fichamento mankind and terror
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Mankindand Terror
As diversas formas de terror:apresentao.
ARENDT, H. Essays in Understanding. !"#.
HISTORY TEACHES US that terror as a means of frightening
people into submission can appear in an extraordinar !ariet of
forms and can be closel lin"ed #ith a large number of political
and part sstems that ha!e become familiar to us$ The terror of
trants% despots% and dictators is documented from ancient timeson% the terror of re!olutions and counter&re!olutions% of ma'orities
againstminorities and of minorities against the ma'orit of
humanit% the terror of plebiscitar democracies and of modern
one&part sstems% the terror of re!olutionar mo!ements and the
terror of small groups of conspirators$
Mankindand Terror
Diferena entre terror$%om&m' e tota(it)rio
ARENDT, H. Essays in Understanding. !"*.
The "e difference bet#een totalitarian terror and all other forms
of terror #e "no# of is not that it existed on a (uantitati!el larger
scale and claimed a larger number of !ictims$
& na mesma p)gina* +asiatic indifference,- +superfluit of human
beings,$
Mankindand Terror
Terror + &sado para destr&iras (eis e a proteo da(ierdade.
ARENDT, H. Essays in Understanding. !"*.
.here!er #e find terror in the past% it is rooted in the use of force thatoriginates outside the la# and in man cases is consciousl applied to
tear do#n the fences of la# that protect human freedom and
guarantee
citi/ens0 freedoms and rights$
Mankindand Terror
Terror revo(&%ion)rio e terrortir-ni%o en%ontram &m $m'.
ARENDT, H. Essays in Understanding. !"*.
If #e single out the t#o forms of terror that ha!e been historicall the
most effecti!e and politicall the bloodiest&the terror of trann and
the terror of re!olutione soon see that the are directed to#ard an
end and find an end$ The terror of trann reaches an end once it has
paral/ed or e!en totall dispensed #ith all public life and made
pri!ate indi!iduals out of all citi/ens% stripping them of interest in and
a connection #ith public affairs$ And public affairs are concerned% of
course% #ith much more than #e generall circumscribe #ith the term
1politics$1 Trannical terror has come to an end #hen it has imposed a
gra!eard peace on a countr$ The end of a re!olution is a ne# code
of la#s&or counterre!olution$ The terror finds its end #hen the
opposition is destroed% #hen nobod dares lift a finger% or #hen the
re!olution has exhausted all reser!es of strength$
Mankindand Terror
/ terror tota(it)rio 0ores%e1&ando a oposio a%aa, eno dimin&i, %omo nos o&tros%asos.
ARENDT, H. Essays in Understanding. !"*2!"".
The turning point that decides #hether a one&part sstem #ill
remain a dictatorship or de!elop into a form of totalitarian rule
al#as comes #hen e!er last trace of acti!e or passi!e opposition in
the countr has been dro#ned in blood and terror$ 2enuinel
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totalitarian terror% o#e!er% sets in onl #hen the regime has no more
enemies #ho can be arrested and tortured to death and #hen e!en the
different classes of suspects are eliminated and can no longer be
ta"en into 1protecti!e custod$1
& logo abaixo +that it does not shrin" but gro#s as the opposition is
reduced,$
Mankindand Terror
D&as o&tras %ara%ter3sti%asdo terror tota(it)rio.
ARENDT, H. Essays in Understanding. !"*2!"".
Terror that is directed against neither suspects nor enemies of the
regime can turn onl to absolutel innocent people #ho ha!e done
nothing #rong and in the literal sense of the #ord do not "no# #h
the are being arrested% sent to concentration camps% or li(uidated$
The
second "e factor follo#s from this% namel% that the gra!eard peace
that spreads o!er the land under pure trann as #ell as under the
despotic rule of !ictorious re!olutions% and during #hich the countr
can reco!er% is ne!er granted to a countr under totalitarian rule$
There
is no end to the terror% and it is a matter of principle #ith suchregimes
that there can be no peace$ As totalitarian mo!ements promise their
adherents before the come to po#er% e!erthing #ill remain in
permanent flux$
Mankindand Terror
/ terror vai a(+m de &ma(egis(ao dra%oniana. E(eage fora da (ei. As (eis doregime so to respeitadas1&anto as (eis anteriores.4mportante: %om esse
desrespeito pe(a (ei, vem a%&(pai(i5ao massiva deino%entes.
