Fig. 2-4, p. 22

Hydrogen 66.0%Oxygen 33.0Carbon 0.1Nitrogen 0.1Phosphorus 0.1Calcium 0.1Sodium 0.3Potassium 0.1Chlorine 0.3

Seawater

Hydrogen 3.1%Oxygen 60.0Carbon 0.3Nitrogen 0.1Phosphorus 0.1Calcium 2.6Sodium 0.1Potassium 0.8Chlorine 0.1

EarthHydrogen 62.0%Oxygen 24.0Carbon 12.0Nitrogen 1.2Phosphorus 0.2Calcium 0.2Sodium 0.1Potassium 0.1Chlorine  0.1

Human

Fig. 2-2, p. 21

Table 2-2, p. 32

electron

nucleus

Fig. 2-3, p. 22

hydrogen1p+ , 1e-

helium2p+ , 2e-

carbon6p+ , 6e-

oxygen8p+ , 8e-

sodium11p+ , 11e-

chlorine17p+ , 17e-

Fig. 2-6, p. 24

electron

neon10p+, 10e-

argon18p+, 18e-

Sodium atom11p+

11e-

Fig. 2-7, p. 25

no netcharge

Sodium ion11p+

10e-

net positivecharge

Chlorine atom17p+

17e-

no netcharge

Chlorine atom17p+

18e-

net negativecharge

electronloss

electrongain

Fig. 2-8, p. 23

Chloride ionSodium ion

A crystal of table salt isa cubic lattice of many sodiumions and chloride ions.

The mutual attraction ofopposite charges holds thetwo kinds of ions togetherclosely in the lattice.

a

b

Fig. 2-10, p. 27

hydrogen bond

water molecule ammonia molecule

Two molecules interacting in one hydrogen (H) bond.a

Numerous H bonds ( white dots) hold the two coiled-upstrands of a DNA molecule together. Each H bond is weak,but collectively these bonds stabilize DNA’s large structure.

b

Fig. 2-11, p. 28

slight negative charge on the oxygen atom

The positive and negative charges balance each other; overall, the molecule carries no charge.

slight positive charge on the hydrogen atoms

+ +

HH

O

Fig. 2-11, p. 28

-

Fig. 2-13, p. 29

Fig. 2-17, p. 33

Table 2-2, p. 32

Fig. 2-14, p. 30

battery acid

drain cleaner

oven cleaner

bleach

hair remover

household ammonia

toothpaste hand soap milk of magnesia

baking soda phosphate detergentsTums

blood, tears egg white seawater

pure water

corn buttermilk

beer bread black coffee urine, tea, typical rain

orange juice tomatoes, winebananas

acid rain lemon juice cola vinegar

gastric fluid