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Page 1: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)
Page 2: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

Fig. 7.2Gullen & Cranston, 2005

A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods

“basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

NEW ORDER! ca. 2000

“primitive hexapods”?

??

true INSECTS

Page 3: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

ARCHAEOGNATHA (= MICROCORYPHIA)

jumping bristletails

THYSANURA (= ZYGENTOMA)

silverfish, firebrats

The Basal or Apterygote (wingless) Orders

Page 4: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

ARCHAEOGNATHA

Shrimp-like profile; tail filaments relatively parallel, bristly. Primitive, spider-like, single-articulated jaws. Deocmposers. No economic significance.

“Jumping bristletails”

X-sec

Page 5: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

Thermobia, a firebrat. Giant neurons in tail filaments studied at UW.

THYSANURA (ZYGENTOMA)“silverfish & firebrats”

Flattened profile, don’t jump, tail filaments held close to 90 deg. apart. A few are economic pests, damaging cellulose & fabric.

Page 6: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

“Aquatic” Insects

A polyphyletic, ecological assemblage of taxa.

The aquatic lifestyle has arisen many times in insect evolution; only in a few orders is it the rule.

In most, the immature stages are truly aquatic while the adult is a winged terrestrial form.

Page 7: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

Holometabolous, Endopterygote

Hemimetabolous, Exopterygote

Paleoptera

AQUATIC INSECTS, an ecological (polyphyletic) group

otherorderswithaquaticspecies

TRICHOPTERA

PLECOPTERA

ODONATAEPHEMEROPTERA

Page 8: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

Importance of Aquatic InsectsMost references to nymphs/larvae; some taxa beyond this lecture

Natural World Nutrient cycle: decomposers

Water quality: filter feeders

Food Webs: prey & predators, e.g. salmon fry eat bugs

Anthropophilic World

Aquatic environmental quality indicators

Medical/Disease vectors, especially mosquitoes, other flies

Human Food (coryxid eggs; water bug wing muscle; fly pupae)

Sport Fishing (Fly Tying)

Page 9: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

Life History & Physiological Aspects ofAquatic vs. Terrestrial Insects

Development Terrestrial: variable rateAquatic: Generally slower (colder temperature under water)

Water/Ion Balance Terrestrial: conserve water from dehydration Aquatic: conserve ions from dilution

Respiration Terrestrial: open system (siphon, physical gill, etc.)Aquatic: closed tracheal system (gills, cutaneous) with exceptions

Nitrogen Waste Removal Terrestrial: uric acid (conserves water) Aquatic: ammonia (conserves energy)

Page 10: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

EPHEMEROPTERA, mayflies

aquatic immature

terrestrial (winged) adult

Fish-eye view through the mind of the fisherman (superpredator). Fish as entomologists!

Page 11: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

Adult

gills

wing pads

3 “tail filaments” = cerci

Larva (nymph, naiad)

gill covers

Mayflies are predaceous or detritovores as nymphs. Adults do not feed.

Page 12: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

forlegs

Mayfly adult antennae are small; hindwing may be small or vestigal.

hindwing

Page 13: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

larval molt, subimago molt, & adult

Page 14: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

ODONATA, dragon- & damselflies

Page 15: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

damselflies

dragonflies

Page 16: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

labial mask

All odonates are predators as both nymphs and adults.

Page 17: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

1. lunge

2. grab

dragonfly larva labial mask hydraulic feeding mechanism

Page 18: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

Some large dragonfly nymphs may take vertebrate prey!

Page 19: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

adult eclosion

tracheal tubes

Page 20: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

A tropical dragonfly. The wings are always held out at rest.

Page 21: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

• Dragon flies have acute and fast vision.

• Up to 10,000 eye facets (high resolution!)

• Adaptations: small prey capture at high speed while flying & mate/mate competitor detection.

Page 22: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

Well-known “loop” configuration of mating odonates; male grasps female with tail claspers; transfers sperm from secondary sex organs on 2nd abdominal segment.

Page 23: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

A damselfly. Some are spider predators.

Page 24: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

Males of some dragonfly species are territorial, with traditional perches.

Page 25: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

Some ancient dragonfly relatives (“Griffinflies”) measured over two feet in wingspan. How could flying insects live at this scale?

Page 26: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

PLECOPTERA, stoneflies

• Orthopteroids i.e., cricket- or roach-like.

• Nymphs fully aquatic, prefer highly oxygenated water.

• Thoracic gills.

• Two long cerci in nymphs & adults.

Page 27: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

Stoneflies are predators or detritovores as numphs; adults do not feed.

thoracic gills

Page 28: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)
Page 29: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

Some insects can be active at near-freezing temperatures. A “winter” stonefly nymph, one species among various snow-active insects.

wing pads

Page 30: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

Stonefly exuviae.

Page 31: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

TRICHOPTERA, caddisflies

hairy (vs. scaly) wingslong, thread-like antennae

reduced mouthparts

Features distinguishing adult caddisflies from adult moths.

wings membranous (~transparent)

• Sister order to the Lepidoptera.• Moth-like.

Page 32: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

A true moth.

scales

Page 33: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

diverse larval cases (including none!)

Caddisfly nymphs are predaceous or detritovores; adults do not feed.

Page 34: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

TRICHOPTERA

caddis fly larval cases

Page 35: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

typical caddisfly larva without case

from Gullen & Cranston 2000

Page 36: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

Life stages of an aquatic snout moth (Pyralidae).Parallel evolution of the caddisfly-like natural history.

Page 37: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

Marine Insects

all from Cheng 1976

Halobates, an open water predaceous bug.

Egg phoresy: eggs laid on tail of seabird.

Hydrophobic hairs on tarsi of Trochopus, a related genus.

Page 38: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

Clunio californiensis, an open water marine midge (DIPTERA: Chironomidae)

male skating

mating behavior

male

female

all from Cheng 1976

Page 39: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

• Sea skaters, genus Halobates, are the only insect known to live in the open ocean. More than 40 species have been described, but only five (H. micans, H. sericeus, H. sobrinus, H. germanus and H. splendens) are oceanic (Andersen & Cheng 2004).

–

Page 40: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

Their overall range lies between 40°N and 40°S, but within that expanse each species has a different specific range (Cheng 1989). In the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean (ETP), four of five oceanic species can be found; H. germanus occurs in the Indian and western Pacific oceans (Andersen & Cheng 2004). Sea skaters have been reported thus far in the diet of more than a dozen surface-feeding seabirds.

Page 41: Fig. 7.2 Gullen & Cranston, 2005 A current hypothesis for the cladistic phylogeny of the insects and primitive hexapods “basal orders” (= “Apterygota”)

END


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