ffm 1 - overview of forests and forestry & management

8/9/2019 FFM 1 - Overview of Forests and Forestry & Management

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Overview of Forests and

Forestry Management

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Forest• The word “forest” is derived from Latin

word “foris” meaning outside the villageboundary or away from inhabited land.

• Forest – (a) (enl.!. "n area set aside forthe #rodu$tion of timber % other forest

#rodu$e& or maintained under woodyvegetation for $ertain indire$t bene'tswhi$h it #rovides& e.g.& $limati$ or#rote$tive. (b) ($ol.!. " #lant $ommunity

#redominantly of trees % other woodyvegetation& usually with a $losed $ano#y.(c) (Legal!. "n area of land #ro$laimed tobe a forest under a forest law.

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F"O *e'nition

• F"O $lassi'es all su$h lands intoforests whi$h bear vegetativeasso$iations dominated by trees of

any si+e& e,#loited or not& $a#able of#rodu$ing wood or other forest#rodu$ts& or e,erting an in-uen$e on

the $limate or water regime or#roviding shelter for livesto$ %wildlife.

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F"O de'nition of ForestLO0"L FO2T 2O342 "2222M5T )616& TM2 "5* *F757T7O52

OM& )616

• FOREST

• Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than5 meters and a canopy cover o more than !0 percent" or treesab#e to reach these thresho#ds in situ. It does not include landthat is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use.

•

,#lanatory notes1. Forest is determined both by the #resen$e of trees and the absen$e of

other #redominant land uses. The trees should be able to rea$h aminimum height of 8 meters in situ.

). 7n$ludes areas with young trees that have not yet rea$hed but whi$hare e,#e$ted to rea$h a $ano#y $over of 16 #er$ent and tree height of

8 meters. 7t also in$ludes areas that are tem#orarily unsto$ed due to$lear9$utting as #art of a forest management #ra$ti$e or naturaldisasters& and whi$h are e,#e$ted to be regenerated within 8 years.Lo$al $onditions may& in e,$e#tional $ases& :ustify that a longer timeframe is used.

/. 7n$ludes forest roads& 'rebreas and other small o#en areas; forest in

national #ars& nature reserves and other #rote$ted areas su$h asthose of s#e$i'$ environmental& s$ienti'$& histori$al& $ultural or


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Bungle % ForestC

• &%ng#e – The general 7ndian term forforest. ("bridged lossary of

Te$hni$al Terms& F7 % 4olleges&

*ehra *un!

• “The ob:e$ts with whi$h nature#rodu$es vegetation are not identi$al

with that of man. The former#rodu$es a ‘jungle’ . The latter a‘forest’ .”

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8 4om#onents of DForestE *e'nition

1. 7t is an %nc%#tivated land area.

). The land area should be o$$u#ied bydierent inds of nat%ra# vegetationessentially by trees or it is #ro#osed toestablish trees % other forms of vegetation.

/. The trees should form a $losed or a#artially c#osed canopy.


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4lassi'$ation of ForestsA0asis

7. "ge

77. Method of regeneration

777. 4om#osition7H. Ownershi#

H. Ob:e$t of management

H7.LegalH77.rowing sto$

("M94OOL9!

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1. 4lassi'$ation by "ge

• Even aged ' neven ged.

• ven "ged or egular Forests – Treesof a##ro,imately the same age.

• True even aged forests $an only beman9made forests.

• 3neven "ged or 7rregular – Ihentrees vary widely in age.

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). 4lassi'$ation byegeneration

• *igh Forests ' +oppice Forests. – Jigh Forests – Ihen regeneration is obtained

from seed.

–

4o##i$e Forests – Ihen the regeneration isthrough $o##i$e or some vegetative #art of thetree.

• ,at%ra# ' -anmade orests. –

5atural – Ihen the regeneration is obtainednaturally.

– Man9made – "rti'$ial regeneration or Klantation.

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/. 4lassi'$ation by4om#osition

• /%re Forest – 3sually to the e,tent of notless than 86

• -i$ed – Forest $om#osed of trees of two or

more s#e$ies intermingled in the same$ano#y.

