field trip guidebook -...

FIELD TRIP GUIDEBOOK

SITE CHARACTERIZATION AND ANALYSIS PENETROMETER (SCAPS)DEMONSTRATION

ANDGEOLOGY OF WESTERN CASS COUNTY, MISSOURI

ANNUAL MEETINGSeptember 27-28, 2002

i

GUIDEBOOK TO FIELD TRIP:

SITE CHARACTERIZATION AND ANALYSIS PENETROMETER (SCAPS)DEMONSTRATION

ANDGEOLOGY OF WESTERN CASS COUNTY, MISSOURI

ASSOCIATIONOF

MISSOURI GEOLOGISTS

49TH ANNUAL MEETING

SEPTEMBER 27-28, 2002

KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI

Andrew S. GosnellU.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Kansas City DistrictKansas City, Missouri 64106

ii

Association of Missouri Geologist49th Annual Meeting and Field Trip

September 27 – 28, 2002

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

President Robert C. Beste

President-elect Andrew S. Gosnell

Past President David C. Smith

Secretary Thomas G. Plymate

Treasurer George A. Kastler

Member at Large Carl Priesendorf

FIELD TRIP COMMITTEE

Andrew S. GosnellRichard J. Gentile

Kathleen Older

GUIDEBOK EDITOR

Andrew S. GosnellRichard J. Gentile

BANQUET AND MEETING

George A. Kastler

HOSTS

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers – Kansas City DistrictMr. and Mrs. Warren Moss

Martin Marietta Peculiar Quarry

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction .............................................................................. 1Acknowledgements ............................................................................. 3

Field Trip Itenerary – Day 1, Friday, September 27 ............................. 4

Stop No. 1 Smithville Reservoir – SCAPS Demonstration................ 7

Field Trip Itenerary – Day 2, Saturday, September 28 .......................... 13

Stop No. 1 Martin Marietta Peculiar Quarry .............................. 162 Fossils in Block Limestone ……….................. 223 Chaetetes Mounds in Coal City Limestone .................. 254 South Grand River Outcrop near Archie, MO ................ 29

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Site Characterization and AnalysisPenetrometer System (SCAPS)............................................................................. 36

References ...................................................................................................... 44

iv

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Guide to field trip stop – Day 1............................................................. 6

Figure 2: SCAPS loading on U.S. Air Force C-5 Galaxy for deployment at

overseas installations.............................................................................. 7

Figure 3: Generalized SCAPS LIF sensor and detection system........................... 8

Figure 4: SCAPS panel plot showing sensor data vs. depth................................... 9

Figure 5: Guide to field trip stops - Day 2.............................................................. 15

Figure 6: Exposure in working highwall at the Peculiar quarry ………………… 16

Figure 7: Stratigraphy of the Martin Marietta Peculiar Quarry.............................. 21

Figure 8: Exposure of Block Limestone along Highway 2………………………. 22

Figure 9: Stratigraphy of Block Limestone along highway 2, near intersection

with county road D.................................................................................. 24

Figure 10: Chaetetes mound, Coal City Limestone……………………………… 25

Figure 11: Individual Chaetetes corrallites ………………………………………. 25

Figure 12: Coal City Limestone exposed along South Grand River channel cut… 26

Figure 13: Stratigraphy of exposed Marmaton Group rocks along South

Grand River channel cut near Everett, MO........................................... 28

Figure 14: Large septarian nodule from the "Lost Branch" Formation

near Archie, Mo……………………………………………………… 30

Figure 15: Cone-in-cone shown under large concretion at South

Grand River channel cut near Archie, Missouri.....…........................… 31

Figure 16: Stratigraphy of the South Grand River outcrop near Archie, MO......... 35

Figure 17: Kansas City District Corps of Engineers SCAPS drilling rig................ 38

Figure 18: SCAPS data acquisition room................................................................ 39

Figure 19: SCAPS rod handling room..................................................................... 39

1

INTRODUCTION

This field trip is designed to give participants an overview of a) state-of-the-art hazardous

waste site characterization techniques using innovative direct-push drilling technology,

and b) an overview of the stratigraphy of Cass County.

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) developed the Site Characterization

and Analysis Penetrometer System (SCAPS) to provide the Department of Defense

(DoD) with a rapid and cost-effective means to characterize soil conditions at DoD sites

undergoing installation restoration (cleanup). The use of SCAPS reduces the time and

cost of site characterization and restoration monitoring by providing rapid on-site real-

time data acquisition/processing (i.e., in situ sample analysis) and on-site 3-dimensional

visualization of subsurface soil stratigraphy and regions of potential contamination.

SCAPS is its relatively non-intrusive and minimal environmental impact

operation. SCAPS prevents cross layer contamination by grouting through the

penetrometer probe during rod retraction. Rods are automatically decontaminated during

the retraction process, thus only clean tools are stored in the vehicle. Decontamination

fluids are stored on board for subsequent disposal.

Direct push technologies presently utilized by the Kansas City SCAPS crew

include: Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) Petroleum, Oil, and Lubricant (POL) Sensors;

Explosives Sensors; Thermal Desorption Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Samples;

the Hydrosparge VOC Sensing System; Multiport Sampling systems and Membrane

Interphase (MIP) Probes.

Three SCAPS are presently operated by the USACE Kansas City, Savannah, and

Tulsa Districts for operational site characterization and monitoring field investigations at

government facilities. The Air Force conducts SCAPS work via contract to the COE and

private contractors.

Exposed rocks in the field trip area in western Cass County measure approximately

145 ft (44 m), measured from the bottom of the lowest valley to the top of the highest

hill. All exposed rocks are sedimentary in origin, and belong to the Pennsylvanian

2

System, Desmonesian and Missourian Series, and include rocks of the Kansas City,

Pleasanton, and Marmaton Groups. Good exposures of Pennsylvanian Strata can be

examined in road cuts along highways and county roads, and creek and river channels

where rocks have been exposed due to erosion.

Exposed rocks consist predominately of limestone and shale, with minor amounts

of sandstone, coal, and conglomerate. Strata is arranged in a cyclical fashion throughout

most of the section, commonly referred to as “cyclothems.”

The most economically important rock type within the field trip area is limestone,

especially the Bethany Falls, which is used commercially for aggregate, cement products

and, to a lesser extent, rip-rap material. The Bethany falls is extensively mined in

Jackson County, located immediately south of Cass County, and mining has created over

one square mile of commercially developed underground space utilized for warehouses,

manufacturing, offices, and service related activities (Gentile, 1994).

