fig. 15-00. fig. 15-01a precambrian common ancestor to all present-day life origin of earth earth...
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Fig. 15-00
Fig. 15-01a
Precambrian
Common ancestor toall present-day life
Origin ofEarth
Earth cool enoughfor crust to solidify
Oldest prokaryotic fossils
Atmospheric oxygenbegins to appear dueto photosyntheticprokaryotes
Millions of years ago4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500
Fig. 15-01b
Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic
Bacteria
Archaea
Plants
Fungi
Animals
Pro
ka
ryote
sE
uk
ary
ote
s
Pro
tists
Oldest eukaryoticfossils
Origin ofmulticellularorganisms
Oldestanimalfossils
Plants andsymbiotic fungicolonize land
Extinction ofdinosaurs
First humans
Millions of years ago
Cambrianexplosion
2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0
Fig. 15-02Humans
Origin of solarsystem and Earth
1 4
0
2 3
Present
Animals
Colonizof land
ation
Mu
lti
euka
r
cellu
lar
yotes
Sing
euka
r
cel
yote
s
le-
led
Atmo
oxyspheric gen
Bilarsons of
ago
yeli ka
ryo
tes
Pro
Fig. 15-03
Fig. 15-04
Stanley Miller re-creatinghis 1953 experiment
Miller and Urey’s experiment
“Sea”
H2O
Sample forchemical analysis
Cooled watercontaining organicmolecules
Cold water
Condenser
Electrode
“Atmosphere”
Water vaporCH4
NH3 H2
Fig. 15-04a
Stanley Miller re-creating his1953 experiment
Fig. 15-04b
Miller and Urey’s experiment
“Sea”
H2O
Sample forchemical analysis
Cooled watercontaining organicmolecules
Cold water
Condenser
Water vaporCH4
NH3 H2 Electrode
“Atmosphere”
Fig. 15-05
Original “gene”
ComplementaryRNA chain
Fig. 15-06
Fig. 15-07
Co
lori
zed
SE
M
Fig. 15-08
SHAPES OF PROKARYOTIC CELLS
Spherical (cocci) Rod-shaped (bacilli) Spiral
Co
lori
zed
SE
M
Co
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zed
SE
M
Co
lori
zed
TE
M
Fig. 15-08a
Co
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zed
SE
M
Fig. 15-08b
Co
lori
zed
SE
M
Fig. 15-08c
Co
lori
zed
TE
M
Fig. 15-09
(a) Actinomycete (b) Cyanobacteria (c) Giant bacterium
Co
lori
zed
SE
M
LM
LM
Fig. 15-09a
(a) Actinomycete
Co
lori
zed
SE
M
Fig. 15-09b
(b) Cyanobacteria
LM
Fig. 15-09c
(c) Giant bacterium
LM
Fig. 15-10
Plasmamembrane
Cell wall
Rotary movement ofeach flagellum
Flagellum
Co
lori
zed
TE
M
Fig. 15-11
Endospore
Co
lori
zed
SE
M
Fig. 15-12
MODES OF NUTRITION
Light Chemical
ChemoautotrophsPhotoautotrophs
Photoheterotrophs Chemoheterotrophs
Energy source
Elodea, an aquatic plant
Rhodopseudomonas Little Owl (Athene noctua)
Bacteria from a hot spring
Org
anic
co
mp
ou
nd
s
Car
bo
n s
ou
rce
CO
2
Co
lori
zed
TE
M
Co
lori
zed
TE
M
Fig. 15-12a
Fig. 15-12b
Co
lori
zed
TE
M
Fig. 15-12c
Co
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zed
TE
M
Fig. 15-12d
Fig. 15-13
(a) Salt-loving archaea (b) Heat-loving archaea
Fig. 15-13a
(a) Salt-loving archaea
Fig. 15-13b
(b) Heat-loving archaea
Fig. 15-14
Haemophilusinfluenzae
Cells of nasallining
Co
lori
zed
SE
M
Fig. 15-15
“Bull’s-eye” rash
Tick that carries theLyme disease bacterium
Spirochete that causesLyme disease
SE
M
Fig. 15-15a
“Bull’s-eye” rash
Fig. 15-15b
Tick that carries the Lyme disease bacterium
Fig. 15-15c
Fig. 15-15d
Spirochete that causes Lyme disease
SE
M
Fig. 15-16
Fig. 15-17
Liquid wastes Outflow
Rotatingspray arm
Rock bed coatedwith aerobicprokaryotes andfungi
Fig. 15-18
Fig. 15-19
Fig. 15-20
(a) Origin of the endomembrane system (b) Origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts
Plasmamembrane
Ancestralprokaryote
DNA
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmicreticulum
Membraneinfolding
Nucleus
Nuclearenvelope
Cell with nucleus andendomembrane system
Photosyntheticeukaryotic cell
Photosyntheticprokaryote
Aerobicheterotrophicprokaryote
Endosymbiosis(Some cells)
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
Fig. 15-20a
(a) Origin of the endomembrane system
Plasmamembrane
Ancestralprokaryote
DNA
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmicreticulum
Membraneinfolding
Nucleus
Nuclearenvelope
Cell with nucleus andendomembrane system
Fig. 15-20b
(b) Origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts
Photosyntheticeukaryotic cell
Photosyntheticprokaryote
Aerobicheterotrophicprokaryote
Endosymbiosis(Some cells)
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
Fig. 15-21
A flagellate: Giardia
A foram An apicomplexan A ciliate
An amoebaAnother flagellate: trypanosomes
Food beingingested
Pseudopodiumof amoeba
RedbloodcellL
M
TE
M
LM
LM
Co
lori
zed
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M
Co
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zed
SE
M
Apical complex Cilia
Oralgroove
Fig. 15-21a
A flagellate: Giardia
Co
lori
zed
SE
M
Fig. 15-21b
Another flagellate: trypanosomes
Co
lori
zed
SE
M
Fig. 15-21c
An amoeba
LM
Fig. 15-21d
A foram
LM
Fig. 15-21e
An apicomplexan
TE
M
Fig. 15-21f
A ciliate
LM
Fig. 15-22
Fig. 15-23
LM
Amoeboidcells
Slug-like colony
Reproductivestructure
Fig. 15-23a
LM
Fig. 15-23b
Fig. 15-23c
Fig. 15-24
(a) A dinoflagellate, with its wallof protective plates
(c) Chlamydomonas, a unicellulargreen alga with a pair of flagella
(b) A sample of diverse diatoms,which have glossy walls
(d) Volvox, a colonial green alga
Co
lori
zed
SE
MS
EM
LM
LM
Fig. 15-24a
(a) A dinoflagellate, with its wall of protective plates
SE
M
Fig. 15-24b
(b) A sample of diverse diatoms, which have glossy walls
LM
Fig. 15-24c
(c) Chlamydomonas, a unicellular green alga with a pair of flagella
Co
lori
zed
SE
M
Fig. 15-24d
(d) Volvox, a colonial green alga
LM
Fig. 15-25
Green algae Red algae Brown algae
Fig. 15-25a
Green algae
Fig. 15-25b
Red algae
Fig. 15-25c
Brown algae
Fig. 15-26-1
Unicellularprotist
Colony
Fig. 15-26-2
Unicellularprotist
Colony
Locomotorcells
Food-synthesizingcells
Early multicellular organismwith specialized, interdependent cells
Fig. 15-26-3
Unicellularprotist
Colony
Locomotorcells
Food-synthesizingcells
Early multicellular organismwith specialized, interdependent cells
Later organism withgametes and somatic cells
Somaticcells
Gamete
Fig. 15-UN01
Bacteria
Archaea
Prokaryotes
Eukarya
Protists
Plants
Fungi
Animals
Fig. 15-UN02
Bacteria
Archaea
Prokaryotes
Eukarya
Protists
Plants
Fungi
Animals
Fig. 15-UN03
Major episode Millions of years ago
All major animal phyla established
Plants and fungi colonize land
Origin of Earth
First multicellular organismsOldest eukaryotic fossils
Accumulation of O2 in atmosphereOldest prokaryotic fossils
5005301,2001,800
2,4003,5004,600
Fig. 15-UN04
Inorganic compounds
Abiotic synthesisof organic monomers
Abiotic synthesisof polymers
Formationof pre-cells
Self-replicatingmolecules
Membrane-enclosed compartment
Complementarychain
Polymer
Organic monomers
Fig. 15-UN05
Spherical Rod-shaped Spiral
Fig. 15-UN06
Nutritional Mode Energy Source Carbon Source
Photoautotroph
Chemoautotroph
Photoheterotroph
Chemoheterotroph
Sunlight
Inorganic chemicals
Sunlight
Organic compounds
CO2
Organic compounds
Fig. 15-UN07
Bacteria
Archaea
Prokaryotes
Eukarya
Protists
Plants
Fungi
Animals
Fig. 15-UN08
Bacteria
Archaea
Prokaryotes
Eukarya
Protists
Plants
Fungi
Animals