• /rincipa# Species – First in im#ortan$e.

• ccessory Species – Less im#ortant.

• %$i#iary Species or Secondary Species– 7nferior s#e$ies& relatively little silvi$ulturalvalue.

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8. 4lassi'$ation byOwnershi#

• overnment orests.

• /rivate orests

•

Forests owned by corporations"panchayats" societies ' otheragencies.

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=. Legal 4lassi'$ation

ovt. forests are further $lassi'ed into9

• Reserved Forests

• /rotected Forests

• 1i##age Forests

•

7ndian Forest "$t& 1@)>

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>. 4lassi'$ation by rowing2to$

• ,orma# orest – an ideal forest withregard to growing sto$& age $lassdistribution % in$rement % from whi$h the

annual or #eriodi$ removal of #rodu$eeual to the in$rement $an be $ontinuedinde'nitely without endangering futureyields.

• 2u$h forests serve a standard for$om#arison % are rarely found in nature.

• bnorma# orest – Ihi$h is not normal.

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Forestry

• Forestry is de'ned as the theory %#ra$ti$e of all that $onstitutes the$reation& $onservation % s$ienti'$

management of forests % theutilization of their resources.

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7ntensive Forestry % Multi#le 3se

Forestry

• 2ntensive Forestry – The #ra$ti$e of forestrywith the ob:e$t of obtaining the ma,imum involume % uality of #rodu$ts #er unit areathrough the a##li$ation of the best te$hniuesof silvi$ulture % management.

• -%#tip#e%se Forestry – The #ra$ti$e offorestry for Dthe simultaneous use of a forestarea for two or more #ur#oses& often in somemeasure $on-i$ting& e.g.& the #rodu$tion ofwood with forest gra+ing %Gor wild life$onservation.

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Forestry +#assi3cation at a #ance

("!Krote$tion Forestry

(0!4ommer$ial Forestry

(4!2o$ial Forestry

(1! Farm Forestry

()! ,tension Forestry

(i! Mi,ed Forestry

(ii! 2helterbelts

(iii! Linear 2tri# Klantations (/! e$reational Forestry

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Forestr Ob:e$ti e based $lassi'$ation


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Forestry – Ob:e$tive based $lassi'$ation

!. /rotection Forestry – The #ra$ti$e of forestrywith the #rimary ob:e$t of 1. protecting lands

against wind % water erosion ). conservingwater su##lies for human $onsum#tion& 'sh$ulture et$. /. red%cing ha4ards from -ood %


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Harious *imensions of 2o$ial Forestry

!. Farm Forestry – the #ra$ti$e of forestry onfarms in the form of raising rows of trees onbunds or boundaries of 'eld % individualtrees in #rivate agri$ulture land as well as$reation of wind breaks.

6. E$tension orestry – the #ra$ti$e offorestry in areas devoid of tree growth %other vegetation % situated in #la$es awayfrom the $onventional forest areas.

7. Recreationa# Forestry8 estheticForestry – aising ornamental trees %shrubs for develo#ing a forest of high s$eni$value.

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Jistory of Forests % Forestry in 7ndia

• Forests in Maurya Keriod.

• NautilyaEs "rthshastra (/)6 04! –

• J.O.*. Forest – Nu#yadhyasha& assisted by

Han#alas. *uties in$luded in$reasing the#rodu$tivity of forests& ',ing the #ri$es offorest #rodu$e& $lassi'$ation of various ty#es oftrees % bamboos % $olle$tion of various ty#es offorest #rodu$e in$luding wildlife.

• Forests 4lassi'ed into – 1. eserved for the ing). reserved for the state /. donated to eminantbrahmins %


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4ontinued 9

• 4at$hing ele#hants was on of theduties of Hana#alas.

• Nilling of wild animals& #arti$ularlyele#hants& was a #unishable oen$e.

• Forests lo$ated at the boundaries ofthe state were very well #rote$ted.

• Felling of trees in state forests was#rohibited.

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Forests in 0ritish Keriod

• *uring the rule of ast 7ndia 4om#any 9 larges$ale removal of timber % other forest #rodu$e.

