Filipino struggle for independence, 1898-1946

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Authors Nagtalon, Alex Avelino Agcaoili, 1908-

Publisher The University of Arizona.

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FILIPINO STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE . 1898 = 1946

A T hesis

subm itted to th© f a e u l ty o f th e

Beparbmsnt ©f H is to ry

i a p a r t i a l f u l f i l lm e n t o f th© req u irem eats f o r th© degree ©f

MASTER OF ARTS

i a th e G raduate C o lleg e fl U n iv e rs ity ®f A risoaa

1958

D

This th e s is has bean subm itted in p a r t i a l f u l f i l lm e n t o f r e q u ire ­

ments fo r an advanced degree a t th e U n iv e rs ity of A rizona and is de­

p o s ite d in th e L ib ra ry to be made a v a ila b le to borrow ers under ru le s

o f th e L ibrary* B r ie f q u o ta tio n s from t h i s th e s is a re allow able w ith ­

out s p e c ia l p e rm issio n , provided th a t a c c u ra te acknowledgement of

source i s made• ReQuests fo r perm ission f o r extended q u o ta tio n from

or rep ro d u c tio n of th is m anuscrip t in whole o r in p a r t may bo g ran ted

by th e head o f th e m ajor departm ent o r th e dean o f th e Graduate C ollege

when in t h e i r judgment the proposed use o f th e m a te r ia l i s in the

in t e r e s t s of sch o la rsh ip * In a l l o th e r in s ta n c e s , however, perm ission

must be ob ta ined from th e au thor*

SIGNED:

MBLS OF GOETE1TB

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PREFACE

This :manuscript endeavors to show th e s tru g g le o f th e F i l ip in o peo­

ple fo r s e l f “government r ig h t from th e s t a r t o f the American occupation©

Although th e P h il ip p in e in s u r re c t io n was s h o r t- l iv e d ^ th e people were un™

daunted and th ey waged t h e i r f ig h t by p e ac e fu l meanso This p a c if ic

s tru g g le was enhanced by th e e s ta b lish m e n t o f c i v i l government in 1902s

th e passage o f th e P h ilip p in e autonomy Act o f 1916 commonly c a l le d th e

Jones Law* th e passage of th e Independence Act o f 1935 which c re a te d th e .

Commonwealth Government O ctober 16 * 1955 * and a f t e r a te n y ear interim * V

se p a ra tio n would then, be grantedo/ The a t ta c k o f th e Japanese on Decern™

. b e r Sfl, 1941 * '■ d is tu rb e d th e t r i a l . 'period o f th e Commonwealth* bub th e peo™

pie ■worked/hard to f r e e them selves.: from th e ru th le s s occupation of th e

enemy a When the. in v ad ers were d riv e n away by American and F il ip in o

fo rce s in 1945* th e peopie resumed th e p eace fu l p u rs u i t o f l i f e m ostly in

th e r e h a b i l i t a t io n of th e country© T h enexb y e a r when th e P h ilip p in e

Independence Law was presum ed.to have been s a t i s f ie d * com plete freedom

was th e n proclaim ed on J u ly 4* 1946© Today as th e f i r s t E n g lish speak ing

R epublic in th e O rient* th e P h il ip p in e s s tan d as a monument to th e g re a t

American dream of freedom* th e freedom o f which th e American n a tio n was

born and by which i t l iv e s* a n d ,* i c h i t has shared in c re a s in g ly w ith th e

peoples o f o th e r lands©

In th e 'p re p a ra tio n o f t h i s work* I have used f r e e ly "P ublic Doeu-=

ments*" as w e ll as th e works o f " d i f f e r e n t au th o rs concern ing th e P h i-

l ip p in e islands©

. . ;Muoh appreoiat'Sd .lx@lps en<SQur,agem.m,t> and su ggestion s from my

p rofessors and' o th er . fr iend s are ..duly aoknowledgedo ' •

CH&PTIB I

INTRQDUGTIOHi THS PHILIPPINES PRIOR TO 1898

The P h il ip p in e Is la n d s i s th e en ly C h r is t ia n e en n try in th e F ar

•B as ts ... I t i s eempesed o f mere th an 7,00© is la n d s , la rg e and sm a ll, ex—- .

ten d in g between 4 and 21 d eg rees n o r th l a t i t u d e and 116 to 128 degrees ■

e a s t lo n g itu d e in th e Southw est P a e if i@ o The a re a , in c lu d in g land and

w a te r , i s e s tim ated to cover 1 1 5 ,000 square m ile s , about th e s iz e o f

. I t a l y , o r th e s t a t e o f A rizona^ ■, ; .

The A rch ipelago i s bounded on th e e a s t by th e P a c i f ic Ocean, on th e

s o u th by th e C elebes Sea, th e Ind o n esian R epublic and B r i t i s h H orth

Borne©-, and ©h th e w est and n o rth by th e China S ea0 The main is la n d s

a re Luzern, Mindanao, and th e T isayan groupa Luzon, w hich i s th e l a r g e s t

and most populous, l i e s ©n th e n o rth e rn s e c t io n w ith Mindoro ©n i t s so u th ­

w est s id e o The T isayan group, se p a ra te d by th e S ibuyaa Sea from Luzon,

c o n s is ts o f th e is la n d s ©f Samar, L ey te , Pahay, ifeg ro s , Cebu and B©h@le .

On th e so u th i s Mindanao, a l i t t l e sm a lle r th an Luzern, and sep a ra te d from

th e T isayan s e c tio n by th e Mindanao Sea® T© th e w est a re Palawan and

S u lu a rc h ip e la g o , sep a ra ted f r W th e T isayan group and Mindanao by th e

S u lu S ea0

The c lim a te i s g e n e ra lly warm0 D uring most o f th e y e a r , the h igh

ji - 1 , ' " ,S enate Documentso 57 th C ongress, 1 s t s e s s io n , 1901-1902, Ho0 280

G a z e tte e r o f P h il ip p in e I s la n d s (W ashingtons Government P r in t in g O ffic e , :19©2 }, T o i0, i i i , - ppo i= 6 P. . - - - A :

temper attire of a l i t t l e over 80 degrees g iv es a h igh r e l a t i v e humidity*

T h e .o v e rfa ll average an nual tem p era tu re Is 79-.degrees, w h ile B aguio, h ig h

in the- C o rd il le ra m ountains, has an average annual tem p era tu re o f 64

d e g r e e s ^ ; % i ' - , : i x , . ' .-''- V . _ : .

The P h il ip p in e Is lan d s produo© m ain ly su g a r , c o p ra , to b acco , r i c e ,

hemp, and rubbers Some m in e ra ls , m ostly g o ld , are found in th e m ountain

ranges o f Luzon and Mindanaoo Because o f th e lu x u r ia n t growth o f vege-=

t a t i o n , th e Is la n d s a re covered w ith commercial s o f t woods and-hardwoodso

’ Humbering tw en ty m il l io n , th e F il ip in o s , a re b a s ic a l ly a m ixture - o f

C aucasian , Mongolian and Malayan stooko Some w r i te r s m a in ta in t h a t th e

o r ig in a l s e t t l e r s , th e H e g rito s , may have reached th e P h ilip p in e Islands;

by lan d b rid g es from th e A s ia tic m ain land , and th a t l a t e r Indonesians

came in b o a ts and were pushed back in to th e i n t e r io r by a wave o f Malays &

ifhen th e S pan iards a r r iv e d ,: th e y fo u n d -th e people w ith t h e i r own w r i t te n .

language, government by t r i b a l . l a w , a s t r i c t m oral code, and a . th r iv in g .

commerce*

■ M agellan d isco v e red the Is la n d s in 1521 and was l a t e r k i l l e d by

w arring trib esm en under C h ie f ta in S ila p u la p u o f Mactan i s la n d 0 A f te r

Y i l la lo b b s g e x p e d itio n i n . 1545, th e new d isco v e ry was named P i l ip in a s

.in honor o f P rin ce P h i l ip , ifho l a t e r became P h il ip I I o f .Spaine On

Hovenfcer .21, 1564, M iguel Lopez, de Legaspi s a i l e d from H avidad,.M exico,

to th e P h i l ip p in e s , and he was fo llow ed by U rdaneta in 1570 when M anila ." V; . , - 2 'wad ■ founded*

15A lb e rt Go Robinson, The P h il ip p in e s & The War and th e People (Hew Yorks McClure, P h i l l ip s and Co6, 1901), pp0 17«55a

5

Spanish soTrereignty remaiiaed p ra G tio a lly undisturbed#• except;, f o r th e

u n su eo essfu l lan d in g o f t h e Chinese p i r a te L i Mja Hong# and th e i l l - f a t e d

a ttem p ts of th e Dutch and theP S rtuguesee In October# 1762# during th e

Seven Tears T ar# 'M anila , was oap tu red by the- B r i t is h e But. on S p a in 8 s

promise of paying f iv e m il l io n d o l la r s ransom f o r th e Is lan d s# th e .

E n g lish made no a ttem p t to ex tend t h e i r conquest® By th e T rea ty o f P a ris .

in ,1763# th e P h il ip p in e s were re s to re d to- Swain and u n t i l 1897 sh® became,, : " ' . 5 - . ' :■

und isp u ted r u l e r &

Q.uite as im portan t as Spanish s o ld ie r s in th e conquest o f th e

Is la n d s were th e p r i e s t s o f th e C h r is t ia n Church# whose aim was to ex tend

■ th e Kingdom of Cod and th e power of th e Chur oho The. re g u la r clergy#

which devoted i t s e l f p r in c ip a l ly to C h r is t ia n and e d u c a tio n work# becam®

w ealth y and o f te n overshadowed th e lo c a l r u le r s in d i f f e r e n t p a r ts of th e

Is lan d so Hence# s e r io u s f r i c t i o n occu rred a t f re q u e n t in te rv a ls between

th e a u th o r i t i e s o f th e church and th o se o f the s ta te # and many acrim onious

c o n te s ts took p lace between th e f r i a r s o f d i f f e r e n t o rd e r s »

F o r tu n a te ly f o r th e people# th e f r i a r s e s ta b lis h e d prim ary schools

f o r te a c h in g boys and g i r l s to read and w r ite Spanish® Higher education#

however# appears t o have, been e x c lu s iv e ly fo r S panish ch ild ren # th e well®*-

td -do# and th e m e s tiz o s» I t was no t u n t i l 1863 t h a t th e S pan ish m in is te r

o f war and co lo n ie s decreed th e system Of p u b lic in s tru c tio n ® & prim ary

schoo l fo r boys and one f o r g i r l s wes© to be e s ta b lis h e d in each town

®J» B a r re tt# ’’Cuba o f th e F a r E a s t# 88 North American Review# 01X1? ,(February# 1897)# pp* 173^18Qo -

: ■ . ' ■ v : ■ ' , ■ ; 4- ■ 4 " %

of th e Is lan d s* The Spanish f r i a r a th e town c u ra te a was the lo c a l in "

sp e e to r o f schools and p r a c t i c a l ly d i r e c te d theiz" conduct * E ducation was

n e i th e r f r e e nor adequate * T u itio n was re q u ire d of a ll# and only a sm all

.p ro p o r tio n o f th e c h ild re n o f the p a r is h was reached® In M a n ila / p r iv a te

c o lle g e s and u n iv e r s i t i e s were a lso e s ta b lish e d o The U n iv e rs ity o f Santo

Tomas; was founded in 1611# and in th e 1860 Ss # i te n e o M un icipala San Juan

de L e tran and M anila Normal School followed®: '

The main c o lo n ia l p o lic y o f Spain was- f o r th e accum ulation of w ea lth

t h a t co u ld he c a r r ie d away a t once3 and f o r th e e x p lo i ta t io n o f income

th a t co u ld be p rocured th rough th e la b o r o f th e in h ab itan ts® The aim was

n o t to develop th e re so u rce s and in c re a se th e p ro s p e r i ty o f the co lon ies#. ' • : ■ . 5b u t to g a in the glory® power# and p a tronage o f the crown®

C o n f lic ts were freq u e n t between c i v i l and church a u th o ritie s® V io"

1©no® and c o rru p tio n went unrebukeds and th e government made u n su ccessfu l

e f f o r t s to c o r r e c t th e abuses * Both groups fo rm ulated economic p o l ic ie s ; -

which alm ost p a ra ly se d t r a d e * .Gommerce between L a tin America and , th e

P h il ip p in e s was forbidden® a n d 'th a t /w i th Mexico g r e a t ly r e s t r i c t e d f o r

th e b e n e f i t o f the m erchants o f Seville® : Between '1810 and 1825® Spain

l o s t h e r South An© r ic a n co lo n ies# b u t t h i s d id n o t in f lu e n c e her to g ive

b e t t e r tre a tm e n t o f h e r rem aining c o lo n ie s s th e P h ilip p in e s# Puerto Rico#

and - Cubao ,

The in te rv e n in g years were f u l l o f s m l l u p r is in g s and re b e llio n s#

^David Po Barrows# A H is to ry o f th e P h il ip p in e s (New Y ork :, . Yonkers™ bn-Hudson# World Book Go*# 1905J# p® 274®

5 lb id# po 113® "' k ; . '

5

and t t o most, n o tab le were the. Cavit© in c id e n t in 1872 and th e g en era l

r e v o lu tio n o f 1896» The so le o b je c t o f the u p r is in g o f 1872» under th e /

• le a d e rsh ip Of F a th e r Jose Burgos * was the ex p u ls io n of th e f r ia r s o This V

Cavit© in s u r re c t io n was a .lo c a l o p p o s itio n t o the f r i a r s o f th e d i s t r i c t a

and th e - le a d e r s to g e th e r w ith th re e o th e r n a tiv e p r ie s ts - , was executed

upon th e Limeta in M anila by th e Spanish m i l i t a r y a u th o r i t i e s s a t th©

in s t ig a t io n o f th e m onastic o rd e rs* Many n a tiv e c le rg y and p r iv a te citi=>

sens were d e p o rte d s and t h e i r p ro p e rty c o n fisca ted * The memory of th e

ev en t remains a b i t t e r .a n d never t o be fo rg o tte n s to r y in - th e minds of

thousands* And todays, th e name o f F a th e r Jose Burgos i s one o f reverence

among th e F i l ip in o people as t h a t of a m a r ty rs * o had sown th e germ of a■■ - ■ : ^ ; 6

new id e a s rd iic h sprang in to la r g e r l i f e in th e r e v o l t o f 1896*

The reform s prom ised to th e people were never c a r r ie d out* This

made them more determ ined to s t a r t an o th e r re v o lu tio n by o rg an iz in g under#

ground s o c ie t ie s o Among th e se o rg a n iz a tio n s were th e ’’La Liga F i l ip in a "

and t i e ”K atipunan” s # io se members w ere n o t only th o se o f F i l ip in o bloody

b u t a ls o of S panish desoeant y bo rn in th e I s lands o The K atipunan was th©

more r a d ic a l o f th e two and asked fo r p o l i t i c a l and e c c l e s i a s t i c a l

reform s d ire c te d a g a in s t th e e x to r t io n s and abuses e x e rc is e d by th e fr ia rs®

But the government c o n s ta n tly re s o r te d t o m easures of re p re ss io n ^ which

l i t t l e by l i t t l e changed th e movement f o r re fo rm atio n in to rev o lu tio n *

The ”La Liga F il ip .in a ” advocated l i b e r a l reform s p a r t i c u la r ly

S p a in ’s commercial systemo At t h i s tim e, commerce w as-l im ite d to th e

in te rch an g e of Spanish m anufactured p rp d u c ts fo r raw m a te r ia ls* Produce

t io n was s t r i c t l y l im ite d to goods w hich d id n o t compete w ith th o se o f

Gib id * g p® 2796 ' :V; - ;

Spa lute Based q» monopoly^ r e s t r i c t io n » and p r iv ile g e , w ealth was aootamu^

la te d in th e hands o f a few Spaniards and th e i r descendants * For t h i s

re a so n , the o rg a n is a tio n looked to th e e s ta b lish m e n t o f a t r a d e combina=-

t io n in th e v a rio u s d e p a rtm en ts .o f a g r ic u ltu re * There was a s tro n g need

f o r p ro te c tio n and defense a g a in s t th e a v a rice of fo re ig n commission

m erchan ts , who f ix e d th e p r ic e s and term s o f payment f o r th e commodities^

Members of th e t'M ga: F iX ip in a11 were young F i l ip in o p a t r i o t s . and ■; .

s tu d e n ts a tte n d in g sohqo'ls: in M anila as w e ll as in Spain* . They had th e ir .:

eyes opened and beearne am bitious tow ards fu r th e r in g th e p ro g ress o f t h e i r

country* Prom inent among t h i s group was Dr* Jose E l a a l 'y Mercado, a u th o r ,

p h y s ic ian and m arty red p a t r io t s As a boy , he was a f fe c te d w ith sadness ■

a t the memory o f the ev en ts in 1872, and w ith th e background and unhappy

c o n d itio n o f h is countrymens He went to schoo l a t th e J e s u i t C ollege o f

^Atenbo do M anila , and his. fam ily was a b le to send him to Burop®, where he

s tu d ie d M edicine a t th e U n iv e r s i ty .o f Madrid and H eidelbergo He l a t e r• ' ' ' ■ : ; ■ " ■■■ 7 '

t r a v e le d in the U nited S ta te s , F ra n c e , and o th e r European c o u n tr ie s 0

During th e s ta y o f Dr« Jos® E ia a l i n Europe, he w rote h is now well-^

known s to ry of F i l ip in o l i f e e n t i t l e d S o l i Me Tangere (Touch Me H ot) , and

in t h i s and a l a t e r no v e l E l F il ib u s te r is m o (S o c ia l C a n c e r) ,.h e s e t f o r th

h is ideas of reform s I t was, to b r in g th e co n d itio n s and needs of h is

co u n try to p u b lic n o te , t h a t he p u b lish ed th e se books* I t was r e a l ly an■ : . , - , - ; , -s .

expos^* o f th e many o ffen ses of. th e f r i a r s a g a in s t th e people® The church

Eobinson, op* c i t *, p* 25e

®Dean Co W orcester, The P h il ip p in e s P a s t and P re se n t (Hew York: TheMacMillan Co*, 1930), p Q 509®

7

forbade the read ing o f them, and even ow nership of cop ies involved th e

r i s k of l i f e o When he re tu rn e d to M anila in 1872s he was a t once a r r e s te d

a t the in s t ig a t io n o f th e f r i a r s upon a charge o f s e d i t io n o A gainst th©

com bination o f ohurch and s t a t e he was power l e s s » and a f t e r a moek t r i a l s

he was sen tenced to d e p o rta tio n to ' D apitans Mindanaos S ou thern P h ilip p in e s*

In c ip ie n t r e v o l ts a g a in s t t h e government,, and e s p e c ia l ly th e fr ia r s*

had been e a s i ly re p re s se d by k i l l in g , i t s . le ad e rs on th e g a lla irso While

ip e x ile * Dr* Jose B la a l v o lu n tee red h is se rv ic e as a m ed ical o f f ic e r to

th e S pan ish army in th e Cuban re v o lu tio n of. 1896.* and upon being accepted*

s a i le d f o r SpaIno He had l e t t e r s o f reC om endation from Governor G eneral

Blanco to Spanish C ab inet o f f ic ia l s o A rriv in g in Spain* he was a rre s te d *

in response to ,cab leg ram s from Manila* and re tu rn e d to th e P h ilip p in e s as

a s t a t e p riso n e r* At th i s t im e s an' o rg an ized re v o l t under th e le a d e rs h ip

o f G eneral S a i l io Aguinaldo cau sed the a r r e s t o f many prom inent and r i c h - .

