final combined maths tamil - nienie.lk/pdffiles/tg/t12syl53.pdf · 1 nju;r;rp nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;....

fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug;gj;jpuk;

(cau; juk;)

juk; 12> 13

,ize;j fzpjk;ghlj;jpl;lk;

(2009 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;)

fzpjj;jpizf;fsk;

tpQ;Qhd> njhopDl;g gPlk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

1

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;. tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl

Ntisfs;.

1.0 mwpKfk;

gps;isfisj; jw;fhy cyfpw;Nfw;wthW Mf;fg+u;tkhdtu;fshf khw;WtNj fy;tpapd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,jid miltjw;F>

fhyj;jpd; Njitf;F Vw;g ghlrhiyf;fy;tpj;jpl;lk; GJg;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

2009 Mk; Mz;L f.ngh.j cau;juj;jpy; Nju;r;rpikag; ghlj;jpl;lk; mwpKfQ; nra;aj; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. f.ngh.j

(cau;juk;) ,ize;j fzpjk;> 1998 Mk; Mz;by; jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;lJ. Nju;r;rp> Nju;r;rpkl;lk;> fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwik>

kjpg;gPL vd;gd Kd;du; NghJkhd msT - cs;slf;fg;glhikapdhNyNa Kd;dUs;s ghlj;jpl;lk; jpUj;jpaikf;f Ntz;b

Vw;gl;lJ. jw;NghJs;s ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ. cs;slf;f ikakhff; nfhz;L mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jidj; Nju;r;rpikag; ghlj;jpl;lkhf

khw;WtNj ,j;jpl;lkhFk;.

2007Mk; Mz;by; juq;fs; 6> 10 ,Yk;> 2008 Mk; Mz;by; juq;fs; 7> 11 ,Yk; mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;l Nju;r;rpikag;

ghlj;jpl;lj;ijj; njhlu;e;J> mk;khztu;fs; juk; 12 ,w;F 2009 Mz;L tUk;NghJ f.ngh.j (cau;juk;) tFg;Gf;fspy; Nju;r;rp

ikag; ghlj;jpl;lj;ij njhlUtjw;fhf ,k;khw;wk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; 6-11 ,y; fy;tp fw;Fk; khztu;fs; juk; -12 ,y; ,ize;j fzpjj;ijf; fw;Fk; NghJ vjpu;fhyj;

Njitf;fhd jpwd;fs;> nra;Kiw mDgtq;fs; vd;gtw;iw toq;FKfkhf Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. cau;juj;ijg;

g+u;j;jp nra;Ak;> ,ize;j fzpjj;ijf; fw;Fk; khztu;fs;> ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;s Nju;r;rpkl;lq;fspD}lhf vy;yhj; Nju;r;rpfisAk;

mila Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. khztu;fs; ,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fis milaj; Njitahd cs;slf;fk; ,q;F

jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

2


Ntisfs;.

xt;nthU Nju;r;rpapd; fPOk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Nju;r;rpkl;lq;fis miltjd; %yk;> khztu;fs; Fwpj;j Nju;r;rpapid

mile;J nfhs;syhk;. fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; KiwfSf;Fj; Njitahd ghlNtisfSk;> kjpg;gPL gw;wpAk; ,q;F Fwpg;gplg;

gl;Ls;sJ.

Gjpa ghlj;jpl;l mwpKfk; gw;wp ,q;F $wg;gl;Ls;stw;wpw;F Nkyjpfkhf> Vw;fdNt ,ize;j fzpjj;jpd; mwpKfj;jpy;

$wpapUe;j gpd;tUk; tplaq;fSk; typjhdjhFk;.

• f.ngh.j (rhjhuzjuk;)> f.ngh.j (cau;juk;) vd;gtw;wpw;fpilNaahd ntspiaf; FWfpajhf;Ftjw;F>

• nghwpapay; JiwapYk;> fzpj tpQ;Qhdj; JiwapYk; ghlnewpfisg; gpd;gw;Wtjw;F mtrpakhd fzpj mwpit

toq;Ftjw;F>

• njhopDl;g %d;whk; epiyf; fy;tpg; ghlnewpfisg; gpd;gw;Wtjw;F mtrpakhd fzpj mwpit toq;Ftjw;F

• tu;j;jfj; Jiwapy; kj;jpaju NtiyfSf;fhd mtrpakhd fzpj mwpit toq;Ftjw;F

• csr; nraw;ghLfSf;F rkkhf gy;NtW Nju;r;rpfis miltjw;F topfhl;lTk;> vt;thW mtw;iw tho;ehspy;

tpUj;jpailar; nra;a KbAk; vd;gijf; fhl;Ltjw;Fk;.

3


Ntisfs;.

2.0 ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;

(i) fzpjj;jpy; cau;fy;tpiaj; njhlUtjw;fhd mbg;gilf; fzpjj; jpwd;fis toq;Fjy;.

