FIBER NETWORK CABLING

By:Abdul Hak Bin Mahat (ILPS)

Title: Light And HistoryOf Optical MediaOf Optical Media

By:Abdul Hak Bin Mahat (ILPS)

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

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Ray Model of Light

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Ray Model of Light

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Light travel throughFiber Optic Cables

• Fiber-optic lines are strands of optically pure glass as thin as a human hair that carries light over a particular distance

• But HOW?

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What is LIGHT ?

• Light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength that is visible to the eye, or in a more general sense, any electromagnetic radiation in the range electromagnetic radiation in the range from infrared to ultraviolet.

Prism splitting lightPrism splitting lightAbdul Hak Bin Mahat (ILPS)

Visible Light

• The different wavelengths are detected by the human eye and then interpreted by the human brain as colors, ranging from red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and, orange, yellow, green, blue, and, conventionally, indigo to violet

Spectrum of Spectrum of Visible lightVisible light

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Ultraviolet (UV)• Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is

electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength shorter than that of the visible region.

• There are three type of UV; they are UVA, UVB & UVC at different wavelength.UVB & UVC at different wavelength.

The solar corona taken by the Extreme ultraviolet Imaging The solar corona taken by the Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope instrument aboard the SOHO spacecraftTelescope instrument aboard the SOHO spacecraft

Infrared

• Infrared (IR) radiation is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength longer than visible light

Image of a small dog taken in infrared light. Image of a small dog taken in infrared light. with fahrenheit temperature scalewith fahrenheit temperature scale

Source of Light

• There are many sources of light

• Example; Sun, glowing solid particles in flames , chemo luminescence, light bulb, LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)

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The Sun

• A sun is the star at the center of a solar system. Our sun is usually referred to as the Sun

Large solar flare recorded by SOHO EIT304 Large solar flare recorded by SOHO EIT304 instrument in the ultraviolet.instrument in the ultraviolet.

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Glowing Solid Particles inFlames

• Lava is molten rock that a volcano expels during an eruption and it is emitting light due to its extremely high temperature

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Chemoluminescence

• Chemoluminescence is the emission of light (luminescence) as the result of a chemical reaction.

Three types of lightsticks in five colours Three types of lightsticks in five colours

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Light Bulb

• A light bulb uses a glowing wire filament heated to white-hot by electrical resistance, to generate light (a process known as thermal radiation)known as thermal radiation)

A light bulb A light bulb Abdul Hak Bin Mahat (ILPS)

LASER

• A laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) is generated by a device that produce coherent light. (cahaya terang).(cahaya terang).

laserlaser--strikingstriking--marblemarble Abdul Hak Bin Mahat (ILPS)

Sejarah Teknologi Fiber Optik• Manusia menggunakan cahaya untuk

berkomunikasi pada zaman dahulu.

• Pada tahun 1960an, cahaya laser diperkenalkan.

• Kajian terhadap penghantaran data dengan lebih meluas dan penggunaan yang maksimum.

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• Sistem laser boleh menghantar data yang banyak dengan kelajuan yang tinggi hingga lebih 1 Gbps.

• Lebih baik berbanding sistem perhubungan lain seperti telefon, gelombang mikro, dan lain-lain perhubungan menggunakan isyarat lain seperti telefon, gelombang mikro, dan lain-lain perhubungan menggunakan isyarat elektrik.

• Tumpuan kajian terhadap gentian kaca sebagai bahan untuk media fiber optik.

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• Dalam tahun 1970, Corning Glass Works Ltd mencipta multimode fiber dengan kadar kehilangan di bawah 20 dB/km.

• Pada 1972, syarikat ini menghasilkan fiber optik menggunakan high silica-core multimode dan ia mempunyai kadar multimode dan ia mempunyai kadar kehilangan 4 dB/km.

• Biasanya, multimode fiber mempunyai kadar kehilangan di bawah 0.5dB/km dengan panjang gelombang 1300nm.

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• Singlemode fiber pula, kadar kehilangan di bawah 0.25dB/km dengan panjang gelombang 1500nm.

• Pembangunan dalam teknologi semikonduktor pula meningkatkan keupayaan fiber optik terutamanya terhadap punca cahaya dan pengesan.keupayaan fiber optik terutamanya terhadap punca cahaya dan pengesan.

• Ini kerana cahaya yang tinggi memerlukan sistem pelekap (lens) yang berkualiti tinggi dan ini sukar untuk dihasilkan.

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• Pada tahun 1971, makmal Bell U.S.A menghasilkan Light emitting diode (LED) bagi menghasilkan cahaya yang bersesuaian dengan fiber optik.

• Pengkajian laser diteruskan dengan terhasilnya laser yang boleh digunakan sehingga lebih daripada 100,000 jam pada sehingga lebih daripada 100,000 jam pada tahun 1979.

• Seterusnya, kajian dalam membangunkan bahagian-bahagian fiber optik seperti low loss fiber, kabel fiber, splicer dan connector dilakukan.

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• Kini, teknologi fiber optik digunakan dengan meluas dalam tujuan perhubungan data, suara dan gambar.

• Walaupun media ini memerlukan kos • Walaupun media ini memerlukan kos perbelanjaan yang tinggi dalam pemasangan, namun ia merupakan media yang menjanjikan keselamatan dan kepantasan dalam penghantaran data.

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Oleh : Abdul Hak Bin Mahat (ILPS)