isbn 978-0-8138-0786-7

Child and Adolescent Behavioral Health

Child and Adolescent Behavioral Health

Edilma L. Yearwood Geraldine S. Pearson Jamesetta A. Newland

A Resource for Advanced Practice Psychiatric and Primary Care Practitioners in Nursing

Child and A

dolescent B

ehavioral Health

9 780813 807867

As an increasing number of children and adolescents with psychiatric symptoms go unrecognized in our current health care system, the ability to identify and treat these issues in multiple health care settings has become vitally important. With access to primary care providers increasing and a shortage of child psychiatric providers, collaboration between psychiatric, pediatric, and family advanced practice nurses is essential to improving care for this vulnerable population. Child and Adolescent Behavioral Health: A Resource for Advanced Practice Psychiatric and Primary Care Practitioners in Nursing provides a practical reference to aid in this endeavor.

Aimed at advanced practice nurses and graduate students in nursing, this book is divided into four sections addressing assessment, treatment, special populations, and special issues. Within these sections, each chapter includes state-of-the-art, evidence-based information about the most common issues faced by psychiatric and primary care practitioners alike. Chapters focused on disorders review clinical manifestation, etiology, nursing interventions, integration with primary care, and implications for practice, research, and education. Chapters focused on issues describe the linkages between the behavioral and psychiatric profile of the child and associated risk and management strategies.

Written and reviewed by over 70 nurse experts, Child and Adolescent Behavioral Health: A Resource for Advanced Practice Psychiatric and Primary Care Practitioners in Nursing is a must-have reference for all practitioners caring for children and adolescents.

Key Features � Speaks specifically to issues faced by advanced practice nurses

� Describes the etiology of psychiatric and psychosocial behaviors in children and adolescents

� Integrates psychiatric and primary care management strategies

� Comprehensive in scope, including special topics such as legal and ethical issues and cultural considerations

About the EditorsEdilma L. Yearwood, PhD, PMHCNS-BC, FAAN, is Associate Professor at the School of Nursing and Health Studies at Georgetown University. She is currently on the editorial board and is the Column Editor on cultural issues for the Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing. Dr. Yearwood is ANCC certified as a Clinical Nurse Specialist in Child/Adolescent Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing and is a member of the International Society of Psychiatric Nurses.

Geraldine S. Pearson, PhD, PMHCNS-BC, FAAN, is Past President of the International Society of Psychiatric Nurses and Editor-in-Chief of the journal Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. She is an Associate Professor in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Connecticut School of Medicine and Director of the Home Care Program, a community intervention for juvenile justice youth. Dr. Pearson is ANCC certified as a Clinical Nurse Specialist in Child/Adolescent Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing.

Jamesetta A. Newland, PhD, FNP-BC, FAANP, DPNAP, is Clinical Associate Professor and Director of the Doctor of Nursing Practice Program at New York University College of Nursing. She is the Editor-in-Chief of The Nurse Practitioner: The American Journal of Primary Healthcare. Dr. Newland maintains a practice as a certified Family Nurse Practitioner.

Also of InterestUnderstanding Children and Young People’s Mental HealthEdited by Anne Claveirole and Martin GaughanISBN: 978-0-470-72345-6

Yearwood

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FINAL APPROVED COVER

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Child and Adolescent Behavioral HealthA Resource for Advanced Practice Psychiatric and Primary Care Practitioners in Nursing

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Child and Adolescent Behavioral HealthA Resource for Advanced Practice Psychiatric and Primary Care Practitioners in Nursing

Editors

Edilma L. Yearwood, PhD, PMHCNS-BC, FAANAssociate ProfessorGeorgetown University School of Nursing & Health StudiesWashington, DC

Geraldine S. Pearson, PhD, PMHCNS-BC, FAANAssociate ProfessorUCONN School of MedicineFarmington, CT

Jamesetta A. Newland, PhD, FNP-BC, FAANP, DPNAPClinical Associate ProfessorNew York University College of NursingNew York, NY

A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication

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This edition first published 2012 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc

Wiley-Blackwell is an imprint of John Wiley & Sons, formed by the merger of Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing.

