filter operations april 23 & 24 , 2013 -...
TRANSCRIPT
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Filter OperationsApril 23rd & 24th, 2013
Jeremy Hise, P.E.Hazen and Sawyer P.C.
Chesapeake Section AWWA, Inc.Pretreatment and Filter Maintenance,Configuration, and Optimization Seminar
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Overview
• Learning objectives – Filtration Background
– Filter Design Considerations
– Why should operators optimize filtration?
– How to measure the progress of optimization?
– What are the important parameters?
– What tools and techniques are needed?
• Necessary skills to assess filter efficiency• Parameters used for comparison
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History of Rapid Gravity Filters
• First used at the turn of 20th century
• Used as “roughing” filters as pre-treatment for slow sand filters e.g. London, England
• Used after sedimentation before floc formation and settling was well understood e.g. Cincinnati and Detroit in the US, and Zurich, Switzerland
1905 Richard Miller WTP, Cincinnati, OH
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Filtration – Where is it?
• Purpose - remove particulate material from water
DistributionRapid Mix Floc/SedDual-Media
Filter Storage
DistributionRapid Mix FlocDual-Media
Filter Storage
Conventional Treatment
Direct Filtration
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Filtration – What does it look like?
What’s missing???
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History of Water FiltrationFiltered Water Turbidity Standards
10.0
5.0
1.00.5 0.3 0.1
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
Turb
idity
(N
TU)
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IESWTR Performance Standards
• Turbidity Performance Requirements– Combined FE Turbidity must be < 0.3 NTU in 95%
of measurements, and never > 1 NTU
• Individual Filter Requirements– Continuous monitoring required for each filter, and
exceptions reported
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Filter Backwash Recycle Rule
• FBRR applies to surface water and GWUDI utilities that:– Recycle thickener supernatant– Recycle spent filter backwash water– Recycle dewatering system liquid streams
• There is no size limitation for plants• Rule requires that these streams be returned to
a location prior to all conventional processes
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Filtration PhasesRipening
Clean BedRemoval
Breakthrough
Steady stateFiltration
Headloss
Turb
idity
or P
artic
le C
ount
Filter Run Time
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What Else Do Filters Do??
• We ask filters to do MORE than filter….– GAC – taste & odor control– Mn treatment– Biological treatment
• Especially for preozone
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Filters and Particle SizeParticle Diameter
10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 m
1 Å 1 nm 10 nm 100 nm 1 m 10 m 100 m 1 mm
Molecules
Colloids
Suspended ParticlesVirus
BacteriaAlgae
Cryptosporidium oocystsGiardia cysts
1 Å 1 nm 10 nm 100 nm 1 m 10 m 100 m 1 mm
(After Stumm, ES&T, Vol. 11, p. 1066, 1977)
Nano-particles
Micro-particles
RO
NF UFMF
Granular Media
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10 µm(0.01 mm)
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To address size & shape of particles desired to be removed
• Create environment in filter media for removal– Physical, but mostly– CHEMICAL
• Chemical influences – Source water quality– Pretreatment– Softening– Recarbonation– Prefilter chemicals
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The Prediction of Filtration Performance• Particle Removal and Filter Effluent
Quality; Head loss increase; A Complex Function of:Site Specific & Uncontrolled– Ionic composition– Temperature– Influent Particle sizes, surface
properties, shape and concentration
– Deposit morphology/porosity– Detachment
Designer Controlled– Filtration Rate– Media: size, depth, material,
surface characteristics, porosity– Coagulants/flocculants
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What does this all mean?