Overlying the Pennsylvanian rocks is surficial deposits, predominately Holocene

in age, including soil and alluvium. Pennsylvanian rocks are underlain in the subsurface

by, in descending order, rocks of the Mississippian, Ordovician, Devonian and Cambrian

Systems. These rocks are predominately limestone and dolomite, and have a combined

thickness of approximately 1,800 – 2000 feet in adjacent areas (Gentile, 1976, Gosnell,

1996).

3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Association of Missouri Geologist acknowledges the following individuals and

organizations for providing it’s members with exposure to modern hazardous waste site

characterization technology, and the opportunity to visit features of geologic and

commercial interest in Cass County Missouri. The cooperation of each is greatly

appreciated: Ms. Kathleen Older, Mr. James Campbell, Mr. Theodore Thompson, and

Mr. Bruce Clark, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for presenting the SCAPS technology;

Mr. Charley Reed, Martin Marietta Corporation for allowing access to the Peculiar

Quarry, and to Mr. and Mrs. Warren Moss, for graciously allowing access across their

property to view Upper Marmaton Group stratigraphy.

4

FIELD TRIP ITENERARY

DAY 1

FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 27

5

Itinerary - Day 1 - 27 September, 2002

Route Mileage- 08:00 Depart Holiday Inn Parking Lot; Proceed West on I-70 to I-435 1- Proceed North on I-435 to US 169 North 21- Proceed North on US 169 to County Road DD (Smithville) 5.5- Proceed East on DD to Mt. Olivet Rd. 0.25-Proceed South on Mt. Olivet Road….Take first right (400 ft) through yellow gate onto gravel road. Proceed straight about _ mile to dead end.

Estimated Travel Time: 40 - 50 Minutes2:00 – 4:00 Examine SCAPS in Groups – Shuttle to Large Glacial Erratic for Discussionhosted by Dr. R.J. Gentile

6

I-35

I-70

HWY 291

N

I-43

5

HW

Y 1

69 Smithville Reservoir

I-29

I-435 Stop 1

Holiday Inn

100

Scale (miles)

Figure 1: Guide to field trip stop – Day 1

7

Stop No. 1: Corps of Engineers Site Characterization and Analysis PenetrometerSystem Demonstration – Smithville Lake

Figure 2: SCAPS loading on U.S. Air Force C-5 Galaxy for deployment at overseasInstallations (Photo courtesy of US Army Corps of Engineers)

Defining the location and extent of chemical contamination in the subsurface is

difficult at best. Typical site investigations require monitor well installation, physical

sampling and laboratory analysis. The Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer

System (SCAPS) provides a rapid and cost effective method of screening a contaminated

site. This demonstration is designed to give the participant an overview of current

technologies used for rapid characterization of hazardous waste sites, and a

demonstration of the SCAPS capabilities in the field.

8

DESCRIPTIONSCAPS utilizes existing cone penetrometer technology to determine soil physical properties,

while simultaneously measuring chemical properties, in-situ. SCAPS can also be used to install

small diameter ground water sampling points, and to obtain soil and ground water samples.

Currently, SCAPS has three in-situ sensing capabilities: defining soil stratigraphy, determining

the presence of petroleum, oil, and lubricant (POL) contamination, and profiling electrical

resistivity. The ability to determine the presence of POL by Laser induced Fluorescence (LIF)

can rapidly define the extent of such contamination.

Figure 3: Generalized SCAPS LIF sensor and detection system

Laser Induced Fluorescence

The laser signal is transmitted to the subsurface by a fiber optic cable. The laser light excites

polynuclear aromatics contained in the POL. The return fluorescence is transmitted back via a

return fiber optic cable to be collected and analyzed by an on-board data acquisition system. The

data are then plotted to show sensor information vs. depth, and soil classification. These real-

time plots provide information on contaminant thickness, location, and relative concentration.

9

Figure 4: SCAPS panel plot showing sensor data vs. depth

The use of SCAPS can define the extent of POL contamination, reduce the need for monitor

wells and lab analysis, and optimize well placement and sampling. Another sensor probe

becoming widely used is the membrane interface probe, made by GeoProbe Inc. The membrane

interface probe is used to detect chlorinated solvents in either soil or water. On-going research

will develop new sensors for other contaminants and improve upon current capabilities.

ABILITIES

• Pushes easily in clayey to sandy soils, and fine gravels

• Capable of working in rolling terrain free of overhead obstructions

• All Weather

• Maximum push depth of 80 feet

• Sensors provide a continuous measurement

• Measured strength properties (tip penetration resistance and skin friction) are used

to determine soil properties

10

• No drilling fluids or cuttings to dispose

• Sealing and grouting of sensor hole as penetrometer is withdrawn

• Push rods are cleaned and decontaminated when retracted

• Collect and field screen subsurface soil samples

• Collect and field screen groundwater samples

• Minimal exposure to contamination

A 3-dimensional rendering of subsurface contamination can also be generated as a post

processing operation, currently available through the Kansas City District.

The Kansas City District has utilized the SCAPS successfully in numerous military

installations across the United States and Europe to delineate subsurface contamination

rapidly and efficiently.

SPECIFICATIONSTRUCK

MAKEKenworth Model C-5008, 350 hp Chassis, with limited slip differentials in both rearaxles, offset drive shaft to accommodate penetrometer

WEIGHT 21,319 kg (47,000 lb)POWER 261 kW (350 hp) turbocharged Caterpillar DieselLENGTH 10.52 m (34.5 ft)WIDTH 2.6 m (8.5 ft)HEIGHT 4.14 m (13.5 ft)

VAN BODYTwo compartments, each 2.29 m (7.5 ft) wide by 2.74 m (9 ft) long by 2.13 m (7 ft)high, all stainless steel inside and out

AUXILIARYEQUIPMENT

Pto-driven hydraulic pump 56.88 l/min (15 gpm) at 13.8 MPa (2,000 psi)Hydraulic-driven 25 kW, 3-phase generator for electrical power (110 v, 220 v)Shock and vibration damped floor for instrumentation compartmentElectronic governor for the main engine

PENETROMETER SYSTEMMAKE Hogentogler, Inc.RAMS Twin hydraulic with hydraulic chuck, 122 cm (48 in) stroke