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Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Child and adolescent behavioral health : a resource for advanced practice psychiatric and primary care practitioners in nursing / editors, Edilma L. Yearwood, Geraldine S. Pearson, Jamesetta A. Newland. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8138-0786-7 (pbk. : alk. paper)I. Yearwood, Edilma Lynch. II. Pearson, Geraldine S. III. Newland, Jamesetta A. [DNLM: 1. Child. 2. Mental Disorders. 3. Adolescent. 4. Advanced Practice Nursing. 5. Nursing Assessment–methods. 6. Primary Care Nursing. 7. Psychiatric Nursing. WS 350] 618.92–dc23

2011036443

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Set in 10.5/12.5pt Minion by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India

1 2012

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Dedication

To my children, Arayna and Matthew, and my parents, Edmund and Dorothy Lynch, for their love, support, understanding, and patience. Our special thanks to all the children, adolescents, and families who over the years served as the inspiration for this book.

Edilma

To Lloyd, Elizabeth, Neal, and David Pearson for their loving support throughout this project. And to my dear mother, Doris M. Sanner, R.N., for inspiring me to become a nurse.

Geri

To my husband and children, Lloyd, Kristina, Michael, Sonya, and Maya; my mother, Kather Lene Alexander; my sisters Sharon, Brenda, Sheila, and Michele; and my mother-in-law, Gloria Chang, for a lifetime of encouragement and support.

Jamie

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vii

About the Editors ix

Contributors x

Foreword xivBy Janet A. Deatrick

Foreword xvBy Judith Haber

Preface xviBy Edilma Yearwood, Geraldine Pearson, and Jamesetta Newland

Peer Reviewers xviii

SECTION 1 Assessment 1

1 Child, Adolescent, and Family Development 3Stephanie Wright, Cecily L. Betz, and Edilma L. Yearwood

2 Temperament and Self-Regulation 22Pamela Galehouse and Marie Foley

3 Neurobiology and Neurophysiology of Behavioral/Psychiatric Disorders 42Lawrence D. Scahill and Susan Boorin

4 Integration of Physical and Psychiatric Assessment 57Barbara Schoen Johnson and Jamesetta A. Newland

5 Child and Adolescent Sexual Development and Sexual Identity Issues 89Tammi Damas, Laura C. Hein, Lois C. Powell,and Edith (Emma) Dundon

SECTION 2 Treatment 111

6 Issues in Prescribing Psychiatric Medication to Children and Adolescents 113Geraldine S. Pearson, Beth Muller, and Amanda Reilly

7 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 139Geraldine S. Pearson and Angela A. Crowley

8 Anxiety Disorders 153Geraldine S. Pearson and Kathleen Kenney-Riley

9 Mood Dysregulation Disorders 165Edilma L. Yearwood and Mikki Meadows-Oliver

10 Deliberate Self-Harm: Nonsuicidal Self-Injury and Suicide in Children and Adolescents 187Edilma L. Yearwood and Eve Bosnick

11 Perceptual Alterations Disorders 204Karen G. Schepp and Eunjung Kim

12 Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents 218Janiece DeSocio and Joan B. Riley

13 Autism Spectrum Disorder 238Judith Coucouvanis, Donna Hallas, and Jean Nelson Farley

14 Learning and Intellectual Disabilities 262Linda M. Finke and Patricia Ryan-Krause

Contents

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viii Contents

15 Nonpharmacological Treatment Modalities: Play and Group Therapies 277Judith Hirsh and Edilma L. Yearwood

16 Individual and Family Therapies 291Kathleen Scharer

17 Cognitive and Behavioral Approaches in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Treatment 313Kathleen R. Delaney and Elizabeth Hawkins-Walsh

SECTION 3 Special Populations 333

18 Disorders Specific to Infants and Young Children 335Sandra J. Weiss and Cathy Quides

19 Juvenile Justice Populations 355Deborah Shelton and Elizabeth Bonham

20 Substance Use 374Maureen Reed Killeen, Caroline R. McKinnon, and Judith Hirsh

21 Child and Adolescent Victims of Trauma 396Angela Amar, Natalie McClain, and Carol Anne Marchetti

22 Children in Out-of-Home Placement 414Diane M. Caruso, Charlotte A. Herrick, Robin Bartlett, and Carolyn Schmidt

23 Chronic and Palliative Care Pediatric Populations 426Penelope R. Buschman-Gemma, Jean Nelson Farley, and Cynda H. Rushton