(ii) fzpjg; gpurpdq;fSf;F jPu;T fhz;gjw;Fupa jpwd;fSf;fhd mDgtq;fis toq;Fjy;.

(iii) fzpjj;jpy; epahapj;jiy my;yJ ju;f;fuPjpahd rpe;jidia tpUj;jpailar; nra;jy;.

(iv) fzpjj;ijf; fw;gjw;fhd Mtiyj; J}z;Ljy;.

fzpjj;ijf; fw;gjd; %yk; NkNy jug;gl;Ls;s ,yf;Ffis miltjw;fhf ,g;ghlj;jpl;lk; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fzpj

mwpit tpUj;jp nra;tJ kl;Lkd;wp> ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; fzpj mwpitg; gpuNahfpf;Fk; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk;

gz;Grhu; tpUj;jpia tsu;g;gjw;Fk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

Nju;r;rpkl;l ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; NghJ> fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfspy;>

• fUj;Js;s fz;lwpjy; KiwahdJ> khztu; ikaf;fw;wYf;F topfhl;Lk;.

• khztupd; kl;lj;jpw;F Vw;g Nju;r;rpfis toq;Fk;.

• Mrpupaupd; ,yf;Ffs; kpfTk; Fwpg;ghdjhf mikAk;.

• xt;nthU Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpYk;> khztupd; epiyia ,dq;fhz;gjd; %yk; Njitahd gpd;D}l;liy toq;f KbAk;.

• toikahd fw;gpj;jy; KiwfspypUe;J tpyfp> Mrpupau; khztu;fsplj;J cUkhw;wg; gq;fspg;igr; nra;aKbAk;.

,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jifapy;> jug;gl;Ls;s jiyg;Gf;fspy;> ,d;iwa NjitfSf;F Vw;wthW gy;NtW

epiyikfisj; njhlu;GgLj;jp Gjpa fw;gpj;jy; cj;jpfis Mrpupau; tFg;giwfspy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

xt;nthU Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpYk; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapy; khztu;fs; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLtjhy;> khztu;fspd;

milT kl;lq;fis kjpg;gpLtJ. Mrpupau;fl;F ,yFthdjhFk;.

,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; jug;gl;Ls;s gFjpfs; ,ize;j fzpjj;jpd; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nra;Kiwf;F kpfTk; cgNahfkhdjhFk;.

4


Ntisfs;.

fw;gpj;jy; njhlnuhOq;Fk; ghlNtisAk;

juk; - 12

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; jiyg;G ghlNtis

jtiz 1

,ize;j fzpjk; - I

1.1> 1.2 nka;naz;fs; 042.1> 2.2 rhu;Gfs; 0815 Nfhz mstPL 0326.1> 26.2> 26.3 ... nrt;tfj; njf;fhl;Lj; njhFjp 0516.1> 16.2> 16.3 ... tl;lr; rhu;Gfs; 1218 ird;> Nfhird; tpjp ... 04

,ize;j fzpjk; - I

17.1> 17.2> 17.3> 17.4 jpupNfhz fzpj ru;t rkd;ghLfs; 124.1> 4.2> 4.3 gy;Y}Wg;gpfs; ... 085 tpfpjKW rhu;Gfs; ... 056.1 Rl;b> klf;if tpjpfs; 0422.1> 22.2> 22.3> 22.4> 22.5> 22.6 vy;iyfs; 18

,ize;j fzpjk; - II

1.1> 1.2> 1.3. 1.4> ... fhtpfs; - 11Jzpf;if

2.1> 2.2> 2.3 Gs;spnahd;wpy; jhf;Fk; xU jstpirj; njhFjp 16

5


Ntisfs;.


,ize;j fzpjk; - I jtiz - II

11.1> 11.2 mbg;gilr; rkdpypfSk;> rkdpypfspd;jPu;TfSk; 08

3.1> 3.2 ,Ugbr; rhu;GfSk; rkd;ghLfSk; 307 mLf;Ff;Fwpr;rhu;Gfs; 0319 jpupNfhz fzpj rkd;ghLfspd; jPu;Tfs; 0420 Neu;khW jpupNfhz fzpjr; rhu;Gfs; 06

,ize;j fzpjk; - II

2.4> 2.5> 2.6> 2.7 tpiwg;ghd clnyhd;wpy; jhf;Fk; xUjstpirj; njhFjp 28

3.1> 3.2. 3.3 Neu;Nfhl;L ,af;fk; 25

jtiz 1II

,ize;j fzpjk; - I

23.1> 23.2> 23.3> 23.4 ngWjpfs; 2323.5> 23.624.1> 24.2> 24.3> 24.4 ngWjpapd; gpuNahfq;fs; 179 fzpjj; njhFj;jwpKiw 05