F il ip in o se - ' Dre E i s a l ’s s ta y in Manila* p r io r to h is d e p a r tu re fo r Spain

was o o in c id e r ta l w ith th e p lo ts* and in s p i te of the f a c t t h a t he had been

a S panish p r iso n e r in Mindanao during th e th re e p reced ing years* he was

charged w ith c o m p lic ity i n t h e a f f a i r * t r i e d * and condemned as guilty©

On December- 50* 1896* he was sh o t as a t r a i t o r * This ex ecu tio n led to '... '. , ■ 9 - . ... , ' . . . ■

th e g e n e ra l u p r is in g o f l896o

In th e meantime * th e K atipunan was o rg an iz in g i t s fo rc e s under th e

le a d e rsh ip o f i t s founder* S r 0 Andres B onifacio* to s tag e , a .general

a t ta c k and s la u g h te r o f th e S pan iards © The pr i e s t o f Binondo* Pedro G il* ,

le a rn ed o f th e p lo t th rough a s i s t e r of one o f the le a d e rs and-im m ediately

Robinson* ope c ito * pp© 26”27o •.

8

the government rounded up th o se who were supposed to be im pliea tedo This

d id n o t s to p th e in s u rg e n ts s fo r on August Q 3 18963 th e y a tta c k e d th e town

o f Calopcan and had t h e i r f i r s t b a t t l e a t th e San Juan d e l Monte v i l l a g e /

fo u r m ile s from Manilao I t was a v ic to ry f o r th e S pan iards 3 as th e

commander o f t h i s group was c ap tu red w ith th r e e o th er le a d e rs and sh o t on. ; . • ■. ■ .- , ■ ■/' ■’■■■■ ' • - •

th e same f i e l d where Pro Jose R iz a l l a t e r l o s t h is l i f e s F ig h tin g c o a t in -

- ueti j u s t th e sa.me£ sp read ing to th e c e n t r a l p rov inces o f Fampanga^ B ulacan3

and Bueva _Boijao In C avite p ro v in cea G eneral Aguinaldo w ith w e ll t r a in e d

s o ld ie r s p r a c t i c a l ly c le a re d th a t p rov ince o f Spaniards* ex cep t fo r th o se .

in h a b itin g th e long neck of land p ro te c te d by the S pan ish f l e e t a which

became much ■ l a t e r th e C avite ETaval baseo By th e end o f December^ a f t e r

th e d ea th of... Dr.* Jose R iz a l, th e in s u r r e c t io n had sp read to Pangasinans

: ZambaleSj, and th e l lo c o s p rov inces # '

. T/lhen th e founder o f the K atipunan League k i l l e d . G eneral Agui-^

naldo to o k over th e le a d e rsh ip and f o r fo u r years was in command o f th e

rev o lu tio n o He. was th e n tw enty-seven years o ld , son o f a n a tiv e c a p ta in

and ta x c o l le c to r s He was. a man o f f a i r and re s p e c ta b le s o c ia l connect

t i o n s , a sch o o l te a c h e r , and one tim e p e t ty governor o f h is n a tiv e town ■' io ’ ■ ' ' . / t. . ,

o f Cavite® As t o where he o b ta in e d h is m i l i t a r y e d u c a tio n , i t must h a v e .

been th ro u g h b a t t l e f i e ld ex p erien ce o'■The in flu en ce ' w hich he th e n had

w ith th e common people continues, to th e p re se n t day® However, he had a

, good m il ita r y a d v ise r when he s e le c te d G eneral Antonio Luna, a man o f .

r e a l g i f t s and f i e r y d is p o s i t io n , who had re c e iv e d m i l i t a r y in s t r u c t io n

iUCo C0 C a lk in s , -’The P h il ip p in e In s u r re c t io n o f 1 8 § 6 ,:i?l H arpers M agazine," XCIX (A ugust, 1899), ppe 469-485*

in th e ‘Frenoh M il i ta ry Aqademye ■

The in su rg e n ts o e e u p ie d Ip ra e tic a lly . a l l th e p rov inces and had a con-

s id e ra h le fo rce s htit th e y lack ed a m s and ammunition^ t r a in in g and d is c i^

p lin e e At th e peak o f t h e i r stren g th , t h e .S pan iards numbered about 27,000

s o ld ie r s , and were w e ll-a rm ed . G enera l f 'u laT ie ja . succeeded G eneral Blanco

as Governor G en era l, b u t in th e .; spring: o f 1897 asked to be rep laced be™

oause o f il ln e s so - Some b e lie v e d t h a t he became d isco u rag ed when in h is

l a s t b a t t l e he l o s t 300 s o ld ie r s and 1500 wounded, and h is p o lic y o f ex™

te rm in a tio n d id n o t helpo G eneral' Primo de Rivera became Governor G eneral

and in au g u ra ted h is ru le by a p roc lam ation o f amnesty to a l l in su rg e n ts ■ ■ ' 11

who would la y down t h e i r arms©

In J u ly , 1897, a demand came from th e F i l ip in o s id e which c a l le d fo r

th e fo llow ing;-

lo E xpulsion o f th e m onastic o rders, and r e s t i t u t i o n to the tow nships

o f th e lands w hich the f r i a r s had a p p ro p r ia te d , d iv id in g th e ben ifie© h e ld

by them , as w e ll as th e e p isc o p a l s e e s , e q u a lly betw een p e n in su la r and

in s u la r s e o tila r p r ie s ts o A / \ - • . •

2® A b o litio n o f the- Governor G e n era l’s a r b i t r a r y power to b a n ish

w ith o u t t r i a l o r sen te n c e , and a ls o to l im i t the a r b i t r a r y power o f th e

c i v i l guard®. • > - . , ■

So E q u a lity in trea tm en t, between p e n in su la r and in s u la r c i v i l

se rv an tso

4o A d m in is tra tiv e and economic autonom y,and r e l ig io u s to le ra t io n o

^■^•Robinson, op0 c i t * , p® 31®

• , ' ' ’ , , : ■ ' : ; ■ ' . ; . 10

■ : ' : . . . ‘ .. ■ 12 ; ' '5o' A bolition , , o f th®- 15“day per; annum, compulsory ■ labors.

Spanish re a c t io n o f g re a t concern was- th e outcome o f th e s e demands® S pain

now had h e r hands f u l l in Cuba, and in th e summer of 1897# s tep s were •

tah en tow ard e f f e c t in g a s e tt le m e n t of th e d i f f i c u l t i e s between th e Island™

e rs and th e home governm ent^ and t h i s r e s u l te d in a t r e a t y known as th e

. T rea ty of B iack -n a-b a to v .which-was s ig n ed on Beo©mb©r 15 o f th e same year* .

. The p ro v is io n s weres: ; ' ■ r

1* That Aguinaldo was to d isband h is fo rce s and to g iv e up h is arms *

2® He and th e o th e r le ad e rs were to go in to e x i l e , pledged to r e - '

f r a in from r e b e l l io n a g a in s t Spain®

;5.0 In r e tu r n , .the Governor G eneral prom ised com plete amnesty and a

program o f r e f o r m s I n c lu d in g th e ex p u ls io n o f th e f r i a r s , and freedom o f

:th e p ress* ' ■

4 e A s t ip u la t io n p ro v id in g for. re p re s e n ta t iv e c o m e i l s »

5s Payment o f |8 0 0 ,000 fo r d i s t r i b u t io n among th e tro o p s and o f f i “

; c e rs o f th e in s u r r e c t io n * ,

. 6 ® G enera l A guinaldo and c e r ta in o th e r le ad e rs were to tak e up- : ■ .. IS ' .' t h e i r re s id en ce o u ts id e th e P h ilip p in e Is la n d s &

Aguinaldo and tw en ty ^six of h i s a s 'so c ia te s were ta k e n t o iongkdhgg

on th e Spanish steam er “Uranus” a r r iv in g th e re on December 51, 1897, and

a d e p o s it o f - 1400,000 was made. a t th e Hongkong Bank on January 2 , 1898,

to th e c r e d i t o f Aguihaldo, .and C o m p a n y A t th is . t im e , i t was . m utually

Foreman, .“Spain and th e P h i l i p p i n e s Contem porary, EXXIV (J u ly , 1898)fl ppa 20”55s ' •

I & ■ ■ ' " : ■ ' - • ' •W o rceste r, op® o i t o,- . p* 94o

. . . . . . . . . .. . ■ ■ \ . H .

hoped th a t, th e tro u b le was ended, as G eneral R ivera kep t h is s id e o f th e .

bargain bjr paying th.e'vother insurgent leaders, th e ’secbhd installm ent of

#200*000»• G eneral R ivera was" td be re l ie v e d now, and he tu rn ed over to •

h is /su o o e 's s o r , 'G e n e ra l A g u stin , th e l a s t payment» Be cause, he b e lie v e d

th a t th e money would n o t be e q u a lly d iv id e d . G eneral A gustin re fu sed to

pay ;i t . to th e insurgents.* . D esir in g to w a it u n t i l th e c o n tra c t fo r reform ;'

was c a r r ie d out* G eneral Aguinaldo. de layed th e . d i s t r ib u t io n o f th e money a-

■ ' The susp ic ion o f th e ins u rg en t le a d e rs was c o r re c t when in March*.

1898* fo rm er.ex p e rien ces were repeated® The "D iario de M anila" (M anila

D aily )* p.ublished an a r t i c l e demanding to know why th e reform s prov ided .

fo r by th e t r e a ty were not c a r r ie d out* and im m ediately th e Governor

G eneral o rdered th e suspension o f th e paper® The d ep o rted le ad e rs r e a l i s e d

th e n ' t h a t th e y we re t r ic k e d * so in Hongkong s th e y o rg an ized th e "La Ju n ta

P a t r io t ic a " ( P a t r io t i c C ouncil) working in th e i n t e r e s t o f th e F i l ip in o. . . Id .

people and p rep a rin g fo r a resumpfc ion o f th e s tru g g le *

Wien G eneral A guinaldo decided n o t t o b e in a h u rry about d iv id in g

th e money* he d id i t f o r a good purpose* a s th e fund was availab le" when ’

th e r e v o lu t io n is t s con tinued t h e i r f ig h t a t th e o u tb reak o f th e S pan ish"

.American war® A ccording to th e r e v e la t io n o f th e S pan ish a rch iv es in

Manila* 1898, th e money was presume d to have been used to purchase arms . • ' . 15

f o r th e conquest o f C avite p rov ince in May* 1898® The in su rg e n t le a d e rs

were tro u b le d over th e c o n tro l and u t i l i z a t i o n of th e funds d ep o sited in

Hongkongo A guinaldo w ished to keep th e p r in c ip a l sum in ta c t* w h ile the-

■^Robinson* op® c i t ®* p® 54® ' ■

•^C alkins* op® p i t ** p* 281®

12

'leading r i i ro I tA io n is ts in th e P h ilip p in es ; in s is te d - th a t th e money he di*>

Tided* On th is b a s is ,: th e le a d e r o f t h i s group was s e n t to Hongkong to

beg in suil*. in th e Supreme c o u rt o f ' th e co lony to oompel Aguinaldo to

account f o r th e funds v/hioh were, in h is hands* In o rd e r to avoid s e rv ic e

o f p ro cess in t h i s s u i t , Aguinaldo id th two c lo se f r ie n d s l e f t Hongkong - ' ' ■ . ■- _ . ' . 16 . and reach ed S ingapore on A p ril 2 1 ,.1 8 9 8 0

At th e tim e war was d ec la red "b etw en Spain and th e U nited S ta te s ,

G eneral Aguinaldo was in S ingapore * Howard We B ray, an Englishman who was

one® a member of th e C iv il S e rv ice o f In d ia and had l iv e d f o r sometime in

th e P h ilip p in es# was xnriting a s e r ie s o f a r t i c l e s in th e S ingapore F ree

P ress about th e P h il ip p in e s = i/hen he h e a rd of th e a r r i v a l o f A guinaldo ,

he .saw an o p p o rtu n ity to c a p i t a l i z e on th e im portance of th e G eneral and

persuaded him to meet Mro. Bo Spencer P r a t t , t h e " U nited S ta te s consul™

g en era id This meeting on A p ril 28* 1898* r e s u l te d in th e much d isp u ted

q u e s tio n o f th e encouragem ent g iven to Aguinaldo by o f f i c i a l s o f th e. ' ' ; 17

U nited S ta te s* concern ing th e fu tu re independence o f th e P h ilip p in e s a

G eneral Aguinaldo knew no E nglish# and Mr* P r a t t d id n o t speak

Spanisho In t h i s in te rv iew # Bray a c te d as in te r p r e te r e I t i s im possib le

to say what th e i n t e r p r e te r to ld Aguinaldo# and r e a l ly Mr® P r a t t d id n o t

lenowo G eneral A guinaldo claim ed a f t e r t h i s m eeting th a t Mr® P r a t t

prom ised him re c o g n itio n o f th e independence o f th e P h il ip p in e s i f he and

h is people would co o p era te w ith th e U nited S ta te s fo rce s a g a in s t S p a in s

^ S e n a te Documents * Ho® 62* 55th Congress# Srd sess io n # Jan® 1899 (W ashington: Government P r in t in g O ffibe# 1899)* Vole ¥ 111# p& 451s

^% obin8on* op# c i t e # ps 4'0o

13

I t was p o s s ib le t h a t Mr* P r a t t 8© expressio ia @f g ©©6 w ishes fo r th e F ili-=

pis© earns© may have bees tram sla te fl a s p rem ises aafl as a sssran ees*

B ra y 's Filipim © f r ie n d s centemded t h a t he was a p t t© t a l k t e e much and

in th e eemrse ®£ th e cen v ersa tiea -, he re p e a te d th e perf©r®aae@0 N ever-

th e le s s s a f t e r am im terview w ith him9 th e G eneral s t i l l th o u g h t t h a t he

was prem ised indepemdemee Q

A fte r th e im terviewp B6**. P r a t t te le g ra p h e d 0©mm©S©re Bewey thromgh

th e c o n su l-g e n e ra l a t Hongkongs and th e Gomiaod©re r e p l i e d 9 " T e l l A gui-

m id© seme / e g / , seem as p e se ib le * Deweyo"- Tw© days l a t e r Mr* P r a t t

s e n t an o th e r l e t t e r whi@h embsdied h i s .second and l a s t in te rv iew w ith

G eneral Sguinald©* Oemsml P r a t t was g iv en a ssu ra n ce s t h a t Aguimald©

would c a r ry th e war w ith Spain in s t r i c t accord ©f c iv i l i z e d warfare®

G enera l Aguinald© went ©m to says

T hat th e U nited S ta te s would assume p ro te c t io n o f th e P h i­l ip p in e s f o r a t l e a s t long emeugh t© allow th e in h a b i ta n ts t© es­t a b l i s h a government o f t h e i r ©wn in th e © rgaaizatiem o f which he weuld d e s i r e American ad v ice and a s s i s t a a c e 0

l a aasw er to the cozmmmieg.tieHS ©f Mr0 P r a t t , Mashing te n cabled to him

t h i s messages ■

I t i s assumed t h a t you d id met a ttem p t to commit t h i s govern­ment t© any a l l ia n c e w ith th e P h il ip p in e in su rg e n ts* To o b ta in th e u n c o n d itio n a l p e rso n a l a s s is ta n c e ©f G eneral Aguinald© in th e expe­d i t io n t© M anila was p ro p e r i f in so do ing he was n o t induced to

. form hopes w hich i t m ight met be p ra c t ic a b le to g ra t i fy * I f , in th e cou rse ©f y eu r con fe ren ces w ith A gu iaaldo , you a c te d upon th e assump­t i o n t h a t t h i s government would ©©operate w ith him f o r th e fu r th e ra n c e .©f any p la n o f h is own, o r t h a t , in accep tin g h i s c o o p e ra tio n , i t

. would c o n s id e r i t s e l f p ledged t© reco g n ize any p o l i t i c a l c la im s which

S enate Documenta* So* 62 , 55 th SB° PPo 342-34-36

, 3r d s e s s io n (Jan* 1899),

14

he may pu t forw ard s your a c t ion was u n au th o rized and cannot beapprovedc19

The A s ia tic f l e e t was b s - th e alerb>, beeause on F eb ru ary 25s 1898$ t e n :

days a f t e r 'th e Jfetlne. d is a s te r ' and two months b e fo re th e d e c la ra t io n o f

H ooseyelt' s e iz e d advantage o f th e tem porary absence o f h is su p e r io r o f f i

o e r to o rd e r Dewey8 s f l e e t , to Hohgkong3 in s t r u c t in g him t h a t in th e ev en t

o f d e c la r a t io n o f war w ith Spain® h is duty was to see t h a t th e Spanish

squadron d id not leav e the A s ia tic c o a s ts and then s t a r t o ffen s iv e o p e ra - .

t i d n in th e P h ilip p in e S o ' : ■

In Songtonga th e " Ju n ta P a t r i o t le a 88 ( P a t r io t i c Counc i l ) was a ls o in

co n stan t c o w u n ie a tio n m th th e o th e r in su rg e n ts in th e P h il ip p in e s 5 and

w hile Coimrtddore Dewey was * a i t ih g f o r f u r th e r in s t r u c t io n s <, the ju n ta s e n t

a p roc lam ation to th e in su rg e n ts and to th e p eo p le0 H ost im portan t p ro­

v is io n s o f th i s p roc lam ation weres;

Com patriots?' At th e p re sen t moment an American squadron i s p r e - ■ p a rin g to s a i l fo r th e P h i l ip p in e s »

We y o u r 'b ro th e r s ^ a re v e ry much a f r a id th a t you.may be induced, .to f i r e on th e Americanso Hoa b ro th e rs s never make: t h i s m istake ®

■ ' .. E a th e r blow y o u r own b ra in s out th an l i r e .a s h o t o r t r e a t as enemies;; th o se who are your; l ib e r a to r s ^

■ ■ . Your n a tu r a l enemies® your e x e c u tio n e rs 3 th e au th o rs , o f your ' .m isery and unhappiness® a re th e S p an ia rd s who. govern youo A gainst

■ th ese you must r a i s e your weapons and odium?;, u n d ers tan d w e ll-^ a g a in s t■ the.;Spaniards® and never a g a in s t th e Americans*

■ T a l e no n o tic e o f th e decree o f th e g o v e rn o r-g e n e ra l c a l l in g you to arms® a lth o u g h i t may c o s t you you r liv e so R a th er d ie th an be un­g r a te f u l to ou r American l ib e ra to rs# . ■

lake note* The Americans w i l l a t t a c k by sea and preven t any re in fo rcem en ts coming from Spain? therefo re® we in su rg e n ts must

: a t ta c k by land* Probably you w i l l have more th a n s u f f ic ie n b arms® because th e Americans have arms and w i l l f in d means t o a s s i s t us*.

