Fig. 28-CO, p. 875

Devastated EuropeThe West-> Swedish Model?Britain-> Churchill voted Out-> Atlee (Labour) InFrance-> 4th Republic->Women get voteSpain->Still Franco (1975)Portugal-> Fascist Salazar (1968)Italy-> Strong Communist movementBenelux-> Moderate governmentsScandinavia->liberal government

The East-> Flashpoint Poland London Poles?Iron CurtainCzechoslovakiaHungary 1956RomaniaBulgaria (Little Stalin 1950-56)

BalkansYugoslavia- Tito (Non-Aligned Movement)Greece-> Strong Communist Movement Monarchy

Soviet Union-Stalinism-dies 1953, struggle-> Khrushchev->1964->Brezhnev 1979->Andropov->1984->Gorbachev 1991

Germany- 4 zonesBerlin->4 ZonesDenazification?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FsOpcMFkrFs&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

West v. EastHonnecker East (1989!)Adenauer (der Alte) West

p. 879

Cold War- Containment• Flashpoints

– Greece/Italy/France-> Mr. XGeorge Keenan– Poland- Elections– US->Truman->Marshall Plan

• Fund- Political Parties and Econ. Growth • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pUt7Lr3lubc&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

– Berlin- Status? Germany-Status?• Airlift- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOvfNjL1CJc&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

– Soviet Atomic Status– NATO v. Warsaw Pact– Comecon v. EU– Korea (Truman Doctrine- Greece/Turkey)-domino Theory?– France hands Vietnam off-1954– Poland and Hungary 1956– Sputnik 1957– Berlin Wall 1961– Cuba 1962

Map 28-1, p. 881

US Troops Europe

• 1946-278k-decline 1950 80k incr 1955 356kUS Bases throughout W. Europe ( US out of France which also

left NATO 1960s)• 1955-1968 Germany 300k+• Late 1960s- Reduction due to Vietnam• 2001- Germany 70k, Italy 11k• 2011- appr. 70k

p. 880

p. 880

p. 882

p. 883

Colonialism- Independence, Proxy Wars-Non-Aligned Movement

Britain- Sun Sets-> 1947 Jewel of the EmpireBritish Near East Possessions> Palestine Mandate etc.. S. Africa (Apartheid 1947)/Rhodesia (Zimbabwe 1980)

France- Indochina (Diem Bin Phu 1954- Ho Chi MinhN. Africa Algiers 1962. French Near East Possessions

African Nations gain independenceNasser rises ->Egypt

Suez- Crisis 1956Israel- Zionism, Jewish Homeland Emigration/Immigration

US->Cuba, Philippines

A changing complexionW/Independence, Commonwealth Status-migration, North

Africans and others to France, Britain- Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa, Pakistan, India, Near East, Netherlands- Indonesians, Germany 1960s- econ miracle-guest workers- Turks

Acronyms- Pacts

IGOs- Intergovernmental Organizations NATO, CENTO, SEATO, OAS, OAU, UAR, WARSAW PACT, IMF, WORLD BANK, GATT (WTO), EU (previously Common Market) , UN, NORAD, MAD-Collective Security– Containment Theory- Regional arrangements-Economic Issues- Bretton-Woods- GATT, Monetary exchange rates, International Monetary Fund, World Bank-Multinational Organizations- UN

p. 885

Map 28-2, p. 886

Map 28-3, p. 888

Map 28-4, p. 889

p. 892

p. 893

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Ic9bVEzoqk&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

One day in the Life of Ivan Denisovitch by Alex. Solzhenitsyn

REVEILLE WAS sounded, as always, at 5 a.m.--a hammer pounding on a rail outside camp HQ. The ringing noise came faintly on and off through the windowpanes covered with ice more than an inch thick, and died away fast. It was cold and the warder didn't feel like going on banging.