,ize;j fzpjk; - II

3.4> 3.5> 3.6> 3.7 njhlu;G ,af;fk; 283.8 vwpak; 083.9 epa+w;wdpd; ,af;ftpjpfs; 152.8 cuha;T 102.9 %l;ba Nfhy;fs; 102.10 rl;lg;gly; 10

6


Ntisfs;.

juk; - 13


,ize;j fzpjk; - I

11.3 kl;L rk;ge;jkhd rkdpypfs; 06

27.1> 27.2> 27.3> 27.4> 27.5 Neu;NfhL 21

28.1> 28.2> 28.3> 28.4> 28.5> 28.6>

28.7>28.8 tl;lk; 25

29 $k;G 06

,ize;j fzpjk; - II

3.10> 3.11 Ntiy> rf;jp> tY 15

3.12> 3.13 ePl;ly; ce;jk;> fzj;jhf;F 23

3.14> 3.15 tl;l ,af;fk; 18

jtiz 2

,ize;j fzpjk; - I

25.1> 25.2> 25.3> 25.4> 25.5> njhifaPL 29

25.6> 25.7> 25.8

8.1. 8.2> 8.3 tupir khw;wKk;> Nru;khdKk; 15

21.1> 21.2> 21.3> 21.4 njhlu; 20

7


Ntisfs;.


,ize;j fzpjk; - II

4.1> 4.2> 4.3> 4.4> 4.5 epfo;jfT 28

2.11> 2.12> 2.13> 2.14> 2.15 jpzpT ikak; 18

jtiz 3

,ize;j fzpjk; - I

10.1> 10.2 <UWg;G tpupT 12

14.1> 14.2> 14.3> 14.4> 14.5 rpf;fnyz;fs; 14

12.1> 12.2> 12.3> 12.4 jhaq;fs; 13

13.1 JzpNfhit 08

,ize;j fzpjk; - II

3.16> 3.17> 3.18 vspik ,ir ,af;fk; 185.1> 5.10 Gs;sptpgutpay; 29

8


Ntisfs;.

• vz;njhFjpapd; tuyhW uPjpahd tpupT.

• vz; tiffspd; njhilf; Fwpg;gPLfs;.

• nka;naz; xd;wpd; Nfj;jpu fzpj tif Fwpg;G.

• nka;naz;fspd; jrk tifFwpg;G

• NrLfslq;fpa Nfhitfs;

• nka;naz;fspd; jrk tifFwpg;G

• NrLfslq;fpa Nfhitfs;

• rhu;Gfs; gw;wpa cs;@zu;thd fUj;J

• xUik> khwp> gukhdk;

• ,uz;L khwpfSf;fpilapy; cs;s njhlu;Gfisf;

fhl;Lk; Nfhitfs;.

• rhu;G gw;wpa tiutpyf;fzk;> Ml;rp> ,izahl;rp>

tpk;gk;> tPr;R> tpjp

• rhu;Gf; Fwpg;gPL

• xUkhwpr; rhu;Gfs;

1. nka;naz;fspd;njhiliag;gFg;gha;Tnra;thu;.

2. xU khwpapyhdrhu;Gfisg;gFg;gha;Tnra;thu;.

02

02

03

1.1 nka;naz;fspd;

njhilia tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

1.2 nka ;naz ;fs pd ; njhlu ;

ghlypy; NrLfs;> jrkq;fs;

vd;gtw;iwg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

2.1 rhu;Gfs; gw;wp Muha;thu;.

3.0 ghlj;jpl;lk;,ize;j fzpjk; - I

9


Ntisfs;.

• tpNrl rhu;Gfs;

• xUikr; rhu;Gfs;

• kl;Lr; rhu;Gfs;

• Jz;L Jz;lhd rhu;Gfs;

• Neu;khW rhu;Gfs;

• rhu;nghd;wpd; tiuG

• Vfgupkhzr; rhu;Gfs;

• ,Ugbr; rhu;Gfs;

• xU khwpapyhd ,Ugbr; rhu;Gfs;

• epiw tu;f;fk;

• gpupj;Jf; fhl;b• ,Ugbr; rhu;nghd;wpd; ,ay;Gfs;

• mjp$ba ngWkhdk;> mjpFiwe;j ngWkhdk;

• g+r;rpaj;jpd; ,Ug;G> ,y;yhjpUg;G

• MfTk; MfTk ; ,Uf;f

vd;gjd; tiuG

3. ,Ugbr;rhu;Gfisg;gFg;gha;T

nra;thu;.

2.2 rhu;Gfspd; tiffs; gw;wp

Muha;thu;.

3.1 ,Ugbr; rhu;nghd;wpd;

,ay;Gfis Muha;thu;.

05

15

10


Ntisfs;.

4. gy;YWg;gpml;ru fzpjj;ijf; ifahs;thu;.

