fgt radiography doc. no. 7.0010 rev. date 03-31-2010

7/29/2019 FGT Radiography Doc. No. 7.0010 Rev. Date 03-31-2010

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Florida GasTransmissionCompanyPHASE VIII PROJECT

Engineering StandardsVolume 7 WELDING

Radiography

Page 1 of 37ffective D ate:03.31.2010

The Radiography Engineering Standard (ES) establishes the minimum requirements andprocedures for radiographic and testing performed by a contractor.

The scope of this procedure is to provide the minimum contractor guidelines, processprocedures and requirements for radiogrqaphy testing of welds in pipelines and relatedfacilities.

Terms and definitions associated with this ES follow in the table below.

Terms DefinitionsCompanyRepresentative

The company's Authorized Representative who is in charge ofa project's radiographic inspection. The CompanyRepresentative is usually an engineer, Chief Inspector, orinspector employed by the company.

Contractor The organization providing radiographic inspection services tothe company (i.e., the radiographic inspection firm and/or theRadiographic Technicians and their assistants).

mrem/hr Millirem per hour, a measurement of absorbed radiation dosein biological matter.

Radiographer/Technician(Level III)

Any individual who is qualified and experienced either by anindustry accreditation or company certified level III inaccordance with SNT-TC-1A or who, while in attendance atthe site makes onsite judgements of the application ofprocedure, testing practices and interpretation of radiographicprocedures, process and results.

Radiographer/Technician(Level II)license.Any qualified and experienced individual who performs orwho is certified as a level II technician in accordance withSNT-TC-1A requirements, or who while in attendance at thesite where the sealed source or sources are being used,personally supervises radiographic operations and who isresponsible to the licensee for verifying compliance with therequirements of these regulations and the conditions of theRadiographer' sAssistant/Technician(Level I)radiography.Any individual who, under the personal supervision of aRadiographer, uses radiographic exposure devices, sealedsources or related handling tools, or survey instruments inRestrictedRadiographic Area An area outside of which the radiation dose absorbed in 1 hourdoes not exceed 2 millirems. Also called the 2 mrem/hr1.0StandardDescription2.0Scope3.0Terms andDefinitionsCode Re ference : API Standard 1104, CRF 49, Pa il 192, SubpartE, 192.241 & 192.243 Document No.: 7.0010


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I distance. This area is determined w ith a survey m eter.4.0Radiography

4.1Contractor'sResponsibilities

4.1.1AdditionalContractorResponsibilities

The following requirements are described in this section: Contractor's Responsibilities Personnel Qualifications Safety Requirements Radiographic Equipment Equipment Specifications Welds Subject to Inspection Qualification of Radiographic Procedures Testing Techniques Interpretation of Radiographs Radiograph Identification Radiograph Filing & Storage

The contractor is required to employ skilled, capable workers for its constructionprojects and to orient them to company policies and procedures. The contractor,therefore, may not replace any personnel working for the company without thecompany's specific written approval. The company reserves the right to replace, at itsdiscretion, any individual who is found unsuitable to the company for any reason.All procedures, personnel, and radiographic images must comply with this standard andthe latest approved edition of American Petroleum Institute (API) Standard 1104We lding of Pipelines and Related Fa cilities Section 9.0: Acceptance Standards forNondestructive Testing, whichever is the more stringent. On some projects, theAmerican Society of Mechanical Enginee rs (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,Section V: N ondestructive Examination Code, or ASME B31.3 may apply; in such cases,these codes must be followed. In addition, nondestructive testing on company facilitiesmust also comply with the regulations and amendments set forth by the latest edition ofthe Code o f Federal Regu lations Title 49 Part 192.243, Regulations for theTransportation of Na tural and Other Gas by P ipeline issued by the Department ofTransportation (DOT), and the latest edition of the Code of Federa l Regulations Title 10Parts 0-199 issued by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC).

In addition to the general responsibilities, the contractor is responsible for:1. Providing qualified personnel to perform testing in a competent and professional

manner.2. Providing personnel to manage the performance of other contractor personnel.3. Verifying that contractor personnel comply with all applicable safety regulations.4. Providing appropriate radiographic units and equipment for performing

nondestructive testing.


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Volume 7 WELDINGadiographyCode Reference : Effective Date:03/30/2010 Document No.: 7.0010Page 3 of 375. Providing storage facilities for radiographic equipment and supplies.6. Maintaining radiographic equipment and supplies.

The Level II Technician is responsible for the following:1. Coordinating all details of nondestructive testing operations with the CompanyRepresentative.2. Managing assistants working with the radiographic unit.3. Performing all exposures; however, a certified Level I Technician may perform

exposures under the direct supervision of the Level II Technician.4. Performing all equipment set-up, calibration, and film interpretation.5. Establishing and recording the radiographic procedures.6. Certifying that welds meet the requirements outlined in this standard.7. Completing and submitting the proper sections of the X-ray Inspection Report ofField Girth Welds (Company Form XR-1), the X-ray Inspection Overflow Sheet(Company form XR-1A), a n d t h e Radiographic Service Daily Time Sheet (Company

form 6-86). Instructions for filling out these forms and an example of each can befound in Appendix A: X-ray Inspection Report and Radiographic Service DailyTime Sheet.

8. Reporting all unacceptable discontinuities to the Company Representative.

This section outlines the various qualifications and certifications that the companyrequires for Radiographic Technicians and Assistants.

Required qualifications and certifications for Level II Technicians/Film Interpretersinclude the following:1. The Technician meets all qualification standards established by federal, state, andlocal governments as well as those determined by the company.2. The Level II Technician is to be examined and certified in accordance with theAmerican Society of Nondestructive Testing (ASNT) Recomm ended Practice No.

SNT-TC-1A by a Level III Technician. Prior to the commencement of work, theRadiographic Technician is to provide a copy of his/her current SNT-TC-1Acertification to the Company Representative. The term of certification is not toexceed 5 years.

3. The Level II Technician is to be qualified to set up and calibrate equipment and tointerpret and evaluate results with respect to applicable codes, standards, andspecifications. The Nondestructive Testing (NDT) Level II Technician is to bethoroughly familiar with the scope and limitations of the methods for which he orshe is qualified and is required to exercise the assigned responsibility for on-the-job

4.1.2Level IITechnicianResponsibilities

4.2PersonnelQualifications

4.2.1Level IITechnician/FilmInterpreter


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Volume 7 WELDINGadiographyDocument No.: 7.0010ode Reference : Effective Date:03/30/2010 Page 4 of 37training and guidance of trainers and NDT Level I personnel.

4. The certification record is to include:a . Background and experience.b. Results of qualification tests.c . Company and individual granting certification.d . Date of latest qualification test record.e . Expiration date of latest qualification test record.f. Vision examination in accordance with the Near-Vision Acuity Jaeger Number

J1 within 1 year.g. A color contrast differentiation examination within 5 years.