• Filter media– Provides pore spaces to collect particles
• Collected particles– Accumulate– Need to be removed– Taken away and dealt with
• Performance depends on– Particle conditions – shape and chemistry– Media / underdrain conditions– Operational techniques
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Hydraulic Considerations
• Example Filter Cross Section Layout• Design Velocity Guidelines• Inlet Velocities to Prevent Floc Damage• Inlet Velocities to Prevent Media Scouring• Distribution of Backwash Water• Distribution of Air Scour
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Simplified Cross-Section of Filter – Normal Flow Path
Fill
FM
Filtered Water Channel
Filter Inlet Channel and Overflow
Waste Wash-water Outlet Channel
Troughs
Media
Underdrain and Plenum
Filter Gallery
Filtered Water Outlet
0 5 ft Filter to Waste with air break
Air Scour Header
Backwash Header
End Gullet
To prevent media scouring ensure inlet gate is not opposite a trough
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Design Velocity Guidelines
0 5 ft
Waste Outlet Gate or Valve ~6 ft/s
Inlet Channel ~3 ft/s excluding gate width
Backwash Header ~6 ft/sKeep flooded to prevent air ingress
Air Scour Header, valve and drop pipe ~80 ft/s
Filtered Water Outlet ~6 ft/s, Filter to Waste 8 ft/s
Filter Outlet Channel ~4 ft/s
Backwash Distributers ~4 ft/s – several needed
>10 ft
Discharge Weir above floor
Waste Channel free discharge to tank –velocity can be high
Inlet Gate or Valve ~2 ft/s
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Air Scour 3.0 scfm/sq ft
0 5 ft
Air Header above Top Water Level –cannot flood
Air Scour Distributer Header – design varies to suit underdrain type
Water surface 6 inches above media at start, but increases during low rate backwash - affects blower back pressure
Underdrain to give +/- 5% air distribution
Note: SCFM not ACFM
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Backwash 6 to 25 gpm/sq ft
0 5 ft
Media expansion15 to 30%, 20% normal
Allow > 1 ft under trough during backwash
Free discharge from troughs and gullet
Backwash distribution directed to floor – note closed end
Underdrain to give better than +/- 5% distribution during backwash
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Multi- and Mono-Media Filters• Dual-Media - Anthracite and Sand (> 3 ft) most common• Multi-Media – Lower layer of garnet or ilmenite (FeTiO3)
usually not beneficial – mixes with sand layer• Dual-Media - Sand with GAC cap for taste and odor
removal not organics removal• Mono-Medium Coarse Sand – Used for tertiary filtration
and some overseas water applications for simplicity• Mono-Medium Coarse Anthracite (5 to 6 ft) – not
recommended for potable water, especially if high rate• Mono-Medium GAC – Can be up to 10 ft deep for high
EBCT for organics removal - 12 inches sand underneath to prevent biomass sloughing into filtrate
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Media Recommendations• Use AWWA B100-01 Granular Filter Media as basis for
specifications - Read and apply it!!!• Enforce full QA/QC procedures from suppliers premises
to after backwashing and skimming• Do NOT use bulk tanker delivery – severe media attrition
will result plus possible contamination• Use semi-bulk containers / bags of woven material• Protect bags from weather – sun (UV), rain and freezing• Do not stack bulk bags – they will burst• Avoid hydraulic placement if possible – attrition can be
severe leading to more backwashes to remove fines
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Filter Media – Key Issues• Filters are the most important part of water treatment
process• Media must be sourced from experienced vendors (e.g.
Unifilt and F.B. Leopold)• Tight QA/QC must be maintained• Media is heavy (4,000 lb) – check structural floor loads,
including fork lift trucks and hoppers• Anthracite is particularly vulnerable to attrition and
incorrect supply (SG, ES, UC etc.)• Effective backwash procedures are crucial for good
media performance
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Filter Backwashing
• Filters get cleaned by– Using correct amount of wash water– At the correct flow rate– For the correct amount of time
• Most common problems– Not following procedures – Inconsistent schedules– Poorly designed filters– Poorly designed support facilities– Backwashing based on run time and not
adjusting for water quality
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Constant Rate Control - Recommended
L
Mode of OperationInlet water channel level provides flow set point.Valve position controlled by flow signal.As flow to inlet channel increases, water level increases, allowing more flow through all filters. Flow feedback loop maintains constant flow though individual filter. As headloss builds up, the flow drops, causing valve to open to maintain constant flow rate. All filters operate at same flow rate. Avoid control loop “hunting” as this leads to turbidity breakthrough.