• ,Ugbr; rkd;ghnlhd;wpd; %yq;fs;

• %yq;fspd; ,ay;Gfs;

• %yq;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif> ngUf;Fj; njhif

• rkd;ghnlhd;wpd; %yq;fspd; rkr;rPu;f; Nfhitfis

%yq;fshfTila rkd;ghL.

• xUkhwpg; gy;YWg;gpr; rhu;G

• gy;YWg;gpapd;gb> Ke;JWk; cWg;G> Ke;JWq;Fzfk;

• gy;YWg;gpfs; njhlu;ghd mbg;gilf; fzpjr; nra;iffs;

• $l;ly;

• fopj;jy;

• ngUf;fy;

• tFj;jy; - neLk; tFj;jy;

• Vfgupkhzf; Nfhitnahd;wpdhy; njhFg;G Kiw

tFj;jy;

• tFj;jy; my;Nfhupjk;

• kPjpj; Njw;wk;

• fhuzpj; Njw;wKk; mjd; kWjiyAk ;

• gy;YWg;gpr; rkd;ghLfisj; jPu;j;jy; (ehd;fhk; gb tiu)

15

01

02

05

3.2 ,Ugbr; rkd;ghnlhd;wpd;

%yq;fis tpgupg;ghu;.

4.1 xU khwpg; gy;YWg;gpfis

Muha;thu ;.

4.2 gy;YWg;gpfs; njhlu;ghd

fzpjr; nra;iffisr;

nra;thu;.

4.3 gpurpdq;fs; jPu;g;gjw;F kPjpj;

Njw;wk;> fhuzpj; Njw;wk; kw;Wk;

,tw;wpd; kWjiyfs;

vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

11


Ntisfs;.

5. tpfpjKW rhu;G

fisg; gFjpg;

gpd;dq;fshf

Ntwhf;Fthu;.

6. Rl;b tpjpfis

Ak;> klf;if

tpjpfisAk;

cgNahfpg;ghu;.

7. mLf;Ff; Fwpr;

rhu;GfisAk;

mtw;wpd; Neu;

khW rhu;Gfis

Ak; gFg;gha;T

nra;thu;.

• tpfpjKW rhu;Gfs;• Kiwikahd tpfpjKW rhu;Gfs;> Kiwikapy;yhj

tpfpjKW rhu;Gfs;• tpfpjKW rhu;Gfisg; gFjpg;gpd;dq;fshf Ntwhf;fy;.

• gFjp NtWNtwhd Vfgupkhzf; fhuzpfspd;ngUf;fkhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ

• gFjp kwpje;j Vfgupkhzf; fhuzpfspd; ngUf;fkhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ

• gFjp ,Ugbf;fhuzpfspd; ngUf;fkhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ (4 njupahf;fzpaq;fs; tiu)

• Rl;b tpjpfs;• klf;if tpjpfs;• mbkhw;wk;

• vd;gjd; fUj;J

• ; vd;gJ

• ,d; tpupT• klf;ifr; rhu;G

• vd;gjd; Neu;khW rhu;ghf my;yJ vd;w klf;ifr; rhu;ig

tiuaWj;jy; ,k;klf;ifr;rhu;gpd; Ml;rpAk;> tPr;Rk;.• ,d; ,ay;Gfs; (klf;if tpjpfSf;F cl;gL

fpd;wik)• vd;gjd; tiuG.

• MftpUf;f> vd I tiuaWj;jy;.

05

04

03

12


Ntisfs;.

8. njupjYf;Fk;xOq;FgLj;jYf;Fkhd xU fzpjkhjpupahf tupirkhw;wk;> Nru;khdk;vd;gtw;iw

cgNahfpj;jy;.

8.1 vz;Ztjw;F gy;NtW Kiw

fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

8.2 fz pjg ; g p u r pdq ;fisj ;

jPu;f;Fk; xU El;gkhf tupir

khw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

• vz;Zk; Nfhl;ghL gw;wpa El;gq;fs ;

• kutupg;glk;

• fhuzpak; ,d; nghJthd tbtk;> klq;F tbtk;

• tupir khw;wq;fs;

• tiutpyf;fzk;

• xd;Wf;F xd;W tpj;jpahrkhd nghUl;fspypUe;J

jlitf;F r nghUl;fis vLj;Jg;ngWk; tupir

khw;wq;fspd; vz;zpf;if vdf; Fwpg;gPL nra;ag;

gLtNjhL> ,w;fhd #j;jpuKk;.

• xd;Wf;nfhd;W tpj ;j pahrkhd nghUl;fs;

vy;yhtw;iwAk; xUkpj;J vLj;Jg; ngwg;gLk; tupir

khw;wq;fspd; vz;zpf;if.