5. The Technician develops and provides a radiographic procedure that is inaccordance with the acceptance criteria and demonstrates his/her capabilities toproduce a quality image in accordance with the procedure. The procedure is to berecorded on the company's Radiographic Qualification R ecord Form (see AppendixB: Radiographic Q ualification Record).

6. The Technician's SNT-TC-1A certification is attached to the RadiographicQualification Record F orm (see Appendix B:).

Required qualifications and certifications for Level I Radiographic Assistants includethat they:1. Meet all qualification standards established by federal, state, and local governments

as well as those determined by the company.2. Are examined and certified in accordance with ASNT Recommended Practice No.

SNT-TC-1A by a Level III Technician.3. Are fully qualified, certified, and trained under a program that is based on the

requirements of ilSIVT Recom mended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A.4. Are qualified to properly perform specific calibrations and NDT evaluations foracceptance or rejection determinations according to written instructions and record

results. The NDT Level I is to receive the necessary instructions or supervisionfrom a certified NDT Level III or designee.

This section outlines safety requirements for radiographic testing and NDT.

The company has established minimum requirements for safety while working at itsfacilities. The contractor is required to:1. Enforce the company's minimum requirements for safety and monitor them toverify compliance with all company safety requirements.2. Enforce its own safety requirements to the extent that they do not conflict with the

company's requirements.

4.2.2Level IRadiographicAssistant

4.3SafetyRequirements

4.3.1ContractorResponsibi li tyfor SafetyRequirements


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Volume 7 WELDINGadiography4.3.2ContractorPersonnelResponsibilitiesfor SafetyRequirements

4.3.3RadiographicTechnicianResponsibilityfor SafetyRequirements

3. Be responsible for taking every reasonable precaution to protect individuals andproperty in and around the site at all times.

4. Be responsible for taking immediate corrective action if unsafe conditions orpractices are discovered,. The contractor is required to promptly report any accidentresulting in injury or death to individuals or damage to property to the CompanyRepresentative. The contractor also provides a written report of each accident to theCompany Representative.

5. Maintain a list of personnel on site each day that work is conducted. This list is tobe given to the Company Representative before the start of work each day. All ofthe contractor's visitors are to check in at the Engineering Field Office upon arrivaland prior to departure.

When entering a company facility, all contractor personnel are required to observe thefollowing:1. Carrying smoking materials such as cigarettes, cigars, pipes, matches, and lightersonto plant property is strictly prohibited_ These items are to be left in designated

`Smoking Areas.'2. All company compressor stations have been designated with Emergency Shut Down

Systems (ESDSs) that allow natural gas to be evacuated from the station yards inemergencies.. In the event of an Emergency Shut Down (ESD), personnel areinstructed to report to the emergency assembly area to be accounted for and remainthere until an 'all clear' has been given by the Company Supervisor in charge.

3. Visitors and contractor personnel are restricted to designated 'Visitor' parkingareas. Additional parking will be provided for large contingents of contractorpersonnel who will be on location for extended periods of time. Vehicle entry intothe plant is prohibited unless authorized by the Company Representative.

4. Contractor personnel are to enter and leave company facilities via a contractorentrance designated by the Company Representative.

The Radiographic Technician is responsible for the following:1. Protecting and monitoring everyone who works with or near radiation sources.2. Informing the Company Representative of any case of survey meter or exposure

device malfunction.

4.3.4Other SafetyRequirements

Other safety responsibilities include the following:1. Maintain a clean work place at all times. Maintain supplies and waste materials inan orderly manner at a safe distance from water supplies, fire equipment, roads,

walkways, and operating facilities where individuals require access.2. Animals or pets are not permitted on company property or the Rights-of-Way


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Volume 7 WELDINGadiographyDocument No.: 7.0010ode Reference : Effective Date:03/30/2010 Page 6 of 374.3.5SafetyEquipment

(ROW) at any time.3. The company does not allow any alcoholic beverages on company property, nor

does the company allow any individual under the influence of alcohol to work onbehalf of the company. Any individual suspected of or found to be under theinfluence of alcohol will be removed from the company project.

4. The company does not condone the use of illegal drugs. Any individual inpossession of any illegal drug or determined to use any illegal drug will be removedfrom the company project.

5. When hot tie-in work is in progress, all personnel are required to wear protectiveclothing, which includes long-sleeve cotton shirts, gloves, hard hats, and Caliberglasses.

The contractor is required to provide safety equipment to all contractor personnel, asspecified in the latest edition of the Code of Federal Regulations Title 10 Part 34 and asspecified below.While working at company facilities or on ROW, the contractor provides thecontractor's personnel with at least the following equipment and complies with theassociated practices:1. Hard hats: Hard hats meeting the requirements of American National Standards

Institute (ANSI) Standard Z89.1 Industrial Head Protection are to be worn at alltimes except in office areas and vehicles.

2. Hearing protection: Ear plugs or headsets are to be worn in areas marked as 'highnoise.'

3. Eye protection: Glasses or goggles meeting the requirements of ANSI Z87.1Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection areo be wornat all times except in office areas and vehicles.

4. Foot protection: Sturdy work shoes or boots are required. Tennis or jogging shoesare not permitted unless footing is critical and heeled shoes are a potential hazard(i.e., roofs and structural supports).

5. Film badge: All personnel who are involved in radiographic examinations are towear film badges or LTD badges at all times. These badges check for total exposureto radiation.

6. Pocket dosimeter: The dosimeter is to be calibrated annually (including a functionalcheck), and a calibration sticker is to be attached. Personnel involved inradiographic examinations are to wear pocket dosimeters at all times. The dosimeteris to be zeroed daily and continuously monitored during the day. If a dosimeterreads off the scale without explanation, an emergency film badge reading is to betaken.Rate alarm meter: The Radiographic Technician is to carry a properly functioningrate alarm meter at all times. The Radiographic Technician is to check the ratealarm meter daily. Equipment is to be calibrated annually, and a calibration stickeris to be attached.

7. Survey meter: Two properly calibrated survey meters must be available for use atall times. One survey meter is to be in continuous use whenever a radiation source


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Volume 7 WELDINGadiographyCode Reference : Document No.: 7.0010Effective Date:03/30/2010 Page 7 of 37is in use. Survey meters are to be calibrated every 90 days and after repairs. Acertification sticker indicating the calibration date and the meter's recalibration dateis to be attached. The survey meter is to be used and passed 360 degrees around thecircumference of the exposure device (camera), surveying the source tube up to thecollimator or tip to verify that the source is properly seated within the device.a . If the meter seems to be out of calibration or malfunctioning, radiographic

operations are to cease until the meter is repaired or replaced.b. The Radiographic Technician is to carry the survey meter at all times.