ARENDT, H. Essays in Understanding. 677.
The initial terror is replaced b draconian legislation that establishes
in la# #hat #ill be considered 1transgressions1& interracial sexual
relations or arri!ing late for #or"% i. e$% insufficient grasp of the
3olshe!ist sstem% in #hich the #or"er belongs bod and soul to a
production process guided b principles of political terror&and so
retroacti!el legali/es the initial reign of terror$ This retroacti!e
legali/ation of conditions created b re!olutionar terror is a natural
step in re!olutionar legislation$ The ne# draconian measures #eresupposed to put an end to the extra&legal terror and establish the ne#
la# of the re!olution$ .hat is characteristic of totalitarian regimes
is not that the too pass ne# la#s of this "ind% such as the 4uremberg
la#s% but that the do not stop there$ Instead% the retain terror as a
po#er functioning outside the la#$ Conse(uentl% totalitarian terror
pas no more attention to the la#s decreed b the totalitarian regime
than it does to those in effect before the regime0s assumption of
po#er$ All la#s% including the 3olshe!ist and 4a/i la#s% become a
fa8ade #hose purpose is to "eep the population constantl a#are that
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the la#s% no matter #hat their nature or origin% do not reall matter$
Mankindand Terror
/&tra %ara%ter3sti%a do terrortota(it)rio.
ARENDT, H. Essays in Understanding. 67!.
This feature is a modern form of mind control that is not so much
interested in #hat is actuall going on in the mind of the prisoner
as it is in forcing him to confess crimes that he ne!er committed$ This
is also the reason #h pro!ocation plas practicall no role at all inthe
totalitarian police sstem$ .ho the person to be arrested and
li(uidated
is% #hat he is thin"ing or planning&that is alread determined b the
go!ernment in ad!ance$ Once he is arrested% his actual thoughts and
plans are of no conse(uence #hate!er$ His crime is ob'ecti!el
determined% #ithout the help of an 1sub'ecti!e1 factors$ If he is a
5e#% he is a member of the conspirac of the Elders of 6ion- if he has
heart
disease% he is a parasite on the health bod of the 2ermanic people-
if
he is arrested in Russia #hen an anti&Israeli and pro&Arab foreign
polic is in force% then he is a 6ionist- if the go!ernment is intent oneradicating the memor of Trots"% he is a Trots"ite$ And so on
MankindAnd Terror
Di%&(dades de$&nderstanding'.Nota: a%9ar &ma trad&opra $&nderstanding'.
ARENDT, H. Essays in Understanding. 67!.
7ifficulties that are at the same time proof #e are indeed up against
something ne# and not 'ust a !ariant of trann&is that not onl are
all our political concepts and definitions insufficient for an
understanding of totalitarian phenomena% but also all our categories of
thought and standards for 'udgment seem to explode in our hands the
instant #e tr to appl them here$ If, for example% #e appl to the
phenomenon of totalitarian terror the categor of means and ends% b
#hich terror #ould be a means to retain po#er% to intimidate people%
to ma"e them afraid% and so in this #a to cause them to beha!e in
certain #as and not in others% it becomes clear that totalitarian terror
#ill be less effecti!e than an other form of terror in achie!ing thatend$ 8ear cannot possibl be a reliable guide if #hat I am constantl
afraid of can happen to me regardless of anthing I do$ Totalitarian
terror can
be gi!en a free hand onl at that point #hen the regime has assured
itself b means of a #a!e of the most extreme terror that opposition
has indeed become impossible$$
Mankindand Terror
Terror a%aa %om a %ategoriade $meios e ns' na po(3ti%a.