• kwpjuYf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; cs;s tplj;J xd;Wf;nfhd;W

tpj;jpahrkhd nghUl;fspypUe;J jlitf;F rnghUl;fisf; nfhz;ljhd tupir khw;wq;fs;.

• vy;yhk; tpj;jpahrkw;w nghUl;fspypUe;J r nghUl;fspd; tupir khw;wk;.

• xd;Wf;nfhd;W tpj;jpahrkhd nghUl;fs; ahtw;iw

Ak; nfhz;L Mf;Fk; rf;fu (tl;l) tupirkhw;wq;fs;.

02

06

13


Ntisfs;.

• Nru;khdq;fs;

• tiutpyf;fzk;

• tupirkhw;wj;jpw;Fk; Nru;khdj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd

NtWghL

• xd;Wf;nfhd;W tpj;jpahrkhd nghUl;fspypUe;J

jlitf;F nghUl;fs; tPjkhd Nru;

khdq;fs;.

• vd;w Fwpg;gPLk; ,w;fhd #j;jpuKk;.

•

vd;w njhlu;Gfs;

• tupirkhw;wq;fs;> Nru;khdq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; vspa

gpuNahfq;fs;.

• fzpjj;njhFj;jwpT

• Nfhl;ghL

• vspa gpuNahfq;fs;

8.3 fzpjg; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;f;Fk;

xU El;gkhf Nru;khdj;ij

cgNahfpg;ghu;.

9. Neu; KOntz;fSf;fhdfzpjj;njhFj;jwpTf; Nfhl;ghl;il> KbTfis epWTtjw;fhd xUKiwahfcgNahfpg;ghu;.

07

05

14


Ntisfs;.

0 6

0 2

• Neu; KOntz; Rl;bAldhd <UWg;Gj; Njw;wk;.

• Njw;wj;ij epWty; - Neub epWtYk; fzpj njhFj;jwp

Kiw epWtYk;.

• <UWg;Gf;Fzfq;fs;> <UWg;Gf;Nfhitapd; tpuptpd;

Fzfq;fs;.

• <UWg;G tpuptpd; ,ay;Gfs;

• tpuptpYs;s cWg;Gf;fspd; vz;zpf;if> nghJ cWg;G

• <UWg;G tpuptpd; gpuNahfk;.

• <UWg;G tpuptpd; <UWg;Gf; Fzfq;fSf;fpilapyhd

njhlu;Gfs;.

• tpuptpd; kpfg;ngupa FzfKk;> kpfg;ngupa cWg;Gk;.

• nka;naz;fSldhd rkdpypfs;

• nka;naz; Nfhl;bd; kPJ rkdpypfisf; Fwpj;jy;.

• Mapilf; Fwpg;gPL %yk; rkdpypfisf; fhl;Ljy;.

• Kj;Jkp tpjp

• Mapilfs;

• rkdpypfspy; mbg;gil KbTfs;

10.1 Neu; KOntz; Rl;bf;fhd

<UWg;G tpuptpd; mbg;gil

,ay;Gfisg; gw;wp gFg;gha;T

nra;thu;.

10.2 <UWg;G tpuptpd; mbg;gilg;

gz;Gfis Muha;thu;.

11.1 rkdpypfs; njhlu;ghd mbg;gil

KbGfisg; ngWthu;.

10. Neu; KOntz;Rl;bAldhd<UWg;G tpupitgFg;gha;Tnra;thu;.

11 nka;naz;f-Sldhd rkdpypfisf; nfhz;lgpurpdq;fisj;jPu;g;gjw;F cupaNjw;wq;fis

cgNahfpg;ghu;.

15


Ntisfs;.

11.2 vspa ml;rufzpjr;

rhu;Gfisf; nfhz;l

rkdpypg; gpurpdq;fis

Muha;thu;.

11.3 kl;Lr;rhu;Gfisf; nfhz;l

rkdpypfSldhd gpurpdq;

fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

12.1 jhaq;fs; njhlu;ghd

mbg;gilf;Nfhl;ghLfis

tpgupg;ghu;.

• vspa ml;rufzpjr; rhu;Gfisf; nfhz;l rkdpypfs;

• Vfgupkhzr; rhu;GfSldhd> ,Ugbr; rhu;Gfs; tpfpjKW

rhu;GfSldhd rkdpypfisf; ifahSjy;.

• Nkw;$wg;gl;l rkdpypfspd; jPu;Tfisf; fhz;ghu;.

• kl;Lf;fSldhd rkdpypfs;

• nka;naz;nzhd;wpd; kl;Lk; mjd; jdpg; ngWkhdKk;

• kl;Lf;fSldhd vspa rkdpypfisf; ifahSjy;.

• ml;rufzpj KiwahfTk;> tiuG KiwahfTk;

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l rkdpypfspd; jPu;Tfisf; fhzy;.

