イスラームにおける法の概念 - toyo university · mecelle-i ahkâm-ı adlîye. 1660 30...
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イスラームにおける法の概念
― 中東を中心に ―
堀 井 聡 江
はじめに
2
2
1
7
1
2
2
19
2 2
1 1994 10. 2 178.
〈法〉概念の時間と空間
1. シャリーアとカーヌーン
1-1. 神の法―啓示と学説
sharīʿa
3 632
2 213
45
18
5 48
shirʿa
sharaʿa 42 13
ḥukm. aḥkām fiqh
ijtihād
ʿulamāʾ. ʿālim
qāḍī
1 4
2 sunna 3
ijmāʾ
4 qiyās
3 、4-10
イスラームにおける法の概念
3 naṣṣ
ʿaqlī
sharʿ
1-2. 為政者の法と公の福利
siyāsa.
qānūn
640
4
khalīfa.
niẓām.
maṣlaḥa
767 1 798 5
5 786-809年
4 “Ḳānūn” i (Y. Linant de Bellefonds), ii (Cl. Cahen), iii/1 (Halil İnalcik), Encyclopedia of Islam. New Edition,
CD-Rom edition v. 1.0 (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1999). 5 71-72 189/805
〈法〉概念の時間と空間
al-ṣalāḥ. 6 raʿiyya
7 1299‐1922
1 1563
1
imām
nāẓir
8 sulṭān
istiṣlāḥ
10
9
19
10
6 Abū Yūsuf, Kitāb al-kharāj (Cairo: Dār al-Iṣlāḥ, 1981), 31. 7 Ibid., 35. 8 Zayn al-Dīn Ibn Nujaim, al-Ashbāh wa-al-naẓāʾir maʿ sharḥihi li- al-Ḥamawī Ghamz ʿuyūn al-baṣāʾir, 5 vols.
(Karachi: Idārat al-Qurʾān wa-al-ʿUlūm al-Islāmiyya, 1409/1988), 369-78. 9 100-102. M. Khalid Masood, Islamic Legal
Philosophy (Delhi:S. M. Shahid, 1989), 149-69 10 Wael B. Hallaq, A History of Islamic Legal Theories (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 214.
イスラームにおける法の概念
11
12
2. 「神の権利」と「人間の権利」
siyāsa sharʿiyya
16
13
2
632-565 565-750
750-1258
11 1956
1984 Cf. Hallaq, ibid., 220-24. 12
72 2009 1-25 207ff. 13 Robert W. Hefner, “Introduction - Law and society in the modern Muslim world,” Robert W. Hefner (ed.),
Shariʿa Politics. Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World (Bloomington, Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2011), 18.
〈法〉概念の時間と空間
14
maẓālim
15
ẓulm.
16
ḥuqūq Allāh ḥuqūq al-ʿabd
1089-90
khums 17
ʿibadāt. ʿibāda
14 al-ṣaḥāba.
Crone, Patricia and Hinds,
Martin, God's Caliph, Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam (Cambridge et al.: Cambridge University
Press, 1986), 48-54. 15 58-59. 16 Hefner, “Introduction,” Shariʿa Politics, 16. 17 2012 3-5.
イスラームにおける法の概念
jihād
18
5
5
qisās
19
1 10
2
ḥuqūq al-nāṣ 20
2
874
21
1058
22
23
18 Pazdawī, Fakhr al-Islām Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. Ḥusayn al-, Kanz al-wuṣūl ilā maʿrifat al-uṣūl in
Bukhārī, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Aḥmad al-, Kashf al-asrār, 4vols. (Istanbul: al-Maktab al-Ṣanāʾiʿ, 1307-08/1890-91),
4/136. 19 61-62. 20 Abū Yūsuf, Kharāj, 367. 21 Khaṣṣāf, Abū Bakr Aḥmad b. ʿAmr b. al-Muhayr al-, Kitāb adab al-qāḍī, ed. Farḥat Ziāda (Cairo: American
University, 1978), 587. 22 2006 71. 23 529-32
〈法〉概念の時間と空間
24
3. 国家の介入によるシャリーアの変容
2
1
10
1250-1517
1357
25
26
2
27
24 Emile Tyan, Histoire de l’organisation judiciaire en pays
d’Islam, 2nd ed. (Leiden:E.J. Brill, 1960), 600-603. 25 Najm al-Dīn al-Ṭarsūsī, Kitāb tuḥfat al-turk (Damascus : Institut Français de Damas, 1997), 17-21. 26 Ibn ʿĀbidīn, Ḥāshiyat Radd al-mukhtār ʿalā al-Durr al-mukhtār: Sharḥ Tanwīr al-abṣār fī fiqh madhhab
al-Imām Abī Ḥanīfa al-Nuʿmān, 8 vols. (2nd. ed., Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1412/1992), 5/420. 27
1 2010 111-14.
イスラームにおける法の概念
1.2.
33 15
15 28
al-Qānūnī
1520-66
1574
1 1687
29
15
Mecelle-i ahkâm-ı Adlîye. 1660
30
15
al-aḥwāl al-shakhṣiyya.
statut personnel 19
31
28 Ibn Nujaym, Bahr al-rāʾiq: sharḥ Kanz al-daqāʾiq, 8vols. (Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1413/1993), 7/228. 29 Ḥamawī, Aḥmad b. Maḥmūd al-, Ghamz ʿuyūn al-baṣāʾir in Ibn Nujaym, Ashbāh 8 , 2/337-8. 30 Ibn ʿĀbidīn, Radd, 5/419-20; ʿAlī Ḥaydar, Durar al-ḥukkām: Sharḥ Majallat
al-aḥkām, 4 vols. (Beirut, Baghdad: Manshūrāt Maktabat al-Nahḍa, n.d.), 4/259.
2011 35-42
31 1917
20
〈法〉概念の時間と空間
結論
16