There® where you see th e American f la g flying® assem ble in am ­b e rs? th e y a re our r e d e e m e r s ■.

^ R o b in s on® op a c i t e® p» 42®

^% brcester® o_po c i t o.® pp® 101.-102®

On A p r il 25., 1898s Dewey rece iv ed h is in s t r u c t io n and when G eneral

Aguinaldo reached Hongkongs. th e Com odore had ■.already s a i l e d fo r .Manila

Bay® Consul Rounsevelle Wildman o f Hongkong was g iven in s t r u c t io n s to

make arrangem ents fo r i.g u in a ld o ’s ’ e a r ly . t r m s p d r ta t io n to M anila* On

May l s 1 8 9 8 Commodore Dewey reached M anila Bay# and a f t e r about th re e

hours of n a v a l fig h tin g # he d e fea ted th e Spanish f l e e t w ith o u t the lo s s .■ ; ' ' 21 V .. V,;''V1 'of a s in g le l i f e * : ' "

On May 19# the H nited S ta te s d isp a tc h -b o a t McColloch brought General,

^gu ina ldo in to M anila ■Bay and a f t e r a o o rd ia l welcome from t h e ;Commodore

and the people# Aguinaldo e s ta b l is h e d h is h ead q u a rte rs in C av ite to assume

le a d e rsh ip o f th e re v o lu t io n is ts o The in su rg e n ts were su p p lie d w ith arms#

ammunition and s to re s by the American a u th o r i t ie s * T h ir ty days a f t e r th e

a r r i v a l o f -Aguinaldo# th e P h ilip p in e Is lands s w i t h th e e x cep tio n o f th e

b esieg ed c i t y o f I^n ila# - were ■ in .th e hands o f th e .F il ip in o se ' On June 18#

th e P h il ip p in e Ju n ta o rg an ised a p ro v is io n a l governm m t headed by Aguiti

naldo# w ith th e adv ice o f a cab in e t* A lthough t h i s was n o t recognized by

Commodore Dewey# th e re was an in d i r e c t Support and encouragem ent from th e

American o f f i c i a l s * ‘

- M anila had t o be ocoupied i f th e P h il ip p in e s were’ to be contro lled# ,

The r e v o lu t io n is t s could no t do t h i s alone w ith o u t the co o p era tio n o f the*

American navy* Sine© Commodore Dewey .d id no t have enough men to go asho re

he w aited f o r th e a r r i v a l o f G eneral Anderson# who reached th e re on

J u ly 1# 1898o On Ju ly 4# G eneral Andersoh w rote Aguinald© as f ollow s &

I have the. honor t o inform y o u .th a t the U n ited S ta te s o f America

16

whose fo rce s I have th e honor to command, in t h i s v ic in i ty , , be ing a t war w ith th e Kingdom of 5 pa in 3 have e n t i r e sympathy and most f r ie n d ” ly sen tim en ts fo r th e n a tiv e people o f th e P h il ip p in e Is lands*

For th e se re a so n s5 I d e s ire to have th e most am icable r e la t io n s w ith you., and to have you and your people coopera te w ith us in m i l l ” t a r y o p e ra tio n s a g a in s t th e Spanish, fo rce s

P re p a ra tio n s were made fo r th e cap tu re o f M an!la3 and when the ' a t ta c k

camea th e . Spaniards d id n o t g ive much re s is ta n c e ^ and on i,ugust I S t h e

c i ty was su rre n d e red to th e Ameriean f o r c e s « . This was th e beginning o f

th re e months o f w a tc h fu f w a itin g as to" what would be done w ith th e P h i”

lip p ln e 's # f o r i t s d e s tin y was in th e hands o f th e Peace Commission in

P a ris# . ' . ;. ■ ■ . ■

There was an atm osphere o f te n s io n in th e P h i l ip p in e s , due to Agui” ,

n a ld o ’s re v o lu t io n is ts j , and a b i t t e r co n tro v e rsy in th e U nited S ta te s r e - /

gard ing th e fu tu re of th e P h ilip p in e s*. Soms favored immediate re c o g n itio n

o f independence!-, some demanded th a t th e P h ilip p in e s ta tu s should be th e

sarnie as t h a t of Cuba!, s t i l l , o th e rs m ain ta ined th a t th e U nited S ta te s had

no r ig h ts under th e c o n s t i tu t io n s e i t h e r . t o acqu ire o r to ho ld c o lo n ia l

p o ssess io n s s A fte r th e T rea ty of P a r is 3 on December IQ / 1898, the U nited

S ta te s government to b h permanent ru le of th e P h ilip p in e I s la n d s , b u t i t ;

■was decided that a l l American control would be withdrawn when "a stab le; ; - "'.:V ' ■■■■■".''-■ ; ^ C:">/ Z / 23 " - ■ • " /" f

government" had been e s ta b l is h e d in th e I s la n d s 0

This news was a d isappo in tm en t to th e Aguinaldo fo llo w e rs , b u t i t

was a good th in g fo r th e p eo p le0 C ond itions were bad due t o the re b e llio n s-

s ic k n e ss was p re v a le n ts and th e Is la n d s were p r a c t i c a l ly efalpm atedo

^^Eobinbon, bps c i t s , p s 50o_ : :. ' . .. ' " ■ . v

Senate .Documents, Uo« 62, 55th C ongresss 3 rd s e s s io n (Jan» 1899), ope c i t *, pp# 2”-11 a ■ .. .

17

Surely# A guinaldo8s' p ro v is io n a l, govemmeni; could not have ta c k le d t h i s

job of r e h a b i l i t a t i o n id .th o u t American a s s is ta n c e o Thus# began the

e a rn e s t and re s o lu te a t ta c k upon th e g ig a n tic problems o f education# s a n i ­

ta tio n # and g en era l economic developm ents The achievem ent in th e se f i e l d s

can be shown by 31 th e b r i l l i a n t record , o f the many men who labored in th e

is lan d s# and t h e i r success w i l l s tan d as an enduring te s t im o n ia l to a l l# •.' ' . . ' ' 24

American and F i l ip in o a lik e # who coopera ted to g e th e r in a common cause*"

. ^% rayson 'La Eirk# P h ilip p in e ; Independence (lew York: F a r ra r and R inehart# Inco#vl9S6j# p# S:6 o ■ ' : h

CHAPTER I I

'■ v'. . 'jU)VEZC OF AMERICAS AMIHISTRATION ■ ‘

Before - th e o a p t tu la t io n ■ o f ffianila 5! and during th e prepa r a t ion fo r

i t s capfcufe3. G-eneral: Aguinaldo had proclaim ed a d i c t a t o r i a l government

on June 18, 1898, . On August 6 , he made an appeal to fo re ig n governments

to recogn ize P h ilip p in e independenceo The Aguinaldo government sen t

S r»•1 'e lipe A gohcillo to P a r i s , bt*. he was d e n ie d :a h earin g during th e -

peace c o n fe rm o e e ; A nother group headed by Sr» M0 R ivera B arred was de­

t a i l e d to go to Washington® Since- th e y had no o f f i c i a l s ta tu s as repre™ '

s e n ta t iv e s of a fo re ig n s t a t e > th e laembers were not a llow ed to p lead

. th e i r case*®

In Jan u ary , 1899, th e P h il ip p in e congress under th e chairm anship o f ;

Don Pedro P a te rn o , fho was the n e g o t ia to r in th e p ac t o f B iacna-ba to in

1896$ met . a t ’lla io lb s :, tw e n ty -f iv e m ile s ' n o r th o f Manila® This congressV V ' :<v; r - p ' d;:.adopted the - s o -c a l le d M alolos c o n s t i tu t io n ® ' /H ig h lig h ts of t h i s co n sti^ ;

tu t io n were t h a t i t p rov ided f o r a fre e -a n d independent republic® The

government would be p o p u la r, . r e p re s e n ta t iv e , and .responsible® This

would be e x e rc is e d by th re e d i s t i n c t powers which were l e g i s l a t i v e , . ;

ex ecu tiv e and judicial® - The l e g i s l a t i v e departm ent was to be an .

^Senate Documents, Bo® 68, 55th C ongress, 3 rd s e s s io n , 1898 (Washingtons Government P r in t in g O ff ic e , 1899),, pn@ 438-453* - : .

Ibid® , ' p® 438® , , / / 'v - : ' - ' :.. ' -

Senate Documents, Bo® 138, 56th G ohgress, I s t s e s s io n , 1899^1900 (Washingtons ■ Goyernment P r in tin g 'O ff ic e , 1900), pp® 189-201®

un icam eral assem bly whose members were e le o te S accord ing to law* -The

•ex ecu tiv e was v e s te d in , th e p re s id e n t who was to be e le c te d fo r a te rm o f

fo u r years by a c o n s t i tu e n t assembly® There; was no p ro v is io n fo r th e

o f f ic e o f a v ic e -p re s id e n t s . b u t ' i n case o f a vacancy in th e o f f ic e o f

p re s id e n ts one w ohld.be elected® The ju d ic ia r y was to be v e sted in a

supreme c o u r t and o th e r t r ib u n a ls c re a te d by law and was made independent

o f th e ex ecu tiv e and l e g i s l a t i v e branches®. The p rov inces and m u n ic ip a li­

t i e s would have p opu lar and ■direct e le c t io n s in th e s e le c t io n o f lo c a l

o f f i c i a l s ; however^ th e n a t io n a l governm ent'could in te rv e n e in case th e

p rov inces and m u n ic ip a l i t ie s exceeded t h e i r powers® . F in a lly * th e c o n s t! - ,

tu t I o n em phasized th e re c o g n itio n o f th e freedom o f r e l ig io u s w orships

and th e se p a ra tio n o f church and s ta t e e

'G eneral Aguinaldo was co n fid en t t h a t he could o rg an ize h is govern­

ment according to th e framework of t h i s c o n stitu tio n ® A copy was f o r ­

warded to G eneral B lw ell So O tis , m i l i t a r y governor, b u t s in ce th e A gui-

na ldo government w a s 'n o t reco g n ized , i t was never made public® In s te a d , .

th e American fo rc e s were busy in th e e x ecu tio n of th e in s t ru c t io n s o f

th e P re s id e n t o f th e U nited S t a t e s 0 , : .

, Oh’Augtist 1 4 ,'1 8 9 8 , a f t e r th e c a p i tu la t io n o f M an ila , G eneral W esley ;

M e r r i t t had made t h i s p roc lam ation to the people o f th e P h ilip p in e s d e -

G laring th e e s ta b lish m e n t o f m i l i t a r y governments:

eoolhe commander o f th e U nited S ta te s fo rce s now in p o sse ss io n has in s t ru c t io n s from h is government to a ssu re th e people t h a t he has n o t come to wage war upon them , n o r upon any p a r t or f a c t io n among them , b u t to p ro te c t them in t h e i r homes, in t h e i r employments, and in t h e i r p e rso n a l and r e l ig io u s righ ts® A ll persons who, by a c tiv e a id o r honest subm ission co o p era te w ith th e U nited S ta te s in i t s e f f o r t s to give e f f e c t t o t h i s b e n e f ic ie n t purpose w i l l re c e iv e

20

the rew ard o f i t s su p p o rt and p r o te c t io n s »a 6^

A fte r th i s d e c la ra tio n * M anila began . i t s ' c i v i l a d m in is tra tio n by Americans

under th e d i r e c t io n o f m i l i t a r y commanders o Mentbers o f th e am ed fo rc e s

w ith b u s in e s s ex p erien ce were d e s ig n a te d to o rgan ize the p o lic e departm ent*

c o l le c t revenue* and su p e rv ise o th e r e s s e n t i a l a d m in is tra tiv e a c t i v i t i e s

o f governmento The S panish c i v i l and c rim in a l laws were continued* b u t

th e y were a d ju s te d in, conform ity to American p r in c ip le s o f a d m in is tra tiv e

p ra c t ic e and ju d i c i a l proceduree

As m i l i t a r y occupation expanded to th e r e s t of th e Is lan d s* p u b lic

schools were opened in M anila sh o rtly * and extended to o th e r c i t i e s and

townso This was th e most s ig n i f ic a n t dem onstration o f th e fu l f i l lm e n t

o f th e p roclam ation made by th e m i l i t a r y governo r« The people could. . ■ " ■ - "

h a rd ly b e lie v e t h a t a conquering n a tio n would i n i t i a t e such a b en evo len t5 : '

undertak ingo This was under th e guid.ance o f G eneral A rthu r MacArthur

who became P rovost M arsha ll G eneral and C iv il Governor o f M anilac

-Five months l a t e r on January 4 S 1899* an o th er p roc lam ation was d i ­

re c te d to th e people by P re s id e n t W illiam McKinley d e f in in g American

p o lic y » G enera l Elwe 11 So O tis who re l ie v e d G e n e ra l- l ie r i t t as M ili ta ry ■

Governor summarized th e p roc lam ation as fo llow s §

cooThat th e m issio n o f th e U nited S ta te s i s one o f b e n e f io le n t a ss im ila tio n * which w i l l s u b s t i tu te th e m ild sway o f ju s t ic e and

. r ig h t f o r a r b i t r a r y ru le o In th e f u l f i l lm e n t o f t h i s h ig h miss ion* .w hile upholding th e tem porary a d m in is tra tio n o f a f f a i r s fo r th e g r e a te s t good o f th e governed* th e re w i l l b® sed u lo u s ly m ain ta ined th e s tro n g arm o f a u th o r i ty to re p re s s d is tu rb an ce* and to overcome

.^Q uoted .in W illiam C* Forbes* The P h ilip p in e Is la n d s (Boston and Uew Yorks; Houghton M if f l in Cos* 1928J* Yola II* p p » ;'429-430#

^Senate Documents * Hoo 138* Vol o I s op6 o i t 0* pp« 176-179.

21

a l l o b s ta c le s '.to th e bestow al o f th e b le s s in g s of good and s ta b le government upon th e people o f th e P h il ip p in e s 0 = 00®

In o rd e r to c a r ry out t h i s p o lic y , th e p re s id e n t ap po in ted th e F i r s t

P h il ip p in e Commission to be sen t to M anilao The members were Jacob Gould

Schum an as chairm an, th e n p re s id e n t of C o rn e ll U n iv e rs ity ! Admiral George

Dewey, commander of A s ia t ic f l e e t o f th e U nited S ta te s s M ajor G eneral

E lw e ll S :6 O tis , rank ing o f f ic e r in th e P h il ip p in e s ! C harles Denby, four™

te en years U nited S ta te s M in is te r to C hina5 and Dean Conant W orcester,

Science p ro fe s so r o f th e U n iv e rs ity o f Michigano

P re s id e n t McKinley in s tru c te d th e Commission as fo llo w ss

oeeThe Commissioners w i l l endeavor, w ith o u t in te rfe re n p e . w ith th e m i l i t a r y a u th o r i t i e s o f th e U nited S ta te s now in c o n tro l of th e P h il ip p in e s , to a s c e r ta in what a m e lio ra tio n in th e c o n d itio n o f th e

. in h a b ita n ts and what improvements in p u b lic o rd e r may be p r a c t ic a b le , and f o r th i s purpose th ey w i l l s tu d y a t t e n t iv e l y th e e x is t in g s o c ia l and p o l i t i c a l s t a t e of th e v a rio u s p o p u la tio n s p a r t i c u la r ly as re™ gards the forms o f lo c a l governm ent, th e a d m in is tra t io n , and. th e need o f p u b lic im provem ents, To co n fe r a u th o r i t a t iv e ly w ith any parsons re s id e n t in th e Is la n d s from whom th e y m ay .b eliev e them™ se lv e s ab le to d e riv e in form ation* To recommend s u i ta b le persons fo r appointm ent to c i v i l o f f ic e s from among th e in h a b ita n ts who have p re v io u s ly acknowledged t h e i r a l le g ia n c e to t h i s governm ent«*,*^

On th e n ig h t o f F ebruary 4 , 1899, w hile th e Commission was on i t s

way to M anila, an u n fo rtu n a te In c id e n t happened* . I t was th e so = ca lled

A guinaldo in s u r r e c t io n , b e liev ed to have been the r e s u l t o f misunder™

stan d in g between th e F i l ip in o s and Americans as to the purposes o f th e .

U nited S ta te s in ex tend ing i t s a d m in is tra tio n in th e P h ilip p in e- Is lan d so

The F i l ip in o s had been le d to b e l ie v e t h a t the Americans in tended no

^Quoted in F o rb es , . op* c i t o, pp* 437“438o. Also in Senate Documents. Ho * 331 (P a r t l ) , 57 th C ongress, 1 s t s e s s io n , 1901™1902 (Washingtons Government P r in tin g O ff ic e , 1902), pp* 776=777*

^Quoted in W orceste r, ^ 6 0 i t *, pp* 787=788* Also in Senate Docu™ m ents. Ho® 138, V o l* I , op* c i t o , ppo 185=186o

22

\ . . : 23 ■

' ■ : ■ : ■. : 1 . ■ ■ ' 9.whleh I pr©eeeflei to do ju st as quickly as p o ss ib le0

Jjjether indieatiom that th is iaeM eht was so t expected was the pronouB.ee=

meat o f ©a© ©f the sp e e ia l e© m iss ieaers ©f Gemeral Aguimald© to Washiag=

te a , Sr0 M0 Rivera B arrelP as report©# ia the Kew York Times» February 12,

1899, wh© sa ils . , .