• tiutpyf;fzKk;> Fwpg;gPLk;

• epiu> epuy;> %yfq;fs;

• tupir

• epiuj; jhak;> epuy; jhak;> rJuj; jhak;

• ,uz;L jhaq;fspd; rkk;

• jhaq;fspd; $l;ly;

• $l;lYf;fhd xUg;ghL

• g+r;rpaj; jhak;

• $l;ly; tpjpfs;> $l;ly; milj;jJ> guptu;j;jidahdJ>

Nru;j;jpahdJ

02

04

12. jhaq;fisml;rufzpjj;njhFjpnahd;wh

ff; ifahs;;thu;.

16


Ntisfs;.

12.2 rJuj; jhaq;fSld; njhlu;

ghd tpNrl tiffis tpsf;

Fthu;.

12.3 jhankhd;wpd; epiykhw;W>

Neu;khiw tpgupg;ghu;.

• xU vz;zpahftpUf;f vd;gjd; fUj;J

• $l;lypd; Nky; vz;zpg; ngUf;fk ; guk;gy; tpjpf;F

cl;gl;lJ.

• jhaq;fspd; ngUf;fk;

• ngUf;fYf;fhd xUg;ghL

• ngUf;fypd; tiutpyf;fzk;

• ngUf;fy; tpjpfs;> ngUf;fy; milj;jJ> guptu;j;jid

my;yhjJ> Nru;j;jpahdJ. (,tw;wpd; epWty;fs;

Njitapy;iy)

• rJuj; jhaq;fs;

• ru;t rkd;ghl;Lj; jhak;

• %iytpl;lj; jhak;

• rkr;rPu;j; jhak;

• Xuhar; rkr;rPu;j; jhak ;

• Kf;Nfhzj; jhak; (Nky; Kf; Nfhzj; jhak;> fPo;

Kf;Nfhzj; jhak;)

• jhankhd;wpd; epiykhw;W

• jhankhd;wpd; Neu;khW

• jhankhd;wpd;

• tpNrltif jhak;

0 6

02

17


Ntisfs;.

• jhaq;fis cgNahfpj ;J ,uz;L khwpfSldhd

Vfgupkhz rkd;ghl;Lr; Nrhbiaj; jPu;g;ghu;.

• rkd;ghLfspd; tiuGfs;

• Kbtpyp vz;zpf;ifahd jPu;Tfs; fhzg;gly;

• jhaq;fis cgNahfpj;J %d;W khwpfSldhd Vfgupkhz

xUq;fik rkd;ghLfisj; jPuj;jy;.

• tiutpyf;fzk;> JzpNfhitfspd; gz;Gfis

tha;g;Gg; ghu;j;jYk;> fzpj;jy;fSk;.

• ,U khwpfisf; nfhz;l rkd;ghLfisj; jPu;g;gjw;F

JzpNfhitfisg; gad;gLj;jy;.

• JzpNfhitfspd; gz;Gfis tha;g;Gg; ghu;j;jYk;>

fzpj;jy;fSk;.

• fw;gid myFk;> fw;gid vz;fSk ;

• rpf;fnyz;iz mwpKfQ; nra;jy;

• rpf;fnyz;nzhd;wpd; nka;g;gFjp> fw;gidg; gFjp

• ,U rpf;fnyz;fspd; rkk;

12.4 xUq;fik rkd;ghLfspd;

jPu;Tfisg; ngWtjw;F jhaq;

fisg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

13.1 JzpNfhitnahd;wpd; ,ay;G

fis tpgupg;ghu;.

14.1 vz; njhFjpia tpupTgLj;

Jthu;.

13. gpurpdq;fisj;jPu;g;gjw;fhd xUfzpj khjpupahfJzpNfhitfisf;ifahs;thu;.

14. rpf;fnyz;njhFjpiag;gFg;gha;Tnra;thu;.

06

08

01

18


Ntisfs;.

14.2 rpf;fnyz; njhlu;ghd

ml;ru fzpjj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.

14.3 rpf ;fnyz;fspd; $l;liy

Mfd; tupg;glk; %yk; Nfj;jpu

fzpj uPjpahf tpsf;Fthu;.

• rpf;fnyz;fspy; ml;rufzpjr; nra;iffs;

• Mfd; tupg;glj;ij mwpKfQ;nra;jy ;

• Mfd; tupg;glj;jpy; rpf;fnyz;izf; Nfj;jpufzpj

Kiwapy; tif Fwpj;jy ;

• MfTk ; vd;gJ rpf;fnyz;zhfTkpUf;f> >

vd;gtw;iw Nfj;jpufzpj Kiwapy; tif Fwpj;jy;.

• MfTk; vd;gd

rpf;fnyz;fshfTkpUf;f

vd;w rpf;fnyz;zpd; Nfj;jpufzpj Kiwahd

tifFwpg;G

• ,d; Nfj;jpufzpj tiff;Fwpg;G

•

01

02

19


Ntisfs;.