8. Signs: NRC-approved "Caution or Danger - Radiation Area," "Caution or Danger -High Radiation Area," and "Radioactive Material" signs are to be posted as statedin Section 4.3.6 Posting of this standard.

9. Barricade tape: Barricade tape is to be used to mark the Restricted RadiographicArea and to prevent entry of unauthorized personnel into the RestrictedRadiographic Area in fabrication areas and the compressor station yard.

4.3.6he survey meter is required to be used to define the Restricted Radiographic Area andPostingeyond (if required), and the area is to be posted as specified below:1. Mainline pipelinea . "Caution Ra diation Area" or "Danger Rad iation Area" s igns are to beposted in accordance with NRC, state, or company requirements, whichever ismore stringent.b. Signs are to be placed along the ROW, in all four directions from the work area.Signs are to be placed at the boundaries of the Restricted Radiographic Area.

c . When using external sources, a "Caution High Radiation" or "Danger HighRadiation" sign is to be placed close to the sources.

d . When using internal crawler-type devices, two signs are to be placed on top ofthe pipeline at the 100 mrem/hr distance, one on each side of the source.

e . A "Radioactive Material" sign is to be posted on the entrance to the storage areafor radioactive material when on company property such as compressorstations, or pipeline ROW.

f. The radiographic inspection vehicle is to be kept near the work site so that it isnear the perimeter of the restricted area perimeter.2. Station fabrication yards

a . "Caution High Rad iation" or "Danger High Ra diation Area" s igns are to beposted in accordance with NRC, state, or company requirements, whichever ismore stringent.

b. The Restricted Radiographic Area around the source is to be roped off andposted with "Restricted Area" signs.

c . The Radiographic Technician is to be aware of activity near the RestrictedRadiographic Area and keep watch to prevent any inadvertent trespassing.

3. Offshore pipeline and platforma. "Caution Radiation Area" or "Danger Radiation Area" signs are to be


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Volume 7 WELDINGadiographyCode Reference : Docum ent No.: 7.0010Effective Date:03/30/2010 Page 8 of 37posted in accordance with NRC, state, or company requirements, whichever ismore stringent.

b. The radiographic area is to be posted or roped off, with signs p laced in alldirections at the Restricted Radiographic Area distance.c . If the Restricted Radiographic Area cannot be obtained, shielding is to beprovided to m eet a radiation dose absorption of less than 2 mrem /hr.d. Gu ard(s) are to be posted to monitor the area of radiographic operations andprevent inadvertent trespassing.e . When an internal crawler unit is used, a Gamma alarm system (bells and lights)is to be used to monitor the location of the internal craw ler upstream anddownstream of the radiographic area.f. When using external sources, "Caution High Radiation" signs are to be placedclose to the source.g. A "Radiographic M aterial" sign is to be posted on the en trance to the da rkroomand/or the source storage room.

4.3.7Emergencies

4.4RadiographicEquipment

An em ergency situation exists when the source ca nnot be returned to the device or thesource is lost. When an emergency situation exists, the procedures below are to befollowed:1. Follow the p olicy requ ired by N RC regulation that is in the contractor's Emergen cyGuidelines. The Radiographic Technician is to have a copy of this document at thejob site at all tim es.2. Im me diately notify the Comp any Repre sentative, the general contractor's SafetyOfficer, the radiographic contractor's Radiation Safety O fficer, and if requ ired

federal, state, and local authorities.3. Post the area and rope it off at the 2 mrem /hr distance and post "Restricted Area"signs.4. The Radiographic T echnician or his or her d esignee is to keep a visual surveillanceover the entire area until the emergen cy situation is resolved.If the source is lost, secure the entire area an d attem pt to locate the source by u singthe survey m eter.5. When the sourc e is located, use the surve y m eter to determine the boundaries of theRestricted Radiographic Area.6. Do not use any malfunctioning device un til i t has been inspected an d the problemrepaired.

This sect ion defines the equ ipment requ ired to carry out NDT operat ions. Theequipm ent provided by the contractor is required to be in good working condit ion andavailable as necessary .


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Volume 7 WELDINGadiographyCode Reference : Document No.: 7.0010Effective Date:03/30/2010 Page 9 of 374.4.1OnshoreGa m m a R a y(Two-manUnit)

4.4.2OffshoreGamma Ray( Tw o - m a nUnit)

4.4.3OnshoreInternalCrawler(Three-manUnit)

The Onshore Gamma Ray (two-man unit) includes the following equipment:1. Crank-out exposure devices equipped with collimators of tungsten or lead2. Four-wheel drive truck (except compressor stations, where two-wheel drive trucksare used)3. Air-conditioned darkroom (minimum requirement of 4 feet x 4 feet x 7 feet)4. Minimum 5-gallon chemical tanks5. Enclosed dryer system (such as a heated, forced air compartment or automatic filmdryer)6. High-intensity view lights7. Necessary darkroom accessories8. Minimum of four Kilowatt (KW) electric generators9. Digital densitometers10. Ultrasonic thickness gauge with digital display (to check pipe-wall thickness at tie-in points to existing pipe)11. Two survey meters

The Offshore Gamma Ray (two-man unit) includes the following equipment:1. Crank-out exposure devices equipped with collimators of tungsten or lead2. Air-conditioned darkroom sufficient to develop 100 welds per shift, with a viewing

room for inspection3. Enclosed dryer system (such as a heated, forced air compartment or automatic film

dryer capable of drying 300 film per shift)4. High-intensity view lights5. Necessary darkroom accessories6. Digital densitometers7. Ultrasonic thickness gauge with digital display (to check pipe-wall thickness at tie-

in points to existing pipe)8. Two survey meters

The Onshore Internal Crawler (three-man unit) includes the following equipment:1. Internal crawler2. Four-wheel drive truck3. One additional crawler and parts to repair equipment4. Air-conditioned darkroom sufficient to develop 100 welds per day, with a viewing

room for inspection5. Enclosed dryer system (such as a automatic film dryer capable of drying 200 film

per day)6. High-intensity view lights7. Necessary darkroom accessories


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Volume 7 W ELDINGadiographyCode Reference : Docum ent No.: 7.0010Effective Date:03/30/2010 Page 10 of 378. Minimum of four KW electric generators9. Digital densitometers10 . Two survey meters

4.4.4OffshoreInternalCrawler(Three-manUnit)

4.4.5OnshoreExternal X-rayTube (Two-man U nit)

4.4.6OffshoreExternal X-rayTube (Three-man U nit)

The Offshore Internal Crawler (three-man unit) includes the following equipment:1. Internal crawler2. A mechanic (if requested) to perform repairs and maintenance on the

internal crawlers3. One additional crawler and parts to repair equipment4. Air-conditioned darkroom sufficient to develop 100 welds per shift and having a

viewing room for inspection5. Enclosed dryer system (such as automatic film dryer capable of drying 100 film

per shift)6. High-intensity view lights7. Necessary darkroom accessories8. Digital densitometers9. Two survey meters