• *uring 1?66 – " Forestry 4ommission was

a##ointed to mae regulation #rohibiting fellingin young tea forests of Malabar *istri$t.

• 1?6= – " #oli$e o$er Mr. Iatson wasa##ointed as 4onservator of Forests for

arranging e,#loitation of forests.• 1?


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4ontinued 9• 1?88 – overnor eneral Lord *alhousie issued

a memorandum of o7& outlining the ste#s for

forest $onservation.

• 1?=< – Forest de#artment was $reated by o7 %*r *ietri$h 0randis was a##ointed as the 'rst7ns#e$tor eneral.

• 1?=8 – 7ndian Forest "$t was formulated.-onopo#y right o the state wasrecogni4ed. F % KF $lassi'$ation introdu$ed.

• 1??) – " se#arate forest a$t for Madras#residen$y. “Ma:or eserved Forests” were e#tunder ovt $ontrol. “Minor Forests” weretransferred to #an$hayats.

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4ontinued 9

• 1?@6 – " erman 2$ientist *r.Hoel$er em#hasi+ed the need toim#rove the $ondition of forests.

• 1?@< – First 5ational Forest Koli$y. This forest #oli$y % the forest a$t didnot signi'$antly ae$t the s$ale of

deforestation.• 1@)> – 7ndian Forest "$t


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7m#ortant ste#s undertaen during

0ritish Keriod

7. 4reation of Forest *e#t. organi+ation.

77. na$ting laws % #oli$ies.

777. Ma##ing of forests % 'eld demar$ation.

7H. *e$laring more % more forests as F % KF.H. Kre#aration of woring #lans.

H7.7nitiation of arti'$ial #ro#agation te$hniuesfor some im#ortant #lant s#e$ies.

H77.stablishment of forest resear$h institute&training $olleges et$.


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Forestry "fter 7nde#enden$e• 1@


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E$tent o orests (mha) in top ten co%ntries o thewor#d.

,tent of Forests 7n 7ndia % Other4ountries


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Forest *istribution in 7ndia

• @8 owned by government.

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oles of Forests!./rod%ctive – Iood& Fuelwood& 7ndustrial raw

material& 5TFK.6. /rotective ' me#iorative 9 4arbon

seuestration& in$reasing lo$al #re$i#itation&redu$tion in tem#erature& maintaining

#rodu$tivity of soil& $he$ing soil erosion %-oods& redu$ing wind velo$ity& store9house ofgeneti$ diversity& #rote$tion from #ollution&a$t as shelterbelt % windbrea.

7.Recreationa# – 5ational Kars % 2an$tuaries&,#erimental laboratory& healing ee$t.

9.:eve#opmenta# – m#loyment& tribaldevelo#ment& sour$e of revenue to govt.


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2ilvi$ulture• 7t refers to $ertain as#e$ts of theory

% #ra$ti$e of raising forest $ro#s(4ham#ion % 2eth& 1@=?!.

• 7t is de'ned as the art % s$ien$e of$ultivating forest $ro#s.

• 7t is $on$erned with the te$hni$aldetails of $ro# #rodu$tion % de'nedas the art of #rodu$ing % tending a

forest or the theory % #ra$ti$e of$ontrolling forest establishment&

$om#osition % growth (2mith& 1@>=!.


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Ob:e$tives of 2ilvi$ulture1. 4ontrol of $ro# $om#osition % #rodu$tion

of s#e$ies of more e$onomi$ value.

). 4ontrol of stand9density for #rodu$tion ofma,imum volume.

/. "orestation of blan % under9sto$ed

areas.. 4reation of man9made forests %

introdu$tion of e,oti$s.

?. Krote$tion of site % intangible returns.


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eferen$es

• " Te,tboo of 2ilvi$ulture – by " K*wivedi

• Krin$i#les % Kra$ti$e of 2ilvi$ulture –

by L 2 Nhanna

• "bridged lossary of Te$hni$al Terms– F7 % 4olleges& *ehra *un


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Thans

ffm 1 - overview of forests and forestry & management

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