14.4 rpf;fnyz;fspd; ngUf;fy;>

tFj;jy; vd;gtw;iw Mfd;

tupg;glk; %yk; tpgupg;ghu;.

14.5 khWk ; Gs ;s pnahd ;w pd ;

xOf;fpd; rpf;fnyz; rkd;

ghl;il tpgupg;ghu;.

• rpf;fnyz;nzhd;wpd; kl;Lk;> tPr;rKk; (tPrYk;)

• vd;gtw;wpd; kl;Lk;> tPr;rKk;

• vd;gtw;wpd; Nfj;jpu fzpj mikg;G

• ,w;fhd mikg;G

• vd;gJ J}a rpf;fnyz;zhftpUg;gjw;F Ntz;ba

Nfj;jpufzpj epge;jidfs;.

• MftpUf;f>

• MftpUf;f>

• MftpUf;f>

• MftpUf;f>

• Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthwhd xOf;Ffisf; Fwpf;Fk; njf;fhl;bd;

rkd;ghLfs;

05

04

20


Ntisfs;.

• Nfhz mstPLfs;

• Nfhzj;ij mwpKfQ; nra;jYk;> Fwptof;Fk;

• ghif> Miuad; mwpKfk;

• tl;l tpy;ypd; ePsk;

• Miur;rpiwapd; gug;gsT

• tl;lr;rhu;Gfs; (jpupNfhzfzpjr; rhu;Gfs;)

• ahNjDnkhU Nfhzj;jpw;fhd MW tl;lr;rhu;Gfis

Ak; tiuaWj;jy;> Ml;rp> tPr;R

• Nghd;w Nfhzq;fSf;fhd tl;lr;

rhu;Gfspd; (jpupNfhzfzpj tpfpjq;fspd;) ngWkhdq;fs;.

Nghd;w Nfhzq;fspd; jpupNfhzfzpj tpfpjq;fis

,d; jpupNfhzfzpj tpfpjq;fshf vOjy;.

15. Nfhz mstPLfSld;,ize;jnjhlu;Gfisg;ngWtjd;%yk;gpurpdq;fs;jPu;g;ghu;.

16. tl;lr;rhu;Gfistpgupg;ghu;.

03

03

03

04

16.1 tl;lr;rhu;Gfis ml;rufzpj

Kiwapy; tpgupg;ghu;.

16.2 vd;gJ $u;q;Nfhzk; vdpd;>

vd;gJ xw;iw vz;zhf

tpUf;f vd;w

Nfhzj;jpd; jpupNfhzfzpjtpfpjq;fisAk;> epiwnaz;

zhftpUf;f vd;w

Nfhzj;jpd; jpupNfhzfzpj

tpfpjq;fisAk; ,d; jpup

Nfhzfzpj tpfpjq;fshfg;

ngWthu ;.

21


Ntisfs;.

16.3 tl;lr; rhu;Gfspd; elj;

ijfis tiuG %yk;

tpgupg;ghu;.

17.1 jpupNfhz fzpjf;

Nfhitfisr; RUf;Ftjw;F

igjfurpd; ru;t rkd;ghLfis

cgNahfpg;ghu;.

17.2 $l;ly;> fopj;jy; #j;jpuq;

fis cgNahfpj;J

jpupNfhz fzpjg; gpurpdq;

fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

17.3 ngUf;fy; #j;jpuq;fis

cgNahfpj;J gpurpdq;fisj;

• tl;lr; rhu;Gfspd; tiuGfSk;> Mtu;j;jd ,ay;Gk;

• tl;lr; rhu;Gfspd; tiuGfs;

•

vd;gtw;wpd; nghJj; jPu;Tfs;

• igjfurpd; ru;t rkd;ghLfs;

• jpupNfhz fzpj $l;ly;> fopj;jy; #j;jpuq;fs;

• jpupNfhz fzpj ngUf;fy; #j;jpuq;fs;

17. jppupNfhz fzpjru;t rkd;ghLfisf;ifahs;thu;.

05

04

02

03

22


Ntisfs;.

jPu;g;ghu;.

17.4 ,ul;ilf;Nfhz> Kk;ikf;Nfhz> miuf; Nfhzr;#j;jpuq;fis cgNahfpj;JjpupNfhz fzpjg;gpurpdq;fisj;;jPu;g;ghu;.

• ,ul;ilf;Nfhz> Kk;ikf;Nfhz> miuf;Nfhzr;

#j;jpuq;fs;

• ird; #j;jpuk;

• Nfhird; #j;jpuk;

• jpupNfhz fzpj rkd;ghLfis cgNahfpj;J jPu;f;ff;$ba

rkd;ghLfs;.