The Onshore External X-ray Tube (two-man unit) includes the following equipment:1. External X-ray tube2. One additional X-ray tube3. Air-conditioned darkroom sufficient to develop 100 welds per day, with a viewingroom for inspection4. Enclosed dryer system (such as automatic film dryer capable of drying 400 film

per day)5. High-intensity view lights6. Necessary darkroom accessories7. Digital densitometers8. Ultrasonic thickness gauge with digital display (to check pipe-wall thickness at tie-

in points to existing pipe)9. Two survey meters

The Offshore External X-ray Tube (two-man unit) includes the following equipment:1. External X-ray tube2. One additional X-ray tube3. Air-conditioned darkroom sufficient to develop 100 welds per shift and having a

viewing room for inspection4. Enclosed dryer system (such as automatic film dryer capable of drying 400 film


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Volume 7 WELDINGadiographyCode Reference : Document No.: 7.0010Effective Date:03/30/2010 Page 11 of 37per shift)

5. High-intensi ty view lights6. Necessa ry da rkroom accessor ie s7. Digital densitometers8. Ultrasonic thickness gauge w ith digita l display (to check pip e-wall thickness a t t ie-in points to exist ing pipe)9. T w o s u r v ey m e t e rs

This sec t ion def ines the eq u ipm ent spec if ica tions for r ad iographic equ ipm ent .

General specifica t ions for radiographic equipment are as follows:1. Exposure dev ices a re to be app roved by the N RC and /or the app l icable s t a te agencyand be in good working cond it ion.2. Th e exposure dev ice is required to be locked a t a ll tim es, even w hen i t is only beingcarried from one in spect ion locat ion to another.3. In case of m alfunction, a ll radiograph ic ac t ivi ty involving the de vice w ill bes topped un t i l repa i rs can be m ade .

4.5EquipmentSpecifications

4.5.1GeneralSpecifications

4.5.2ExposureDevicesExposure dev ices w i th grea te r s t r ength m ay be used , bu t a ll exposure dev ices a rerequi red to mee t the fol lowing m in imum c r i te r ia :1. Gamma ray source

a. 2" OD to 6" OD0 Cur ie s min imumb. 6" OD to 16" OD5 Cur ie s min imumc . 16" OD to 24" O D0 Cur ie s min imumd. 24" OD to 42" OD5 Curie s min im um2. External X-ray units

All pipe diameters and wall thicknesses 225 KV/3mA minimum3. In ternal X-ray uni tsa . 20" O D and less50K V / 3m A m i n i m u mb. 22" OD to 36" OD0 0K V / 3m A m i n im u mc . 36" OD to 48" OD5 0K V / 3m A m i n i m u mThe Company Represen ta t ive m us t p rovide w r i tten approva l for the use of exposure


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devices that do not meet these criteria prior to equipment use.

4.5.3IntensificationScreens

4.5.4RadiographicFilm

The specifications for intensification screens are as follows:1. Lead foil screens are to be used for all radiographs.2. When using X-ray sources, the front screen is required to have a minimum

thickness of 0.005 inch, and the back screen is to have a minimum thickness of0.010 inch.

3. When using gamma ray sources, the front and back screens are to have a minimumthickness of 0.010 inch.

4. AGFAs SMP 308 or RCF fluormetallic intensifying screens are to be used withAGFA D6R Class II film.

Requirements for radiographic film are as follows:1. Film is to be free of fog, blemishes, and artifacts.2. Pre-exposure fog is not to exceed H&D transmitted density of 0.30 for

transparent-based film or 0.50 for opaque-based film.3. Film density is not to be less than 2.0 or greater than 3.5 through the area of interest

(weld) and penetrameter.4. Film is to be stored in a clean, dry environment where the film quality will not

be jeopardized.a . If film quality is questionable, unexposed sheets taken from the front and back

of each package, or a length of film equal to the circumference of the originalroll, are to be processed in the normal manner.

b. If the film shows fog, discard it or take additional film tests to prove that theremainder is free from pre-exposure fog in accordance with these specifications.

c . A lead letter "B" is to be placed on the back side of the film cassette formonitoring back scatter.

5. The minimum film requirements/and company approved films are as follows:a . Extra fine grain Class I high-contrast film is to be one of the following types:

EKC M, Gevaert/AGFA D4, or D5, or Fuji 50 or 80b. Fine grain Class II high-contrast film is to be one of the following types: EKC

AA, Gevaert/AGFA D7, Fuji 100.c . Kodak AA, AGFA D7, Fuji 100, or AGFA D6R Class II film with AGFAs -

SMP 308 or RCF fluormetallic intensifying screen may be used for onshorefabrication, offshore fabrication, and offshore pipeline girth welds. The weldmust be at ambient temperature, or a heat shield is to be used.

6. Film is to be processed, handled, and stored so that the images are interpretable forat least 3 years after the film is processed.


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4.5.5Fi lm U se

4.5.6Image QualityIndicator (IQI)

The following are the company requirements for film selection based on the size andwall thickness of the pipe to be radiographed. In all cases, the film used is to produceradiographs with the required Ug (geometrical unsharpness) sharpness.The formula "D = St/k" is to be used to determine the minimum distance between thesource and the source side of the object being radiographed. In this formula:1. D = minimum inches between source and source side of object2. S = size in inches of focal spot3. t = thickness of material plus reinforcement plus distance between film and

welding, all in inchesa. For Single-Wall Exposure for Single-wall Viewing (SWE/SWV) and Double-

wall Exposure for Single-wall Viewing (DWE/SWV), use the thickness of asingle wall and reinforcement.

b. For Double-wall Exposure for Double-wall Viewing (DWE/DWV), use theOutside Diameter (OD) of the pipe plus twice the height of the weld crown.

4. k = geometric unsharpness, which is 0.02 inch for material thickness less than orequal to 2 inches

For gamma ray radiographs:1. Class I film is to be used on pipe 12 inches OD and less with wall thickness of

0.375 inch and less, and when the material penetrated is 3/4 inch or less (excludingweld build-up). Class I film may be used on larger diameter pipe and wallthicknesses if desired.

2. Class II film is to be used on pipe greater than 12 inches OD with all wallthicknesses, and when material penetrated is greater than 3/4 inch (excluding weldbuild-up).

X-ray radiographs1. Class II film is to be used on pipe 12 inches OD and less with wall thickness of

0.375 inch and less, and on pipe greater than 12 inches OD with all wallthicknesses.