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Controlled Declining Rate – Avoid in US
L
Mode of OperationWater level in the filter controls valve position directly.As flow to inlet channel increases, water level increases, allowing more flow through all filters. The flow meter is passive and monitors flow only. As headloss builds up, the level increases in the filter, causing valve to open to maintain the same water level for all filters. Filters operate at higher flows when clean and lower flows as the headloss builds up. Filters are usually backwashed on a regular time schedule.
If weir gate is used then constant rate possible. Weirs split flow equally to all filters.
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Underdrains and Backwashing Techniques
• Large variety of underdrain designs – lateral and plenum are two main groups
• Backwashing Techniques– Separate air scour + high rate backwash (good)– Combined air scour + low rate backwash, followed by high rate
backwash (best)– High rate backwash with surface sweeps (adequate)
• Waste backwash water removal: – Troughs in USA, – Weirs in Europe
• Backwashing fluidizes the media
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Effect of Water Temperature and Viscosity, on Backwash Rate
00.20.40.60.8
11.21.41.61.8
2
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0
Absolute Viscosity of Water (cp) vs. Temperature (deg C)
Nearly 30% more
25% less
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Media Selection and FluidizationSandSG 2.6 to 2.70ES 0.45 to 0.55 mmUC <1.4UC < 1.4 (critical)
Sand (Average)SG 2.65 ES 0.50 mmES x UC = 0.70 →Backwash = 16.5 gpm/ft2
Anthracite SG 1.55 → 14.0 gpm/ft2
Anthracite UC 1.7 → 19.2 gpm/ft2
Note 20 C 68 FSusuma Kawamura ISBN 0-471-35093-1European anthracite has low SG of 1.4
AnthraciteSG 1.6 to 1.7 (critical)ES 0.8 to 0.9UC < 1.4 (critical)
Anthracite (Average)SG 1.65 ES 0.85ES x UC = 1.19 →Backwash = 15.8 gpm/ft2
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Media Expansion, Backwash and Temperature Effects
50%
40%
30%20%
10%
At low temperature and high backwash the result is too high expansion of 50% → media loss
Backwash Operating
Band
Aim for 20% to 30% expansion for sand/anthracite
Example
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Troughs – Stainless Steel
Trough support up and down thrust
restraint -adjustable
Lateral brace to prevent vibration
Trough stiffener to prevent vibration
Trough side stiffener (retro)
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Media Loss –Common Causes• Uncontrolled air
– Most common• Poor air water distribution
– Possible, watch for spouts • Too high backwash rate
– Possible, watch for churning• Gas bubbles on media
– Unlikely, but dry-bed causes severe foaming
– Biogrowth leading to bubbles on grains
MediaLoss
MediaLoss
No MediaLoss
No MediaLoss
How Air Causes Media LossHow Air Causes Media Loss
Air Scour andRising Wash Limit
Air Scour andRising Wash Limit
Air Scour Only LimitAir Scour Only Limit
Anthracite Anthracite
Sand Sand
Foam after dry bed
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Filter Underdrains - Lateral and Plenum
• Lateral (Orifice Based with and without diffusion caps)– F B Leopold (Shown)– AWI– Johnson– Roberts– Severn Trent
• Plenum Concrete Monolithic Floor with Nozzles– Eimco (Shown)– IDI– Orthos
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Lateral vs. Plenum FloorPros• Quicker to install• Easier to retro-fit• Pressure contained in
“pipe” lateral – leaks less likely
• Factory built – tends to be more consistent
Cons• Requires skilled
installation• Deep flume disrupts base
slab, makes deeper excavation
• Distribution efficiency depends on lateral length
• No access to clean underdrain if blocked
• Plastic laterals less successful than SS
34
Be careful applying the “capped” versions of lateral underdrains, especially for bio-filters, due to blockage risks
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Filter Aid (Polymer)
• Lowers effluent turbidity• Proper dose
– Reduce ripening time– Stabilize turbidity– Stabilize rate of headloss
• Overdose…– May increases rate of headloss development– Take longer to clean
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Why Optimize Filters?• Major barrier against pathogen passage• Maximize production efficiency• Minimize spent filter backwash water
– Duration– Frequency
• Increasing reliance on other WQ goals– T&O control– Mn control– Bacteriological stability
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How is Progress Measured?
