'QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPICAL SCIENCE.' 1

Fifty Years of the ' Quarterly Journal of Micro-scopical Science' under the Editorship ofSir E. Ray Lankester, K.C.B., M.A., D.Sc,LL.D., P.R.S.

Oilbei-t C. Bourne, M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S.,Linacre Professor of Comparative Anatomy in the University

of Oxford.

ALL students of microscopical science and his numerousfriends, colleagues and pupils will unite in offering heartycongi'atulations and cordial expressions of esteem and good-will to Sir Edwin Ray Lankester, who for fifty years has beenthe editor of the 'Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science/Equally all will agree in wishing him many more years ofhealth and energy in which he may continue his invaluablelabours in the cause of zoological science.

The ' Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science' wasstarted in 1853 with Mr. Samuel Highley as publisher. Thepublisher's business was transferred in 1856 to Mr. JohnChurchill, and the two original editors, Dr. Edwin Lankesterand Mr. George Busk, continued to carry on the Journal upto the end of 1868.

The introduction to the first volume of the old series tellsus that the object of the Journal was "the diffusion ofinformation relating to all improvements in the constructionof the microscope, and to record the most recent researchesmade by its aid in different departments of science, whether

VOL. 6 4 , PART 1.—NEW SlfiKIES. 1

2 FIFTY TEAES OF THE

in this country or on the Continent. A department of theJournal will be given to reviews of works . . . Inorder to gather up fragments of information which singlymight appear to be useless but together are of great impor-tance to science, the editors have opened a department forshort notes, memoranda and correspondence."

The original scope of the Journal, therefore, was wider thanit is now, and the earlier volumes, in addition to memoirs onzoological and botanical subjects, contain many papers on theconstruction and theory of the microscope and on improve-ments in microscopical technique. By agreement with theMicroscopical Society of London the Transactions of thatSociety were included and published in the same volumes asthe ' Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science/ and thisarrangement continued up to the end of 1868, when the RoyalMicroscopical Society, having recently (1866) been incor-porated by Royal Charter, decided to sever its connection andto publish its transactions independently .in its own periodical,the ' Monthly Microscopical Journal.' Mr. George Buskretired in 1868 from the co-editorship of the ' QuarterlyJournal/ and in 1869 E. Ray Laukester, then a newlygraduated B.A. of Oxford, joined his father in the editorship.

The old series of the ' Quarterly Journal of MicroscopicalScience' comprised eight volumes, from 1853 to 1860, bothyears inclusive. In 1861 a "new series" was instituted, andthe volumes bear consecutive numbers from that date to thepresent day. It was the ninth volume of the new serieswhich stai'ted on an independent career under the auspices ofthe two Lankesters, father and son. Dr. Edwin Lankesterretired in 1872 and, at Ray Lankester's request, Dr. J. F.Payne, a medical graduate of Oxford and Fellow of MagdalenCollege, came to his aid. In 1873 Laukester's fellow-studentand life-long friend joined him as editor—namely W. T."Thiselton Dyer, who later became Director of the RoyalGardens at Kew. He retired in 1876 avid Mr. William Archer,of Dublin, was invited by Lankestei- to be one of the editors. •In 1877 Dr. Payne retired, and Ray Lankester sought and