2. Class I film may be used on larger diameter pipe and base material thicknesses ifdesired.

Specifications for Image Quality Indicators (IQIs) are as follows:1. IQI selection is to be governed by Table 5: Weld Thickness Versus Diameter of the

Am erican Society of Tool and Manufacturing Engineers (ASTME) 747 W ire TypeIQI or by Table 6: Weld Thickness Versus Diameter of ISO Wire Type IQI, both ofwhich are found in API 1104.

2. The IQI selection is to be based on the pipe-wall or base material thickness.3. The IQI is to be made of material that is radiographically similar to the material to

be examined.


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Volume 7 W E LDINGadiographyCode Reference : Docum ent No.: 7.0010Effective Date:03/30/2010 Page 17 of 37b. The contractor is required to have standby manual film processing capability.

2. Manual film processing:a . Follow manufacturer's recommendations on chemical mixing, replenishment,and replacement.b. Processing solutions, including wash water, are to be at a temperature of 68degrees Fahrenheit, 5 degrees.c . Change wash water at least once a day.4.9Interpretation

of RadiographsThe procedures used by the contractor must produce images that meet the acceptancecriteria defined in this standard. All requirements that refer to the quality of the resultingimages are to apply equally to X-rays and gamma rays. The following criteria are to beused to evaluate radiographs:1. The contractor is to use an acceptable technique, set-up, and procedure to produceand evaluate all radiographs.2. Radiographs are to be evaluated with high-intensity view light. Radiographs are to

be evaluated when dry unless otherwise instructed by the Company Representative.3. The Level II or Level III Radiographic Technician is to determine if the weld is

acceptable. The company reserves the right to reject any weld accepted by theRadiographic Technician.

4. Radiographs are to have acceptable clarity, acceptable contrast, and image qualitythat is free from fog, film artifacts (e.g., crimps, chemicals, scratches), andprocessing irregularities that could mask the image of actual discontinuities.

5. Interpretation of radiographs is to be in accordance with the latest approved editionofAPI Standard 1104, Section 9.0: Acceptance Standards for No ndestructiveTesting and this standard. Density and sensitivity are to be in accordance withSection 4.5.4: Radiographic Film. This requirement applies to welds made onpipeline-related facilities and welds made in accordance with the ASME B oiler andPressure Vessel Code, Section V.

6. Produced images are to have the requisite sensitivity to clearly define the essentialwire of the proper IQI.

7. Appendix F: API 1104 Limitation for Defects/Discontinuities contains an abbreviated list of acceptance criteria for defects anddiscontinuities according to API 1104.

8. Film artifacts in the area of interest that interfere with the interpretation of the filmin the area are to be subject to rejection of the radiograph. The weld - must beradiographed again.

9. Radiographs are to be identified correctly using the identification system outlined inthis standard.

10 . A weld is required to be classified as 'unacceptable' if it does not meet theacceptance criteria outlined below:a . The radiograph is to be identified and recorded as specified in Appendix A: of

this document.b. All welds that are repaired or replaced are to be re-radiographed.


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Volume 7 W ELDINGadiographyCode Reference : Docum ent No.: 7.0010Effective Date:03/3 0/2 010 Page 18 of 37c. No more than two repairs to a given weld will be approved. Prior to

radiographic examination of a weld that has been repaired more than twice, theRadiographic Technician is to obtain the Company Representative's approval.

This section identifies procedures for radiograph identification.

All radiographic films must be identified by their weld identification (ID) numbers,number belts, pipeline numbers, and work order numbers unless otherwise stated in thisstandard. The radiograph numbering system is to provide a ready means ofcross-referencing the actual location of a weld with its assigned radiographic number onth e X-ray Inspection Report of Field Girth We lds (XR-1) (see Appendix A: X-rayInspection Report and Radiograp hic Service Daily Time Sheet). S e e Figure 1:Examples of Radiograph Num bering for examples.The specifications for the radiograph numbering system are as follows:1 . Main and lateral lines:

a . For field girth welds, the designation "XR" and sequential numbers startingwith 001 are to be used.

b. For tie-in welds, the designation "TI" and sequential numbers starting with 001are to be used.c . For fabrication welds, the designation "FB" and sequential numbers starting

with 001 are to be used.d . Assign sequential letters of the alphabet (e.g., "A," "B") for additional

radiograph units. For example: XRA-001, TIA-001, TIB-001.e . The appropriate modifiers are to be added as described in Section 4.10.2Modifiers to Numbering System of this standard.

4.10RadiographIdentification

4.10.1RadiographNumberingSystem


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Volume 7 WELDING RadiographyCode Reference : Docum ent No.: 7.0010Effective Date:03/30/2010 Page 20 of 37

of the belt on the weld w ith a paint stick.d. Subm it the blueprint or diagram w ith the XR-1 to the Company Representative.

4.10.2M odifiers toNumberingSystem

When a w eld is determined to be unacceptable, a m odifier (see Appendix A:) is requiredto identify the subsequent process performed to it. The original radiograph number is tobe reused and followe d by one of the following m odifiers(as ap plicable):1. For a repaired w eld, add "R" to the num ber.2. For a multiple-repair weld, add "RR" to the number.3. For a cut-out weld, add "N" to the num ber.4. For a welding requiring a second replacement, add "NN " to the nu mber.5. For a replacement w eld requiring repair, add "NR" to the num ber.6. For a temporary weld, add "TW" to the num ber.

Use white wax pencils (contractor supplied) to circle rejectable weld defects onradiographs and to mark the w eld or radiograph num ber on one end of each defectiveweld radiograph.

The specifications for letter/number belts are as follows:1. Letter/num ber belts are to be used on all welds and rep air exposures. For 2-inchto 4-inch p ipe w eld exposures, sequen tial letters on each end of the film are to be

used instead of num ber belts to conserve sp ace.2. Numbering is to start at the top button and continue around the circumference of theweld, corresponding to the nu mber of inches around the pipe an d having thefollowing maximum spacing:a. 6-inch d iameter pipe or smaller: 2-inch spacingb. 8-inch d iameter p ipe or larger: 5-inch spacing

3. Letter /number belts are to be separate from the f ilm ca ssettes.4. Belts are to be fastened to the pipe and held in position until all exposures are m ade.5. Ov erlap of the film is to be apparent.

The specifications for radiograph filing is as follows:1. Film is required to be accumulated on site and submitted to the company at the endof the job.2. Write the weld or radiograph num ber on the end of each reject weld radiograph.3. All film is to be pack aged in a partitioned ca rdboard box that is 12 inches x 12inches x 3 inches.