He r e g r e t sueb a ru p tu re should have occurred between the American and F i l ip in o s o ld ie r s , .b e c a u s e i t may u p se t a l l ©ur p la n s 0 The hopes e f my peop le were t h a t we weuld be g iven imdepemdemee under am American p r o te c to r a te 0 The s u b je c t o f ©ur m issio n to Wash­in g to n was t© ask th a t much ©f A m erica0 But mow ©ur e f f o r t w i l l 1^ p robab ly prove f u t i l e # I t saddens me t® contem plate th e fu tu r e 0

However, i t was generally f e l t during a p sr ie d e f w atchful w aiting, that

re la tio n s between Aguimaldo1s men and the American forces,grew worse

when the F ilip in o soM iers were met allowed to enter Manila a fte r i t s

surrender on August 13, and that the fe e lin g was aggravated by the r e su lt ,

©f the peace treaty a t Paris ©a December IS, 1898= This was presumably ,v

the. fundamental cause that p recip ita te# th is imeident, in addition t© the

fa c t th a t Aguinald©11 s government was net recognised,. There was nothing

that Aguiaald® could d© now sin ce blood had been sp ille d already» He

gambled h is chances in fig h tin g M s so -ca lled former a l l ie s #

S in ce m© in su rg e n t fo rc e was a b le t© p e n e tr a te th e l in e e f defen se

w hich surrounded th e c i t y , M anila was a b ly defended by th e American s o l ­

d ie r s = U n ti l th e a r r i v a l ©f re -e n fo rc e m en ts , th e American t r c e p s were

en trenched on t h i s s e c to r „ I l e l l o in th e is la n d ©f Panay was tak en by

the, navy ©n F ebruary 11, 1899, w h ile ■Cebu was occupied by U nited S ta te s

% enate Documents<■ He# 331 (Part I ) , ©p0 c i t n, pp# 626=62?0

•%ew fork Times. BFiliplm© delegate ta lk s,^ February 32, 1899,Pa lb

24

tro o p s on February 28 o ,Golo James F<$, Sm iths who beoame a Governor™

G eneral much la te r^ occupied Bacolod^ c a p i to l of Hegros island© When

th e in h a b ita n ts o rgan ized a government opposing A guinaldo and sought■: ' ■ ' ' ' • 11

American p ro te c t io n , t h i s is la n d d e c la re d i t s e l f a republic®

On March 10, a d d i t io n a l American tro o p s a r r iv e d and th e p lan to de­

f e a t A guinaldo was im m ediately launched under the command o f G eneral

Henry W© Lawton and G eneral MaoArthur o f th e f i r s t and second d iv is io n

re sp e c tiv e ly * The a t ta c k converged around Manila* G eneral Lawton and

B rig a d ie r G eneral Lloyd Wheaton came from th e so u th and e a s t , w hile

G eneral MacArthur w ith G eneral F re d e r ic k Funs to n marched northward© The

advance was so s w if t t h a t G eneral A guinaldoes S e c re ta ry o f War, G eneral

Antonio Luna, could n o t put up any defense© On M arch-31, 1899, M alo los,

th e in s u rg e n t 's c a p i t a l , was ta k e n by G eneral M acA rthur's troopso The

in s u r g e n t 's c a p i t a l was th en moved t o T a r la o , b u t G eneral Funston was

c o n s is te n t ly on A g u in a ld o 's h e e ls , and by Hdvember 21, American fo rc e s

occupied th i s p lace © R esis tan ce of th e in su rg e n ts tsas now broken® The

le a d e rs d isp e rse d them selves in th e C o rd i l le r a and S ie rra , Madre mouna

t a i n s , and r e s o r te d to g u e r r i l l a ' t a c t i c s e ■ F e lip e Buenoamino, A guinaldo6s

S e c re ta ry of S ta te , and o th e r in su rg e n t le ad e rs were cap tu red in th e

Benguet mountains* The young son of A guinaldo and h is m other were a lso

w ith t h i s group, and th ey sought p ro te c t io n o f th e American tro o p s be™ .

cause th e in h a b ita n ts of th e reg io n were n o t f r ie n d ly t o the Tagalogs©

G enera l A ntonio Luna came from th is region", and th e people su spec ted th e

in su rg e n t c h ie f as be in g in s tru m e n ta l ;in th e l iq u id a t io n of th e Ilocan©

—% a r Be pa r t me n t R ep o rt, 1899, Tol© 1 , p6 122® ' .

25

' g e n e ra l tiy-guards o f : Agui&aldoe . , : '

: i ' P lans .were, now feeing fo rm u la ted f o r th e cap tu re o f G eneral Aguinaldo

a liy^«\;'';Qnoe;:'he- was ■ in fo u s to d y # re s is ta n c e would fee com pletely ferokeno

. G enera l.P unston e f fe c te d th e oap tu fe as fo llo w s : , . • - " .I

, I h is he did^ fey'e n tru s t in g hims e l f and a group o f h is o f f ic e r s .t.y" • ; . t o the- f a i t h o f a-body of F i l ip in o s » p r in c ip a l ly Macafeebes3 who

, . ferought them bound: hand and f e e t as ;though c a p tiv e s '- to the" in s u ry f ' :" gent general8s camps At the appointed time General Funston and .his

o fficers were freed o f th e ir bonds 3 given th e ir weapons,, and enabled ; to surprise and capture the Philippine lead er*^ '- ' - ; :

'■.■ .• hls ^waS done in March., 1901s a t Palanan in th e th ic k e s t jungle" of .e a s t-

erh:Luzon ? w ith o u t t h i s -. d a re -d e v i l e x p lo i t o f hero ism , Aguinaldo could .

. . have s tay ed th e re in d e f in ite ly ® He: was b ro u g h t back to: M anila and -took

th e o a th of a l le g lance to the U nited S ta te s o Then he advised, th e in su r~ ; -

gen ts and th e people to la y down t h e i r arms s - : ■ ...-f

The cause of peace o =.» has been jo y fu l ly embraced fey a m a jo r i ty ' o f our fe llo w countrymen who. a re a lre a d y u n ite d around: th e glorious;, and .'Sovereign banner o f t i e U nited S t a t e s « In t h i s banner th ey repose t h e i r t r u s t , in th e b e l i e f t h a t under i t s p ro te c tio n our :

‘ . p eop le w i l l a t t a i n a l l th e prom ised l i b e r t i e s which th e y a re even _ now beg inn ing to enjoy* The c o u n try has d e c la re d unm istakably in •: fa v o r o f peace i so be 'it* . - Enough of blood?; enough, o f te a r s and ' _

: desolation®;e.:o By-acknowledgingfand aCcepfcing; th e s o y e re ig n ity o f t h e ."; . U n ited S ta te s throU ghout "the e h t 1 re a rch i.peiago , as I how do, withe*

out any re s e ry a tib n w h a tev e r, I b e lie v e t h a t I am se rv in g th e e , my be loved Country* .May happ iness be t h i n e , .: V' • • .

The cap tu re o f Aguinaldo and the s u r re n d e r o f o th e r In su rg e n t: le ad e rs

.. made i t possible for the resurgence.-of peacec Those who did hot- take: .

th e o a th o f a l le g ia n c e to th e U nited S ta te s were, d ep o rted to Japan ,

.. . w hile " ins u rg en t a g e n ts , sym path izers ', and.: a g i ta to r s were sen t to Uuamy.

G eneral Artemio P i c a r te p re fe r re d to re s id e in Japan-j- He. d id no t see :-

^ P o r b e s , .o p ® c i t * . , Y o l o I , : p » ; . i p s » . :

^ ^ Q u o t e d i n R h o d e s , op® c i t e , p® 2 0 2 a

:@

the FMlippia©® agaia w fe il he w a t with th® 'Japaaes© iritasiea fereee la

184S» at whteh iia® h® aetefl as adviser to th® Japssass® I k p e r la l f@re#So■ M

Bepert th,@ w riter lahile a member #f -#.# #78th SignalBali® BafeellSgease Setaehms^s l a l t e l Stohee. Aissgro". f&eleh®a8 Seyte® 3,S44<=-1®45 a ia a ©©EmsmSs&tisa. with gm®rrilla©o •

27

©©KmaBders ha&. already started ©ailing F i l ip im s to make recemmemdatiens

regarding a system ©f lo c a l administration^ Iveryom© consulted faw red

papular; and demmerati© ru le 0 The m ajority o f the people were not in

faver o f the Aguinaldo iiasurreetionj, p articu larly in those places where

e i f i l adm inistration had already been extended by American coEaaanierso

The insurgent p e liey o f ©©ereieh was detested by the. inhabitants and

residents ©f the unoccupied areas sought aid fr@m the Amerieams#

The method @f pacification^ which was the opening ©f public schools,

attracted the atten tion o f the pe@plea Former Gozmonwealth president

Sergio Oaaeaia# wM was then a newspaperman from the islan d o f OebUj,

narrated the cend itien by sayings

• , sooThe F ilip in o s w i l l never forget the in sp irin g spectacle ©fAmerican.so ld iers leaving th e ir guns andP as' em issaries of -peace •and g©©d w il l j w ith book in handp repairing't© the- public schools

- to teach F ilip in o children the p r in c ip les o f free e it iz en sh ip GThusp in the e a r lie s t period o f the m ilitary regimes when i t would have been easy t© fin d le g a l i s t ic grounds f©r governing the Fili-= pines by pure f@rce9 there was estab lish ed 5 as far a s p© ssibles the milder sway of c i v i l government0 .Instead ©f excluding the natives from the government against which the people were s t i l l in ©pea rebellion^ the representatives o f the United S ta tes considered i t

:• a duty to e n l is t th e ir cooperation and t© l is t e n to th e ir counsel0

The system o f subjugation i s b est described by Dr=o Victor H eiserp

former d irector o f public health in the Philippines,, when he said:

Former custom had been t© c iv i l i z e native population with the aid @f a ;whiskey b o tt le p the B ib lep and the Krago' The United S tates was determined'that d iffe re n t methods would be employed in the Philippines^ K ipling8 a advice to th a American people was neble but unnecessary e '

•^Quofed in Ferbes. QUn .c lta,n Vein In pnfl22n .

^^V l e t or; #* • .Heiser? An American S© ster°sr Qdvssev (lew York: Jo, W.0 lertom Gbapamyj Inc0.s 193617 Po 47a ;

The .Commission's most predom inant q u es tio n was w h e th er or n o t th e ;•

’ J.guihaldo .gbTernment was t r u l y re p re s e n ta t iv e o f th e p eo p le , as was

olaim ed by th e Z a lo lo s congress.* P ro fe s so r W o rceste r, t h e n . a member o f

. th e Schurman Commission, in v e s t ig a te d th e m a tte r and answ ered i t when tie

said: - ' : - y; t-'./ - -v . t,' i:

i v: ;. ' ’ From a l i s t o f r e p re s e n ta t iv e s o f th e p rov inces - and d i s t r i c t s , ;'s e le c te d by e le c t lo h and appointm ent by th e government- up to Ju ly 7,

. . 1899, w ith incom plete - l i s t of October 6 , 1899, I. f in d t h a t th e re . \ :1 ■ were 193 member s , of whom fo r ty - tw o . we re e le c te d arid one hundred -"

f i f t y p n e were appoin ted^ .This congress was th e re fo re n o t an e leo «" , -1iVe body6 Was i t in any sense rep resen ta tive?-^ '^ : :

The Opmmissipn made in q u ir ie s and in t erview s w i th , in s u r re c t ip r i is tS -of , '

1896 and 18991 anti w ith c iv i l i a n s of a l l c la s s e s 0 Those 'in d iv id u a ls con™

ta c te d were uniform in t h e i r te stim o n y t h a t th e y favored undefined p e rio d

'of- W erlcan -proteGtiori# . ,' . . . . y / ^ -- f.-

The P re s id e n t th en o rd ered the members of the•Com m ission to come

back to the t ln ite d S ta te s , in o rder' t t i a t th e y may r e p o r t to Congress as

t o th e p roper course t o fo llo w in s e t t i n g up a d m in is tra tio n in th e P h i - ■

lip p in e s 0 The Sptiurmari, Cormniss ion declared , th a t s in ce th e F i l ip in o

people .were n o t ready to ru le ttiem selyes, th e y were s t i l l our chargeo

. Admiral Dewey. den ied having pr omlsed Aguinaltio independence e -: The f a r .

seeing , people o f th e ' co u n try could see'/ e a s i ly th e ativantag® o f having

th e U nited S ta te s , working w i th . them - w ith o u t p a r t i s a n p o l i t i e s . The

Sphuriimn Comm is s iPn further recommended early .'establishment of gen eral.'

f r e e e d u c a t i o n , ^ .• ' ' ' ^

.. % fo rces te r, op« c i t 6, p@ 805o / : p - - .-/'

• Senate Dopuments-, ■ Uoa 158, Vole I , ope cit®-, p® 121 s , / /

29

In o rd e r to " p u t in to e f f e c t t h e s e ' recommendations s P residen t" McKinley

appo in ted th e second P h ilip p in e -Cbmmissiono He s e le c te d 'ffilliam Ho T a f t5

th en a f e d e ra l ju d g e» vrho r e lu c ta n t ly gave up h is ju d i c i a l d u tie s to be­

come p re s id e n t of th e Commission; Luke E» W right, a Bem ocraft and ex-Son”

• "I fe d e ra te s o ld ie r , and l a t e r A tto rney G eneral of Tennessee^ Henry Olay Ide ; ,

■, o f Vermonts p re v io u s ly judge in th e "United S ta te s Court in Samoa, who was .

ap p o in ted due to h is experience in th e P a c if ic a re a j and ^Professor B ernard

: ;v Moses- o f th e U n iv e r s i t y o f C a l i fo rn ia , Tho was a famous au th o r on - th e : h i s e*

to ry o f Spanish c o lo n ie s in Americao; Commissioner Dean C* W orcester was,

reappo in ted* v ;;- . , ‘ - ' " h - i . u: .' y -

- - On June 3 , 1900, th e T a f t Commis s i on a r r iv e d in M anila and- im m ed ia te -:■ - V h t : \ " ; 19

• ly looked in to , th e conduct o f a f f a i r s - a s se t. fo r th in th e in s tru c t io n #

: The P re s id e n t in s tru o 'te d th e Commission to c a r ry o u t a p o lic y o f t r a n s ­

f e r r in g .a u th o r i ty fro m -m ilita ry commanders to c iv il- o f f ic e r s o Begihhing. -

y ’ Sepfcember 1900, a l l - l e g i s l a t i v e power was to be e x e rc ise d by th i s Commis­

s io n , a l l o fw hose a c tio n s were s u b je c t to approval o f th e S e c re ta ry o f

- ' The Commission was t o in v e s t ig a te t i t l e s of la rg e t r a c t s o f land

: and a id in b lo o d le ss s e tt le m e n t o f c o n tro v e rs ie so I t was to appo in t

o f f ic e r s under j u d i c i a l , e d u c a tio n a l and c i v i l se rv ic e system s and in

" th e m unic ipa l and d ep artm en ta l governm entsV ' 1 - y ' .

. F u r th e r , th e Commission was. t o oversee and- encourage th e g e n e ra l

. . improvement of th e e d u c a tio n a l system , w ith f u l l o p p o rtu n ity t o a l l to , ,

le a rn E nglisho ' : . -y . ' . '

■ - y%brcester,’ o p o c i t o, ppB 792-7980 ; . yy ■ - .y y; - ■

; : ' ' Z , .-.Vv , ; ' : ; ’ : - - ' ‘ . ■ 30

In d ea lin g w ith th e u n d lv il iz e d t r i b e s s Congress pursued the-sam e .

eourse as used w ith the- iio rth American In d la n s » T r ib a l government im s

m ain tained* - ' - -

At t h i s tim ea th e in su rg e n ts were s t i l l a c t iv e in g u e rrilla '-f ig h t« =

• ing * A conference was held ..by th e Commission and the m i l i t a r y Qovem or5

G eneral 'A rth u r Mae A rth u r» 'who re l ie v e d G eneral O tis „ and i t was decided

to is su e a n o tic e o f am nesty t o th e in su rg e n ts on June 21, 1900* A fte r •

t h i s am ounceim nt, hundreds o f persons who had p a r t ic ip a te d , in th e war

p re sen te d them selves? and in a month more th a n f iv e thousand persons to o k

th e oath o f a l le g ia n c e » . . • .

The Commission made a p p ro p r ia tio n fo r th e fundam ental n e c e s s i t ie s

negmMed „ I t ■ prom ptly opened l in e s o f "cpmmunic a t ib n h y " c o n s tru c tio n and

r e p a i r .of highways and b ridges* I t i n i t i a t e d the e s ta b lish m e n t and - ■

m aintenance o f an ho n est and e f f i c i e n t c i v i l s e rv ic e ,; and p u b lic in**

s tru c tio n ® .Ihen the, people saw the b e n e f ic ie n t purposes o f th e U nited

S ta te s governm ent, r e la t io n s of f r ie n d l in e s s w ere ’soon developed® The

- co o p era tiv e s p i r i t g iven th e Commission f a p i l i t a t e d i t s work •

. i m m e a s u r a b l y " /' ' : . ; - _ . ' : . ' "' ■ - ; -

In Hovember? 1900, th e F ed e ra l P a r ty was o rg a n iz ed » - I t undertook a

movement fo r peace , w ith a : p la tfo rm favo ring , ann ex a tio n t o t h e •U nited

, States® W ith a view to u ltim a te .independence, when th e p a r ty re a liz e d -

t h i s to be im p rac tic ab le * i t re v is e d the p la tfo rm and worked f o r an in**

c reased autonomy® Leaders o f th e p a r ty were form er c a b in e t o f f ic e r s o f

A guinaldo, b u t th e y w ithdrew from th e l ia lo lo s government j u s t b e fo re th e

^ F o r b e s , op® c i t «, pp* 125-126* ; - : :■ - • ’ : pl ' : . - - - ■ ■ " ' . ' - ' -

.Senate Documents, Ho® 112, 5 6 th C ongress, 2nd s e s s io n , 1900-1901 (W ashington: Government P r in tin g O ff ic e , 1901), pp® 16'=19 ® ‘

ou tb reak o f th e in s u rre c tio n o Prom inent among them were D r. T rin id ad

Ho Pardo de T avera3 and Don B en ito L egardas b o th l a t e r ap po in ted members

o f th e P h il ip p in e Cornmiss ion 5 and Caystano A re llano who became C hief

J u s t ic e o f th e Supreme Court® The e s ta b l i s h m n t o f b ranches in th e out™

ly in g s e c tio n s of th e Is la n d s h e lp ed check th e sp read o f g u e r r i l l a fight™

ing=» Along th i s l in e of th o u g h ts S e c re ta ry of War E lih u Root repo rted*

The o rg a n iz a tio n o f th e F e d e ra l P a rty in th e P h ilip p in es# which has extended th roughou t th e p rov incess lo y a lly a cc e p tin g th e s e v e r— e ig n ty and a s s e r t in g th e s in c e r i t y and b e n e f io ie n t purpose o f th e American p eo p les has been of th e utmost, -value*22 - .