'QUARTERLY JOUENAL OF MICBOSCOPJCAL SCIENCE.' 3

obtained the co-operation of an old friend, Dr. Klein, with whomhe had been associated in Strieker's laboratory at Vienna. In1878 the editorial arrangements weremodified. RayLankesterbecame the sole editor, and the names of W. Archer, FrancisMaitland Balfour and E.Klein appear on the title-page as actingin co-operation with him. The policy which has contributed somuch to the influence and success of the Journal was thendetermined and has been steadily adhered to. Sir Ray'sobject was to attract the best work of rising men fromOxford, Cambridge, London, Edinburgh and other centres,and for this reason he invited the co-operation of the leadingteachers in the several Universities. There have been many-changes in the list of co-operators. The hand of death hasfallen heavily on British zoologists, and the names of severalwho, like F. M. Balfour, had established great reputations atan early age, disappear all too soon from the title-pages,their places being taken by others. In addition to those 'mentioned above Adam Sedgwick, H. N. Moseley, A. MilnesMarshall, W. F. R. Weldon, S. J. Hiokson, E. A. Minchin,G-. C. Bourne, J. Graham Kerr and E. W. MacBride have atvarious times co-operated with Sir Ray Lankester in theediting of the Journal. Their share has been to supply freshcontributors from among their best pupils; the whole respon-sibility and work of editorship has been undertaken by. thechief editor. The hospitality of the Journal has always beenopen to naturalists from other countries. The late Prof. E.van Beneden contributed some of his earliest memoirs onGregarina, Dicyemidas and embryology to the Journal between1870 and 1878. Among the American zoologists we noticecontributions from W. B. Scott andH. F. Osborn in 1879 and1881, A. S. Packard (1871 and 1872), C. 0. Whitman (1878-1886), E. B. Wilson (1881), and E. Phelps Allis (1905 and 1917).The rising school of zoologists in Japan are represented bymemoirs written by T. Ijima (1882), 0. Ischikawa (1885),T. Iwakawa (1882), and K. Mitsukuri (1881). Of Belgiannaturalists, in addition to E. van Beneden, we have contri-butions from M. L. Dollo (1883) and P. Pelseneer (1885 and

4 FIFTY YEARS OF THE

1894). France is represented by memoirs from A. Giard(1880), L. Ranvier (1880), and E. L. Bouvier (1900). FromHolland we have papers by R. Horst (1882) and J. C.Oudemans (1885), whilst Prof. A. A. W. Hubrecht wasa regular contributor, beginning in 1875 with the first of avaluable series of papers on Nemertea, and following up withanother and even more important series on mammalianembryology extending from 1889 to 1910. From Italy wehave the extremely interesting memoirs on the naturalhistory of Termites by Grassi and Sandias in 1896 and 1897.The German naturalists are largely represented in transla-tions and reviews, but the only original contributions ofimportance seem to be those of O. Siitsch.li in 1879, and R. vonErlanger, on the paired renal sacs of Prosobranchs, in 1891.

As was inevitable the scope of the Journal has changedconsiderably in the last fifty years. In 1869 it retained itsoriginal features, save for the disappearance of the transac-tions of the Royal Microscopical Society. Among theoriginal memoirs botany was almost as largely represented aszoology, students of Diatomaceas, among whom Henfrey,Gregory, Hendry, O'Meara, Donkin and Wallich may bementioned, making special use of its pages. In otherdepartments of botany S. H. Vines, F. Darwin, F. O. Bovverand Walter Gardiner were for some years steady contributors,but the growth of specialisation in science led to the publica-tion of the ' Journal of Botany,' and after the early eightiesof last century but few botanical memoirs have appeared inthe Journal, save for the contributions of bacteriologists andthe important cytological memoirs of J. B. Farmer (vol. 48,1905). The notes, memoranda and reviews which occupiedso considerable a space in the decade following 1869 begun tobecome scantier towards its close, and finally disappeared in1883, at the same time that the size of the Journal wasincreased to medium octavo. .

A Quarterly Chronicle of Microscopical Science containingmuch, useful miscellaneous information was introduced in1871 and formed a special department of the Journal for

'QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPICAL SCIENCE.' 5

the next four years, but disappeared in 1875. For manyyears short notices of the transactions of various micro-scopical societies, particularly those of the Dublin Micro-scopical Club, were regularly recorded, but appear for the lasttime in vol. 20 (1881.)

It may be said that in 1883 the Journal had finally reachedits present form and very nearly it s present size. The contents,with the exception of occasional reviews or translations offoreign memoirs of special importance, are original memoirson bacteriology, and the embryology, histology, bionomics andcomparative anatomy of animals. A large and increasingspace has been devoted to the progressive department ofProtozoology.

As regards size, it may be recorded that vol. 23, the firstto appear in medium octavo, contained 653 pages of letter-press and forty-three lithographic plates. By 1885 the numberof contributors had so far increased as to require a supplementto the four quarterly numbers, and the volume is enlargedto 752 pages of letterpress and fifty-two lithographic plates.In 1890, owing to the increasing number of memoirs con-tributed, the strict routine of quarterly publication wasabandoned and the numbers were published at shorter andless regular intervals, though, as before, four numbers wentto make up a volume. Thus in twenty-eight years thirty-three volumes have been published.