1). Th e following inform ation is to be written on the outside of the container:4.10.3Marking4.10.4Letter /NumberBelts4.11RadiographFiling


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Volume 7 WELD INGadiographyCode Reference : Document No.: 7.0010Effective Date:03/30/2010 Page 22 of 37Appendix A:X-rayInspectionReport andRadiographicService DailyTime Sheet

This appendix includes the following:1. Instructions for preparing the X-ray Inspection Report of Girth Welds 'R-1)2. XR-1 X-ray Inspection Report of Field Girth Welds3. XR-1 a X-ray Inspection Report Overf low Sheet4. Form 6-86 Radiographic Service Daily Time Sheet

In order to maintain an effective system to monitor and control nondestructive weld testing and to meetthe federal requirements for record keeping, the company will supply the X-ray Inspection Report of FieldGirth We lds (XR-1) to contractors assigned to company field projects.1. Prepare the X-ray Inspection Report of Field Girth Welds (XR-1) in quadruplicate sets daily for each

project worked that day.2. Fill out the heading and all lines of the project information block.a . Put the radiographic technician's SNT certification number here.

b. Method of NDT used (i.e. radiography [R.T.], Ultrasonics [U.T.]), etc.3. Identify the appropriate weld identification number.4. Enter the survey station number for each weld and any major land features, such as roads, fence lines,

streams, or other landmarks that might be useful for locating a given weld on the pipeline. The surveystation number ties the weld number to the actual field location.

5. Fill in the class, welder stencil number, weld process, welding procedure number, pipe size, and wallthickness for each weld. If the weld is a transition between two wall thicknesses, make a diagonal linethrough the wall thickness box and indicate both wall thicknesses.

6. Report the disposition of the weld as accepted or rejected.7. If the weld is rejected, indicate the location and type of defect in the remarks section. The XR-1number that the weld was rejected on and the XR-1 number that the weld was accepted on or cut out

due to rejection of weld repair is to be indicated in the 'Disposition' section.8. Weld repair information is required to include all necessary cross-referencing information including:

a . Form numbers, dates, and disposition of the weld (repaired, replaced, etc.).b. Type of weld process used.

9. Class location10. Welds inspected today/Welds inspected to date11. Sign the report and give it to the Company Representative.

a . The welding inspector is to sign at this location.b. Once all of the rejected welds have been corrected, the welding inspector must sign to certify thatall welds were repaired or replaced.

12. Two copies (pink and gold) of the signed report are to be retained for the contractor's records.13. Well Connect LinesFor 4-inch and 6-inch lines less than a mile long (whether the line is solid

welded or partially welded and partially joined by mechanical means), the ensuing procedures are tobe followed:a. Enter the survey station number and/or referenced facility or land feature on the XR-1 for the first

and last radiograph for each series of continuous joints radiographed.


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Volume 7 WELDINGadiographyCode Reference : Docum ent No.: 7.0010Effective Date:03/30/2010 Page 23 of 37b. Record the average random length of pipe on the report.


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Volume 7 W ELDING Radiography

XR- I

C 406 5/17/95 DATE2 HIS REPORT IS NECESSARYTO COMPLY WITH DOTR E G U L A T I O N SRefer to: Subpart E - Welding of Steelin Pipelines, Section 192.241 Inspectionand Test of Welds,Department ofTransportation Regulations, 49 CFRPart 192

X-RAY INSPECTION REPORTO FFIELD GIRTH WELDS

2echnicianAddress

2 SNT No. 2.aState Zi

Code Reference : Document No.: 7.0010Effective Date:03/30/2010

Page 24 of 37

u P E P L u TGC u FGTTOArea Manager/Area Engineer2 BY : NDT FirmField Base LocationNDT Unit LocationPROJECT INFORMATION

Pipeline Contractor Job NameWeld Inspector Line Number 2Work Order No.Method of NDT.bLineitem WeldD".D .Number nd Feature orSurvey Location Class Wldr.Sten. No. WeldProcess WPSNO. PipeDia. WallThickness Acceptable Remarks/Defects*( Tech) Disposition of Rejected Weld(Weld Inspector)RP RPL DATE REPORT NO.Y N1 3 4,a 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 8 8 8 8224

NDT Inspection Ratio By Class LocationDOT Min.

PercentWeldToday

WeldsTo Date NDT Today

NDTTo Date

PercentToday

PercentTo Date

Class 1 & II 10/15 10 10 10 10 10 10Class III & IV & Fabrication & Rivers 9 90 10 10 10 10 10 10Highway/RR Rights of Way & Tie-Ins 9 100 10 10 10 ,10 10 10BTA - Burn Through AreaIF - Incomplete FusionSI - Slag InclusionsOU - Outside UndercutGP - Gas PocketNW - Narrow WeldDS - Ditch SideB - BottomWT - Wagon TracksCR - Crack

ENGINEERING:White - Original to Inspector for HOYellow - Inspector File to Area OfficePink - TechnicianGold - Testing Firm's Office

TRANSMISSION:Original - Retain at Area OfficeYellow - Division OfficePink - Houston Transmission Technical StaffGold - Completion Report

*ABBREVIATIONS FOR WELD DISCONTINUITIES :

To be initialed in Quadruplicate by NDT Technician and submitted to Field Weld Inspectorfor acknowledgement an d Disposition of Defective Weld.*NO TE: O riginal to be retained for life of facility.eport No.BT - Burn TroughIP - Incomplete PenetrationSL - Slag LinesIU - Internal UndercutP - PorosityLC - Low CrownRS - Righ or Lay SideT - TopTI -DISTRIBUTION:INSTRUCTIONS: ABBREVIATIONS FOR METHOD OF NDT :RT - RadiographyMT - Magnetic particleUT - Ultrasonic TestingDISPOSITION OF WELDRP - RepairedRPL - Replaced Th e Above record of Dispositionsare certified correct as shownField Weld InspectorDateReported By:11NDT TechnicianAcknowledge:11.aField Weld Inspector


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Volume 7 WELDINGadiographyCode Reference : Document No.: 7.0010Effective Date:03/30/2010 Page 27 of 37Appendix B:his appendix includes the Radiographic Qualification Record and the instructions forRadiographicilling out the form.QualificationRecordThe information on this form can be handwritten legibly or typewritten. The instructions in this appendixappear in the same order as the form.1. GENERAL INFORMATION

a . Procedure Qualification: mark this box to indicate this is a new procedure.b. Personnel Qualification: mark this box when qualifying a Radiographic Technician. This can be

accomplished when establishing a new procedure. Requalification is required for each procedure.c . Procedure No.: use the wall thickness, pipe diameter, and source of radiation as the proceduren u m b e r .