FORCE OUTPUT177,930 N (40,000 lb) push, 299,890 N (60,000 lb) retract @ 13.8 Mpa(2,000 psi)

SPEED 2 cm/sec (regulated) during push, up to 12 cm/sec retract

CONTROLSHydraulic manifold, manual lever valves, pressure regulated, solenoid operatedemergency pressure dump valve

11

SUBFRAMEHeavy wall 20.3 cm (8 in) square steel members with extension, anchor, jackmounts, fluid reservoir, and piping bolted to truck chassis

LIFTING/LEVELINGFour hydraulic jacks, independently controlled, two each fore and aft of van body, removable transverse connector pad between each pair, fore and aft

SENSOR SYSTEM

SOIL STRENGTH Built-in strain gauge load cells for tip and sleeve loads

ELECTRICALRESISTIVITY

Bi-polar DC, 5 cm depth of investigation

SOIL FLUOROMETERFiber optic based, laser induced, soil fluoresence unit, nitrogen laserexcitation (337.1 nm) EG&G Optical Multichannel Analyzer III with lightintensifier

TRAILER GROUTING SYSTEM

MAKESingle ChemGrout CG-550 grout pump/mixer (5 gpm @ 225 psi)non-pulsing positive displacement three-sack mixer, with a WES designedthru the push-rod grouting system (single 3/8 in Teflon tubing to expendabletip)

GROUT MIXTURE Minimum 1:1 Portland cement/water

WATER TANKCAPACITY

300 gallons (1.14 cu. m) potable water

SUSPENSION Torsion Bar, twin axles

LOAD CAPACITY 7500 lb (33,362 N)

FRAME Heavy wall 4 inch square tubing

12

DATA ACQUISITION / PROCESSINGSIGNALCONDITIONING

Custom designed and built for SCAPS, 8 channel

DATA PROCESSINGHARDWARE

Data Translation DT2801-A card and National Instruments GPIB to interfacewith fluorometer optical multichannel analyzer (OMA). Additional monitor andkeyboard installed in push room for auxiliary control.

TRUCK SOFTWARE

Custom acquisition processing and graphics code (30,000 lines) for real-timedisplay of data during push. Display tip penetration resistance, sleeve frictionresistance, soil classification, and either soil resistivity or spectral fluoresencemeasurements

DATAVISUALIZATION

3-D visualization using Silicon Graphics Personal Iris computer and custommodified Dynamics Graphics software

SAMPLERSSOIL Vertek Soil Sampler. Soil sample require a penetrometer push and are typically

smaller than drilling samples

FLUIDPower Punch Water Sampler, Geo Insight Inc.

ADVANTAGES

• Rapid and cost effective screening method• Decreased time to characterize a site• Advanced penetrometer, sensors, and data processing• 3-Dimensional imaging• Reduced drilling, sampling, and analytical costs• Optimum placement of monitoring wells

DISSADVANTAGES

Because the SCAPS system is truck mounted, especially rough or uneven terrain mayrequire preliminary site preparation. Also, the penetrometer system cannot be used informations consisting of dense, well compacted or rocky material.

13

FIELD TRIP ITENERARY

DAY 2

SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 27

14

Itinerary - Day 2 - 28 September, 2002

Route Mileage- 08:00 Depart Holiday Inn Parking Lot; Proceed West on I-70 to I-435 1- Proceed South on I-435 to US 71 South 8- Proceed South on US 71 to South C Exit (Peculiar, MO) 13- Take a right after exit, Proceed to Intersection County Rd. YY 0.25- Proceed East on Road YY to Peculiar Quarry 2.8

Estimated Travel Time: 50 Minutes09:00-09:45 - Examine Quarry

- Proceed From Quarry East on Road YY to Road Y 1.0- Proceed North on Road Y to Road D 5.9- Proceed South on Road D to Mo. Hwy 2 3.0- Proceed East on Hwy 2 to Outcrop ~1

Estimated Travel Time: 15 Minutes10:00-10:30 - Examine Block Limestone

- Continue East on Hwy 2, thru Freeman, Mo, Proceed 1.5 Miles Past the Intersection of Road C to Grand River Road 7.7- Proceed South on Grand River Road until Terminus at T-intersection 2.7

Estimated Travel Time: 15 Minutes10:45 - 11:15 Examines Chaetetes Mounds

- Proceed West from T-intersection to Zellmer Rd 0.6- Proceed South to 299th street 0.6- Take Left at 299th street, Follow Road to Stop Sign (Int. Rd. W) 1.3- Proceed Straight (South) on Rd. W To Amarugia Wildlife Area 1.2

Estimated Travel Time: 10 Minutes11:30 - 12:00 Lunch and Restroom Break

- Proceed South on Rd. W to Rd. A 3.9- Proceed East on Rd. A to Butcher Rd. 3.5- Proceed South to Moss Residence 1.3

Estimated Travel Time: 10 Minutes12:10 - 13:00 Examine Marmaton/Pleasanton Group

-Return to Rd. A, Proceed East to US 71-Return To hotel via US 71 / I-435

15

Figure 5: Guide to field trip stops - Day 2

I-70

Not to Scale

MIS

SO

UR

I

N

KA

NS

AS

Rd. Y

Rd. YY

Rd.

W

HWY 2

Roa

d O

US

71

Cou

nty

Roa

d D

Road A

South Grand River

PECULIAR

BELTON

ARCHIE

HARRISONVILLE

I-435 I-470HWY 50

I-47

0I-43

5Holiday Inn

Missouri River

Rd. W

1

2

3

4

16

Stop No. 1: Martin Marietta Quarry

The Martin Marietta quarry, located on county road YY in western Cass County,

produces aggregate and calcium carbonate for use in cement production from a Bethany

Falls “ledge” which occupies the lower portion of the quarried areas. The Winterset

Limestone is also utilized for aggregate. The quarry has been in operation for

approximately 35 years. Approximately 300 acres has been quarried to date, with about

40 acres remaining on the present property, located 2 miles west of Peculiar, Missouri.

The exposure in the working high wall (figure 6) at the quarry offers an excellent

opportunity to view Kansas City Group stratigraphy. The Kansas City Group is the

uppermost Group of Pennsylvanian rocks exposed at the surface within western Cass

County, and outcrops in higher elevations, typically in the western area of the county, and

is generally absent in the southeastern portion of the county. Locally at high elevations,

isolated “mounds” occur sporadically that are capped by the rocks of the Kansas City

Group.