If now we turn to the character of the memoirs that haveappeared in the Journal in the course of fifty years we findthat the later ones are generally longer and more abundantin detail than those in the earlier volumes. It can hardlyhe maintained that they are of greater intrinsic value. Manyof the old memoirs contained pioneer work, and opened theway for the more copious treatment given to the same subjectsin later years. But if the opportunities for pioneer workare less numerous nowadays—so much ground has beenexplored since 1869—the recent volumes of the Journalcontain not a few memoirs which herald new departures inbiological research, and on the other hand there are memoirs

b • FIFTY YEARS OF THE

of forty years ago that leave little to be desired in the pointof elaboration of detail.

At the head of the list of contributors stands Sir RayLankester himself. He is responsible for seventy-eightmemoirs, including one published in the present year in thelast volume, and all but three of these stand in his sole name.Their titles bear witness to the catholicity of interest sofaithfully reflected in the management and character of theJournal. His earliest memoir, in new series, vol. 3 (1863),is "On our Present Knowledge of the Gregarinidse, withDescriptions of Three New Species belonging to that Clas*.1'In succeeding volumes there are numerous descriptions ofProtozoa from his pen, among which special mention may . J

be made of the papers on Undulina (vol. 11, 1871) and "Drepan id ium ran arum (vol. 22, 1882). As will appearlater on, this early interest in Protozoology and the lead dgiven by the editor culminates in a series of very importantmemoirs by various authors. In 1864 and 1865 (vols. 4and 5) Sir Ray made his second venture in zoological author-ship by writing on the anatomy of the earthworm. Thesetwo memoirs were followed up in later years by his colleaguesand pupils, F. E. Beddard, A. Gibbs Bourne and W. B. Ben-ham, in numerous memoirs of monographic character, andtheir work is expanded in exquisite detail by the series ofresearches by E. S. Goodrich on the nephridia of the Poly-chaeta.

In 1874 Sir Ray Lankester published his observations onthe development of the pond-snail and on the early stagesof other Mollusca—the first of a series from his pen whichlaid the foundations of the study of Molluscan embryology.His further researches on Mollusca are published elsewhere.A notable contribution to Molluscan anatomy is that ofhis friend and pupil, R. Holman Peck, whose memoir on theminute structure of the gills of Lamellibranch Mollusca(vol. 17, 1877) was written under the personal superinten-dence of the Editor. The memoir on the olfactory organ andpaired genital ducts of the Pearly Nautilus, by Lankester in

f

' QUAKTEULY JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPICAL SCIENCE.' 7

conjunction with A. Gr. Bourne (vol. 23, 1883), is anothervaluable contribution to the same subject.

In 1869, the year in which Sir Ray Lankester first took upeditorial duties, Dr. Gr. J. Allman described Rhabdopleura,a new form of Polyzoa from deep-sea dredging in Shetland(vol. 9). With unerring instinct for what is not merely rareand curious, but also of fundamental morphological importance,Sir Rny Lankester kept this animal in mind, and we find amemoir on its affinities in vol. 14 (1874) and ten years later,in vol. 24, as the result of a visit to the Norwegian fiords,a remarkable and beautifully illustrated memoir describingthe structure and habit of Rhabdopleura in great detail.Nine years later this interest in a curious and seeminglyaberrant form was completely justified by G. H. Fowler'sdiscovery that it is allied to the Hemichordata and so standsat the base of the vertebrate phylum (see vol. 48, 1904).