Example: Radiographs on 24 inches x .500 inch wall thickness (W.T.) pipe with a gamma raysource is 24-500-6.

d . Date: date the procedure was established.e . Project: the project name this procedure was produced for.f. Company: mark the appropriate box to indicate the company for which work is to be performed,

or use 'Other' for companies not listed.g. Radiographic Contractor: name of service company this Radiographic Technician is employedby .h . X-ray Technician: name of Radiographic Technician.i. S1VT-TC-1A Cert. Date: date Radiographic Technician was tested by his/her company's Level III

Technician.j. SNT-TC-IA Qualification Attached: mark this box to indicate that the Radiographic Technician'scertification papers are attached. They must be attached prior to approval of the RadiographicTechnician.

k . Levelark the appropriate box to indicate the level of the Radiographic Technician.1 . W.O.: Work Order assigned to the project.2. SOURCEa . Type Radiation: mark the appropriate box to indicate whether X-ray equipment or gamma ray(source) is used.b. Method: mark the appropriate box to indicate whether the radiation source is located internally

(inside the pipe) or attached externally.c . Manufacturer: manufacturer of the equipment and model.d . MA: the tube current in milliamperes.e . KV: the energy potential applied to the X-ray tube in kilovolts.

f. Curies: the curie of the radioisotope.Example: 80-90 or 100 curies.

g. Size: the size of the effective source or focal spot.


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Volume 7 WELDINGadiographyCode Reference : Document No.: 7.0010Effective Date:03/30/2010 Page 28 of 373. FILTER TYPE AND PLACEMENTtype of filter used and placement in the film cassette.4. SCREENS

a . Material: type of material composition of lead screens.Example: Pure lead or 6 percent antimony and 94 percent lead.

b. Thickness front/back: thickness of the front and back screens in inches.5. INTENSIFICATION SCREENS

a . Type: type of intensification screen.Example: Fluorescent screens placed inside of the cassette contacting the front and back side ofthe film.

b. Thickness front/back: thickness of the front and back intensification screens in inches.6. GEOMETRIC ARRANGEMENT

a . Viewing: SWE/SWV, DWE/DWV, DWE/SWV: mark the appropriate box to indicate whichmethod is used.Example: DWE/SWV - the source is placed perpendicular to the film on the outside of the pipe.The radiation penetrates two thicknesses of the pipe wall (DWE) and exposure of one wallthickness would be transposed on the film for Single Wall Viewing (SWV).

b. Source to Film Distance: distance from the radiation source to the film cassette in inches.c . Offset/Offset Angle: if the source is offset from the weld, then the offset is the measured distance

from the centerline of the weld to the centerline of the source. The offset angle is the angle fromthe centerline of the source to the centerline of the weld at the film location (see Appendix D:).

7. FILM DATAa . No. Exposure: the number of exposures required to radiograph a weld.

Example: If a gamma ray source is used externally, three exposures may be required. If internalX-ray equipment is used, one exposure may be required.b. Film Size: the film width and length in inches.Example: 70mm wide x 10 inches in length

c . Diagnostic Readable Length: the readable length of the film in inches.Example: Pipe diameter is 3.5 inches OD, film length is 10 inches, readable length is 2.600inches .

d . Film Overlap - film is normally overlapped 2 inches to verify that the complete weld isradiographed. Enter the length of one end of film overlap in inches.

e . Film Type: the model number for the film.Example: NDT55

f. Class: the film class to indicate the speed and quality of film.Example: II

g. Manufacturer: the manufacturer of the film.Example: AGFA D4

h . No. Film in Cassette: the number of film pieces in one cassette. This is normally one film section.i. Unexposed Base Density: the base density of film prior to use. Measurement is to be taken on

each box prior to use.j. Cassette Separation: film cassette separation in degrees.


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Volume 7 W ELDINGadiographyCode Reference : Document No.: 7.0010Effective Date:03/30/2010 Page 29 of 37k. Exposed den sity of Parent Metal/Weld Metal- film density is to be checked at the parent m etal(pipe) and the weld area. Densitometers are to be used for this measurement. Enter the densities

here.1. Equipmen t Used To Determine Density: the type of equipmen t, model number, and man ufacturer.m . M ethod - M ult iple Film, Single Film: mark the appropriate box to indicate the use of mult iplecassettes or single cassettes.n. Film P osition: the orientation of the film casse ttes beginning at the top of the pipe to the c enter ofthe cassette's length.

Example: 90 degrees, 180 degrees, 225 degrees. This applies to multiple cassettes and not to afull circumference belt.8 . F I L M P R O C E S S I N G

a . Drying detail: the type of equipm ent used. If no equipm ent was used, then indicate how the fi lmwas dried.b. M anual/Autom atic: mark the app ropriate box to indicate how the fi lm was dried.c . Developing Tim e/Man ufacturer: length of t ime the fi lm was in the d eveloping solution.Man ufacturer of chem icals.d. Rinse Time/M anufacturer: length of t ime the fi lm was in the rinse w ater. Manufacturer ofchemicals.e . Fix Tim e/Man ufacturer: length of t im e the fi lm w as in the fix solution. M anufacturer ofchemicals.f. Final Rinse: length of time the film was in the final rinse water prior to drying.g. Temperature: temperature of the developing solution and rinse water.

9 . E X P O S U R E T I M E Sa . Single Exposure: length in min utes requ ired for a single exposure.b. Total Exposure Tim e: length in m inutes required for the total exposures.

Example: If the weld required 3 exposures at 1 minute each, the total exposure time is 3 minutes.10. IQI

a . I.D. Number: identification number of the IQI.b. Typ e: in accordance with API 1104 Section 11 Table 5 or Table 6.c . Film S ide/Source Side: m ark the ap propriate box to indicate the location of the IQ I.d. IQI Position - this information explains the position of the IQI in relation to the source.

Exam ple: perpendicular (see Appendix C: and Appendix E: Double-wall Exposure for Double-wall Viewing)e . No. Per F ilm - num ber of IQIs to a fi lm sect ion.f. Sens itivity Required - indicate the essential wire of the IQI.11. LETT ER/NUMBER BELTa. Orien tation of Markers - m easured distance from cen terline to centerline of the identificationmarker and the starting point.b. Manner of Location - method the identification markers are attached to the pipe.

Exam ple: A number belt is used.12. PIPE DATA


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Volume 7 W ELDINGadiographyCode Reference : Docum ent No.: 7.0010Effective Date:03/30/2010 Page 30 of 37a. Pipe Diam e te r - en te r the p ipe d iam e te r in inches .b. W.T. - en te r the p ipe -wal l th ickness in d ec imal inches .c. Grad e - enter the grade of the pipe .d. Pipe M ater ia l - m ater ia l comp osit ion of the pipe . If pipe is a ca rbon steel or s ta inless s teel, enterthis information. Do not use abbrevia t ions.e. Pipe Joint Design-nter type of bevel used.

Exam ple: 30 degree beve l; `.1 ' bevel; etc .13. W E L D IN G P R O C E S S

SM AW/GM AW/Automat ic /Othe r - m ark the app ropria te box to ind ica te the type of we ld ing processused an d i f au tomat ic we ld ing equipm ent w as used . Use 'O the r ' fo r any o the r p rocess no t li s ted onthe form.14. F I N A L IN F O R M A T I O N

a . Rem arks - en te r any addi t iona l informa t ion o r comm ents pe r t inen t to th i s p rocedure .b. Prepared By - the Radiographic Technic ian signs here .c . Approved By - s igna ture of the Compan y Represen ta t ive on the p ro jec t. The procedure i s to berev iewed wi th the Rad iographic Tech nic ian and the Weld ing Inspec to r p rio r to approva l .

