fever phobia and the ed doc -...
TRANSCRIPT
Fever Phobia and the ED Doc
Ran Goldman, MD ([email protected])BC Children’s Hospital,
Professor, University of British ColumbiaSLIDES ON : www.ClinicalPeds.com/Whistler
Define Fever –
38.0o Doesn’t matter how you measureo Neonateso Iimmunocompromised patientso Home, office or ED
How to Measure Temperature ?
o Rectal, oral, axillary, forehead, tympanic
o In < 3 m always rectal (core body temp)
o Avoid forehead, tympanic at all cost
When to Worry ?
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When to Worry ?
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When to Worry ?
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The Fear Factor – R/O Sepsis• Toxic Appearance :
• Lethargy• Poor perfusion• Cyanosis• Hypoventilation• Hyperventilation
• Lethargy :• Poor/no eye contact• No interaction with parents
The Fear Factor – R/O Sepsis
• Look unwell• Un‐immunized• Neonates• Transplant recipients
(Bone marrow, Solid organ)
• Oncology patients(Undergoing therapy, mucositis, central line)
• Asplenic patients (sickle cell)
CASE
• 3‐week‐old Jonathan is brought to the ED at 1 am.
• He felt warm on the forehead, and the nurse on the health help line said “go to the Emergency”.
• Normal pregnancy and delivery, Apgar 8,9, no complications post‐natal, no respiratory distress, breastfeeding (exclusive) like a champ
• No Vx, Dx, Cx, some spitting at times, burping like Louis the XVI
• No immunizations yet
• Vitals : Rectal Temp : 38.1 (100.5 F), HR : 140/m, RR : 44/m, BP : Cant measure, restless in triage.
• Normal physical exam, normotensive fontanel, good reflexes, great pink color, breastfeeding well while waiting for your exam.
o CBC with differentialo Electrolyteso Blood cultureo Catheterized
urinalysis and urine cultureo Lumbar puncture
• Gram stain and culture• Cell count and differential• Protein and glucose• Extra tube for additional studies
o Enteroviral PCR, HSV PCR, CA encephalitis project
o Chest x‐ray ?o Stool sample ? o ESR/CRP ? o Venous Blood Gas oLactate ?o Procalcitonin ?
Procalcitonin and C‐reactive protein
• Prospective study
• 408 children 7‐days ‐ 36‐months, fever without source
• SBI was diagnosed in 94 children (23%)
• Procalcitonin + CRP were valuable markers in predicting SBI
• Perform better than WBC and ANC• PCT more accurate at the beginning of infections
Andreola. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2007 Aug
Procalcitonin for SBI
Eight studies were included (1,883 children) • Procalcitonin (OR 10.6; 95% CI 6.9 to 16.0),• C‐reactive protein (OR 9.83; 95% CI 7.05 to 13.7),• Leukocytosis (OR 4.26; 95% CI 3.22 to 5.63).
Overall sensitivity• procalcitonin 0.83 (95% CI 0.70 to 0.91), • CRP 0.74 (95% CI 0.65 to 0.82) • Leukocytosis 0.58 (95% CI 0.49 to 0.67)
Yo. Annals EM. 2012 Nov
Fever without a source in normal Hx, healthy, well‐looking children :
o 0‐28 days – full septic workupo 29d – 3m ‐ partial septic workupo 3m – 3y ‐ based on presentation (whenever possible obtain urine)
Clinical impression always override this !
• If 0‐28 days oldo Ampicillin AND gentamicin ORo Ampicillin AND cefotaxime
• Consider acyclovir
• Oldero Ceftriaxone ± Ampicillin OR Vancomycin
o Some centers : until CSF results are known (cell count, protein, glucose), initiate therapy with meningitic dosing regimen
CASE
• 5‐month‐old Cassie is brought to the ED at 1 am.
• Her parents report that she woke up with a troubling cough and she cant breath.
• Symptoms started 2‐3 days after an onset of fatigue, not eating well and a runny nose.
• She has no allergies and immunized UTD.
On Exam :
• Cassie is a well‐appearing girl
• You identify the cough before entering the room, as croup
• Fever to 39.3 (102.74 °F)
On Exam :
• Cassie is a well‐appearing girl • You identify the cough before entering the room,
as croup • Fever to 39.3 (102.74 °F)
What additional evaluation would you do at this point?
• Likely a viral origin (parainfluenza and others)• Severe disease – think influenza A, parainfluenza 3, and measles
• Consider nasopharyngeal wash/rapid test• Secondary bacterial less likely in a well‐appearing child
• No additional workup is necessary….. except
Children with proven VIRAL infection can still have UTI
• Rate of SBIs was 11.4% (133 of 1169)• Rate of SBIs in the RSV‐positive 7% (17 of 244)
RSV‐negative 12.5% (116 of 925)• Rate of UTI in RSV‐positive infants 5.4% (14 of 261)
RSV‐negative 10.1% (98 of 966
…… consider obtaining urinalysis/urine culture
Levine. Pediatrics. 2004 Jun;113(6):1728‐34
CASE
11‐year old John with ALL, in induction, came to the ED at 1 am, after feeling warm for 3‐4 hours
No vomiting, diarrhea , cough or other symptoms
Skin over central‐line site looks clean
On exam 38.5 (101.3 F), chills, and dizziness
• Acute decompensation • Acute care setting/monitoring• Vital signs frequently• Lab – blood (culture peripheral and central line), urine, chest x‐ray
• IV antibiotics immediately• IV Bolus(es)
• Protocol driven care for fever‐neutropenia and based on clinical picture.
BCCH Guidelines
BCCH Guidelines
BCCH Guidelines
CASE
George is an 8 month old.
Had fever earlier today 38.5
Mom heard a strange voice coming from his crib
Found him seizing
• One of the scariest things parents can endure
• History elements are important
• Physical exam critical
• Decide if simple or complex
• 6m – 6y
• Familial in nature
• 50% recurrence in 1 year when febrile
• No increased incidence of epilepsy
Febrile Seizure
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