SECTION 4 Special Issues 443

24 Collaborative Treatment with Primary Care 445Jamesetta A. Newland and Kathryn K. Ellis

25 Legal and Ethical Issues 456Margaret Hardy and Sarah B. Vittone

26 Evidence-Based Nursing Practice 475Donna Hallas and Elizabeth Bonham

27 Influence of Culture/Needs of Immigrant Children 483Edilma L. Yearwood and Ellen Carroll

28 Conducting Research with At-Risk and High-Risk Children and Adolescents 496M. Katherine Hutchinson and Elizabeth Burgess Dowdell

29 Advanced Practice Nurses Interfacing with the School System 507Ellen Carroll, Allison W. Kilcoyne, and Pamela Galehouse

30 Child and Adolescent Mental Health Policy 522Sally Raphel and Kathy Ann Sheehy

Index 533

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ix

About the Editors

Edilma L. Yearwood, PhD, PMHCNS, BC, FAAN, is associate professor at the School of Nursing & Health Studies at Georgetown University, where she teaches psychiatric nursing. She is on the editorial board and is the column editor on cultural issues for the Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing. She is a content expert reviewer for numerous nursing and psychology journals. Dr. Yearwood is ANCC certified as a clinical nurse specialist in child/adolescent psychiatric-mental health nursing and is a member of the International Society of Psychiatric Nurses.

Geraldine S. Pearson, PhD, PMHCNS, BC, FAAN, is past president of the International Society of Psychiatric Nurses and editor-in-chief of the journal Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. She is an associate professor in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Connecticut School of Medicine and director of the Home Care Program, a commu-nity intervention for juvenile justice youth. Dr. Pearson is ANCC certified as a clinical nurse specialist in child/adoles-cent psychiatric-mental health nursing.

Jamesetta A. Newland, PhD, FNP-BC, FAANP, DPNAP, is clinical associate professor and director of the Doctor of Nursing Practice Program at New York University College of Nursing. She is the editor-in-chief of The Nurse Practitioner: The American Journal of Primary Healthcare. Dr. Newland, an ANCC certified family nurse practitioner, maintains practice at the NYU College of Nursing Faculty Practice, a primary care clinic serving a diverse inner city population.

Left to right: Edilma Yearwood, Geraldine Pearson, and Jamesetta Newland

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Contributors

Angela Amar, PhD, RN, FAANAssociate ProfessorRobert Wood Johnson Nurse Faculty ScholarDirector, Forensic Nursing ProgramWilliam F. Connell School of NursingBoston CollegeBoston, MA

Robin Bartlett, PhD, RNAssociate ProfessorSchool of NursingUniversity of North Carolina at GreensboroGreensboro, NC

Cecily L. Betz, PhD, RN, FAANEditor-in-Chief, Journal of Pediatric NursingClinical Associate ProfessorKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA

Elizabeth Bonham, PhD, RN, PMHCNS, BCCollege of Nursing and Health ProfessionsUniversity of Southern IndianaEvansville, IN

Susan Boorin, MSN, PMHNP-BCPredoctoral FellowSchool of NursingYale UniversityNew Haven, CT

Eve Bosnick, MSN, APRN, PNP-BCDirectorAdolescent Health and Wellness CenterAdvocare Mainline PediatricsNarberth, PAClinical FacultyPrimary Care Pediatric Nurse Practitioner ProgramDivision of Family and Community HealthSchool of NursingUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA

Penelope R. Buschman-Gemma, MS, RN, PMHCNS-BC, FAAN

Assistant Professor of Clinical NursingDirector of the Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner

ProgramSchool of NursingColumbia UniversityNew York, NY

Ellen Carroll, RN, CPNP, DNS(c)Health Services DirectorAbilisGreenwich, CT

Diane M. Caruso, DNP, FNP-BCAssistant ProfessorSchool of NursingUniversity of North Carolina CharlotteCharlotte, North CarolinaNurse PractitionerCleveland PediatricsCleveland, NC