• DATA / TRENDS• Individual filter turbidity• Filter run times• Amount of filter backwash water required• Production efficiency
– What comes in vs. what goes out• Uniform filter run volume (UFRV)
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Filters Provide Flexibility, but….
• More Filters - greater chance that:– Bad filter goes unnoticed – Other processes can control filter ops
• Less Filters – greater chance that:– Other filters stressed when one is out of service– Operations less flexible– Plants may operate only part of day
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Operator Perspective of Filter Theory
• Filter is particle storage device – not just particle removal device– During storage phase – gentle handling needed– During removal phase – vigorous handling needed
• Filters often designed as dual-media units – Provides deeper bed filtration – Longer runs
• Good filtration depends on good pretreatment – Remember multiple barriers– Short run times = poor efficiency, lots of spent
backwash
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Key to Good Filter Operational Techniques
• Continuous operation• At startup
– Bring filter rate up slowly– Don’t start a dirty filter
• During filter run– Ensure filter applied water is stable– Avoid or minimize hydraulic shock– Monitor headloss, NTU, run time– Use filter aid if appropriate for conditions
• After backwash– Rest the filter before returning to service, or– Filter to waste
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Key to Good Filter Backwash Techniques
• Prior to backwash– Record filter run information– Verify backwash program parameters
• During backwash– Choose a temperature dependent high flow wash rate– Avoid washes that are too short or long– Hose down the side walls and pipes/gutters– OBSERVE THE BACKWASH
• Observations at each backwash– Surface or air wash effectiveness– View surface for boils or “hot spots”– Look for uneven wash areas or uneven troughs
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Backwash Program
• Drain– Make sure level is low enough to maximize
energy and minimize media loss• Surface wash or air wash
– 3 to 4 minutes is usually sufficient• Low rate – initiates expansion• High rate – expands media, temp dependent• Low rate - restratification
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Key to Good Filter Maintenance Techniques
• Once per quarter (per season)– Adjust high flow rate for temperature– Check media expansion – make adjustments– Review unit filter run volume data– Check media depth– Review all filter profiles
• Once per year– Core the filter – solids retention– Send media to lab for sieve analysis– Add media if necessary– BUT – know why it’s being lost
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Probing Media Depth to the Gravel Layer
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What Parameters are Important?• Parameters to examine
– Media depth and percent expansion– L/de ratio– Unit Filter Run Volume (UFRV)– Solids retention of media– Backwash use / turbidity / temperature– Filter profile– Sieve analyses – ES & UC, loss of mass
• What do these parameters tell us?– Filter health– Process modifications– Backwash procedure modifications
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Filter Inspection Techniques• Visual observation of filter surface and
components• Probing media• Solids retention analyses• Core sampling• Sieve analyses / media assessments
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Tools and Techniques for Inspection
• HEALTH & SAFETY REQUIREMENTS• Review AWWA Standard B100• Measurement Tools
– Shovel, level, 3/8 inch steel rod, tape measure• Coring Tool
– 11/2 inch electrical conduit, 5 foot length, baggies• Expansion Tool
– One-inch interval tubes or cups• Laboratory Instruments and Tests
– Turbidimeter, glassware, balance, sample bottles, baggies• COMMUNICATIONS
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Filter Inspection Tools
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Media Assessment – L/D ratio
• Bed Depth Measurement (Drained Bed)– Know original specs
• Effective size - Uniformity Coefficient - Depth - L/D ratio– Use a 3/8 inch steel rod to poke into media, or dig
into it to measure depth• If filter is dual or mixed bed, note depth of each strata,
and depth of mixed interface– Check to see if troughs are level, then measure
distance from trough to bed - check for mounding– Calculate L/D ratio - should be >1100 for low NTU
production
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Example – L/D
• Dual Media - originally 36 inches 1 mm anthracite and 6 inches 0.5 mm sand