Figure 6: Exposure in working highwall at the Peculiar quarry (Photo by R.J. Gentile)

The following is a described stratigraphic section for the quarry, and figure 7

illustrates the described units.

17

STRATIGRAPHIC SECTION

MARTTIN-MARIETTA PECULIAR QUARRY

Martin Marietta Corp. Quarry; NW _ and S _, sec. 7, T 45 N., R. 32 W.; 6 miles

southeast of Belton, Missouri and 8 miles northeast of West Line, Missouri. West Line,

MO-KS 7 _ minute quadrangle. Elevation top unit 960.0 ft. Described by R.J. Gentile.

Kansas City Group

Linn Subgroup Thickness

Nellie Bly Formation Feet Inches

31 Sandstone, brown, thin bedded, friable 5 0

29 Conglomerate, sandy; coarsely crystalline limestone

matrix with fragments of shells, crinoid ossicles

ammovertellids; large clay galls; cross bedded; swash

marks at top 1 4

29 Sandstone, brown, fine to medium grained, friable;

current ripples; carbonized plant remains; trace fossil:

Cruziana; interbedded in places with thin gray shale

beds; hard calcite cemented sandstone concretions 8 6

28 Shale, Gray 0 6

Cherryvale Formation

Westerville Member

27 Limestone, light gray; wavy beds ~2 in. thick;

phylloid algae, small brachiopods, crinoid ossicles 5 4

26 Limestone, light gray; interbedded with gray shale 0 8

25 Limestone, light gray; crinoid plates and columnals,

fenestellate bryozoans, Echinaria 1 0

24 Limestone, bioclastic; small crinoid columnals, sparse

fenestellate bryozoans, Lophophyllidium, Neospirifer

Echinaria 0 6

18

Wea Member

23 Shale, medium gray to greenish gray at top; zone of

pelecypods and productid brachiopods 2 in. at top;

clay ironstone concretions 1 in. thick and 4 in. diameter

isolated in shale and in persistent beds; hard, dark gray;

weathers reddish brown to tan, fractures into smooth chips 14 0

Block Member

22 Limestone, dark gray; wavy laminae; shells; abundant

ammovertellids 0 2

21 Limestone, dark bluish gray, weathers tan to reddish-

brown; finely crystalline, resistant; breaks with smooth

fractures vertically oriented hairline joints strike N75W

and N10W and fracture unit into rectangular blocks;

apparent dip 1-2 degrees S20E recorded on top of

“pavement” of joint blocks; conispiral gastropods, crinoid

columnals, small fossil fragments; bioclastic texture 1 9

Fontana Member

20 Shale, medium gray, calcareous; thickness increases

to 4 ft. 6 in. along quarry face 3 0

Bronson Subgroup

Dennis Formation

Winterset Member

19 Limestone, Dark bluish-gray; thin beds at top weather to

small brown chips; thick-bedded at bottom; abundant

large Composita; lenses of dark gray to black chert

weather to light brown porous ochre and comprise

20 – 40% of unit 4 4

18 Shale, medium gray; Willkingia, large productid

19

brachiopods 1 017 Limestone, medium bluish-gray; thick bedded; dark

bluish-gray chert nodules; Composita, Rhombopora,

crinoid columnals 3 9

16 Shale, medium gray, grades downsection into nodular

crumbly, clayey limestone with impressions of Calamites 2 6

15 Limestone, light gray, weathers tan; thick, wavy beds;

light to dark gray chert nodules and lenses to 6 in thick,

some with white rinds near top. Thickness increases to

11 ft. 3 in. in lateral distance of a few hundred feet. 9 6

14 Shale, dark gray, thickness increases laterally to 6 in. 0 2

13 Limestone, light gray; thick even beds; crinoid ossicles 1 6

12 Shale, medium to dark gray; reduces laterally to 2 in.

Thick 0 6

11 Limestone, light gray, clayey; bioclastic, reduces laterally

to 10 in. in thickness 1 4

10 Shale, medium to dark gray 0 5

9 Limestone, light gray, clayey; 2 even beds fractured

by joints 0 7

Stark Member

8 Shale, medium to dark gray at bottom, calcareous, soft;

slacking to form reentrant 1 2

7 Shale, black fissile; calcium phosphate nodules; joints

strike N60E and N35W 1 10

Canville Member

6 Shale, dark gray to black; discontinuous, pyritized

Crurithyris and pelecypods 0 1

20

Galesburg Formation

5 Shale, dark gray; yellow sulfur stained 0 6

4 Claystone, medium gray, soft; red iron oxide and

yellow sulfur staining 1 0

Swope Formation

Bethany Falls Member

3 Limestone, nodular; a rubble of small limestone

nodules with a small percentage of light gray clay

matrix; incipient stratification in upper part

2 Limestone, oolitic, light gray; thick cross beds;

discontinuous. Sharp even contact with lower unit 3 0

1 Limestone, thin to medium beds; dark gray mottles;

joints strike N60E 12 0

Total Thickness 92 11

21

Figure 7: Stratigraphy of the Martin Marietta Peculiar Quarry. Classification shown is

proposed (Gentile and Thompson, in press). Present Missouri Geological Survey

classification (Howe, 1961 and Thompson, 1995) is shown for reference where

classification is under revision.

Stark Member

Bethany Falls Member

Galesburg Formation

Pen

nsyl

vani

an S

yste

m -

Kan

sas

Cit

y G

roup

MGS CLASSIFICATION

Block Member

Winterset Limestone Mbr.

Canville Member

Den

nis

For

mat

ion

Sw

ope

Fm

.

Nellie Bly Formation

Fontana Member

Wea Member

Westerville Limestone

Che

rryv

ale

For

mat

ion

Quivira Member

Fontana Member

Wea Member

Westerville Limestone

Che

rryv

ale

For

mat

ion

Block Member

PROPOSED REVISEDCLASSIFICATION

Scale (Ft)

15

0

22

Stop 2: Fossils in Block Limestone

The Block limestone, previously examined in the high wall of the Martin Marietta

quarry, is located in a road cut 10 feet above road level at this location (Figure 8). This

exposure offers a good opportunity to examine Pennsylvanian invertebrate fauna, and to

collect well preserved specimens. Fossils preserved within the exposure include:

Fistulipora, Kozlowskia, Hystriculina, Chonetina, Echinaria, Hustedia, Phricodothyris,

Lophophyllidium; small crinoid columnals and well preserved specimens of Composita, a

productid brachiopod, that often weather completely out of the formation.