The series of articles by Sir Ray Lankester, beginning invol. 21 (1881) with the memoir, " Limulus an Arachnid," arenow among the classics of zoological literature, and to thisday stand as an example of the way in which a morphologicalproblem may be followed up in detail by critical analysis ofevery organ in the bodies of the animals brought into com-parison. The paper on the minute structure of the lateraland central eyes of Scorpio and Limulus was written inconjunction with A. G-. Bourne, and marks a great advancein our knowledge of the structure and genesis of theArthropod eye. In later years (vol. 48, 1904) thesememoirs were summed up and extended in a masterly reviewof the structure and classification of the Arachnida. As aparallel piece of research we may notice Lankester's illumi-nating memoir, " Observations and Reflections on the Append-ages and on the Nervous System of A p u s c a n c r i f o r m i s , "vol. 21 (1881), followed by P. Pelseneer's more detailed studyof the nervous system of the sai-ne species (vol. 25, 1885), andthe whole subject of Arthropod structure and classificationis summed up in Sir Ray's essay in vol. 47 (1904), towhich Gr. H. Carpenter's notes on the segmentation and

8 FIFTY TEARS OF THE

phylogeny of the Arthropoda in vol. 49 (1905) is a fittingpendant.

To go back again to earlier days. Sir Ray Lankesterfrom the first was deeply interested in the blood and thecolouring matters of animals. We may note his early essay onthe action of Monads in producing colouring matters (vol. 7,1867), and another on blue stentorin, the colouring matter ofS t en to r ccoruleus (vol. 13, 1873). His interest extendeditself to his fellow-student,H. N.Moseley (vol. 17,1877), whosepaper on acfciniochrome appeared in the volume last cited.The subject of animal chromatology received extendedtreatment at the hands of 0. A. MacMunn in vols. 25, 27, 30and 43. Nor should W. B. Benham's interesting observations '

on the blood of Magelona (vol. 39, 1896) be forgotten in this 4connection. The interest in colouring matters naturally "extends to the occurrence of chlorophyll in the animal 4kingdom, and there is an early paper by Sir Ray Lankester 'in vol. 14 (1874) on the mode of occurrence oE chlorophyllin Spongilla, followed eight years later by an illuminatingmemoir on the chlorophyll corpuscles and amyloid deposits 1of Spongilla and Hydra in vol. 22. ^

Space forbids a full appreciation of the numerous contri- *butions to zoological science published by Sir Ray Lankesterin the ( Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science/ but noenumeration would be complete without special mention ofhis work on Amphioxus l anceo la tu s . As early as 1875(vol. 15) he described some new points in the structure of thisspecies and in particular his discovery of the brown atrio-Ccelomic funnels. Fourteen years later, in vol. 29, appeared his<lContributions to the Knowledge of Amphioxus lanceo-l a t u s / ' a monographic description of the anatomy ofthis species which greatly extended our knowledge andenlarged our interest. In vol. 31 there followed an account ofthe development of the atrial chamber of Amphioxus, writtenin conjunction with A. Willey, and this led directly to Willey'sstudies on the later larval development of Amphioxus, vol. 32,and to his further studies on the Protochordata, vols. 34, 35

'QUARTERLY JOURNAL OP MICROSCOPICAL SCIENCE.' 9

and 42. The running lias been taken up by E. W. Mac Bridein his papers on the development of Amphioxus, vols. 40,43 and 54, and by E. S. Goodrich by his demonstration that thesupposed nephi-idial funnels are in fact soleuocytes (vol. 45).Goodrich's further observations on Hatschek's nephridium andthe nephridium in the larva, vol. 54, made a further and verynotable contribution to our knowledge of this interestingspecies. In fact, Amphioxus has been quite a speciality ofthe Journal.

Bat, as anyone who searches through the volumes of thelast fifty years will realise, though the ' Quarterly Journal ofMicroscopical Science' has Tiad its specialities it has neverbeen specialised. There have been not one speciality butmany specialities. It is not possible to do justice to allof them, but attention may be called to notable advances madeby notable men in various departments of zoological work.

One of the most important papers published in the eai'lieryears of the fifty under review is the classical account byMr. A. P. Thomas of the life history of the Liver Fluke andhis discovery of Lymntea t r u n c a t u l a as its intermediatehost (vol. 23, 1883). Mr. Thomas carried out his investiga-tions at Oxford under the direction of Professor Rollestonand succeeded in a quest in which Rudolph Leuckart hadfailed.

