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Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD ([email protected]) BC Children’s Hospital, Professor, University of British Columbia SLIDES ON : www.ClinicalPeds.com/Whistler

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Page 1: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s

Fever Phobia and the ED Doc

Ran  Goldman, MD   ([email protected])BC Children’s Hospital, 

Professor, University of British ColumbiaSLIDES ON : www.ClinicalPeds.com/Whistler

Page 2: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s
Page 3: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s
Page 4: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s

Define Fever –

38.0o Doesn’t matter how you measureo Neonateso Iimmunocompromised patientso Home, office or ED

Page 5: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s

How to Measure Temperature  ?

o Rectal, oral, axillary, forehead, tympanic

o In < 3 m always rectal (core body temp)

o Avoid forehead, tympanic at all cost

Page 6: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s

When to Worry ?

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Page 7: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s

When to Worry ?

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Page 8: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s

When to Worry ?

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Page 9: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s

The Fear Factor – R/O Sepsis• Toxic Appearance : 

• Lethargy• Poor perfusion• Cyanosis• Hypoventilation• Hyperventilation

• Lethargy :• Poor/no eye contact• No interaction with parents

Page 10: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s

The Fear Factor – R/O Sepsis

• Look unwell• Un‐immunized• Neonates• Transplant recipients 

(Bone marrow, Solid organ)

• Oncology patients(Undergoing therapy, mucositis, central line)

• Asplenic patients (sickle cell)

Page 11: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s

CASE

Page 12: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s

• 3‐week‐old Jonathan is brought to the ED at 1 am.  

• He felt warm on the forehead, and the nurse on the health help line said “go to the Emergency”.

• Normal pregnancy and delivery, Apgar 8,9, no complications post‐natal, no respiratory distress, breastfeeding (exclusive) like a champ  

• No Vx, Dx, Cx, some spitting at times, burping like Louis the XVI

• No immunizations yet

Page 13: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s

• Vitals :   Rectal Temp : 38.1 (100.5 F), HR : 140/m, RR : 44/m, BP : Cant measure, restless in triage.

• Normal physical exam, normotensive fontanel, good reflexes, great pink color, breastfeeding well while waiting for your exam.

Page 14: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s

o CBC with differentialo Electrolyteso Blood cultureo Catheterized 

urinalysis and urine cultureo Lumbar puncture

• Gram stain and culture• Cell count and differential• Protein and glucose• Extra tube for additional studies

o Enteroviral PCR, HSV PCR, CA encephalitis project

Page 15: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s

o Chest x‐ray ?o Stool sample ? o ESR/CRP ? o Venous Blood Gas oLactate ?o Procalcitonin ?

Page 16: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s

Procalcitonin and C‐reactive protein

• Prospective study 

• 408 children 7‐days ‐ 36‐months, fever without source

• SBI was diagnosed in 94 children (23%)

• Procalcitonin + CRP were valuable markers in predicting SBI  

• Perform better than WBC and ANC• PCT more accurate at the beginning of infections

Andreola. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2007 Aug

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Procalcitonin for SBI

Eight studies were included (1,883 children) • Procalcitonin (OR 10.6; 95% CI  6.9 to 16.0),• C‐reactive protein (OR 9.83; 95% CI 7.05 to 13.7),• Leukocytosis           (OR 4.26; 95% CI 3.22 to 5.63). 

Overall sensitivity• procalcitonin 0.83 (95% CI 0.70 to 0.91), • CRP                  0.74 (95% CI 0.65 to 0.82) • Leukocytosis   0.58 (95% CI 0.49 to 0.67) 

Yo. Annals EM. 2012 Nov

Page 18: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s

Fever without a source in normal Hx, healthy, well‐looking children :

o 0‐28 days – full septic workupo 29d – 3m  ‐ partial septic workupo 3m  – 3y    ‐ based on presentation (whenever possible obtain urine)

Clinical impression always override this !

Page 19: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s

• If 0‐28 days oldo Ampicillin AND gentamicin ORo Ampicillin AND cefotaxime

• Consider acyclovir

• Oldero Ceftriaxone ± Ampicillin OR Vancomycin

o Some centers : until CSF results are known (cell count, protein, glucose), initiate therapy with meningitic dosing regimen

Page 20: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s
Page 21: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s

CASE

Page 22: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s

• 5‐month‐old Cassie is brought to the ED at 1 am. 

• Her parents report that she woke up with a troubling cough and she cant breath.

• Symptoms started 2‐3 days after an onset of fatigue, not eating well and a runny nose.

• She has no allergies and immunized UTD.

Page 23: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s

On Exam : 

• Cassie is a well‐appearing girl 

• You identify the cough before entering the room, as croup 

• Fever to 39.3  (102.74 °F)

Page 24: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s

On Exam : 

• Cassie is a well‐appearing girl • You identify the cough before entering the room, 

as croup • Fever to 39.3  (102.74 °F)

What additional evaluation would you do at this point?

Page 25: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s

• Likely a viral origin (parainfluenza and others)• Severe disease – think influenza A, parainfluenza 3, and measles

• Consider nasopharyngeal wash/rapid test• Secondary bacterial less likely in a well‐appearing child

• No additional workup is necessary….. except  

Page 26: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s

Children with proven VIRAL infection can still have UTI

• Rate of SBIs was 11.4% (133 of 1169)• Rate of SBIs in the  RSV‐positive 7% (17 of 244)

RSV‐negative 12.5% (116 of 925)• Rate of UTI in  RSV‐positive infants 5.4% (14 of 261)

RSV‐negative 10.1% (98 of 966 

…… consider obtaining urinalysis/urine culture

Levine. Pediatrics. 2004 Jun;113(6):1728‐34

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CASE

Page 28: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s

11‐year old John with ALL, in induction, came to the ED at 1 am, after feeling warm for 3‐4 hours

No vomiting, diarrhea , cough or other symptoms

Skin over central‐line site looks clean

On exam 38.5 (101.3 F), chills, and dizziness 

Page 29: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s

• Acute decompensation • Acute care setting/monitoring• Vital signs frequently• Lab – blood (culture peripheral and central line), urine, chest x‐ray

• IV antibiotics immediately• IV Bolus(es)

• Protocol driven care for fever‐neutropenia and based on clinical picture.

Page 30: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s

BCCH Guidelines

Page 31: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s

BCCH Guidelines

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BCCH Guidelines

Page 33: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s

CASE

Page 34: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s

George is an 8 month old.

Had fever earlier today 38.5

Mom heard a strange voice coming from his crib

Found him seizing

Page 35: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s

• One of the scariest things parents can endure

• History elements are important

• Physical exam critical

• Decide if simple or complex

Page 36: Fever Phobia and the ED Doc - distribute.cmetoronto.cadistribute.cmetoronto.ca/EMR1401/0224-1630... · Fever Phobia and the ED Doc Ran Goldman, MD (rgoldman@cw.bc.ca) BC Children’s

• 6m – 6y 

• Familial in nature

• 50% recurrence in 1 year when febrile

• No increased incidence of epilepsy

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Febrile  Seizure

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