• Measurement shows 32 inches of anthracite, 6 inches of mixed layer, and 3 inches of sand = 41 total inches
• Rough L/D calculation (send media for analysis)– (32in X 25.4)/1mm 813– (6in X 25.4)/0.75 mm 203– (3in X 25.4)/0.5mm 152– Therefore L/D = 1168
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Core Sampling for Solids Retention
• Solids retention analysis best way to determine backwash effectiveness
• Use core sampling tool and baggies to obtain depth samples– Take samples at 0-2 inches, 2-6, 6-12,
12-18, 18-24, etc., until all bed strata are sampled
– Sample before and after backwash– Wash 50 grams of each sample with 5
successive 100 mL washes of lab water
– Measure turbidity of each X 2- plot on graph as NTU/100 grams media
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Inserting Core Sampling Tubes
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Examining Media Core Samples
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Lab Setup for Core Samples
• Turbidimeter• Pan balance• Baggies – before
and after• Glassware• Lab water• Weigh boats or
other plastic cups
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Guidelines – After Backwash• < 30 NTU
– Bed is too clean - examine wash rate and length - this bed will not ripen quickly
• 30 - 60 NTU – Well cleaned and ripened bed - no need for action
• 60 - 120 NTU – Slightly dirty bed - reschedule retention analysis soon
• > 120 NTU – Dirty bed - evaluate filter wash system and procedures
• > 300 NTU – Mudball problem - rehab bed
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Solids Retention
• Measures the effectiveness of backwash
• Can show too little or too much backwash
• Change in historical solids retention is cause for concern
• Graph results for database
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0-2 in 2-6 in 6-12 in 12-18 in 18-24 in 24-30 in
NT
U/1
00 g
ram
s of
med
ia
BeforeAfter
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Spent Backwash Turbidity Analyses
• Too little / too much washing is a common problem• After the first coring, and before the bed expansion
measurement and second coring, the washwater turbidity should be measured for duration of wash
• Sample at 1 minute intervals and analyze• Graph results as NTU vs. time• Record all data
– Volume of backwash, rates, – Ramping intervals, operator habits
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Washwater Turbidity Plot
• Turbidity vs. Time• Helps prevent
Excessive washing– Wastes washwater– Strips ripening
• AWWA goal of 10 NTU• This filter washed too
long0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1 min 2 min 3 min 4 min 5 min 6 min 7 min 8 min 9 min
NTU of Wash AWWA Standard
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Operators Sampling Backwash Water
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Bed Expansion Measurement with Expansion Tool
• Check high flow wash rate (seasonally adjusted)
• Desire 20 – 30% expansion• Position and tie down the
expansion tool so that it rests on top of the bed
• Wash bed under normal conditions and observe amount of expansion
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Use of Expansion Tool
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Backwash Rate Temp Correction
• Bed Expansion Measurement Rate Requirement– Temp (Deg C) Multiply 25 Deg value by– 30 1.09– 25 1.00– 20 0.91– 15 0.83– 10 0.75– 5 0.68
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Example – Bed Expansion
• Bed Expansion Measurement with Expansion Tool (Example for 30 inch bed)– dual media bed - need for a ramping rate, and a final rate– initial ramp might be 5 to 10 percent, or about 2-3 inches– observe expansion tool and adjust
• Bed depth measured at 30 inches• Bed expansion tool captured 9 inches• Bed Expansion Measurement calculations
– 9 inches divided by 30 inches = 30% approx
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Calculation of ES & UC from sieve analysis
• Sieve pans used for media size analysis
• ES = D10– 90% larger, 10% smaller
• UC = D60 / D10 • Example sieve analysis
for anthracite– ES= 1.2– UC = 1.2
• 1.2 better than 1.4
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Unit Filter Run Volume• UFRV - amount of water that is filtered during
the filter run time – should be determined for every filter run– Goal - UFRV of 5,000 gallons per square foot per run
• Same at low rate or high rate
– Excessive UFRVs are risky– Change in historical UFRV cause for concern– Example:
• 600,000 gals per run / 120 square feet = 5,000 UFRV
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Sometimes, you can just tell….
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Thank you!Questions?