In the early seventies of the nineteenth century the remark-able researches of the Russian naturalist Kowalewsky,to whichthe attention of Englishmen was called by a notice in vol. 10written, at Ray Lankester's request, by the late Sir MichaelFoster, gave a marked impetus to embryological studies in thiscountry. The beginning of a definite epoch is marked by theappearance of Francis iMaitland Balfour's memoir on the deve-lopment and growth of the germ-layers of the blastoderm invol. 13 in 1873. This volume contains two other papers on thedevelopment of the chick written by the same hand, andin the following year, in vol. 14, Balfour's masterly memoirentitled " A Preliminary Account of the Development of theElasmobranch Fishes" makes its appearance. Other memoirs

10 FIFTY YEARS OF THE

followed in rapid succession, and vols. 19 and 20 contain noless than seven memoirs by Balfour, and an eighth on theexistence of a head kidney in the embryo chick wliich wasthe joint production of himself and his pupil Adam Sedgwick.Two of these memoirs deserve special notice—the one on thespinal nerves of Ampliioxns, because it was a contribution toa subject that has figured so largely in the pages of theJournal, the other on certain points in the anatomy ofP e r i p a t u s capens is , because it was the first of a series noless famous in the annals of the Journal than that relating toAmphioxus. Another remarkable memoir by Balfour invol. 20 is that on larval forms, their nature, origin and affinities.This same vol. 20 contains two papers on the developmentof the kidney in the chick by Adam Sedgwick, Balfour'spupil, successor and scientific executor. Iu ] 882 Balfour losthis life by an accident in the Alps, and the memoir on whichhe was engaged on the anatomy and development of Pe r i -pa tu s capens is was published posthumously in vol. 23(1883). At this time A. Sedgwick, partly as a tribute to thememory of his friend and teacher, made an expeditionto South Africa to collect the embryos of Peripatus, andhis results are set forth in four successive memoirs on thedevelopment of P e r i p a t u s capensis in vols. 25, 26, 27 and j

28. In the last-named volume appears Sedgwick's mono- •graph on the species and distribution of the genus Peripatus— *a work originally undertaken as a tribute to Balfour's memory Iin conjunction with H. 1ST. Moseley, but owing to the latter's "illness it was completed by Sedgwick alone. Since that timeimportant contributions to our knowledge of the genus havebeen published in the Journal by Lilian Sheldon, W. L.Sclater, E. L. Bouvier, Muir and Kershaw, E. C. Pollard andE. Evans.

Another famous addition to einbryological science wasmade by another of Balfour's pupils, W. Bateson, whosethree memoirs on the development of Balanoglossuskowalevsk i i , followed by an essay on the ancestry of theChordata, are to be found in vols. 24, 25 and 26 of the .

'QUARTERLY JOURNAL or MICROSCOPICAL SCIENCE.' 11

Journal. A third pupil of Balfour's, W. F. E. Weldon,• started his career at about the same time (1883) withembryological work, his first contribution being a note onthe early development of L a c e r t a mura l i s in vol. 23.Both he and Bateson forsook embryology for other fields ofzoological research, and took divergent paths, but it is ofinterest to record that their earliest studies were typical ofthe Cambridge school as influenced and directed by Balfour.

Somewhat earlier in point of time were the memoirs ofanother distinguished Cambridge embryologist, A. MilnesMarshall, who, like Balfour, lost his life in a mountainaccident at a young age. His works on the development ofthe cranial nerves of the chick and on the head cavities andassociated nerves of Elasmobranchs are to be found in vols.18 and 21 of the Journal.'

The modern study of mammalian development in Englandmay be said to have been inaugurated by another Cambridgeembryologist, W. Heape, whose papers on the developmentof the mole appear in vols. 23, 26 and 27. To him succeededA. A. W. Hubrecht, of Utrecht, with a series of studies on theembryology of the hedgehog (vol. 30) and of the shrew (vols.31 and 35), followed by his fine memoir on the foetal membranesof the Tarsiidse and Lemuridse, entitled, " Spolia nemor i s , "in vol. 36 (1894). Shortly afterwards we come across theremarkable memoirs of J. P. Hill and J. T. Wilson on theplacentation and embryology of the Marsupialia, in vols. 40,43 and 56. R. Assheton is another notable contributor tomammalian embryology in a number of memoirs extendingfrom vol. 37 (1894) to vol. 54 (1909). The papers ofJ. W. Jenkinson on the early stages of the developmentof the. mouse (vol. 43) and on the placenta of a lemur(vol. 61) must not be left out of account in the history ofthis very special feature of the 'Quarterly Journal of Micro-scopical Science/ nor the important work of Willey on theplacentation of the beaver (vol. 60, 1915), and of J. P. Hill,on the Early Development of Didelphys (vol. 63, 1918).