■ In January 19013 the Commission a d o p ted 'th e M unicipal Code which23 "

c re a te d th e m un ic ipa l governmenfco The c h ie f e x ec u tiv e was th e m un ic ip a l

p re s id e n ts now m ayor,'w ho was e le c te d by popu lar vo te w ith th e members

o f a l e g i s l a t i v e councilo O ffice h o ld e rs were l im ite d to F i l ip in o and

American c itizen s® Powers of m u n ic ip a l co u n c il and p re s id e n t were simi™

l a r to th o se e x e rc ise d by town and c i t y governments in th e U nited S ta te s *

C o lle c tio n o f m unicipal revenues and p re p a ra tio n o f th e budget were l e f t

in th e hands o f m un ic ipa l a u th o r i t i e s , su b je c t to in s p e c tio n o f the p ro ­

v in c ia l treasu re r® L ocal government among th e t r i b a l peoples in north™

e r a Bug on were term ed to w nsh ips, w hile , in Mindanao and Sulu th ey were

c a l le d M unicipal d is t r ic ts ® Depending, upon ihe t r a in in g o f th e re s i ” ■

d e n ts , o f f i c i a l s cou ld be a p p o in te d 'o r e le c te d a *•

On F eb ru ary .6, 1901, th e Commission en ac ted th e P ro v in c ia l G-ovem™24 "a ; . ' ; y - ; ' V ' ' '

ment Code# The p ro v in c ia l governor was th e c h ie f ex ecu tiv e of each.

^ Q u o te d in F o rb es , op® c it® , pp® 144-145-$ '

32

province t o be e le c te d by th e c o u n c ilo rs .of th e .m u n ic ip a litie s in the.

prov ince o The board had a d m in is tra tiv e su p e rv is io n of m u n ic ip a l govern™

ments'a and had power to l e g i s l a t e over th e p ro v in ce 0 L a te r th e su p erv i^

so r was e le c te d .by popu lar vote# and became known as t h i r d member<» The

governor Was; re sp o n s ib le - .fo r th e m aintenance of .public order# and cooper-*

a te d w ith th e co n sta b u la ry in th e p re v e n tio n o f o rg an ized outlawry® The.

E xecu tive Bureau was th e main l in k between th e c e n tr a l government and th e

. p rov inces by i t s superv ls ion over p ro v in c ia l a d m in is tra tio n ^ P ro v in c ia l,

budgets were s u b je c t to rev iew by th i s b u re a u ; .a p ra c t ic e th a t gave an

e f f e c t iv e tra in in g ; ground f o r a la rg e number of F i l ip in o s on sound bud** ,

g e ta ry system® . . -' •• . . . t ;-v ■■ . ■ . .- 25 '. . V -

M anila and th e c i t y of Baguio had s p e c ia l charters:® In 'M an ila th e

ex ecu tiv e and l e g i s l a t i v e fu n c tio n s were v e s te d in a board# c o n s is tin g o f

th e Mayor.ias p re s id en t# two members'# a n d ■ a s ec re ta ry o This s e c re ta ry

su p erv ised th e heads o f departm ents o f th e c i t y governmento To give P i l l "

pino p a r t i c ip a t io n # ’an a d v iso ry board of e lev en members was provided# one *

member re p re se n te d a d i s t r i c t in to v h id h th e c i ty had been d iv ided under

Spanish adm inistration.® The government: .adopted a p o lic y o f ap p o in tin g a

F i l ip in o to th e p o s i t io n 'o f p re s id e n t of th e m uh ie ipa l board® C ity

. o rd inances enacted were sub je o t to review by th e G overnor-G eneralo On a

re v is io n o f th e c h a r te r# hhe 'board was reo rgan ized , to c o n s is t o f te n ' . -

e le c t iv e members# rand th e ad v iso ry o o u h e il was. abo lished* The mayor con** ■

tin u e d to "b e an ap p o in tiv e o f f ic e r# b u t was re l ie v e d from h is d u tie s as ,

p re s id e n t o f th e m u n ic ip a l boardo The s u p e rv is io n o f th e c i ty government

2^ Ib id o# ppo- 159^160^ .: / :: -

was t r a n s f e r r e d from the ' G overnor-G eneral to -the S e c re ta ry o f I n t e r i o r e '

$he o i ty o f: Baguio had a mayor vappointeE hy t h e , G overnor-G enefai^ and a :>

c i t y couno 11 m o se members were in p a r t e le c te d by popu lar y o te 0 The:

r e s t we're; .appointed, by th e G oTem or^G enerals’ .

:• , ‘ On S aroh 2 » 1901^ .Congress a u th o riz e d the 'P re s id en t ;to e s ta b l i s h

c i v i l government in th e ls la n d s in o rd er, was Is su e d fo r the" t r a n s f e f . o f

th e exe c u t iv e a n th of i t y ; from. the. mi l i t a r y - t o c i v i l admin is t r a t i on«. and ■ oh.v , ' ' . " ■ • 2 6 ' m : ' i f / -

Ju iy '4a: 1901'>. T a f t was in au g u ra ted as C iv i l Governor* - In o rd e r to o b f

t a i n a n : in t. im ate t ouoh. Of P i l ip in o sentim e a t 5 ft-w as decided to. add th re e

" F i l ip in o s t o th e Commission*. The- new ap po in tees were; Dr* T r in id a d EL . ;

Pardo de Tavera^ Don Ben i t o Legarda 5 and Don Jose de Luzuriaga* By join™

ing in th e d e l ib e ra t io n # th e se members would have an o p p o rtu n ity to ex™ ■

p re s s them selves reg a rd in g m easures being': d i s c u s s e d * ; j

On Ju ly 1# 1902# .Congress en ac ted th e f i r s t P h ilip p in e Organic '

Acte ' I t s purpose: WaS: to- p ro v id e fo r th e a d m in is tra tio n o f .a f f a i r s of-,

c i v i l governmeht# c re a tin g th e o f f ic e s o f C iv il Governor and. .Vice™

Governor # w orking wi th th e P h l l ip p ih e .Gpmmiss ion #;- and o rg an iz in g d e p a r t- "

m eats o f In te r io r# Commerce and P o lice# ' .Finance and Ju s tic e # and of :;

P u b lic In s tru c tio n ® :X; f . ■: . : ' : ’ - '- f : - :. . - 1

.F u tu re appointm ents o f C iv i l G overnor: and V ice-Governor# members o f

the Commission and heads o f ex ecu tiv e departm ents were to be made by t h e ; .

P re s id e n t ;w ith th e consent pf: t & Senate®.:- ;:; - ,v - , ; . '

. - . Two y ears a f t e r th e com pletion o f the- census th e Commission was to .

2% orcester# op0 c i t o# p0 88® ; ■ V ;j i ■ , ;;..i " f;;

2‘'' s t a t u t e a t L arge# 57th Congress # 1 s t session# Ju ly ■1902# V ol$X2XII# |Waa¥Sagt@ns: G6v®«as®a% P r in tin g Qffie®# 19©S)s po 6910 . g

34

c a l l a g e n e ra l e le c t io n fo r th e cho ice o f d e le g a te s to th e P h ilip p in e

Assemblyj whose members- were to ta k e oyer th e l e g i s l a t i v e powerso I t

two r e s id e n t Gommissioriers to th e U nited S ta te s were to be chosen :by th e

L e g is la tu re > ' ' : :: t : , i v../, / , ' - .

The enactm ent o f th e Organic Act was- rece iv ed by th e pepple w ith

provided fo r- th e . o rg a n is a t io n of J u d ic ia ry Departm ent and s t ip u la te d t h a t

two r e s id e n t Gommissioriers to th e U nited S ta te s were to be chosen by th e

g re a t re jo ic in g s and: th re e days l a t e r t h e i r en thusiasm was in c re a se d

o f th e in s u r r e c t io n by h is im nesty P ro c lam a tio n o f Ju ly 4 a 19028 which u.

; p r - v » a ,

That a f u l l and com plete pardon and eW iesty to, a l l persons: i n • th e A rchipelago who have p a r t ic ip a te d i n th e ^ in su rrec tion* is here®* by , proclaimcd-, e x cep t th o se * co n v ic ted o f c rimes 3 b u t s pe c i a l a p p l i” •

■ c a tio n may - b e ,madb to th e p roper a u th o r i ty fo r pardon-, and such . clemency as. is c o n s is te n t w ith , hum anity :and ju s t i c e w i l l he lib e ra l-*

. ly extendedo28 . • ;

' • In p r a c t i c a l ly a l l p a r ts o f th e I s la n d s s th e e s ta b lish m e n t of c i v i l ,

government- and th e p roc lam ation o f am nesty b ro u g h t f o r th peaceo: C o rd ia l

r e la t io n s were now i h s t i t u t e d by th e in h a b ita n ts upon th e r e a l iz a t io n

th a t th e Unit ed: S ta te s w as acting- in good f a i t h in c a r ry in g out i t s

prom ises e The people looked w ith f avor on. th e l i b e r a l i z a t i o n of -the

governm ental s t ru c tu re $ dnd th e g ra n tin g in p ro g re ss iv e ' s ta g e s in c re a se d

p a r t ic ip a t io n by F i l ip in o s in the.m anagem ent1 o f t h e i r a f f a i r s c

The people had conceded, t o 1 th e b i r t h o f a new era* This was a ■ ;i ■

p e rio d o f learn ing- th e cp m p lex itie s :■ o f government * S e rv ice in the lo c a l

"governments proved h e l p f u l . to mahy F i l ip in o s when; l a t e r th e y reached - :

h ig h p u b lic o f f i c e 0:; .P res id en ts -S erg io Osmenia and Manuel La Quezon

ag a in when P re s id e n t R oosevelt is su e d an o f f i c i a l re c o g n itio n o f th e end

28Ib id o 5 p 6 2014*

55

rece iv ed t h e i r e a r ly t r a in in g a s . p ro v in c ia l, governors- o f Cebu and Tayabas •

're spective ly^ '': , ' _ : : ''' - ' 'T - ^

• The in t r o d u c t io n o f w iV e.rs.el e d u ca tio n ."by adop ting E n g lish as th e

langm ge ■ was the o u ts tan d in g prohlem to 'be. rUndertaken* S in ce i t was ; .

found th a t th e re /w e re se v e ra l n a tiv e languages 5 i t was :.not ■ p ro f i ta b le to

make one o f them- th e b a s is of in s tru o tio n a This would n e c e s s ita te - th e p i

t r a n s la t io n of many te x t s of every so rto ' Army men who .began, th e te a c h in g

o f E n g lish re p o rte d t h a t "no in s t r u c t io n in n a tiv e d ia le c t s is d e s ir a b le =,

.The eagerness, to le a r n E n g lish was m an ife s ted by th e f a c t t h a t n o t only, .

th e ch ild ren ^ b u t a ls o th e ' a d u lts went to sch o o l o Each, tovm supported - .-

i t s schoolj,.. and t h e : people b u i l t a d d i t io n a l frame sehoo 1-houses to accom­

modate everyone^ - • - - .

'On August 2 3 s 1901*, th e U nited S ta te s Army T ran sp o rt Thomas landed

i t s f i r s t ; co n tin g e n t o f American te a c h e r s « The people .made ■ th e date o f

i t s a r r i v a l an . an n iv ersa ry ^ This a r r i v a l cou ld be b e s t d e sc rib ed by

David B e rn s te in when he s a id : f' - i ' - '. ' y - '• t ' f ; v

I t .b ro u g h t young schoo l te a c h e rs who had th e q u a l i t i e s of p e c u l ia r ly Americano They were e n e rg e tic and adventurous*, tough b u t to le ra n ts - - th e ir -voyage, was d i s t i n c t l y . in th e p io n ee r t ra d it io n V , :•

. They w e re 'n o t .g e n e ra l ly i n sea rch o f riches® They were s c a t te r e d . ’ : . th ro u g h th e provinces* boarded in modest :F i l ip in o homes® They 'saW. 'f . them selves -as men' and women ■ f u l f i l l in g ap g re a t and.: ■unselfish vm ission* and in t h i s sense th e y were as much m is s io n a r ie s as the- \ y

. - f r i a r s who had a r r iv e d 'c e n tu r ie s ■ e a rlie r* ® ^ - ■ v ' p v -r - p .ft >

. The pformer in s u r re c to now r e a l iz e d t h a t h is l a t e n t a b i l i t y f o r

le a d e rsh ip was being encouraged. r a th e r thaU suppressed as Of th e o ld p p

■p A Senate Docuront s .*'hoa 112 a op a .ic i t 'a * p® 109 ' ■ .;. • - pp p p f : A .p'P ■ :

• p David B ernste in* The F h ilip p in e S to ry (New Yorks F a r r a r and p ' .

S trau s Company* 1947)*, p® 109® . v : • : 'P> p v - -v ; .r A ’

36

regimes As one looks baok<> i t . dan be s u m is e d 'th a t what r e a l ly caused

th e m isunderstand ing between the in su rg e n ts and' the Amerioan s o ld ie rs was

■ the d i f f e r e n t in te r p r e ta t io n o f each s id e ’s p o in t of viawo Sinoe th e

S paniards and th e AmBrloanS look a l ik e in. many wayss s u re ly th e A guinaldo'

• fo llo w ers oould n o t be blamed fo r be ing susp ic ioussr because o f b i t t e r

e x p e r le r ic e s , of p ast years® : . :

The new government, fo s te re d ; th e r is in g 'a m b it io n o f 't h e p e o p le s -

. tu to r in g and guidance was th en w idely aooepbed® This s t a t e o f a f f a i r s

wasV w e ll expressed , when Governor ■ T a ft s a id t ' " . ; • . '

' A w e l l-d ir e c te d System, o f ed u ca tio n w i l l prove one of th e most fo r c e fu l ag en c ies f o r e le v a tin g th e F i l ip in o s * m a te r ia lly ^ so c ia lly ^ and m orally^ p re p a rin g them f o r a la rg e p a r t i c ip a t io n in the a f f a i r s

• . o f government® : ' ' ' p • ; - - ■ . '

T his'w as i 'th e ‘p o lic y a p p lie d by every succeed ing ,a d m in is tra tio n 3 and a

. . h igh degree o f a l tru is m was th e most im portan t ..philosophy to be main­

ta in e d by th e se a d m in is tra to rs ® I t was n o t long u n t i l d is t r u s t - changed - :

.■ ■to aoceptahdei, and a:cceptance to h e a r ty cooperation* ' _

^ ^Senate Documentss ho@ 112 op® c i t o , pe ,107®

CHAPTER I I I

- PTLIPim PARTICIPATION. IE GOVERMEHT ■ .

.In 1902> a f t e r the e s ta b lish m e n t o f c i v i l government,!, th e r e la t io n s

between American and F i l ip in o s were g e n e ra lly o o r d ia l5 and th e re con tinued

a s tead y growth o f confidence and good fe e l in g between them® The b i t te r - "

ness and distrust# which were -the n a tu r a l outgrowth o f th e in s u r re c tio n

: and i t s eventSj,; had, la rg e ly d isappeareda W ith b u t few exceptions^, th e

F i l ip in o s 'o f education ,, in te ll ig e n c e ,, and p ro p e rty had h e a r t i l y cooper­

a ted w ith th e a u th o r i t i e s * H ere 'and th e re was found a F i l ip in o o f more

or le s s im portance who was s t i l l i r r e c o n c i la b le and h o s t i l e to American

authority# and o c c a s io n a lly ah American W p d is l ik e d and d is t r u s te d a l l

F il ip in o s # b u t th e number o f such men was com parative ly few and t h e i r

in f lu e n c e was sm all-and s te a d i ly , waningo A ll those who were j u s t l y en­

t i t l e d to be c a l l e d le a d e rs o f public. O pinion among th e F i l ip in o s had

d e f in i t e ly c a s t t h e i r l o t w ith th e Americans and had ex p ressed them selves" • ' L • :■ : . . , ' • 1

as c o n te n t to leave t h e i r fo r tu n e ard t h e i r fu tu re t o t h e ; Amorican people e ;

From Ju ly 4# 1901# to O ctober 16# 1907# th e e x ec u tiv e and l e g i s i a - :

t iv e powers of th e Plriilippine government, were e x e rc ise d by th e 'U nited

S ta te s P h ilip p in e Commissiono The p re s id e n t of th e Commission n o t on ly

. p ossessed and e x e rc is e d th e execu tiv e power o f th e government b u t s a t as

”1 : .

'T h is: s ta tem en t could be v e r i f i e d by pronouncements ma,de by. p o l i t i ­c a l l e a d e r s » ' Manuel 'L0 Quezon# The Good F ig h t (Hew York#.Londons Do A ppleton-C entury Coo# In c «# 1946)# p 0 101e

58

a member o f th e U n ited S ta te s B lillipp ine Commission as a member o f th e

l e g i s l a t i v e departm ent of th e governm ent» .

I t wass in .th e -words o f P re .s iden t Roos ev@lt$. a program, of changing a

government o f Ame-rioans " a s s i s te d by F i l ip in o s in to a 'govemment of F i l i ­

p inos a s s is te d "by A m ericans» Under th e te n a s o f th e in s t r u c t io n s 'o f

P re s id e n t .MoEinley to th e Commission^, and the p p lio y im pressed upon a l l

members of th e government a w hether Com m issioner' or b u reau c h ie f s s F ilip i™

nos were to be used w herever p o ss ib le i n .th e government service@ in prac=

t i c e i t worked -out along th e l in e s o f a p o lic y o f s te a d y and con tinued

F i l ip in iz a t i o n of the s e rv ic e from the. bottom up* I t promoted men as a

r e s u l t o f proved e ff io ie n c y o Thus 3 F i l ip in o s became members o f th e Corn."

m ission w hile o th e rs were re c e iv in g a p p re n tic e sh ip i n •th e d i f f e r e n t d e « ■

partm ents and ' bureaus $ '

• In o rd e r to s a t i s f y th© p ro v is io n o f s e c tio n seven o f th e Organic

Act o f 1902# th e Commission c a l le d f o r th e c re a t io n o f t h e . P h ilip p in e

Assembly* S ec tio n seven provideds .