Figure 8: Exposure of Block Limestone along Highway 2 (Photo by R.J. Gentile)

The Block is over 7 feet thick at this location and includes interbedded shale. At the

Martin Marietta Quarry, the Block was only 2 feet thick and consisted of a single bed.

The following is a described stratigraphic section for the quarry, and figure 9 illustrates

the described units.


FOSSILS IN BLOCK LIMSTONE

Road cut north side of Missouri Highway 2 from junction with dirt road eastward for a

several hundred feet, South Line SE _, sec 5, T. 44 N., R. 33W., _ mile northeast of

23

Westline, Missouri, Westline, MO-KS 7 _’ quadrangle. Elevation bottom unit at road

level 945.0 ft. Described by R.J. Gentile.

Kansas City Group

Cherryvale Formation Thickness

Wea Member Feet Inches

8 Covered interval, patches of gray shale 3 0

Block Member

7 Limestone, medium gray, thick bedded. 1 0

6 Shale, medium gray 2 0

5 Limestone, medium gray; beds 6 in. to 1 ft. at bottom

to 2 in. thick at top, this shale partings; abundant phylloid

algae, Fistulipora, Composita, Kozlowskia, Hystriculina

Chonetina, Echinaria, Hustedia, Phricodothyris

Lophophyllidium; abundant small crinoid columnals 4 6

Fontana Member

4 Shale, dark gray; very fossiliferous with crinoid

columnals and plates, brachial valves of productid

brachiopods, algae “biscuits” (irregular bump-like

encrustations of algae Ottonosia on shale clasts, shells, etc.)

to 6 in. in longest dimension; thin beds of crinoidal

limestone near top 4 0

3 Shale, dark gray, non-calcareous; 2 to 3 zones of

reddish-brown clay ironstone (sideritic) concretions

near the middle 10 0

2 Covered interval, patches of gray shale 5 0

Dennis Formation

Winterset Member

24

1 Limestone, medium gray with dark gray siliceous

patches (incipient chert nodules), sparse, wavy dark

gray clay seams _ in. thick; large productid brachiopods 5 0


Figure 9: Outcrop of Block Limestone in road excavation along highway 2, near

intersection with county road D (Classification: Howe, 1961 and Thompson, 1995).

Pen

nsyl

vani

an S

yste

m -

Kan

sas

Cit

y G

roup

Wea Member

Block Member

Fontana Member Che

rryv

ale

For

mat

ion

Den

nis

Fm

.

Winterset Member

Scale (Ft)

5

0

25

Stop 3: Chaetetes Mounds in Coal City Limestone

Chaetetes, shown in the photo below, is a common colonial coral in areas of

Kansas and Missouri underlain by rocks of the Upper Desmoinesian Series. It's thin-

walled polygonal tubes or corrallites are about the size of a human hair an can be seen in

specimens in the field (Figure 11). Classified among the tabulate corals, it commonly has

platforms or tabulae within the tubes.

Figure 10: Chaetetes mound, Coal City Limestone (Photo by R.J. Gentile)

Figure 11: Individual Chaetetes corrallites (Photo by R.J. Gentile)

26

In this exposure, Chaetetes fossils are especially abundant, and form hummocky

mounds atop the Coal City limestone. The fossils are often preserved in their growth

position, and are common in the upper portion of the Pawnee Formation of the Marmaton

Group, especially the Coal City Limestone, throughout Cass County. Found in

abundance in the Pawnee formation in the area, Chaetetes are an excellent “index” fossil,

for identifying the Coal City Limestone for use in stratigraphic correlations between local

rock units, although care must be used, as Chaetetes is locally found in the underlying

Higginsville Limestone in Cass County. The following picture shows the Coal City

Limestone outcropping along the South Grand River.

Figure 12: Coal City Limestone exposed along South Grand River channel cut

(Photo by R.J. Gentile)

The following is a described stratigraphic section for the stop, and figure 13

illustrates the described units.

27


CHAETETES COLONIES IN PAWNEE LIMESTONE

East cut bank of South Grand River at bridge on east-west gravel road; 300 feet west of

Grand River Church; NW _, NW _, NW _, sec. 27, T. 44 N., R. 32W., 6 miles north of

Everett, Missouri, Everett, MO 7 _’ quadrangle. Elevation bottom unit at water line

800.0 ft. Described by R.J. Gentile.

Marmaton Group

Altamont Formation Thickness

Lake Neosho Member Feet Inches

9 Shale, dark gray; weathering olive gray; abundant

calcium phosphate nodules, spherical to _ in. diameter

and ellipsoidal, flattened to 2 in. diameter w/ nuclei of

bone, copralite, etc. 1 0

Amoret Member

8 Limestone, large irregular shaped nodules in claystone

matrix 1 0

7 Covered interval 2 0

6 Limestone, large irregular shaped nodules in claystone

matrix 1 0

Altamont Formation – Bandera Formation

5 Covered interval 8 0

Bandera Formation

4 Shale, gray; sparse limestone nodules 2 0

Pawnee Formation

Coal City Member

28

3 Limestone weathered reddish brown; humocky upper

surface; Chaetetes Milleporaceous colonies stand out

in relief on upper surface 2 0

2 Limestone, light gray; wavy medium bedded; abundant

Chaetetes colonies, many in growth position 1 ft. long and

6 in. thick; small productid brachiopods; joints strike N-S.

Units 2 and 3 form ledge exposed for 100 feet upstream and

downstream from bridge 3 0

1 Limestone, visible under waterline 2 0


Figure 13: Stratigraphy of exposed Marmaton Group rocks along South Grand River

channel cut near Everett, MO (Classification: Howe, 1961 and Thompson, 1995).

Lake Neosho Mbr.

Amoret Mbr.

Bandera Formation (Covered)

Coal City Mbr.

Paw

nee

Fm

.A

ltam

ont

Fm

.

Pen

nsyl

vani

an S

yste

m -

Mar

mat

on G

roup

Scale (ft)0

5

29

Stop 4: South Grand River Outcrop near Archie, MO

This exposure gives the attendee to observe some of the most unique geology in Cass

County, Missouri. The South Grand River channel was re-routed and straightened

between 1914 and 1919 to drain local wetland and prevent flooding in lowlands used for

agriculture (Gosnell, 1996). The outcrop at this location was revealed during the

channelization effort.