Judith Coucouvanis, MA, APRN, PMHCNS-BCClinical Nurse Consultant and Nurse PractitionerDepartment of Psychiatry: Child and Adolescent

SectionUniversity of Michigan Health SystemAnn Arbor, MI

Angela A. Crowley, PhD, APRN, PNP-BC, FAANAssociate ProfessorYale University School of NursingYale UniversityNew Haven, CT

Tammi Damas, PhD, MBA, WHNP-BC, RNChair, Graduate ProgramsDivision of NursingCollege of Nursing & Allied Health SciencesHoward UniversityWashington, DC

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Janet A. Deatrick, PhD, FAAN, RNProfessorSchool of NursingUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA

Kathleen R. Delaney, PhD, PMH-NP, FAANProfessor and Specialty Coordinator – Psychiatric

Mental Health—FNP ProgramDepartment of Community Systems and Mental Health

NursingCollege of NursingRush UniversityChicago, IL

Janiece DeSocio, PhD, RN, PMHNP-BCAssociate Dean for Graduate EducationAssociate Professor of NursingSeattle University College of NursingSeattle, WA

Elizabeth Burgess Dowdell, PhD, CRNP, RNAssociate ProfessorCollege of NursingVillanova UniversityVillanova, PA

Edith (Emma) Dundon, PhD, RN, CPNPClinical Assistant ProfessorSchool of NursingUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstAmherst, MA

Kathryn K. Ellis, DNP, APRN, FNP-BC, ANP-BCAssistant Professor and FNP Program DirectorDepartment of NursingSchool of Nursing & Health StudiesGeorgetown UniversityWashington, DC

Jean Nelson Farley, MSN, RN, PNP-BC,CRRNInstructorDepartment of NursingSchool of Nursing & Health StudiesGeorgetown UniversityWashington, DC

Linda M. Finke, RN, PhDProfessorCollege of Health and Human ServicesIndiana University–Purdue University Fort WayneFort Wayne, IN

Marie Foley, PhD, RNAssociate ProfessorCollege of NursingSeton Hall UniversitySouth Orange, NJ

Pamela Galehouse, PhD, PMHCNS, BCAssociate ProfessorBehavioral Science, Community and Health SystemsCollege of NursingSeton Hall UniversitySouth Orange, NJ

Judith Haber, PhD, APRN, BC, FAANInterim Dean, New York University College

of NursingThe Ursula Springer Leadership Professor in NursingCollege of NursingNew York UniversityNew York, NY

Donna Hallas, PhD, PNP-BC, CPNPClinical Associate ProfessorCoordinator PNP ProgramCollege of NursingNew York UniversityNew York, NY

Margaret Hardy, RN, MBA, JDAttorneySands Anderson PCRichmond, VA

Elizabeth Hawkins-Walsh, PhD, CPNPAssistant Dean for Clinical Affairs and Community

PartnershipsClinical Associate ProfessorDirector of Pediatric Nurse Practitioner ProgramsThe Catholic University of AmericaWashington, DC

Laura C. Hein, PhD, RN, NP-CAssistant ProfessorCollege of NursingUniversity of South CarolinaColumbia, SC

Charlotte A. Herrick, PhD, RNProfessor EmeritusSchool of NursingUniversity of North Carolina at GreensboroGreensboro, NC

Contributors xi

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Judith Hirsh, NP-P, PMHCNS-BC, RPT-SPsychiatric Nurse PractitionerRegistered Play Therapist and SupervisorPrivate PracticeRye, NY

M. Katherine Hutchinson, PhD, RN, FAANAssociate ProfessorCollege of NursingNew York UniversityNew York, NY

Barbara Schoen Johnson, PhD, RN, PMHNPPsychiatric Mental Health Nurse PractitionerCook Children’s Health Care SystemFort Worth, TX

Kathleen Kenney-Riley, APRN, PNP, EdDPediatric Nurse Practitioner & Clinical Coordinator of

Pediatric Rheumatology Fellowship ProgramChildren’s Hospital at MontefioreBronx, NY