That two years a f t e r the com pletion and p u b lic a t io n of th e c en su s , in case such c o n d itio n o f g e n e ra l and com plete peace w ith re c o g n itio n o f th e a u th o r i ty o f th e U nited S ta te s s h a l l have con­tin u e d in th e t e r r i t o r y o f s a id Is la n d s no t in h a b ite d by Moros o r o th e r M on-C hristian t r ib e s ' and such f a c t s s h a l l have been c e r t i f i e d to the, P re s id e n t of th e U nited S ta te s by th e P h il ip p in e Commissions th e P re s id e n t upon be in g s a t i s f i e d th e r e o f s h a l l d i r e c t s a id Com­m ission t o c a l l s and th e Commission s h a l l c a l l s a g e n e ra l e le c t io n fo r th e ' choice o f d e le g a te s t o a. p o p u la r assem bly o f th e people o f , s a id t e r r i t o r y in th e P h ilip p in e Is la n d s^ which s h a l l be known as th e P h ilip p in e Assemblys" . . ■

Since the above p ro v is io n had been s a t i s f i e d , t h e Commission o rdered

a g e n e ra l e le c t io n fo r Ju ly SO*. 1907* B le o tio n s of d e le g a te s to th e

^ S ta tu te sA t L arger 57th C ongress3 1 s t sessions, Ju ly . 1902# (H ashing- ton* Government P r in t in g O ffide> . 1 9 0 2 ),-Vole -XXSII, po 691© .

59

Assembly were .for. te rm s of tw o, years * -:pn' a' baa is 'of r e p re s e n ta t io n o f one

fo r ev ery n in e ty : thousand of p o p u la tio n o r m ajor fraction th e r e o f , with a

p ro v iso - t h a t each provino.e was e n t i t l e d to .at l e a s t one .d e le g a te e. For.

e le c t io n p u rp o ses, M anila was given th e r a t in g of a prov ince which b rough t

th e t o t a l number o f p rov inces l i s t e d fo r r e p re s e n ta t io n in th e Assembly to

th i r ty ^ f o u r and the membership to eighty® Ih e q u a l i f i c a t io n o f d e le g a te s

as f ix e d by Congress Was th a t th e y were to be re s id e n ts o f th e d i s t r i c t

from which th e y were chosen, tw e n ty -f iv e y e a rs of age, and owed a lle g ia n c e

to th e U n ited States® •

Congress had p rov ided th a t th e Assembly was to se rv e as a lower house

and th e Commission as an upper house or sen a te s th e two houses were to

have j o i n t l e g i s l a t i v e c o n tro l over the a rch ip e lag o ex cep t th e t e r r i t o r y

in h a b ite d by th e Moros or t r i b a l peoples® ..The Commission re ta in e d th e

so le l e g i s l a t i v e a u th o r i ty over Mora and m ountain reg io n s and i t s in h a b i t ­

ants® The e leo tiy® 'asdem bly had no power to /q u e s t io n o r in te rv e n e in any

le g is la tio n ® w hether i t c a r r ie d a p p ro p r ia tio n o r n o t , i f i t were d e s ig ­

n a ted f o r .th e t e r r i t o r y 'occupied by- th e s e peoples®. .. ,

As th e g e n e ra l e le c t io n o f d e le g a te s to th e Assembly was approach ing ,

th e appearance o f p o l i t i c a l p a r t ie s became evident® The government sup°»

p ressed only th o se p o l i t i c a l a c t i v i t i e s th a t m igh t be in c l in e d toward th e . .. - : ' ■ 5

use o f ,a rm s , and as a r e s u l t v a rio u s p a r t ie s were p e rm itte d to organize® -

The p r in c ip a l f e a tu re of th e i r .p la t fo r m s was a t f i r s t a demand fo r a u to ­

nomy and l a t e r s p e c i f ic d e c la ra tio n s fo r com plete s e p a ra tio n from th e

U nited S tates® However, th e most important; is su e was th e fu tu re p o l i t i ­

c a l s ta tu s o f the. Is la n d s a The F e d e ra l P a r ty , which was founded in 1900,

^F orbes, ops - e it® . Vol., I I , pp4 ' 103-108e

40

changed I t s name a t t h i s tim e to P a r tid o F r o g r e s is ta , o r P ro g ress iv e

P a r ty » and l a t e r changed in to th e Dem ocratic Partyo I t s p la tfo rm c a l l in g

fo r in c reasin g - autonomy and e v en tu a l independence made i t s appeal to th e

c o n se rv a tiv e e lem ents of th e population® The P a rtid o H a c lo n a lis ta P opu lar

was o rgan ized w ith n o th in g d i f f e r e n t in i t s p la tfo rm from o th e r p a r t ie s

and th e founders e l e c t e d . £@he r a l Aguingtldq w ithou t h is knowledge as i t s

honorary p re s id en to At th i s p o in ty A guinaldo had s u f f i c i e n t p re s t ig e to

assume p o l i t i c a l le ad e rsh ip ^ b u t he had adopted the p o lic y o f rem aining

in retirem ent© This p a r ty was n o t . as p o p u la r as- i t s name had indicated®

The R epublican P a rty o f th e P h il ip p in e s came out w ith a d e c la ra t io n

o f purposes which demanded fo r more or>¥1©ss ■ modem amprovtHBnts in trans*=:

, p o r ta t io n , f r e e t r a d e w ith th e "(Jnited,.S th te s a em ployer's l i a b i l i t y , , c h i ld

lab o r law# care fo r p ro p e rty r ig h ts ^ economy of government^ and more

ra p id F i l i p in i z a t i o n o f th e s e rv ic e s In s p i t e o f th e se resounding p la t=

form s, i t d id n o t have s u b s ta n t ia l membership to p u t up a w inning c an d i”

date® . ' . .

P a r tis a n s of Immediate' iridependene© were brought to g e th e r . in th e

P a r tid o K a c lo n a l ls ta », o r N a t io n a l is t P a r ty a ' under th e le a d e rsh ip of

S e rg io Osmenia and Manuel La Quezon® M in o rity groups c a l le d them selves

t h e ■In d e p e n d is ta s , o r Independen tss and th e Im m ed ia tis taaa o r th o se fo r

inm ediate independence w ith o u t re serv a tio n ®

The e le c t io n passed o f f w ith smoothness and was marked by o rd e r 11=”

ness- and absence of; r i o t s o r v io len ce^ ’ The campaign re so lv e d i t s e I f in to -

a s tru g g le between th e ’ i n s 1 and 'o u t s 9s as most F i l ip in o s hold ing ap™ ••

p o in tiv e o f f ic e s were a f f i l i a t e d w ith th e P ro g ress iv e Party® In th e

ends i t was a v ic to ry fo r th e n a t i o n a l i s t P a rty w ith th ir ty ^ tw o e le c te d .

41

tw enty v ± l o were n o t a f f i l i a t e d w ith ' any p a r ty , s ix te e n P ro g re s s iv e s , seven

Im m ed ia tis ta s , fo u r In d e p e n d is ta s , and one C entro C a to lio o 0 Since th e

m in o r ity p a r t ie s were so sm a ll, th e niemherS soon found i t oonvenient to

e n r o l l them selves under th e banner o f a p a r ty th a t m ain ta in ed a r e a l/ 4 ' ' - ■" ' -

o rg a n iz a tio n e '

' : , The work of th e assem bly was guided s u c c e s s fu lly by S erg io Osmenia

who was chosen unanim ously as sp ea k e r« I t was ev id en t t h a t the assem bly

was to be dom inated by th e yom ge r e lam ent s a lthough h a l f of the members

were form er r e v o lu t io n a r ie s » The tw en ty -n in e year o ld sp eak e r had p re ­

pared h im se lf in th e study o f • p a rlia m e n ta ry law and procedure® A fte r

d is t in g u is h in g h im se lf as p ro secu tin g a t to rn e y and governor o f h is prov­

ince o f Cebu, he '-.efitefei.- in to ; ‘n a t io n a l p o l i t i c s Which e v e n tu a lly p laced

him in th e p res id en cy of th e Gommonwealtho Osmenia b ro u g h t to the . p o s i­

t io n a p le a s in g p e r s o n a l i ty , ready w i t , and ta c t f u ln e s s which enab led him

to hold th e sp eak e rsh ip f o r f i f t e e n years©

At th e tim e,, an e q u a lly b r i l l i a n t man, Manuel L© Quezon, was a lso a

member o f th e assem bly, and a lthough much younger, he se rv ed h is p rov ince

o f Tayabas In th e same manner t h a t Osmenia served h is a He was given th e

le a d e rsh ip on th e f lo o r o f th e house , and h is e n try in to n a t io n a l p o l i t i c s

a ls o c a r r ie d him to th e f i r s t p res id en cy o f the 'C bm onw ealth s

The f i r s t , a c t of th e P h ilip p in e .L e g is la tu re was to recogn ize th e

so v e re ig n ty o f th e H nited S ta te s and ex p re ss a p p re c ia tio n f o r th e con-

c e ss io n s a lre a d y granted© A j o in t r e s o lu t io n was s e t fo rths:

l i b i d o, p© 134*

42

Resolved* ■'by the P h il ip p in e Commission and th e ' P h il ip p in e Assem<= bly* th a t on t h e i r o ra b e h a lf and on b e h a lf o f th e people o f th e P h il ip p in e I s la n d s .th e y oonvey* and th e y do h e reb y convey* to th e P re s id e n t of th e U nited S ta te s* and through him to th e Congress and th e people o f th e U nited S ta te s* t h e i r profound sen tim en ts o f g r a t i ­tude and h ig h a p p re c ia tio n of th e s ig n a l concession made to th e peo­p le o f th e Is la n d s of p a r t i c ip a t in g d i r e c t l y in th e making of th e laws w h ic h 's h a ll govern themo^

To t h i s P re s id e n t R ooseve lt r e p l ie d on O ctober 23* 1907s

T h e .fu tu re o f th e F i l ip in o people depends in a g re a t measure on r your good judgment* r e s t r a in t* and c a p a c ity to su b o rd in a te a l l person ­

a l i n t e r e s t s and d if fe re n c e s to th e in te r e s t s o f y o u r coun try as a wholes 1 n o t only hope b u t b e lie v e t h a t you w i l l be found e v e r t ru e to th e honorable, re s p o n s ib il i ty -w h ic h has become yourso®

Many d e leg a te s had re c e iv e d t h e i r e d u ca tio n in-Europe* and th i s group was

s tro n g ly in fav o r o f p a rlia m e n ta ry procedure based upon th e European p rac ­

t i c e , r a th e r than , one m odeled on American p rac tice® Osmania f e l t i t w is e r

t o :ad o p t th e American model* which was supported .g e n e ra lly by th e younger

e lem en ti and h is views p rev a iled * v , : \ '

A nother p ro v is io n o f th e Act c re a tin g th e Assembly was th e s e le c t io n

o f two re s id e n t Commissioners to the United, S ta te s by th e assem bly and th e

Commission* each House v o tin g se p a ra te ly * The com m issioners were e n t i t l e d

to an o f f i c i a l re c o g n itio n as th o se o f R ep re se n ta tiv e s in Congress* a p r i ­

v ile g e of the f lo o r -w ith th e r ig h t o f debate* b u t th e y w r e n o t .given th e

r ig h t to vote® The C o m iss io n e rs were s e le c te d on th e b a s is o f one from

. each o f th e two m ajor p a r t ie s * . R ep resen tin g th e P ro g re ss iv e was Sr® -Beni""

to Legarda* a w ealth y M anila re s id e n t* and re p re s e n tin g th e N a tio n a l is t

was S ra Pablo Ocampo* whose appointm ent was e s p e c ia l ly notew orthy because

^War Department* Annual R ep o rts* 1908* Acts of F i r s t P h ilip p in e s L e g is la tu re . Inaugural* 1 s t and S p e c ia l S e ss io n s (W ashingtons Government P r in t in g O ffice* 1908)* Vole EC* p . 147&

^Quoted in Forbes* op® c i t * * Vol® II* p0 137@

, ' ; : ' . ■ " 43 . .

' . ' ■ ' ' ■ ■ . , ■ , ■ . '■ '.,7 ' . . ■o f h is p e rso n a l a sso o a tio n Vfith A gvinaldo during th e insm *reGtiono

During th e e a r ly y ea rs of i t s e x is ten ce# th e A ssem bly’s reco rd was

h ig h ly s ig n i f i c a n t / c o n s id e r in g th e la c k o f experience o f th e F i l ip in o s in

■ Self-governm ents and o f th e in d iv id u a l l e g i s l a to r s in th e m a tte r o f l e g i s ­

l a t io n and p a rlia m e n ta ry procedureo The f i r s t e le c t io n o f Speaker which

Was conducted in an o rd e r ly way p e r s is te d in succeeding e le c t io n s e The .

p roceed ings which were c a r r ie d out in a d ig n if ie d manner a lso continued,,

and no in s ta n c e occurred upon the f lo o r o f the Assembly in which th e mem­

b e rs re s o r te d t o v io len ce » -

The Assembly a p p ro p ria te d o n e -h a lf m ill io n d o l la r s f o r th e c o n s tru c ­

t io n o f prim ary s.choolhouses in th e r u r a l d i s t r i c t s I t l e g i s l a t e d an a c t

c re a t in g code committees to re v is e c iv i l# commercial# and penal proceduree

I t en ac ted a n e g o tia b le in s tru m en ts law#, an in so lv en cy law# an em ployer6s '

l i a b i l i t y law and an a c t p rov id ing f o r th e e x e rc is e o f em inent domain# An

i r r i g a t io n law was passed as was th e c a d a s t r a l law p ro v id in g f o r s p e c ia l

proceedings' in . th e Bureau o f Labor# a n d 'in , a g r ic u ltu re by c re a tin g an a g r i ­

c u l tu r a l bank® Women were g iven a p a r t in p u b lic a f f a i r s ■ by making them .

e l i g i b l e as members o f lo c a l school boards and p ro v id in g th a t c e r ta in

p o s i t io n s on th e board must be h e ld by them© I t g ran ted a d d it io n a l con­

cess io n s to th e r a i l r o a d company and th e government to g u aran tee i n t e r e s t .

on bonds fo r l in e s to be b u i l t# M easures were passed f o r an a n t1- tu b e ro u - ., ' . , ■ : ' •' : ; v ■; ' ' 8 :; - ' ■' " .

l o s i s campaign# and fo r combating in f a n t m o r ta li ty * • -

L i t t l e by l i t t l e th e F i l ip in o s had been fram ing t h e i r own ,

7I b ld a# ppo 139-1406 ■'

% a r D epartm ents Annual R ep o rt#- 1908# F i r s t P h il ip p in e L e g is la tu re Inaugural:# Vol® IX# pp© 29-S5« ,. , ' ' .

leg is la tio n * '- , and' i d t h . (to'^i;Qfto:Vgui4ti0^#y;t|rey^had done ,■well* The good .

re c o rd .o f th e Assembly was due to th e c h a r a c te r o f th e assemblymen e le c te d *

Much c r e d i t was g iven to Speakar Osinsnia as he devoted a p a in s tak in g s tu d y

o f th e d u tie s and r e s p o n s ib i l i t i e s o f h is p o s i t io n s and guided th e Ass'em-

"bly away from p a r t ic ip a tio n - in -m e re p e t ty p o l i t i c s e In O ctober, 1913» the.

F il ip in o s , .were- g iven a m a jo rity i n the ' F h ilip p ih e Conrnxis s io n » American

and F i l ip in o members o f th e Commission developed genuine p e rso n a l f r i e n d ”

sh ip s among them selveso" ' ■ ‘ r ■; ■ ■

A nother im portan t s te p - in th e t r a in in g f o r se lf-governm en t was th e■ . „ ' ; • ‘ ■ : 9. passage: on October 29# 1916# o f : th e Jones Law* The o u ts ta n d in g f e a tu re

o f th e . Act' was th e s p i r i t and purpose as ex p ressed in I t s preamble ?>

Whereas i t was n e v e r th e in te n t io n o f th e people, o f the U n ited , ' S ta te s in th e in o ip ie n c y o f th e war w ith Spain" to make i t a war o f "

c o n q u e s t.o r fo r t e r r i t o r i a l aggrandizem ent; and ■,Whereas, i t . is# as i t has always b een 3 th e purpose o f th e people

o f th e U nited S ta te s to w ithdraw t h e i r so v e re ig n ty over th e Philip™ pine Is la n d s and to reco g n ize t h e i r independence a s soon as a s ta b le .

