field instrumentation crop and environmental sciences division international rice research institute...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e575503460f94b4fa45/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Field instrumentation
Crop and Environmental Sciences DivisionCrop and Environmental Sciences DivisionInternational Rice Research InstituteInternational Rice Research Institute
Los BaLos Bañños, Philippinesos, Philippines
![Page 2: Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e575503460f94b4fa45/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Field water balance lowland riceField water balance lowland rice
![Page 3: Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e575503460f94b4fa45/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Instruments to measure water inflows and outflows
Instruments to characterize field water status and groundwater (“hidden water source”)
Two types of instrumentsTwo types of instruments
![Page 4: Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e575503460f94b4fa45/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Two simple tools to characterize water environment and aid in field
water management
• Field water tube
• Groundwater tube
![Page 5: Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e575503460f94b4fa45/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Field water tube
![Page 6: Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e575503460f94b4fa45/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Soil surface
Puddled topsoil
Holes are 5 mm in diameter, and spaced 2 cm apart
15 cm
20 cm
20 cm diameter PVC pipeWith standing water on top of the surface:read this
With water belowthe soil surface:read this
0
Plow pan
Use a ruler toMeasure water depth
Soil surface
Puddled topsoil
Holes are 5 mm in diameter, and spaced 2 cm apart
15 cm
20 cm
20 cm diameter PVC pipeWith standing water on top of the surface:read this
With water belowthe soil surface:read this
0
Plow pan
Use a ruler toMeasure water depth
![Page 7: Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e575503460f94b4fa45/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Field water tube - installation
Push tube by
hand vertically
Drive cylinder
using mallet
Check clearance
from soil surface
Appearance of
installed PW tube
Remove soil
inside the tube
Check and level the
Top of the tube
![Page 8: Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e575503460f94b4fa45/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Field water tube – measurement
Water depth = H – D
D = depth of field water table
H = height from soil surface to the top of the tube
![Page 9: Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e575503460f94b4fa45/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
A practical indicator for water in field
![Page 10: Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e575503460f94b4fa45/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e575503460f94b4fa45/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e575503460f94b4fa45/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
date
Wat
er d
epth
[m
m]
Tuanlin 1999
Tuanlin 2000
PhilRice 2001-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
date
ControlledIrrigation
Continuouslyflooded
Field water depths
![Page 13: Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e575503460f94b4fa45/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Made of 5-cm diameter PVC pipe, 175-200 cm long, with perforations (0.5 cm diameter) in the bottom 50 cm.
Installed into a bund using an auger (soil dril) of the same diameter to the required depth
Should stick out about 50 cm above bund surface
Use stick to measure water depth
Groundwater tube
![Page 14: Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e575503460f94b4fa45/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Bund surface
Holes are 5 mm in diameter; 2 cm apart
50 cm
100 cm
50 cm5 cm diameter PVC pipe
200 cm
Cover (used tin can)
Groundwater level
Read here
Measuring device
Bund surface
Holes are 5 mm in diameter; 2 cm apart
50 cm
100 cm
50 cm5 cm diameter PVC pipe
200 cm
Cover (used tin can)
Groundwater level
Read here
Measuring device
![Page 15: Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e575503460f94b4fa45/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e575503460f94b4fa45/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Groundwater measurementsGroundwater measurements
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
18 38 58 78 98 118Day number
Groundwater depth (cm)
Tuanlin, China, 2002
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
168 193 218 243 268 293
(cm)
Flow ering HarvestPanicle initiation
Groundwater depth (cm)Day number
Changle, China, 2002
-300
-260
-220
-180
-140
-100
-60
-20
20
3727
0
3727
7
3728
4
3729
1
3729
8
3730
5
3731
2
3731
9
3732
6
3733
3
3734
0
3734
7
3735
4
3736
1
3736
8
3737
5
Groundwater depth (cm)
Dolores, Philipines, 2002
![Page 17: Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e575503460f94b4fa45/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Soil water tension meter
![Page 18: Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e575503460f94b4fa45/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Soil water tension in an aerobic soil
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
175 200 225 250 275 300Day number
Soil moisture tension (kPa)
Panicle initiation Flowering Harvest
![Page 19: Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e575503460f94b4fa45/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Specialized equipment:
• Inflows: rain gauge, flow meters
• Outflows: evaporation pan, percolation ring, seepage (?), surface water in channels
Weather station to calculate evaporation and transpiration
Instruments to measure water flowsInstruments to measure water flows
Rain + irrigation = evaporation + transpiration + percolation + seepage + overbund flow + d(storage)
![Page 20: Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e575503460f94b4fa45/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Raingauge collector area
150 to 200 cm2
30 cm to 1 m above the ground
The catchment funnel
The measuring tube
The overflow tube
The fixing bracket
Rainfall rain gaugeRainfall rain gauge
![Page 21: Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e575503460f94b4fa45/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
IrrigationIrrigationFlow meter in Flow meter in pressure pipespressure pipes
![Page 22: Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e575503460f94b4fa45/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
IrrigationIrrigationBox weir for surface Box weir for surface waterwater
![Page 23: Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e575503460f94b4fa45/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Irrigation/drainage Simple weir for surface water
![Page 24: Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e575503460f94b4fa45/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Irrigation/drainageFlume for surface water
![Page 25: Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e575503460f94b4fa45/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Keep away from other instruments (2x ht) Level the pan Install the stilling well and the fixed point Add water until the water reaches the tip of the fixed point and can
be seen as a small dot
Evaporation panEvaporation pan
![Page 26: Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e575503460f94b4fa45/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Evaporation ringsEvaporation ringsSoil evaporationSoil evaporation
![Page 27: Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e575503460f94b4fa45/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Percolation ringPercolation ring
20 cm in diameter cylinder - open on both ends
Covered – to avoid evaporation and rainfall
![Page 28: Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e575503460f94b4fa45/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Percolation meter - installation
Push cylinder by
hand vertically
Drive cylinder
using mallet
Check clearance
from soil surface
Check and level percolation tube
![Page 29: Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e575503460f94b4fa45/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Take readings di
and df from water
surface to the top of tube. Compute
P = di- df
Put a mark on the wall of the cylinder.
Always measure at this point
After each reading, cover the cylinder to prevent other losses (rain, evaporation)
Set water levels
inside = outside.
Reset water level if not. Take readings after reset
Percolation meter - measurement
![Page 30: Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e575503460f94b4fa45/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Large percolation
ring in field
![Page 31: Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e575503460f94b4fa45/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Rain + irrigation = evaporation + transpiration + percolation + seepage + overbund flow + d(storage)
As surface flow in drain
As “rest term” of balance
![Page 32: Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e575503460f94b4fa45/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Weather station (o.a., calculate ET)
TemperatureHumidity Evaporation pan
Rain gauge Sunshine meterRadiometer
Wind speed (missing)