field mill
DESCRIPTION
Field Mill. +. + . + . + . Charging by induction. Introduce a charge, creating an electric field. -. -. +. -. +. -. -. E. Initially neutral. Charging by induction. Contact charging. -. +. E. Storm Electrification . Is NOT well understood There is more than one parameter - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Field Mill
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Charging by induction
Initially neutral
Introduce a charge, creating an electric field
+-----
+++
+ + E
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Charging by inductionContact charging
- +
E
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Storm Electrification • Is NOT well understood• There is more than one
parameter– Buoyancy– Hydrometeor type– Conductivity
• Even within the same storm
• Role of charge separation
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Electrical properties of water
• Polarity• Dielectric• Induction
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Charging Mechanisms
• Induction– Result is a
polarized hydrometeor
• Ion particle charging
• Particle-particle charging
E+++
++
--- -
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Laboratory Experiments
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Selective Ion Capture
- - - - ---
--
-
+ + + ++
++
+ ++
- +
E
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Gravity plays a role in differential charge separation
Negative charge transfer to larger particles, which then fall to lower levels in the cloud.
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Lightning Types
Frequency of occurrence
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The Electrification of thunderstorms is related to thermodynamics
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Flash Rate and cloud top height
Efforts to find a power law relationship
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Flash Rate and Cloud Tops
A deep Florida T-storm
Note max flash rate corresponding to cloud top
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Ground and intra-cloud flashes
The IC/CG ratio increases with total
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Flash Rate and radar reflectivity
On average the ground flash rate increases rapidly with storm size.
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Charge distribution in T-storms
Different geographic areas: different buoyancy and other environmental parameters
Note similarities, but differences
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Balance of updraft and terminal velocities
Ice particle collision may be the primary mechanism for charge separation.
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Hailstones and cloud top velocity
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Lightning and Hail at the ground
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Corona or Point Discharge
E
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Corona (point discharge)
•The presence of some sort of conductive point•Disruption of the Electric Field•Electron Avalanche (non-ohmic)
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Sprites and Elves
Associated with MCS
•Active convective regions associated with ground flashes negative polarity•Stratiform regions associated with less frequent, but more energetic, ground flashes with positive polarity
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Atmospheric E-field conditions
Density dependent dielectric strength of air
Electric Field strength
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The Atmosphere and the Lab
Positive anode: red light
The red sprite light is due to nitrogen first positive emission (neutral nitrogen excited by colliding free electrons)