■ .. goveimment can b e e s ta b lis h e d th e re in i: and ' ■W hereas; f o r th e speedy accom plishm ent of such purpose i t is- de«* /

s i r a b le to p lace in th e hands o f th e people o f th e P h ilip p in e s as la rg e a c o n tro l o f t h e i r dom estic a f f a i r s as can be g iven them with-™" out# in th e meantime # im p a ir in g th e e x e rc ise of. th e r ig h ts o f -sover* e ig h ty by th e people o f th e U nited S ta te s# , in o rd e r th a t# - by th e us®;

' and e x e rc ise o f popu lar f r a n c h is e and governm ental pow erss th e y maybe th e b e t te r , p rep a red to f u l l y assume th e r e s p o n s ib i l i t i e s and en­joy a l l th e p r iv i le g e s o f com plete in d e p e n d e n c e 9

' The Jons s Act r e s u l t e d ’in th e t r a n s f e r o f a la rg e sh are of power in

th e government from American t o F i l ip in o hands# w ith th e c o n tro l and r e ­

s p o n s ib i l i ty in- many im portan t m a tte rs in th e o ff ic e o f th e Governor-

^ S ta tu te s At L arge# 64th Congress# 1 s t session# August 1916#Void Ifflnx# ppo^SiS-BSee . • b . ; : ; v ’ ■

10Ibid*# ■p.54'5o

45

Gene r a le A government, Tfas s e t up in whidli th e P h il ip p in e L e g is la tu re

re p re se n tin g th e people o f th e ' P h ilip p in e s a s s o c ia te d v.-lth th e c h ie f execu-

t iv e re p re se n tin g th e government o f th e U n ited .S ta tes® , -

The Jones Act a f fe c te d th e s t r u c tu r e of the l e g i s l a t i v e departm ent

o f th e government when i t a b o lish ed th e ap p o in tiv e upper chamber* th e

P h il ip p in e Commission* and i t s u b s t i tu te d in i t s stead* a p o p u la rly e le c a

t iv e S e n a t e o f tw e n ty -fo u r members re p re se n tin g th e tw elve s e n a to r ia l

d i s t r i c t s o Every member o f th e l e g i s la tu r e was t o be a F i l ip in o and* w ith

th e ex cep tio n o f two s e n a to rs and n ine r e p re s e n ta t iv e s appo in ted by th e •

G overnor-G eneral to re p re se n t th e Son-’C h r is t ia n t r ib e s * was to be re sp o n ­

s ib le to. th e people® The le g is la tu r e was g ran ted l e g i s l a t i v e power w ith •

C e r ta in re s e rv a tio n s in ten d ed t o p r o te c t th e fundam ental r ig h t s o f in d i - : ; . ■ " ' 12 . .

v id u a ls and th e n a tu r a l r e s o u rc e s ' o f th e country@ R e s tr ic t io n s were

m a tte rs dealing , w ith p u b lic lands* t a r i f f * immigration#..and currency«

A cts a f f e c t in g such m a tte rs* which had been approved.by th e Governor™

G eneral d id n o t become laws . u n t i l they , re c e iv e d t h e ap p roval o f th e

P re s id e n t o f th e U nited S ta te so • '

Minor changes were made in th e e x ec u tiv e d epartm en t6 The o f f ic e o f

th e G overnor-G eneral was continued© I t re ta in e d th e "supreme ex ecu tiv e

a u th o r i ty ” of th e government@ A ppointed .by the P re s id e n t, o f th e U nited

S ta te s w ith th e adv ice and consen t of th e Senate* th e Governor-General

was to be g iven "g en e ra l su p e rv is io n and c o n tro l of a l l th e departm ents

^ Jo sep h -.R a ls to n Hayden* "The U nited S ta te s and th e P h ilip p in e s* "Annalss American Academy of P o l i t i c a l and S o c ia l Science* CXXII (Novem­b e r -1925)* pp© 3 0 - 4 0 » ' y '

46

and;bureaus of th e government,, and would be oommander in c h ie f o f a l l

lo c a l ly c re a te d armed fo rces and m i l i t i a e 1" ^

The Jones .A ct l e f t the J d d ic ia ry untouched* T h e 'ex ecu tiv e and l e g i s t

l a t iv e component# were se p a ra te d in accordance w ith th e th e o ry o f checks

and b a la n c e s » ■

The s ix departm ent heads com prised th e Cabinet* F or purposes of. re*®

p o r tin g bn m a tte rs p e r ta in in g -to th e i r d ep artm en ts , th e S e c re ta r ie s m ight .

be . c a l le d and wop,ld be e n t it le d to .he'.' heard* by e i th e r o f th e two houses: ' ' : ■ ‘ . 14 \ ;S; ■ ' ■ -■ ' . ■■■ • . ■ ■ ' . . . ■

- o f the. L e g is la tu re * ' The Departments' w ere E x e c u tiv e s In te r io r# P u b lic

In s tru c tio n s F in an ce# A g ric u ltu re and M atural R esources 5 and Commerce and

0ommunication6 . ’ ' ' ' <; . ■•

The In s u la r government was run by th e G-overnor^General a s s i s te d by

th e Department S eo re ta rleA in th e 'perform ance o f h is d u t i e s « A ll th e se ;■

■ S e c r e ta r ie s s w ith th e ex cep tio n o f the Vice-Governor# who was an e x = o ff ic io

- S e c re ta ry o f the ' Departm ent "of Pub lic In s tru c tio n # were F i l ip in o s and ap=»

p o in te d by th e Governor-Generalo.; . The o th e r o f f i c i a l s appo in ted by th e

P re s id e n t o f th e D hited S ta te s inc lu d ed th e Vice-Governor# th e In s u la r

A uditor# th e Deputy In s u la r A ud ito r and th e nine J u s t ic e s o f th e Supreme

Courto '■ . ■ . . ' .

• Most im p o rtan t o f . th e powers g iven to th e people was th e c o n tro l of

• F inance by means of th e budget system* The fram ing o f th e budget was p u t .;

in to th e hands o f th e l e g i s la tu r e and n o t th e E xecu tive * The p ra c t ic e of

■ 1SIb id » a p* 54*

• ; • Dooument s# Eo* 134# 65th Congress# 2nd sessio n # .1917*®18a(W ashingtons Government P r in tin g O ffice# 1918)# pp* 1"SS8

47

having D epartm m t S e c re ta r ie s appears .hefo.re e i t h e r house of t h e . le g is la =

tu re made i t c lo s e ly resem ble th e p a rlia m e n ta ry system^

The p ro v in c ia l and. m u n ic ip a l governm ents were su p erv ised by the

E xecu tive Bureau and th e Bureau o f H on-G hristian T r ib e s c The E xecu tive ;

Bureau had charge o f th e re g u la r p ro v in c e s5 and th e B ureau o f Epn°Ghris« .

t i a n T rib es had charge of th o se in h a b ite d by th e backward in h a b ita n ts in ^. . . . \ : ■- . 15e lu d in g th e Moros in Mindanao apd. t h e . I g o r o te s 'o f th e Luzon m ountainse

The people e x e rc is e d f r e e and p e a c e fu l su ffra g e in th e e le c t io n of

th e members o f th e P h ilip p in e L e g is la tu re , p ro v in c ia l g o v ern o rs , munici™

p a l p re s id e n ts # and. members o f th e m u n ic ip a l c o u n c ilB A w idespread in -1

t e r e s t was shown in th e f i r s t g en era l e le c t io n s in Ju n e , 1 9 1 9 under th e

e n la rg ed su ffra g e g ran ted b y th e Jones Laws The m in o r ity acceptance o f ■ ■

th e r e s u l t o f th e popu lar vo te dem onstrated "the c a p a c ity of th e F i l ip in o\ 16

people fo r th e o rd e r ly e x e rc is e o f p o p u la r fran ch isee . More autonomous

.'government and g re a te r r e s p o n s ib i l i ty were p la c e d 'in t h e a d m in is tra tio n .,

o f lo c a l a f f a i r s in th e p ro v in c ia l and m unicipal governments' of th e moun­

t a i n p rovince# and th e provinces- o f Mindanao and Bueva V izcaya & As th e se

backward p rov inces p ro g ressed and advanced th e y became re g u la r p ro v in c e ss

and were recogn ized as such by a p roc lam ation made by th e Governor^Generala

On October 16# 1918# in o rd e r to have a re sp o n s ib le and undiv ided

le a d e rs h ip in th e L e g is la tu re and E xecu tive branches o f th e government#

th e C ouncil of S ta te was c re a te d by an E xecu tive O rder of G overno r-G enera l'

^% ee F oo tno te 24#. O hapter .II# p«, 31» -

^% ouse Documents# Boa 328# 67th Congress# 2nd sessio n # 1922# (Washingtons. Government P r in tin g O ff ic e # 1922)# p# 42o

43

F ran o is B urton1 H arr i s one The purpose of t h i s body was w e ll ex p la in ed in

th e bbssage o f th e Governor to th e peoples / .

'Whatever may be our id e as th e o r e t i c a l ly as to th e b e s t method o f conducting th e a f f a i r s o f our government^ th e method should be

'fo llo w ed which w i l l te n d to b f in g a l l re sp o n s ib le elem ents o f th e • 'p u b lic a d m in is tra tio n in c lo se c o o p e ra tio n a p rev en t unnecessary f r i c t i o n i n a d ju s t in g and opera tin g th e component p a r ts of th e ad^ m in is t r a t iv e machinery*,: and th u s secure ra p id and u n ite d a c tio n and s u b s ta n t ia l r e s u l ts * This co o p era tio n is p a r t i c u l a r ly e s s e n t ia l in moments o f d i f f i c u l t i e s and c r i s e s a .& la c k of C o -o rd in a tio n .of th e ; elem ents o f government o r th e f a i l u r e s of th e g re a t measure of . government demanded by th e p u b l i c . i n t e r e s t w i l l n o t r e s u l t in th e f i n a l f a v o ra b le ' op in ion which th e w orld w i l l form o f th e p o l i t i c a l c a p a c ity o f th e F i l ip in o people <, b u t such f i n a l fa v o ra b le op in ion w i l l o f n e c e s s i ty be based upon th e u n ite d and re sp o n s ib le a c t io n o f th e government working and o p e ra tin g l ik e an o rgan ized and e f f i - ; : c ie n t w h o le a n d keeping in view the" n e c e s s i t i e s and a s p ir a t io n s o f th e people to whose s e c u r i ty and w e lfa re we are j o i n t l y c o n se c ra tin g our b e s t e ffo rts® •

The C ouncil o f S ta te was an a d v iso ry body which to o k th e fu n c tio n

o r ig in a l ly be lo n g in g to th e .C ab in e t» I t s component was s im ila r to th e ,

C abinet b u t i t had two a d d it io n a l , memberss namely th e spokesmen o f th e

two Houses o f th e L e g is la tu re * ;

Having been: c re s te d by ex ecu tiv e o rd e r s th e C ouncil o f S ta te cou ldv , . . ; : v . ' ■ - . . . . . . ■ i s

be ab o lish ed in th e same way a t th e d is c r e t io n o f th e Governor-General®

In a d d itio n he co u ld change i t s e x is t in g membership^ d r add persons whom

he w ished as a d v ise rs on p u b lic m atters® -

Having in view th e p ro sp ec tiv e change o f a d m in is tra tio n due to th e

R epublican v ic to ry in 1920.*,. th e L e g is la tu re undertook to p e rp e tu a te t h i s

- 'Q u o ted in Juan Ye J a v ie r 3 ’’D is t r ib u t io n of Governmental Powers in th e P h ilip p in e I s la n d s ," (U npublished M a s te r 's T h e s is<, Department of H is­to ry and P o l i t i c a l Science,* b h iv e r s i ty o f Arizona^ 1939)$ pp® 29-50«C ited from Maximo K* Kalaw*, The P re se n t Government o f th e P h il ip p in e s . (M anila Boole Co«* 1921), p* 25®

l% o rb e s a op* o i t » , Yolo I I 4 pp® 264-=265*

49

se r io u s encroachm ent upon th e pone r s of th e ex ecu tiv e * A lthough Governor

H a rriso n r e a l iz e d the value o f th e harm onizing in f lu e n c e o f th e Council

he tween th e ex ecu tiv e and l e g i s l a t i v e branches,, he opposed l im i ta t io n o f

th e c o n s t i tu t io n a l powers of.h is- successor*

The L e g is la tu re , th e re fo re ^ ,p a s s e d a law decreeing th a t in a l l exro

is t in g s ta tu te s in w hich th e Council o f S ta te ■was g iven powers, t h i s

should be co n stru ed to mean a commibtee con3.posed o f th e Governor "General-;

the S e c re ta r ie s o f D epartm ent, th e p re s id e n ts of b o th houses and th re e

a d d i t io n a l members of each house, e le c te d by th e members th e r e o f a This

secu red th e s t a b i l i t y o f e x is t in g l e g i s l a t i o n and l e f t th e n e x t Governor™

G eneral f r e e to d e a l w ith th e C ouncil o f S ta te as he wishedo

. In th e n e x t a d m in is tra tio n . G eneral Leonard Wood was s e n t out as

Governor® I t was fe a re d th a t he would1 be p re ju d ic e d a g a in s t th e F i l l " -

p inos in t h e i r a s p i r a t io n , and t h a t he - would be a r b i t r a r y and highhanded

as G overnor-G eneralo At f i r s t he had shown th e d e s ir e to cooperate w ith

F i l ip in o o f f i c i a l s 3 b u t l a t e r he re fu se d to c o n s id e r h im se lf bound by

th e "conven tions" which had t r a n s f e r r e d to o th e r ag en c ie s many o f th e

powers o f h is o f f i c e «

In J u ly , 1925, th e F i l ip in o .members o f th e C ouncil o f S ta te dramati®

d a l ly re 'signed in a body, c laim ing t h a t th e immediate cause of t h e i r

a c t io n was th e " i l l e g a l " re in s ta tem e n t o f a member o f th e s e c re t s e rv ic e

o f th e c i t y o f % an ila l who had been l e g a l ly i .suspended from o f f ic e be*" ■ ' ' ' ' " 20

cause o f h is underArorld connectiozis and d ea lin g s e They d ec la red th a t ■

: 19Ib id o , p e .285o - vx x . ' v ■ h / -9A • " ■ : ' /■' ■ '. 1: ' '

. ^ House Documents, Hoa 485, 68t h C ongress, 2nd s e s s io n , 1923,(Annual Report o f th e G over'nor^G em ral), .Volo I I , pp» 37-”39 =

, . Mr, Conley Was an American employee in the. (cont o on po 50)

50

t h i s was th e cu lm in a tio n of th e g e n e ra l p o lic y o f th e G overnor, " to i n t e r ­

vene in and c o n tro l even to th e sm a lle s t d e t a i l s , th e a f f a i r s of our

government b o th in s u la r and lo ca l# in u t t e r d is re g a rd o f th e a u th o r i ty and21 .

r e s p o n s ib i l i ty of th e departm ent heads and o th e r o f f i c i a l s concerned*"

The P h ilip p in e l e g i s la tu r e im m ediately supported th e re s ig n in g mem­

b ers o f th e C ouncil of S ta te by pass in g re s o lu t io n s add ressed to th e

P re s id e n t and Congress demanding th e removal o f G eneral ^ood from o ff ic e o ■

The F i l ip in o p e o p le s th ro u g h th e S p e c ia l Miss ion se n t to W ashington in

th e l a t t e r p a r t of' 1925# had presented- the- fo llow ing charges a g a in s t th e

Governor:

G overnor-G eneral Wood had s e t a t naught a l l understand ings th e F i l ip in o people have had w ith th e American governm ent# 'and had ig ­nored th e assu rance g iven them b y t h e . l a t e P r e s id e n t■Hardingo He had m ost d ec id ed ly ta k e n a backward s te p d ep riv in g our government o f th e key and th e n e rv e -o e n te r of form er autonomous a d m in is tra tio n — th e counse l of the F il ip in o so He has surrounded h im se lf w ith a s e c re t c a b in e t composed of m i l i t a r y and o th e r e x tra - le g a l- a d v is e r s o « a s He had broken asunder th e bonds o f concord th a t u n ite d Americans and F i l ip in o s a f t e r th e bloody s tru g g le o f 1899# a concord th a t reached i t s h ig h e s t e x p re ss io n th e f i r s t years o f autonomous government0 = 0»He had d e v ia te d from th e p o lic y o f th e American government to g ive th e F i l ip in o people an e v e r - in c re a s in g self-governm ent# a p o lic y announced by ev ery P re s id e n t beg inn ing w ith P re s id e n t McKinley and r a t i f i e d by th e Congress o f th e U nited S ta te s in th e Jones Lawses#"'

From th e v iew poin t of th e F il ip in o s# however # t h i s co n tro v e rsy w ith

th e re p re s e n ta t iv e o f American g o v e r n m e n t was fu n d am en ta lly a p o l i t i c a l

^?(from p® 4 9 , . o o n t• ) s e c re t s e rv ic e branch of th e M anila P o lice B e- partmenfco The M anila .Mayor and th e S e c re ta ry of I n t e r i o r sought h is removal fo r m isconduct in office® Governor Wood ag reed only to h is su spension and i n s i s t e d t h a t th e case be t r i e d in co u rto I t was ; . h e ld by a F i l ip in o judge th a t th e charges were no t proved# and an a d m in is tra tiv e in v e s t ig a t io n recommended re insta tem en t® Hence# th e - Mayor and th e S e c re ta ry of I n te r io r re s ig n e d r a th e r th an fo llo w th e G overnor’s in s t r u c t io n to r e in s t a t e Mr* Conley® Ibid®# ppe 57-596

■■ ■ - - : - ■ : Hayden# op® c i t s # po' 45v

^ Q u o te d in Hayden# op® c i t o # p® 22% 1

51

one» : T hey .bslieT ed in ,t|ie prem iss of P res id en t. H arding b e fo re h is death

t h a t th e re w ou ld , be no baokw ard-step ;in d im inu tion o f .dom estie o o n tro l ,

or' r e t ro g re s s io n from the antonomy th e y had a t ta in e d under th e H arrison

regime * •. , . ■ '■ ' : : ; : ' ''

In . answer, to th is oharge P re s id e n t'G o o lid g e s e n t th i s me ssage to th e

S p e c ia l Commissionerss: -i ^ ‘ ’

The Government o f the U nited S ta te s had f u l l confidence in th e a b i l i t y $ gbod. in te n t io n s s f a i r n e s s 4 and s in c e r i t y o f th e ,G o v er- nor»Gemre^.■ft^ ■..It.■.is■^^e.■bhvinGed'ithatiHe;■■'•lias in ten d ed tb ' a c t and has : a c te d w ith in th e scope o f :h is -p ro p e r -c o n s t i tu t io n a l a u th o r ity a Thus conv inced j i t i s de term ined . to : s u s ta in him. and its : purpose w i l l

" . ' be to encourage th e b ro a d e s t and most . i n t e l l i g e n t co o p e ra tio n of th eF i l ip in o people I n t h i s pplicy****' V ^

The r e s u l t o f th is .-c o n tro v e rs y was t h a t th e re 'w a s no going back in

A re rican policyt> Succeeding Governors .recognized th e im portance of th e

C ouncil of S ta te as a p a r t of th e governm ental m achinery designed to pro**

duce co o p e ra tio n betw een’ th e ' ex ecu tiv e ' and the- l e g i s l a t i v e branches with-*

'out d e stro y in g d ep artm en ta l autonom y*,, / ' "

The s ig n i f ic a n t r e s u l t of th e Autonomy Act was t h a t th e 'rep reseH ta* * '

. t iv e o f th e American Gcvernmenfe - in th e P h i l ip p in e s a who su p erv ised th e '

e s ta b lish m e n t of th e government under: th e , Jones Lawj had concurred in

th e r e p o r t of the P h ilip p in e l e g i s l a tu r e t h a t th e re was a s ta b le govern"

ment a lre a d y in th e P h il ip p in e s as e a r ly as 1919c In h is fa re w e ll .

message to Cong resS j P re s id e n t W ilson o f f i c i a l l y c e r t i f i e d t h a t th e F i l i p ­

pino people had a lre a d y f u l f i l l e d th e co n d itio n imposed upon them as a

p re re q u is i te to independence» - T h is ; o f course was den ied by th e

^Q u o ted in Ib id *, p®. 46®-

' 52

; ■ ■ ; ■ ' ■. ■ • • ■ 24 .