Other notable embryological memoirs are those of A. S.

12 WF'i'y YEARS OF THK

Packard on the embryology of Limulus polyphemus invol. 11 (1871) ; of C. 0. Whitman on the embryology ofClepsine in vol. 18 (1878)—this is one of the earliest papersin which a cell-lineage is recorded ; of J. Graham Kerr onthe development of Lepidos i ren p a r a d o x a (vols. 45, 46and 54), and of E. VV. MacBride on the development ofBchinoderms (vols. 34, 38, 42, 51, 58 and 59).

If we now turn to memoirs on descriptive and comparativeanatomy the list becomes too long for enumeration, and only asmall selection can be attempted. There are H. N. Moseley'sdescriptions oE pelagic and land Planarians in vol. 17; hisnotes on the structure of Seriatopora, Pocillopora. Coralliumand Tubipora in vol. 22, which formed the starting-point forsubsequent work on the Anthozoa by S. J. Hickson, G. H. Fowlerand G-. C. Bourne (vols. 23 to 28); and specially Moseley's lastand very remarkable discovery of the presence of eyes in theshells of certain ChitonidEe (vol. 25, 1885). There is a fineset. of ten papers on Echinoderm morphology by P. H.Carpenter, extending from vol. 18 (1878) to vol. 28 (1888).W. Baldwin Spencer's memoir on the presence and structureof the pineal eye in Lacertilia (vol. 27, 1887) was a moststriking contribution to science, and the interest in thesubject has been fully maintained by A. Dendy in vols. 42and 51. E. B. Poulton's discovery of the true teeth under-lying the horny plates of Ornithorhynchus is announced invol. 29. The monographic works of A. Gibbs Bourne, F. E.Beddard and W. B. Benham on Oligochaeta and leecheshave already been mentioned. The interesting papers onNautilus, Ctenoplana, Heteroplana, Ptychodera, and> othernovelties, sent home from the South Pacific by Lankester'sformer pupil and assistant, Arthur Willey (vols. 39 and 40)deserve especial mention. The Porifera have been eluci-dated in great detail by E. A. Minchin, especially in his"Materials for a Monograph of the Ascons/' in vols. 40 and 52,and by A. Dendy in vols. 29, 32, 35, 36 and 60, and by Wood-land in vols.49 and 52. Also we must cite the work of R. Evans,of Jesus College, Oxford, on Spongilla, vols. 41, 42, and 44.

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' QUARTERLY JOUBNAL OF MICEOSCOPIOAL SCIENCE.' 13

A very instructive piece of work carried out under the adviceof Sir Ray Lankester is that of E. S. Goodrich on the fossilMammalia of the Sfconesfield Slate (vol. 35).