ARENDT, H. Essays in Understanding. 676.
If the means ha!e become the ends% if terror is not 'ust a means to
sub'ugate people b fear but is an end for the sa"e of #hich people
are sacrificed% then the (uestion of the meaning of terror in
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totalitarian sstems has to be put differentl and ans#ered outside the
categor of means and ends$
Mankindand Terror
/&tros dois fatos ne%essariespara se entender o terrortota(it)rio.
ARENDT, H. Essays in Understanding. 676 e 67.
THe authorities beha!ed identicall in both the cases of totalitarian
rule #e "no# of$ 4ot e!en #ord of deaths is released$ E!er effort is
made to create the impression not onl that the person in (uestion hasdied but also that he ne!er existed at all$ An efforts to learn anthing
about his fate thus become utterl pointless$ The often maintained
!ie# that the 3olshe!ist concentration camps are a modern form of
sla!er and are therefore fundamentall different from the 4a/i
death camps% #hich #ere operated li"e factories% is therefore
mista"en on t#o counts$ 4o sla!eholders in histor e!er used up their
sla!es #ith such incredible speed$ 7ifferent from other forms of
enforced labor% too% is a mode of arrest and deportation that cuts off
its !ictims from the #orld of the li!ing and sees that the 1die off1
under the pretext that the belong to a ding class- that is%
exterminating them is 'ustified because their death% though perhaps b
other means% is foreordained anho#$
The second factis the stri"ing one repeatedl !erified% particularlin the 3olshe!ist regime% that no one except for the leader in po#er at
the moment is immune from terror% that the people #ho are the
executioners toda can easil be transformed into the !ictims of
tomorro#$
9ogo abaixo* 7a!id Rousset has called concentration camps the 1most
totalitarian societ%1 and it is true that the camps ser!e% among other
purposes% as laboratories in #hich human beings of the most !aried
"inds are reduced to an al#as constant collection of reactions and
reflexes
;ampos de %on%entrao e a
e
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indi!iduals to different acts$ Totalitarian go!ernment0s failure or
success therefore ultimatel depends on its abilit to transform
human beings into per!erted animals$ Ordinaril this is ne!er
altogether possible% e!en under the conditions of totalitarian terror$
Spontaneitcan ne!er be entirel eradicated% because life as such% and surel
human life% is dependent on it$ In concentration camps% ho#e!er%
spontaneit can be eradicated to a great extent- or% at an rate% the
most
careful attention and effort is expended there on experiments for that
purpose$ If that is to be accomplished% people ob!iousl ha!e to be
robbed of the last traces of their indi!idualit and transformed into
collections of identical reactions- the ha!e to be cut off from
e!erthing that made them uni(ue% identifiable indi!iduals #ithin
human societ$ The purit of the experiment #ould be compromised
ifone admitted e!en as a remote possibilit that these specimens of
the species homo sapiens had e!er existed as real human beings$
Terror tota(it)rio e o m danoo de%&(pa>responsai(idade.
67=
3 confessing to crimes that the ne!er committed and in most casesne!er could ha!e committed% the publicl proclaim that the people
#hom #e thought #e #ere seeing for so man ears reall ne!er
existed at all$
Terror tota(it)rio e a $(ei' 1&e
o rege. 67=, 67?.
Totalitarian terror% then% is no longer a means to an end- it is the
!er essence of such a go!ernment$ Its ultimate political goal is to
form and maintain a societ% #hether one dominated b a particular
race or one in #hich classes and nations no longer exist% in #hich
e!er indi!idual #ould be nothing other than a specimen of the
species$ Totalitarian ideolog concei!es of this species of the human
race as the embodiment of an all&per!asi!e% all&po#erful la#$
.hether it is seen as a la# of nature or a la# of histor% this la# is
actuall the la# of a mo!ement that rages through man"ind% that findsits embodiment in human"ind% and is constantl put into action b
totalitarian leaders$
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