Re pub l i e ©£v' a d m in is tra tio n t h a t was to fo llo w s

From th e f i r s t regime o f 1899# good government was considered funda*=

m e n ta ls and th e e x ten s io n of p o l i t i c a l pow er-to th e F i l ip in o s was made

dependent upon t h e i r dem onstrated c a p a c ity to use i t t o t h e i r own advan™

tageo F i l i p in i s a t i o n proceeded from th e bottom upward and government was

c a r r ie d under American su p e rv is io n and- c o n tro l* In - th e adoption o f th e

Jones A c t$ th e framework of p opu lar government th e E x e c u tiv e 5 Legisla-®

t i v e . J u d ic ia l j and e le c to r a l p ro cesses were a lre a d y fu n c tio n in g in th e■ ■ " 25 ■ , , . .

P h il ip p in e s*

Throughout th e years of American adm in istra tion ,# th e people were

c o n s ta n tly in c i te d to f u r th e r .e f fo r ts on. b e h a lf of t h e i r own independence

As tim e passed* th e -F i l ip in o s a cq u ired g re a te r , confidence in th e c a p a c ity

of t h e i r own-people to governa This was due to th e co n tin u ed p ro g ress V

seen by th e people as power was being p u t in to the hands, o f th e i r fe llo w

countrymen & The essence o f th e Jones haw was a prom ise to the F i l ip in o

people t h a t th e y would be a ssu red s t a b i l i t y of government ® , They rea lised

t h a t to a t t a i n t h i s ends th e y would a cq u ire th e .n e c e s s a ry a b i l i t i e s f o r •

s e l f “government by d i l ig e n t ly perform ing th e jobs, a ss ig n e d to them*

2%laximo Ma Kalaws I 'ld e a ls . o f th e P h i l ip p in e s 115 A nm ls# GXXIl. (lovem ber 1925)j-p*- 20« . : :

’ 25 . • ■ - ' . :.Vicente Ga Bunuans Democracy in th e P h i l ip p in e s !ls A nnals5 C32DCI

(Supp» 1927)a p* 25® .

CHiPIEl IF.

OF THE SOMOSIiEilfH'

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Aast&er qei®sti@B ar@s© ## Phlllgpla® passed s bill1

. isaaiaal miss iM s w m @®mt W . by H iilip fia ® . Itg is la ^

tw e asking ■ Ceagmss f@r m e d ifim tie a e f /%© J©n©s Aot o J,t th is tim e %®

D@@m@a So E®0 48Sa, SStb 6©Bg5Pei®a Sad @©s@i®Ba 19118 Tsle II (Washiag’fceBS Ps’ia tiag Offie©s 1915 ) s pp© 49“®0o

Wi

l i i l a s ta b le ; g©WM»i)Bfebw: ■ ' . ' : '

. The • demise ©f S©®ra@r Weoi ®a fa 1987s s&il® vtsitSag ##

B sig te F o 'B a v lse and Sh©@d#r@ H@©s®f#l^ 0 Jwi®5Po : fh@s® © ffi@ lals

B.i’ttl « d a 'ie i8tp a fe iW

H©wv@8’» is Iat@ ILSSSs, .e@a4i i@as ia th® Isl&ads tmr® adrersely #ffwW&

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SWg’0®

Pkilipfia® ® ©£■ ®b®liti©n' ,#f a l l t a r i f f ©©aoessienso Fam © rs ©f th® b@®t

S M 0£> P° l.S ll C iteS f# m Uowm 5©®mgntg Bessie®s' ISSfy ppo 64<=80o / ?

H@o S t i s f © t h § © a g g ® s S i

;Etal Bo Betels %® Far Bast aia©® i5C »Qs 19@e)s go @8fo

s®

.-oewrfcs* aM UsitaiS. s ta te s tod •fete rig&S t# iB terw ae th e praserra”

59

@1

64

equipm ent amd e r im n e e had j u s t a r r iv e d im M anila harbea*, b u t b e fo re any

o f i t eo ta li be unloaded;- th e sh ip s were sunk by Japanese bombings a l l

over th e p o r t a r e a 0 T h is grave lo s s dep riv ed Filipim © tro e p r e e r u i t s :

and. re s e rv e s wh© had n e t been su p p lie d w ith arms; i f th e y had any a t a l l 9

th ey c a r r ie d o b so le te World War I SSnfieM r i f l e s w h ile o th e rs went e a g e r -■ ' " ' . 2 2

l y t©. th e fr© n ts determ ined to f i g h t even w ith b© loss

• . Howeverj th e d e s t r u s t io n ©f th e U n ite i S ta te s a i r fo rc e soon a f t e r

th e i n i t i a l a t ta c k and th e w ithd raw al o f th e navy southw ardP made th e

de fen se ©f th e Bataam=-G'©rregidor a re a v i r t u a l l y im p o ssib le o . By , F eb ru a ry s

1942» M alaya9 S in g ap o res and. th e B utch l a s t In d ie s f e l l under th e t e r r i f -

i© a t ta e k ©f th e enemy0 On th e e th e r , hand s th e f ig h t in g was s t i l l go ing

on a t B ataan u n t i l f@®dp m ediealp and m i l i t a r y su p p lie s w ere a l l gome#

O erreg id o r f o r t r e s s h e ld o u t a g a in s t th e s tro n g e s t Jap an ese a t ta c k s long

a f t e r Hbngkomg had f a l l e n 0 There was l e s s 'f e a r ©f th e Japanese th a n o f' .. ■ ■ ■ . - 23 ■ • - . ■ . ■

t h a t grim e n e ^ y hunger# ' •

B efore th e f i n a l f a l l o f 0 © rreg ld o r9 P re s id e n t H o e se v e lt:o rd e re d

G enera l MacArthur and th e Quo son government to move' o u t o f th e ^BoekF#

Four FT b o a ts to o k th e Mae&rthur p a r ty ou t o f G orreg ido r t o Mindanao9 and

from th e r e i f bearded a p lan e to P o rt. Darwin5, A u s tra l ia o P re s id e n t

Quezon fo llow ed l a t e r , b u t he p?®©eeied to W ashington where, he e s t a b l i s h -■ ., 24 . '

eel th e Commonwealth government im e x i le □

opGaptaim Bante lagtalom, Philippine Army, Tarla© Province, Luzon,0

23,Quezon, og0 citp.q pe -319# : ; po 2 79o

empfBR f

LIBBEAflOl M m imEFEWDBimB

69

71

so ld iers were eeraered in the . h i l l s w hile hehimd the Amerieam adtraae'o,

eaptw’ed a ir s tr ip s were mad® ready f©r lamst-based planes0 .S t i l l in

other plaeegp .Admiral William Halsey1 s task farces were "battering the

Japanese naty^ Japanese naval strength cnambled t© the extent that i t

could not even defend i t s home waters any longer□

The beachheads .were noif secures and ©n' the shore o f Leytes General

MaeArthur announced to the people nT have returned0® He asked them to

r a lly to himp and reminded them o f the s p ir it o f Bataan and Gorregidoro

Within a ®©nth9 ie y te was liberated^ . This was follow ed by the freein g

o f one island a fter another^ The lib erated areas were turned over to

the lawful government under Sergio Osmenias successor o f President

Quezon; who had died on August I , 1944 o .G iv il governmemt was s e t up

under co n stitu tio n a l o fficers^ whose duty i t was to take emergency

measures t© a lle v ia te the hardships o f the people im the freed areas*

On January % 1945 p the Luzon landings started , w ith the main force

converging from Lingayon g u lf and moving southward fah^like towards

Manila c, , On the way to the ca p ita l there was not much opposition except

delaying actionso The Japanese concentrated th e ir forces around M anila,'

and as they, retreated they burned down most o f the c ity s, They bad to be

rented out ©f what was l e f t by point-blank 105 a r t i l le r y fire .6 . Before

the c i ty was ©eeupieis General Yaaashita slipped through a dragnet and

escaped to Toltyo he was la te r tr ied and convicted as a war criminal*

The end ©f the b a ttle o f the P hilipp ines was fa s t approaching, and in .

Ju ly , 1945 j, the lib era tio n was completed# Pour months e a r lie r , General

MaeArthur turned over the government o f the c ity o f Manila to President

Osmenia and declared^ " - :

aziS i t ma stigu lateS m em j -ms©iTisd fep.eeaipeasatieia a@Wal%\

"be H'sefl t© repair ©r rebttil4 @r r@pla@$ lAat had'-'beea dfetreyed®

i>© diity w M l ,10S4a Bifisjsst ts.e^rtaiB ts©ta® aad ©ther ©@ffldi=>

tieaso Sfter 19154# Sufey. ofc goods trawliag Mtditker dlgootloa w s t# WInoYeased a* tk® rat© @ £ f ’it® p®r@©mt ®f tk© prew ailiag . dmty ea©h yeeap»:

1974# th© f a l l rat© ®£ 4 ^ y » a M . ta to im betk e©aa,tri®So-

%b®lard® 0 .ego ■eito# pgo ISS^lSSe

'proclaims,,- affe®r @®asmltatisa "with the Bhilippin® PrasM i

earns, .te ■fete States after M s ©leetioa aad;- eene-elteS.

Sq. Smbie lay aad

80

Ob Bay ,®f. 1946s frmaa. amB0%A@e4 %h® feUsw^

iBg mssag® a ■

'IBaareas tii© Waited St©t@B of* i w A ea has m m sieteatly aad fa lth ^ £ « lly darfag Jb h ® pas% years ,©xersised Jarisdielsioa ®ad©©ate©! ©vdr th® Phllippiaea- sad i t s peoplos ®ad ■

Whereas i% has heeB th® repeated d®@laratl@m ®f the le g isX a tiw aad .easotifclw hraaehes- @f ■ the gevermmeat ©f the. Baited States @f ■ im@ri@a th at f a l l iade gmdem © w a M he gm ated the Bhilippiaes as »f@a as th® p©©pl© of the Philippines' %er® prepared t© assw® th is ©hlSgatiw.g sad ' ' '

th at the major problem was to maintain paaee and orderp and to continue

the general reeom stm etioa and reh a b ilita tio n already started^ fhey an st

d ire st the fermnlatiom o f long range planning for the s ta b i l i ty o f the

social" and p o l i t ic a l structure o f . the- Batien0 Education for the youth o f

the Republic was provided for immediately by appropriation o f $16^715,000

for-new elementazy schools t© aeeomiodate ehilfiren who were id le during

enemy ©eeupation0 .. The governmest planned and pushed through an in ten siv e

-feeS produetien drive 0 I t emeouragei home p ro jects , commercial and semi-'

commercial, for ra is in g poultry and f a s t ”gr©ring crops0 I t purchased

large landed estates.and haciendas f©r resa le on easy terms to ten an ts0

I t stressed agrarian.reform programs and measures designed to improve :

the lo t o f the u n d e r p r iv i le g e d A nation-wide food production program,

through the Department ©f A griculture, helped t© check threatened famine

and to assure a sa tis fa c to ry food supply in the face o f world-wide pre­

carious conditionso I t weeded out undesirable elements from the rank and

f i l e o f the Philippine araayo To insure good government am Executive- - v " v ■' ' > ■ 3.9 ; ■■ .- .order punishing nepotism was r ig id ly enforced Q The new nation followed

a' conclusive, foreign p o licy based upon, c lo se t i e s w ith the United S ta tes

and cooperation w ith the United lationsc, ■ '

Through American a id , the Philippine Republic was given feasehable

opportunity to survive the hard days ©f readjustmento .A big str id e has

been made in bringing conditions back to normal again«, A sound public

school system, good san ita tion and public health , modern eemmtmieation

system, and the developing a b il i ty ©f self-government and c i v i l .

/ ■ / r . : : V : , ' - : ' - ,v:' v W :: ; ,

respoias ib ilt iiy among the people, have been provided0 The maintenance ©f

modern roads' and transportation i s graduall y improv. ing9 but the reconstruct

t io n o f o ld wrecked buildings w i l l tsike years to oompl©te0 With the

sustain ing assuranoe of American cooperation^ there i s no doubt that the .

■democratic way o f l i f e w ill thrive su ccessfu lly in the Philippine Islands*

eMFIER T t

c e i e to s io i

Ob the f lr § t landing of United S ta te s11 troops in the P h ilip p in ess

the imerieans fernd ia f a l l e$y the g>e©p2@es y©araiag for fr©®S©mo The ia h a tita a ts r@sist@da hut t te isasriig®® sa id that they ©am® net te espleit hut to te&oh* 3»ed8 and liherat© them frem th® Spaniard#o fe th® great

surprise . ©f the P ilip lB es and te the w©nd©r ©f the entire. worM this-

premise was kepto

Fr©m th is tim® ©a the Oeaaiemrealth ©oferaaeat has nadertaken the

preparation of the eetintary for th® resp.oasiM liti®e ®f iad@p©ad®n©ee She

administr&ti©a has heen ©©ompied principally with the reorganisation of

the •gevwhaaat „ "the revision, o f the ta s ®ystem9. preparation for national

defense, th® ©kpansion o f ptiblle edaeatien, th®' plamaiag of a national

©®©n@sy9 th® vigorous proseoutioa @f pr©.gr®s® of so e ia l justio© and publie

healths th® dewlepeeBt o f agricu ltu re, trade: aad Indus try 9 and. th® ©@b°

stru ction o f suoh pub11® works as reads bridges s sehoels, h o sp ita ls9

flood. ceBtrolSj, radio and telegraph s ta t io n sg and airports^ From

D@eeiaber 7, 194-1$ m t i l the end o f World War XI these Bndertakings were

a t a s ta n d s t i l l , neglecteds or destroyede

During, the war years, the F ilip in o petple struggled and fonght for

th e ir motherlando Their cea se less resistan ce t© the Japanese during the

dark hours which followed the f a l l o f Bataan and Oorregidor proved beyond

doubt that th e ir tru st in the United State® never waveredo Resistance

continued under th e American f la g '.until the va lian t -legions of General

MacArthur returned in October 1944 and vanquished the enemy who had dese=-

erated th e ir eeuntry® ' V ' 1

I t i s the undying cred it o f Americans and F il ip in e s th a t by tru stin g

each ether and having fa ith in one another, they cleared the way for the

f u l le s t cooperation in the gradual establishm ent o f a Philippine nations

The people won th e ir freedom through the processes ©f a democracy fr e e ly

granted by the American Congress^, In granting independence to the

Philippine nation on July 4$ 1946$ the United S tates wrote a new chapter

in human progress and freedom in. the/Far la s t*

Foremost among the xfell<=wishers for the new republic was J u stice

Frank Murphy, former Governor-General and High Commissioner to the

Islan d s, who saids '

oselndependence Day dawns a t la s t in the Islan d s0 I t i s an event to gladden the .hearts ©f mem where freedom i s breasured| a spectacle to u p li f t the s p ir i t ©f a w©rM weary ®f war0

But in the P h ilip p in es, ©a the Fourth o f Ju ly , a covenant bo= tween two great peoples fin d s fu lf illm e n t0 . While elsewhere there i s contention over te r r ito r ie s and spheres o f imfluemce, here a :£roe and independent nation is.born# A noble people taken in to th e ir own ends the guidance o f th e ir d e s tin ie s0

The b ea u tifu l Islands have been ravaged by f i r e and the sword of mcdern war0 The road- ahead i s v a stly harder than eleven years ago when the Commonwealth government was inaugurated* I know th e

v @f - She is’: t&d: :i#pth ©f "fehe ir f@rtiSMSe, 1 .V: = ;- : ■ haw© seen th e ir ta ie a t and &®&1 f@# dsniseratid g©v®mr«©ato .They

' ' • Ze^isibiie W li-. @ad i t ' w i l l . ahd eadiars-o : ;• ’ . G-©d sp@©d th@m on th e ir m y 0 0 a»l i ■ '

: Ob July 4 a 1955 s the Philippine Hspubli© w ill ©hserw the sew ath

anniversary o f i t s indep®nSene® o -After these few years as an iadependent

n&tien tte. Philippines has advanced arid matnmd ia the. fae@ ©f-serietts ; -

$r@hl©m@a I t has uad@rg®B®. and, surv iw d a mai©r ©©ensBii© erlgis<3 -It has

■assumed a rssponsi'bl© r e to , in the. Waited la t ie a s and i t i s one of th@ "

am 11. aatiem' that *®r!t:fihate, tr@ep»; t@ f ig h t md®r the Waited N ations8 . .

. "fMg;, ih'-:th© strmggle for Zoreaffiladepeadeaaeo : ,

The ©6Uatr$® s ©f the w r ld age m teh ing developments im the Philip^

: pla@ % .#hse#vi^ of. iadegead@a.e©® . 'After indepeadene®;® th®.

Philippines -hair© heen i& lled /’.'Jwriea'8® shew #imdW' im the . O r i e n t .

■ ' . Pina Ilya ih a :%©rll, ©haraoterig;®d. by e%pi®itatl®h @f . the: smaller ■ .-

mat lea g where-. ©el©mi%atl#m haa':‘m0 ant s© isur© aai '-■where th@ ■ s e s e r mat i# a ;

ha® h e e a ' foreed t© hatti® the elder for e s is te a e e io r h@ sensimedg the f

Philippines mad 'the Whit®d g t a # s hay# gem# ahead/

TA1W >

'S outh Capo

liashi Channel ?

ITBAYAT iVbatan !:

Bahntang ChannelfcAUtYAK .. /waurA... A a l u h r i i.^ B a b u v a k I s .

rUOA I. so P C amicoik I.■ noU u lo r — Ca pe Enganu

L ongitude E aat fruin CrwDwich

REPUBLIC OF THE

PHILIPPINESS c a l e : 2 3 0 S ta t u t e Mil e s - 1 Inc h

0 26 DO lo o ISO 200 250

Independent Ju ly 4. 1946

K

CA6UA(v0l.)

LUZOLinyayen

ItteWlldefunso

PATXANONGAN U

vA, LUBA.Na atXmduanes i.

MINDOltO iM^nseBuauanqa I.

CALAMIAN

0R21u=, .ipCabull PI ,,&u

HOMUXIIOX 1.Dixagat I.

- IPALAWAN Ul AO ORANDB ICaoata* fa

U L U%%

S an ta M arla Panganu ran

M a la ja lf i i j -

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SffptCulaelan

Balahac St railBANOuarl (euLO raoV .) Pujnda Day

^ C .S a n A guatto

K a lb a j%•V A'. JOLO B V Saranyani Ha\ivel'V *1 * **SABA*ea*l la.

° ceCELEBES SEA

The H ask in I n f o r m a t io n Bureau

W ashington D .3 .

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PUBLIC DOSMSMTS

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