In the domain of Protozoology the Journal is very stronglyrepresented. W. Archer, for many years a co-editor, wasa renowned microscopist, and the earlier volumes are en-riched by his numerous descriptions of Diatoms, unicellularAlgse and Heliozoa. Perhaps his most interesting memoir isthat on Chlam.ydomy.xa l a b y r i n t h u l o i d e s , published invol. 15 (1875). A description of an allied species, C. montana ,is given by Sir Ray Lankester in vol. -39. Among1 namesthat ai-e famous we may note that of Otto Biitselili, whoseresearches on the F l a g e l l a t e I n f u s o r i a and allied or-ganisms are published in vol. 19 (1879). In the same year andvolume T. R. Lewis made known his researches on flagellatedorganisms in the blood of healthy rats and his discovery ofthe Nematoid Hsematozoa of man, and there follows a memoirin vol. 24 on further observations on flagellated organisms inthe blood of animals. Little more is heard of these organismsfor many years, but in vol. 45 (1902) the subject is revivedby J. R. Bradford and H. G. Plimmer's paper on Try-panosoma B r u c i i , the organism found in Nagann, ortsetse-fly disease, and in vol. 49 trypanosomes are againrecorded, along with other organisms, in Castellani andWilley's observations on Hasmatozoa in Ceylon. After thiswe get H. M. Woodcock's lengthy review of the Htfimo-flagellates in vol. 50, followed by his studies on Avianhtemoprotozoa in vols. 50, 58 and 60, and his notes onSporozoa in vol. 58. Parallel with these are the papers byE. A. Minchin in vols. 52 and 53, by Minchin and Woodcockin vols. 55 and 57, and Minchin and J. D. Thomson invol. 60. The recent volumes contain a large output ofprotozoological work, and the names of Clifford DobelL MurielRobinson, Annie Porter, H. Pixell Goodrich and C. H. Martinare deserving of special mention among more recent authors.

Protozoology at certain points shades almost imperceptiblyinto pathology, and the Journal is not deficient in contribu-

14 FIFTY YEARS OF THE

tions to the latter subject. In early days there are memoirsby Lord Lister; the last, in vol. 21, is on the relations ofmicro-organisms to disease. Vol. 24 is enriched by an articleby E. Metschnikoff on the ancestral history of the inflamma-tory processes.

As is befitting in a journal devoted to microscopicalscience, a large amount of space, especially in the earliervolumes, is devoted to histology. In this department E. Klein,a co-operator in the editorship from 1878 to 1892, standspre-eminent with twenty-eight memoirs, the last from his penappearing in vol. 36, when several of Sir Eay Lankester'sfriends and associates contributed special papers in com-memoration of the twenty-fifth year of his editorship. Themajority of Klein's papers deal with the normal histology ofthe tissues, but not a few relate to the histology of patho-logical conditions, and two at least on the structure of cellsand nuclei, invols. 18 and 19, cross over the indefinite border-line that separates histology from its more modern development,cytologjr. There are two definitely histological papers byE. A. Schafer in vols. 15 and 18, but it is an impossible taskto fix upon this or that paper among the many that have beenpublished in the last fifty years and say that this or thatmemoir is mainly histological. A great proportion of themare studies in minute anatomy, involving faithful descriptions Aof the tissues of animals and plants, and if one should ask •where are the histological memoirs in the Journal, the answeris pass im: there are but few in which histology does notenter to a considerable extent. But there are some whichafford definite landmarks in the course of cytological research,and among the most prominent of these are that by J. JB.Farmer and J. E. S. Moore on the Meiotic phase in animalsand plants (vol. 48), 0; C. Dobell's review and criticism ofChromidia and the bi-nuclearity hypothesis (vol. 53), C. P. U.Meek's ' Problem of Mitosis' in vol. 58, R. R. Gates andN. Thomas's cytological study of species of CEnothera inrelation to mutation (vol. 59), J. O.W. Barratt and G.Arnold'smemoir on changes in Chondriosomes occurring in pathologic.il

' QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPICAL SCIENCE.' 15

conditions (vol. 58), and lastly the remarkable memoirs ofJ. B. Gatenby in vols. 62 and 63 on Mitochondria and the Golgiapparatus in the cells of various animals. Of like import arethe careful memoirs of L. Doncaster in vols. 49, 51 and 58, in

t which the methods are cytological, but the aim is the

elucidation of certain problems in gametogenesis. He sumsup the existing state of our knowledge in a masterly essay onchromosomes, heredity and sex in vol. 59.

i In recent years the tendency of zoologists has been to make' increased use of the experimental method in research—a^ tendency which is not so much a new departure as a return

to the practice of older days when animal physiology was notyet divorced from morphology. There has also been a

k parallel movement towards the practice of older days in thei . increased attention given to the intensive study of the natural•- history of animals, or, as it is now called, " bionomics," ai term first introduced by Bay Lankester in his article

"Zoology" in the ' Encyclopasdia Brittanica/ 1889. Thesein many ways closely associated tendencies are reflectedin the pages of the Journal. There are the altogether

k admirable researches of B. Grassi and A. Sandias on the

F constitution and development of the society of Termites inF vols. 39 and 40; the researches of F. W. Gamble and

