appear just and fair

Goals of Justice & Types of PunishmentGoals of Justice & Types of Punishment

Culture is the context in which Culture is the context in which collective action takes place collective action takes place (p. 19)(p. 19)

Rituals of a Thousand DeathsRituals of a Thousand Deaths

Purifying Pain or Edifying ShamePurifying Pain or Edifying Shame

Making things ‘right’ again with God Making things ‘right’ again with God (lex talionis)(lex talionis)

“...the recent violence is fueled not by the nation's widespread belief in black magic but instead by economic jealousy born of a mining boom that has widened the country's economic divide and pitted the haves against the have-nots.”