N O T E : Attach the radiograph used to qualify this procedure .


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Volume 7 - WELDINGadiographyCode Reference : Document No.: 7.0010Effective Date:03/30/2010 Page 31 of 37Radiographic Qualification Record6-53 12/9/911.a uProcedure Qualification 1.b Dersonnel Qualificationrocedure No.:.c ate:.d

Project:Radiographic Contractor: 1.e Company: uPE C uT G C uF G T u tther.f1.gX-ray Technician:.h SNT-TC-1ANT-TC- I Aevel II uCert . Date.i ualif ication Attached u 1.j Level I I I u 1.kWork Order Number: 1 .1SOURCE 2

2.aType Radia t ion: OX-rayama-Ray.b Method: [InternalExtentalManufacturer :.cM A:.dV:.euries:.fize: 2.gFILTER Type and Placement :SCREENS 4 Material:.ahickness: (front).bn (back)n.IN T E N S IF IC A T IO NSCREENS 5 Type:.ahickne ss: (front) 5.bn (back)n.G E O M E T R I CA R RA N G E M E N T 6 View ing : 6 . a L IS W E JS W VDWE/DWVDWE/SWVSource to Film Distance.bn.Source P osition:ffset.cn.ffset Angleeg .FILM DATA 7 No. Exp:.aper i tem)i lm Size:.bide Xn. LengthDiagnostic Readable Length:.cn .i lm Ov er lap : 7 .dn.Film Type :.elass:.fanufacturer:.gNo. Film in Cassette:.hnexposed Base Density:.iassette Separation 7.i Deg.Exposed D ensi ty of : 7 .karent Metal:eld Metal :Equipment Used To Determine Densi ty:. 1Method: 7.m uMu ltiple FilmSingle FilmFilm P osition.nFILMPROCESSING 8

Drying Detail:.aanualAutomaticabDeveloping Time:.canufactureinse T ime:.danufactureFix Time:.eanufactureinal Rinse:.fem p :.gE X P O S U R E T I M E S 9 Single Exposure:.aotal Exposure Time:.bIQI 10 IQI Material.D. No.0.ahim ThicknessType:0.bilm Side:0.cource Side:IQI P osition:0.do. per Film0.eensitivity Required:0.fL E T T E R/NO. BE L T 1 1 Orientation of MarkersI aManner of Location1.bP I P E D A T A2 Pipe Diameter2.an..T .2.bn.rade2.cPipe M aterial:2.doint DesignleW E L D I N GP R O C E S S3 1 3S M A WG M A W s AutomaticOther:

Remarks: 14aPrepared By:4 b pproved By:4cCOPIES TO: Houston E ngineering Construction, Area/Field Office, Originator, Quality Assurance, Original to Engineering ServicesRequired by DOT .


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2

44FILMPIPE

3 -( OU R C E

Volume 7 WELDING RadiographyCode Reference : Docum ent No.: 7 .0010Effective Date:03/30/2010 Page 32 of 37

Appendix C:his appendix includes diagrams of Single-wall Exposure for Single-wall ViewingSingle-wallSWE/SWV).Exposure forSingle-wallViewing

LOCATION NUMBERo p-FILM OVERLAP

SOURCE OF RADIATION IS CENTEREDFILM DENSITY IS CONSISTENT

1 0 10 PIPEP-0 SOURCEn

1 0 1 \- FILMFigure 2: Single-wall Exposure for Single-wall Viewing (SWE/SWV)


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Volume 7 W ELDINGadiographyCode Reference : Document No.: 7.0010Effective Date:03/30/2010 Page 33 of 37Appendix D:Double-wallExposure forSingle-wallViewing

This appendix includes diagrams of Double-wall Exposure for Single-wallViewing (DWE/SWV).

WELDV SOURCE5 DEGREEMAXIMUM OFFSET

(0

1 0 11111L\

FILM

Figure 3: Double-wall Exposure for Single-wall Viewing (DW E/SWV)


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/T u PBUTTON SOURCE SIDEPENETRAMETERPIPE

SOURCE OF\ RADIATION

APPROX. 8 -TIMESDIAMETER Of THE

THEPIPE\

APPROX. FILM4" OFFSET

PIPE

Exposure 1SOURCEPOSITION A

9 0 SOURCEPOSITION B

Exposure 2

REFERENCEMARKER

Volume 7 WELDINGadiographyCode Reference : Document No.: 7.0010Effective Date:03/30/2010 Page 34 of 37Appendix E:Double-wallExposure forDouble-wallViewing

Th is appe ndix includes d iagrams of Double-wall Exposure of Double-wallV iewing (DWE/DWV ) .

Figure 4: Double-wall Exposure for Dou ble-wall Viewing


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Volume 7 WELDINGadiographyCode Reference : Docum ent No.: 7.0010Effective Date:03/30/2010 Page 35 of 37Appendix F:API 1104Limitation forDefects/Discontinuities

Th is appen dix contains an abbreviated l ist of acceptance c ri teria for defects anddiscontinuities according to API 1104.

Par. No. Type of Defect Individual Defect Defects per 12" Length9.3.1 Inadequate Penetration the length of an individualindication of IP exceeds 1" the aggregate length ofindications of IP in anycontinuous 12" length ofweld exceeds 1" or 8% ofthe weld length in any weldless than 12" in length9.3.2 Inadequate Penetration

Due to High-Lowthe length of an individualindication of IPD exceeds 2"

the aggregate length ofindications of IPD in anycontinuous 12" length ofweld exceeds 3"9.3.3 Inadequate Cross

Penetrationthe length of an individualindication of ICP exceeds 2" the aggregate length ofindications of ICP in any

continuous 12" length ofweld exceeds 2"9.3.4 Incomplete Fusion the length of an individualindication of IF exceeds 1" the aggregate length ofindications of IF in anycontinuous 12" length ofweld exceeds 1" or 8% ofthe weld length in any weldless than 12" in lent h9.3.5 Incomplete Fusion Due

to Cold Lapthe length of an individualindication of IFD exceeds 2" the aggregate length ofindications of IFD in any

continuous 12" length ofweld exceeds 2" or 8% ofthe weld length9.3.6 Internal Concavity Any length of internalconcavity is acceptable,provided the density of theradoigraphic image of the

internal concavity does notexxceed that of the thinnestadjacent parent material. Forareas that exceed the density ofthe thinnest adjacent parentmaterial, the criteria for burn-through are applicable.


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fgt radiography doc. no. 7.0010 rev. date 03-31-2010

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