Rocks of the upper Marmaton Group and lower Pleasanton Group are exposed,

and are separated by an unconformity, or a “gap” in the rock record. The unconformity

represents a geologic boundary, which separates two time intervals within the

Pennsylvanian, designated the Desmoinesian and Missourian Series’. This unconformity

represents an unknown amount of time within the Pennsylvanian where rocks were either

never deposited, or eroded away prior to deposition of sediments which later formed

rocks of the Pleasanton Group.

Rocks belonging to the Upper Marmaton Group belong to The Holdenville

Subgroup, and include the Lost Branch Formation (including rocks previously classified

in the Holdenville Formation) and the Lenapah Formation. Geology of interest within the

upper Marmaton Group includes large septarian nodules (Figure 14). Septarian nodules

are concretions with a series of cracks that often cross one another, giving the concretions

a turtle-shell appearance. These are commonly confused for fossilized turtle shells,

making septarian nodules a common “pseudo” or false-fossil. These concretions form

similar to other types of concretions, through cementation. Cracks form when

dehydration of the sediment forming the nodule occurs. These cracks are then commonly

filled with crystalline material forming the structures which we see today. Septarian

nodules are often more resistant to weathering than the rocks in which they are found,

and will be left behind when other rocks are eroded away through weathering.

30

Figure 14: Large septarian nodule from the "Lost Branch" Formation near Archie, Mo

(Photo by R.J. Gentile)

Associated with the septarian nodules at this location are thin layers of “cone-in-

cone.” Cone-in-cone (Figure 15) is a peculiar structure consisting of nests of cones, one

inside another, standing vertically and arranged either in thin beds or at the edges of large

concretions (KGS, 2002). Some cones are less than an inch in height, and others are as

much as 10 inches high. They have a ribbed or scaly appearance. Most cone-in-cone is

composed of impure calcium carbonate, but occasionally the structure has been found

gypsum, siderite, and hard coal. An example of cone in cone is shown in the following

figure:

31

Figure 15: Cone-in-cone shown under large concretion at South Grand River channel cut

near Archie, Missouri (Photo by R.J. Gentile)

In addition to cone-in-cone and septarian nodules, excellent examples of ripple

marks, which resulted from currents and wave action in Pennsylvanian seas, can be

observed in the Lenapah Formation.

Numerous specimens of Pennsylvanian invertebrates can be found throughout the

Lost Branch Formation, and some plant remains can be found in the underlying Lenapah.

Sandstone of the lower Pleasanton Group can be observed along the south bank. This

sandstone fills a channel eroded into the underlying Marmaton Group rocks. Plant fossils

can be found sporadically near the bottom of the exposure, and include the genera

Calamites and Cordaites. The following is a described stratigraphic section for the

outcrop, and figure 16 illustrates the described units.

32


SOUTH GRAND RIVER NEAR ARCHIE MISSOURI

Section exposed for 500 feet along both banks of South Grand River drainage channel.

Center W _, NW _, sec. 21, T. 43 N., R. 31W., 1 1/2 miles northwest of Archie, Austin,

MO 7 _’ quadrangle. Elevation Unit 1 at waterline 775 feet. Described by R.J. Gentile.

Pleasanton Group

Hepler Formation Thickness

East Branch Member Feet Inches

16 Sandstone, thin bedded, shaly, tan; 6 in. zone of a mesh

of plant fossils, Calamites, Cordaites, fern fronds

(Neuropteris?) near bottom. Weathered clay-ironstone

concretions at bottom; fills a channel eroded into

underlying shale; erosional surface dipping 45 degrees

southeast 6 0

Marmaton Group

Holdenville Subgroup

Lost Branch Formation

15 Shale, tan, non calcareous; zones of concentrically

banded concretions; flattened, and 1 ft. diameter; nucleus

of clay with case hardened sandstone rinds; weathered

to reddish-brown ochre 6 0

14 Shale, tan; sparse zones of weathered clay ironstone

Concretions 4 0

13 Shale, gray, slightly calcareous; sparse calcium phosphate

nodules. Zone of septaria to 6 feet in diameter and 1 foot

thick, dark gray; composed of fine grained calcareous

sandstone, occurrence is in discontinuous zone in a 200

foot long eroded bank; most septaria are in shale, but

some are in sandstone lenses and are spaced about 25 feet

33

apart; septaria are underlain by 2 in zone of cone-in-cone

structures. Fossil zone of chonetid brachiopods, Nuculopsis

and other gastropods about 6 inches from bottom 2 0

12 Shale, black, soft 0 6

11 Shale, black fissile, non-calcareous; joints strike N30E.

Upper surface warped where draped over septaria or

concretions that form ledge along both sides of drainage

ditch for a distance of 300 to 400 feet (Nuyaka Creek Shale:

Units 11 & 12) 1 6

Sni Mills Member

10 Septaria and concretion bed; specimens are 3 ft diameter

and 7 in. thick, dark gray, hard, fine-grained, pyritic,

homogeneous, smooth fracture. The overlying black

shale is warped over septaria or some are embedded

into it (gradational); cracks in septaria filled by

caramel-colored calcite; 2 in. layer of cone-in-cone

structure underlies septaria. Very fossiliferous:

Orbiculoidea, Wellerella, Nucula, Glabrocingulum,

Eoasianites (?), sparse goniatite cephalopods,

bellerphonids, small gastropods 0 7

Memorial Formation9 Shale, sandy, non-calcareous; underlies black fissile

shale where septaria are absent 0 3

8 Sandstone, dark gray, fine grained, hard, micaceous,

flaser bedding, linguoid ripples, bioturbated, Caudii

galli, Planolites. Sparse septaria to 6 in. in diameter;

sandstone filled scoured out channels 1 7

7 Shale, gray, flaky; intercalated with thin beds of sandstone 5 0

6 Sandstone, reddish-brown, quartzose, micaceous; ripples,

rib and furrow structures; trace fossils, carbonized plants;

34

forms ledges 0 3

5 Shale, gray, non calcareous 1 1

4 Sandstone, reddish-brown, quartzose, micaceous; ripples,

rib and furrow structures; bits of carbonized plant

material; forms ledges 0 3


2 Sandstone, non-calcareous, micaceous, quartzose; thin

bedded, linguoid ripples, rib and furrow; Caudii galli; log

impressions (?), Calamites (?), Cordaites (?) 0 6



35

Figure 16: Stratigraphy of the outcrop along South Grand River channel cut, Archie,

MO. Classification shown is proposed (Gentile and Thompson, in press). Present

Missouri Geological Survey (Howe, 1961, Thompson, 1995) is shown for reference

where classification is under revision.