F. W. Keeble on Hippolyte varians in vol. 43 and onthe Bionomics of Convoluta roscoffensis in vol. 47; W.Garstang's paper on modifications of structure subservient torespiration in Decapod Crustacea in vol. 40; Geoffrey W.Smith's series of eleven studies in the experimental analysis ofsex, extending from vol. 54 to vol. 60; E. W. MacBride'sstudies on the crossing of Echinocardium cor da turn withEchinus esculentus in vol. 58; C. Shearer's work onEchinoid hybrids, in conjunction with W. de Morgan and H.M. Fuchs in vol. 58, and in conjunction with D. J. Lloyd onmethods of producing artificial parthenogenesis in Echinusesculentus and rearing the resulting plutei through meta-morphosis, in the same volume. Others might be cited, butit is not the object of this ai-ticle to give a complete list and

16 FIFTY YEARS OF THE

mete out equal justice to all contributors. The intention israther to pick out in a somewhat random way such memoirsas serve to illustrate the character of the ' Quarterly Journalof Microscopical Science ' during the last fifty years, and toillustrate the manner in which it has kept pace with andoften set the pace to the various developments of biologicalactivity that have manifested themselves during that period.Authors whose names have been omitted will excuse theomissions when they consider the impossibility of doingjustice to all claims for recognition of good work within thelimits of a short article.

This review, however, would be incomplete if it did notmake mention of two very important auxiliaries to the successand usefulness of the Journal. Copious and accurate illus-tration is essential in descriptive zoology, and from itsfoundation the 'Quarterly Journal' has been generous asregards the number, insistent as regards the quality of thelithographic plates illustrating the memoirs. Mr. TuffenWest was the first and for many years remained the litho-grapher to the Journal. Occasionally the execution of theplates has been entrusted to foreign firms, such as MM.Severeyns of Brussels and Werner and Winter of Frankfort.But for many years nearly the whole of the lithographicwork has been in the hands of Mr. Seton Huth, of Cricklewood.His father's name first appears on the beautifully executedplates illustrating- the memoirs of Mr. William Archer onFreshwater Rhizopoda and of Sir Ray Lankester " On theCoincidence of the Anus and Blastopore in Paludina," in vol.12 (1876). Mr. Seton Huth has rendered devoted service tothe Journal, and his personal interest in its welfare has beenconspicuous during the last four years, when the exigenciesof war created difficulties that seemed almost insuperable.But they were overcome successfully, and if a falling" off inthe quality of the paper was unavoidable the execution ofthe drawings shows no deterioration.

Another most important auxiliary is a reliable index. Thefirst, published in 1890 as part of No. 117, vol. 30, was com-

'QUARTERLY JOUENAL OF MICROSCOPICAL SCIENCE.' 17

piled by Dr. Gr. H. Fowler, and includes the old series and thetransactions of the Microscopicnl Society up to 1869. Thesecond, published in 1916 as part of No. 245, vol. 62, is thework of Dr. Helen Pixell Goodrich, who followed closely themethod adopted by her predecessor. These two indices,admirable in arrangement and accuracy, are of the greatestuse to all readers of the Journal.

The mere record of half a century's effort and output, whilebearing ample witness to Sir Ray Lankester's energy andversatility, would of itself fail as a recognition of his servicesto British zoologists if account were not also taken of thegenial personal relations established with them through themedium of his editorship. To each successive generation ofaspirants to the honour of having their early and oftenimmature work published in the 'Quarterly Journal of Micro-scopical Science ' he has been a guide, philosopher and friend,appreciative, fruitful in suggestion, and full of encouragementtowards further efforts. As he has given freely from his largestore of judgment and experience, so he has received in return,the esteem and confidence of an increasing- circle of friends,whose intimacy with him and with one another has contri-buted largely to the solidarity of British zoologists. On tliisfiftieth anniversary they unite in offering him their cordialcongratulations on the achievement of past years coupled withtheir best wishes for those that are to come.

VOL. 6 4 , PART 1. NEW SEK1KS.