Allison W. Kilcoyne, MS, RN, C-FNPFamily Nurse Practitioner and Site ManagerTeen Health Center at Lynn English High SchoolLynn, MA

Maureen Reed Killeen, PhD, PMHCNS, BC, FAANProfessorDepartment of Biobehavioral NursingCollege of Nursing at AthensGeorgia Health Sciences UniversityAthens, GA

Eunjung Kim, PhD, RN, CPNPAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Family and Child NursingSchool of NursingUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, WA

Carol Anne Marchetti, PhD, RN, PMHCNS-BC, SANESoutheast Regional CoordinatorMA Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner ProgramMassachusetts Office for Victim AssistanceBoston, MA

Natalie McClain, PhD, RN, CPNPAssistant ProfessorWilliam F. Connell School of NursingBoston CollegeBoston, MA

Caroline R. McKinnon, PhD(c), PMHCNS, BCPhD Candidate in NursingCollege of Graduate StudiesGeorgia Health Sciences UniversityAugusta, GA

Mikki Meadows-Oliver, PhD, RNAssistant ProfessorSchool of NursingYale UniversityNew Haven, CT

Beth Muller, APRNNurse ClinicianUniversity of Connecticut Health CenterFarmington, CT

Lois C. Powell, NP-P, PMHCNSNurse Practitioner in Psychiatry/ConsultantPrivate PracticeNew York, NY

Cathy Quides, MSNPediatric Nurse PractitionerChild Development CenterDivision of Mental Health and Child DevelopmentChildren’s Hospital & Research Center OaklandOakland, CA

Sally Raphel, MS, APRN/PMH, FAANUniversity of MarylandJohns Hopkins UniversitySchool of NursingBaltimore, MD

Amanda Reilly, MEd, MSNNurse ClinicianUCONN Health CenterFarmington, CT

Joan B. Riley, MS, MSN, FNP-BC, FAANAssistant ProfessorDepartments of Human Science and NursingSchool of Nursing & Health StudiesNurse PractitionerStudent Health CenterGeorgetown UniversityWashington, DC

Cynda H. Rushton, PhD, RN, FAANAssociate ProfessorSchool of NursingJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD

xii Contributors

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Contributors xiii

Patricia Ryan-Krause, MS, RN, MSN, CPNPAssociate ProfessorPediatric Nurse Practitioner SpecialtyDirector of Clinical EducationCenter for International Nursing Scholarship and

EducationSchool of NursingYale UniversityNew Haven, CT

Lawrence D. Scahill, MSN, PhD, FAANProfessorPsychiatric-Mental Health SpecialtyProfessorYale Child Study CenterSchool of NursingYale UniversityNew Haven, CT

Kathleen Scharer, PhD, RN, PMHCNS-BC, FAANAssociate ProfessorCollege of NursingUniversity of South CarolinaColumbia, SC

Karen G. Schepp, PhD, RN, PMHCNS, BC, FAANAssociate Professor and Interim ChairDepartment of Psychosocial & Community HealthSchool of NursingUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, WA

Carolyn Schmidt, BSN, RNCommunity Health Nurse-RetiredGuilford County Department of Public HealthGreensboro, NC

Kathy Ann Sheehy, APRN, PCNS-BCAdvanced Practice NurseDivision of Anesthesia and Pain MedicineChildren’s National Medical CenterWashington, DC

Deborah Shelton, PhD, RN, NE-BC, CCHP, FAANE. Jane Martin Professor and Associate Dean

for Research West Virginia University School of NursingRobert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center Morgantown, WV

Sarah B. Vittone, RN, MSN, MAAssistant ProfessorSchool of Nursing & Health StudiesEthics Consultant, Center for Clinical BioethicsGeorgetown UniversityWashington, DC

Sandra J. Weiss, PhD, DNSc, RN, FAANProfessor and Eschbach Endowed Chair in Mental

HealthDepartment of Community Health SystemsSchool of NursingUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA

Stephanie Wright, PhD, FNP-BC, PNP-BCAssociate ProfessorSchool of NursingThe George Washington UniversityWashington, DC

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