Memorial Formation

PE

NN

SY

LV

AN

IAN

SY

ST

EM

Mar

mat

on G

roup

Ple

asan

ton

G

roup

Mis

sour

ian

Ser

ies

Des

moi

nesi

an S

erie

s

Hep

ler

Fm

.

East Branch Member

UNCONFORMITY

Sni Mills Member

Los

t Bra

nch

Fm

Nyuaka Creek Shale

Hepler Member

UNCONFORMITY

Sni Mills Member

Hol

denv

ille

Fm

.U

nnam

ed F

m.

Len

apah

Fm

Perry Farms Member

PROPOSED REVISEDCLASSIFICATION MGS CLASSIFICATION

Scale (Ft)

5

0

36

OVERVIEW OF THE USACE SCAPS SYSTEM

SITE CHARACTERIZATION AND ANALYSIS

PENETROMETER SYSTEM (SCAPS)

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT / APPLICATION

SCAPS Background

The U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES) under the sponsorship of

the U.S. Army Environmental Center (AEC) initiated the development of the Site

Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer System (SCAPS) Research, Development,

and Technology Demonstration Program to provide the Department of Defense (DoD)

with a rapid and cost-effective means to characterize soil conditions at DoD sites

undergoing installation restoration (cleanup). WES partnered with the U.S. Naval

Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center and the U.S. Air Force Armstrong

Laboratory to accelerate and coordinate the Tri-Service SCAPS technology development,

demonstration, and technology transition under the sponsorship of the Strategic

37

Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP). The Department of

Energy has partnered with WES via an interagency agreement to receive SCAPS

technology. The Environmental Protection Agency has joined with the Tri-Service

SCAPS developers to conduct validation studies that will lead to regulatory acceptance of

SCAPS contaminant sensing and sampling technologies.

SCAPS Benefits

The use of SCAPS reduces the time and cost of site characterization and restoration

monitoring by providing rapid on-site real-time data acquisition/processing (i.e., in situ

sample analysis) and on-site 3-dimensional visualization of subsurface soil stratigraphy

and regions of potential contamination. Another advantage of SCAPS is its relatively

non-intrusive and minimal environmental impact operation. SCAPS also prevents cross

layer contamination by grouting through the penetrometer probe during rod retraction. A

complementary benefit is derived by determining locations that are free of contamination.

Hence, cost-avoidance is derived by reducing the number of conventional monitoring

wells, samples and analytical laboratory tests required to characterize and monitor

cleanup activities. As regulatory acceptance of emerging SCAPS sensor and sampler

technologies is obtained, site characterization and monitoring expenditures will be greatly

reduced.

SCAPS Description

The SCAPS platform consists of a 20-ton truck (Figure 17) equipped with vertical

hydraulic rams that are used to force a cone penetrometer into the ground at a speed of

2cm/sec to depths of approximately 50m in nominally consolidated fine-grained soils

when using a 100m umbilical cable (25m when using 50m umbilical cables). During a

vertical push, data is continuously collected and recorded with 2cm spatial resolution.

The truck consists of two separate enclosed compartments: the data

acquisition/processing room (Figure 18) and the hydraulic ram/rod handling room (Figure

19). Each compartment is temperature controlled and monitored for air quality. SCAPS

multisensor penetrometer probes are equipped to simultaneously measure tip and sleeve

resistances to determine soil stratigraphy, layer boundaries, and soil type as well as

38

contaminant specific sensor data to determine the presence of pollutants in each soil

strata.

Figure 17: Kansas City District Corps of Engineers SCAPS drilling rig (Photo courtesyof US Army Corps of Engineers)

The SCAPS data acquisition room contains a real-time data acquisition and

processing computer system; electronic signal processing equipment; and a networked

post processing computer system for 3-dimensional visualization of soil stratigraphy and

contaminant plumes. A mobile laboratory truck, equipped with field portable ion trap

mass spectrometer and/or gas chromatography equipment, accompanies SCAPS for near

real-time analytical analysis of analyte vapor samples collected by SCAPS in situ

samplers.

39

Figure 18: SCAPS data acquisition room (Photo courtesy of US Army Corps of

Engineers)

Figure 19: SCAPS rod handling room (Photo courtesy of US Army Corps of Engineers)

40

SCAPS Grout and Decontamination Systems

A trailer mounted grout pumping system accompanies the SCAPS truck. This system is

attached to a specially designed grouting system that has been incorporated into the

SCAPS probe to facilitate backfilling the hole with grout as the penetrometer push rods

and probe are retracted. This feature prevents subsurface cross-layer contamination. The

SCAPS truck is also equipped with a specially designed steam cleaning system mounted

beneath the truck rod handling room that removes soil and contaminants that may adhere

to the push rods and probe during retraction. Contaminated effluent is collected for

proper disposal.

SCAPS Technology Transition

The Tri-Service operates four Army and three Navy SCAPS vehicles. The Army

maintains the original SCAPS truck at WES for research, development, and

demonstration/validation purposes. Three SCAPS are operated by the Corps of Engineers

(COE) Kansas City, Savannah, and Tulsa Districts for operational site characterization

and monitoring field investigations at government facilities. The Air Force conducts

SCAPS work via contract to the COE and private contractors. SCAPS technologies were

transitioned to the Department of Energy via a WES/DOE interagency agreement. Tri-

Service SCAPS technologies have also been transitioned to the private sector via

licensing agreements, cooperative research and development agreements, and technology

reinvestment programs.

SCAPS Sensors and Samplers

The SCAPS Program is currently conducting field verification investigations on state-of-

the-art penetrometer mounted sensor and sampler systems for the real-time in situ

detection of petroleum products, explosive compounds, volatile organic compounds

(VOC), solvents, and gamma emitting radionuclides. A heavy metal sensing capability is

under development. Improved real-time data acquisition/processing algorithms now

41

allow on-site three dimensional visualization of subsurface contaminant plumes, soil

classification and stratigraphy.

Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF)

Petroleum, Oil, and Lubricant (POL) Sensor

The WES/AEC patented LIF POL sensor uses ultra violet laser energy to induce

fluorescence in POL contaminants. The laser, mounted in the SCAPS truck, is linked via

fiber optic cables to a sampling "window" mounted on the side of a penetrometer probe.

Laser energy emitted through the window causes fluorescence in adjacent POL

contaminated media. The fluorescent energy is returned to the surface via fiber optic

cables for real-time spectral data acquisition/processing (spectral analysis) in the SCAPS

truck. The SCAPS LIF POL sensor has undergone numerous successful field

investigations at various government facilities to determine soil classification/layering

and POL contaminant data. The SCAPS LIF POL sensor is currently undergoing EPA

demonstration/validation investigations and has been licensed to private industry for

commercialization.

Explosives Sensor

The SCAPS Explosive Sensor probe incorporates electrochemical sensors for the in situ

measurement of explosive contamination and geophysical sensors (tip resistance and

sleeve friction sensors) for determining soil classification/layering. The probe is used to

collect soil classification information during the penetrometer push, and contaminant

information during penetrometer retraction. The probe incorporates an external pyrolyzer

system used to transform explosive compounds into electroactive vapors and a pneumatic

system to transport these vapors from the soil to the electrochemical sensors inside the

probe. The probe's umbilical (a) allows the chemical sensor signal to be monitored

continuously at the surface, (b) ensures positive flow of clean air through the vapor

sampler, supplies power to the pyrolyzer during analysis, (d) interfaces the geophysical

sensors to the SCAPS computer thus providing real-time soil classification data, and (e)

supplies grouting fluids to the probe's tip.

42

Thermal Desorption VOC Sampler

The SCAPS Thermal Desorption VOC Sampler combines thermal desorption and cone

penetrometer technologies to provide a means for real-time detection and mapping of

solvent and hydrocarbon contamination in both the vadose and saturated zones. In

operation, the thermal desorption VOC sampler is pushed to a desired depth, an interior

rod retracts the penetrometer tip, and a known volume of soil is collected in a sample

chamber. While in the sample chamber, heat is applied around the soil sample to purge

contaminant vapors. Volatilized compounds are transferred to the surface via carrier gas

where they are trapped on tenax, desorbed and analyzed using a field portable gas

chromatograph and/or an ion trap mass spectrometer. The soil sample is then expelled,

and the cone penetrometer pushed to a new depth where the process is repeated.

Alternately, the sampler may be used as a vapor sampler in the vadose zone by applying a

vacuum to the transfer line to draw soil vapors to the surface where they are trapped and

analyzed.

Hydrosparge VOC Sensing System

The Hydrosparge VOC sensing system consists of a direct push groundwater sampling

device coupled to an in situ sparge device interfaced to an ion trap mass spectrometer. A

commercially available direct push groundwater sampling tool, Hydropunchtm, is pushed

to the desired depth. A temporary screen is opened and essentially a temporary

monitoring well is developed to provide access to groundwater. An in-situ sparge device,

developed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, uses a helium gas flow to strip VOCs from

the groundwater. The VOCs are then returned to the surface via a sampling tube and

analyzed in real-time by an onboard field portable ion trap mass spectrometer or similar

detection system.

Multiport Sampler

The Multiport Sampler (MPS) contains vertically stacked sampling modules that are

independently operated from the surface and collect multiple vapor samples during a

single penetration. The MPS is advanced to the desired sampling depth, a module is

43

selectively opened, and analyte is drawn through a sidewall port. Sampling is conducted

by either bringing the analyte/carrier gas to the surface via tubing for analysis using field

portable analytical equipment or storing the analyte in probe mounted ion traps that are

analyzed after the MPS is brought to the surface. In addition to the sampling modules, the

MPS is capable of real-time soil layer (stratigraphy) mapping and grouting through the

probe tip as the MPS is retracted to prevent cross-layer contamination. The MPS has been

successfully used to sample vapors from soils contaminated with chlorinated organic

solvents to determine the relative concentration of the contaminants in different soil

strata. Technology Transfer: MPS technology is available via license through the USAE-

WES.

Reproduced from: USACE Waterways Experiment Station Website

http://www.wes.army.mil/el/scaps.html

For additional information concerning SCAPS, contact:

Mr. John Ballard, USACE Waterways Experiment Station, ATTN: CEWES-EP-J,

3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199, Phone (601) 634-2446, FAX

(601) 634-2732

44

References

Gentile, R.J., 1976, The Geology of Bates County, Missouri, Missouri Department of

Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Land Survey, Report of Investigations

No. 59, 89 pages.

Gentle, R.J., 1994, Geology and Underground Storage in Metropolitan Kansas City,

Missouri, AMG Field Trip Guidebook, 55 pages.

Gosnell, A.S., 1996, The Structural Geology of South-Central Cass County, Missouri,

Unpublished Masters Thesis, University of Missouri, Kansas City, 68 pages.

Howe, W.B., 1961, The Stratigraphic Succession in Missouri, Missouri Department of

Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Land SurveyVolume 40, 185 pages.

Kansas Geological Survey, 2002, Website URL: http://www.kgs.ukans.edu/kgs.html

Thompson, T.L., The Stratigraphic Succession in Missouri, Missouri Department of

Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Land SurveyVolume 40 (revised), 190

pages.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, 2002, Website URL:

http://www.wes.army.mil/el/scaps.html

Generalized Stratigraphy of Western Cass County, Missouri Showing Stratigraphic Intervals for Day 2Field Trip Stops. Classification is based upon Howe, 1961 and Thompson, 1995.

INCLUDED FOR REFERENCE ONLY

Cont.

Cont.

Kan

sas

Cit

y G

rou

p

Ple

asan

ton

Gro

up

Mar

mat

on G

rou

p

Che

rryv

ale

Fm

.D

enni

s F

m.

Sw

ope

Fm

.H

erth

a F

m.

Ladore Fm.

Galesburg Fm.

Hepler Member.Unn

amed

Fm

.U

nnam

ed F

m.

Unn

amed

Fm

.

Pawnee Fm.

Ban

dera

Fm

.

Altamont Fm.

Now

ata

Fm

.

Lenapah Fm.

Holdenville Fm.S

TO

P 1

ST

OP

2

ST

OP

4 (

con

t.)

ST

OP

4

ST

OP

3

field trip guidebook -...

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