….Shukhov never slept through reveille but always got up at once. That gave him about an hour and a half to himself before the morning roll call, a time when anyone who knew what was what in the camps could always scrounge a little something on the side. He could sew someone a cover for his mittens out of a piece of old lining. He could bring one of the big gang bosses his dry felt boots while he was still in his bunk, to save him the trouble of hanging around the pile of boots in his bare feet and trying to find his own. Or he could run around to one of the supply rooms where there might be a little job, sweeping or carrying something. Or he could go to the mess hall to pick up bowls from the tables and take piles of them to the dishwashers. That was another way of getting food, but there were always too many other people with the same idea. And the worst thing was that if there was something left in a bowl you started to lick it. You couldn't help it. And Shukhov could still hear the words of his first gang boss, Kuzyomin--an old camp hand who'd already been inside for twelve years in 1943. Once, by a fire in a forest clearing, he'd said to a new batch of men just brought in from the front:

"It's the law of the jungle here, fellows. But even here you can live. The first to go is the guy who licks out bowls, puts his faith in the infirmary, or squeals to the screws."

He was dead right about this--though it didn't always work out that way with the fellows who squealed to the screws. They knew how to look after themselves. They got away with it and it was the other guys who suffered.

Cultural Change Europe

Film as Art- Fellini, Trouffaut, Bergman http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nlAHCGUKFjE&feature=related

Art- Pop Art- Post Modern- abstract expressionism

Philosophy- Existentialism“ The papers were always talking about the debt owed to society. According to them, it had to be paid. But that doesn't speak to the imagination. What really counted was the possibility of escape, a leap to freedom, out of the implacable ritual, a wild run for it that would give whatever chance for hope there was. Of course, hope meant being cut down on some street corner, as you ran like mad, by a random bullet. But when I really thought it through, nothing was going to allow me such a luxury. Everything was against it; I would just be caught up in the machinery again.Everybody was privileged. There were only privileged people…-I had only a little time left and I didn't want to waste it on God.”L’Etranger- Albert Camus

p. 905

p. 906

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ESv8e3Anjg8&feature=related

Secularism and Religion

Vatican II- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j1kcrsdxBkE John XXIII

• Vatican II liturgical changes deeply felt in, and beyond, the pews…But that date, the First Sunday of Advent, ushered in the first of a series of wide-ranging changes in the Mass. Instead of having his back to the people, the priest faced the people. And Mass was not just being "said," it was "celebrated" -- and not all in Latin, but with parts of it in the vernacular.

It was just the first step toward the "full, conscious and active participation" by the laity in the church's liturgical life as mandated earlier that year by the Second Vatican Council's Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy.

By 1970, the new Order of the Mass, which brought about further changes, was published.

There was not merely an "epistle" from the New Testament prior to the Gospel, but an Old Testament reading, as well as a responsorial psalm between Old and New Testament readings, with a three-year cycle of Sunday readings and a two-year cycle of weekday readings.

The fasting period before one was permitted to receive Communion, previously shortened in the 1950s from midnight to three hours (three for solid foods, one hour for liquids), was lessened further to one hour for all food intake.

Communicants no longer knelt down at a rail to take the host, but continued to stand. The U.S. bishops, with approval from the Vatican, permitted reception of the host in communicants' hands. The 1969 General Instruction on the Roman Missal permitted Communion under "both species," meaning bread and wine. The bishops, again with Vatican approval, had allowed this in U.S. parishes under limited circumstances as early as 1965.

More Mass goers receive Communion now. There is a debate over whether that is the result of the relaxed fasting rule, Catholics feeling they have a right to the Eucharist, or a lessened sense of sin that leads some people to receive Communion when they should not.

With no Latin liturgies, there also was no longer a distinction between "high Mass" and "low Mass."

Choirs started coming down from the choir loft in the rear of the church and sang alongside or in the sanctuary in full view of the assembly. The music changed, too.

Pius XII->John XXIII-> John VI->John Paul I->John Paul II-

>Benedict XVI

One step ?? One step ??->depends on who you ask. Vatican II, Social Justice, Liberation Theology, anti-Communsim and Conservatism-1968 Humanae Vitae traditional view of marriage and marital relations (original sin) proscription of artificial birth control artificial Sanctity of life from conception to natural death –condemnation abortion and euthanasia

p. 896

p. 897

p. 897

p. 895

France

• 1st Republic- 1789-1799

• 2nd Republic- 1848-1852

• 3rd Republic- 1871-1940

• 4th Republic 1946-1958– Nationalization of Infrastructure,

• 5th Republic 1958-?– DeGaulle- 1958-1969- Conservative?

Nationalization of banks, Independent course for France- military, economic integration w/Europe, decolonization- Algiers failure,

p. 899

p. 900

p. 904

Timeline, p. 907