filogenética bert rivera marchand, phd universidad interamericana de puerto rico recinto de...
TRANSCRIPT
Filogenética
Bert Rivera Marchand, PhDUniversidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico
Recinto de BayamónDepartamento de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas
Parafilético
Polifilético
Monofilético
Algunos Términos
• Homoplasia- Analogía evolutiva• Plesiomórfico- Característica ancestral• Apomórfico- Característica única de un grupo• Autopomórfico- Característica única de una especie• Sinapomórfico (Homología)- Característica en dos o
más especies pero única en ancestro común más reciente
• Simplesiomórfico- Característica en muchos grupos y el ancestral
Baldwin, 2008
Sevilla, S. & P.C. van Welzen. 2001. Revision and Phylogeny of Agrostistachys and Chondrostylis (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 46: 71-97.
Characters
1. Habit: 1 = shrub to tree; 2 = herb to subshrub.
2. Sexuality: 1 = dioecious; 2 = monoecious.
3. Fusion of stipules: 1 = free; 2 = united.
4. Length of stipules: 1 = up to l em; 2 = more than 1 cm.
5. Shape of stipules: 1 = ovate; 2 = triangular; 3 = narrowly triangular; 4 = linear triangular; 5 = acicular.
6. Blade margin: 1 = entire to crenulate; 2 = dentate to crenulate.
7. Blade glands: 1 = absent; 2 = present.
8. Petiole glands: 1 = absent; 2 = present.
9. Inflorescence branching: 1 = unbranched; 2 = branched.
10. Inflorescence length: 1 = up to 20 cm; 2 = more than 20 cm.
11. Inflorescence type: 1 = spikes or racemes; 2 = panicles; 3 = cymes; 4 = fascicles.
12. Inflorescence position: 1 = terminal; 2 = axillary.
13. Sepals: 1 = imbricate; 2 = valvate. 14. Staminate petals: 1 = imbricate; 2 = valvate. 15. Petal apex: 1 = emarginate to irregular; 2 = obtuse to acuminate. 16. Staminate disc: 1 = lobed; 2 = annular. 17. Pistillate disc: 1 = lobed; 2 = annular. 18. Pistillode: 1 = absent; 2 = present. 19. Stigma: 1 = sessile; 2 = style present. 20. Stamen grouping: l = in whorls; 2 = in a group. 21. Stamen number: I = 8-16; 2 = 20-55. 22. Connective: 1 = apically elongated; 2 = spade-like; 3 = broad, apically widened; 4 = glandular; 5 = curved
and thick; 6 = shortly appendiculate. 23. Anther dehiscence: 1 = introrsely, slits not adjoining; 2 = latrorsely, slits adjoined. 24. Cotyledons: l = scarcely broader than radicle; 2 = distinctly broader than radicle. 25. Staminodes: 1 = absent; 2 = present.
Sevilla, S. & P.C. van Welzen. 2001. Revision and Phylogeny of Agrostistachys and Chondrostylis (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 46: 71-97.
Vasconcelos, et al. 2006
Wedel, 2010
Gilbert, D.G., 2007. DroSpeGe: rapid access database for new Drosophila species genomes. Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 35, Database issue D480-D485
Cho et al. Genome Biology 2002
Gugger PF, Sugita S, Cavender-Bares J. (2010) Phylogeography of Douglas-fir based on mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA sequences: testing hypotheses from the fossil record. Molecular Ecology.
Análisis
• Parsimonia• “Maximum Likelihood”• “Neighbor-joining”• “Jackknife”• “Distance”• “Bayesian”• “Bootstrap”
Phylogeny of the sunflower alliance of families reconstructed by parsimony analysis (21) of chloroplast DNA rbcL sequences.
Bremer K , Gustafsson M H G PNAS 1997;94:9188-9190
©1997 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA
Phylogeny of Neotropical Copelatus.
Balke M et al. PNAS 2008;105:6356-6361
©2008 by National Academy of Sciences