18. jpupNfhzfzpjg;gpurpdq;fisj;jPu;g;gjw;Fird;#j;jpuk;>Nfhird;#j;jpuk;vd;gtw;iwcgNahfpg;ghu;.

19. jpupNfhzfzpjr;rkd;ghLfisj;jPu;g;ghu;.

03

04

04

23


Ntisfs;.

21.1 mbg;gilj; njhlu ;fis

tpgupg;ghu;.

21.2 $l;ly; ngUf;fy; njhlu;

fis tpgupg;ghu;.

21.3 Neu; KOntz;fspd; ngUf;

fq;fis cWg;Gf ;fshf ;

nfhz ;l njhlu ;fisf ;

$l;Lthu;.

21.4 gy;NtW Kiwfisg; gad;

gLj ;j p njhlu ;fisf ;

$l;Lthu;.

• Neu;khW jpupNfhz fzpjr; rhu;Gfs ;

• tiutpyf;fzk;

• ru;t rkd;ghLfis epWTjy;.

• $l;Lj;njhif

• $l;ly; njhlu;> ngUf;fy; njhlu;

• njhlu;fs;

• $l;ly; - ngUf;fy; njhlu;fs;

• vd;gdTk; mtw;wpd; gpuNahfq;fSk;

• njhlu;fspd; $l;ly;

• tpj;jpahr Kiw• gFjpg;gpd;d Kiw• fzpjj; njhFj;jwpT Kiw• njhlupfs ;

• xUq;fy; gw;wpa vz;zf;fU• Kbtpyp cWg;Gf;fspd; $l;Lj; njhif

20. Neu;khWjpupNfhzfzpjr;rhu;GfiscgNahfpj;Jgpurpdq;fisj;jPu;g;ghu;.

21. njhlu;fisf;$l;bg; ngwg;gLk; NgWfistpgupg;ghu;.

06

04

02

03

10

24


Ntisfs;.

22.1 rhu ;nghd ;w pd ; vy ;iyia

tpgupg;ghu;.

22.2 vy;iyfs; gw;wpa Njw;wq;

fis cgNahfpj;J gpurpdq;

fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

22.3 gpurpdq;fs; jPu;g;gjw;F

vd;w Njw;wj;ij

cgNahfpg;ghu;.

22.4 gpurpdq;fs; jPu;g;gjw;F

vd;w Njw;wj;ij

cgNahfpg;ghu;.

22.5 Kbtpyp vy;iyfis

22. rhu;nghd;wpd;vy;iyiaj;Jzpthu;.

• vy;iy gw;wpa cs;Szu;thd fUj;J

• vy;iy gw;wpa KbTfs;;

• rhu;Gfspd; $l;lypd;> tpj;jpahrj;jpd;> ngUf;fj;jpd;> <tpd;

vy;iyfs;.

• ,d; epWtYk;> gpuNahfKk;

• ,q;F n - tpfpjKW vz;

• rhz;l;tpr; Njw;wk;

•

02

03

03

03

25


Ntisfs;.

tpgupg;ghu;.

22.6 Kbtpypapy; vy;iyfisf;

fhz;ghu;.

23.1 rhu;nghd;wpd; ngWjp gw;wpa

fUj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

23.2 mbg;gilj; jpupNfhz

fzpj rhu;Gfspd; ngWjpfis

Kjw; Nfhl;ghLfs; %yk;

Jzpthu;.

23.3 tifaPL gw;wpa Njw;wq;

,d; epWtYk;> gpuNahfKk;

• Kbtpyp vy;iyfs;

(fpil> epiyf;Fj;J mZF NfhLfs; cl;gl)

•

• MFifapy; tpfpjKW rhu;Gfspd; vy;iy

• rhu;nghd;wpd; ngWjp

- Vw;wtpfpjk;- tifaPl;Lf;Fzfk;- vy;iy gw;wpa vz;zf;fUthfg; ngWjp

• Kjw;Nfhl;ghLfspd; %yk; tifaply ;@ > tl;lr;

03

04

0423. nghUj;jkhd

KiwfiscgNahfpj;Jgy;NtWrhu;GfistifapLthu;.

26


Ntisfs;.

fisf; $wp mjid cg

Nahfpg;ghu;.

23.4 Neu ;khW j pu pNfhzfzpj

rhu;GfisAk;> vd;

gtw ;iwf ; nfhz;l rhu ;G

fisAk; tifapLthu;.

23.5 rq;fpyp tpjpia cg Nahfpj;J

cs;shu; rhu;GfisAk; gukhdr;

rkd;ghLfisAk; tifapL

thu;.

23.6 rhu ;Gfspd ; cau ;tu pirg ;

ngWjpfisg; ngWthu ;.

24.1 'khw;w tPjNk" ngWjpahFk;

vd tpsf;fk; $Wthu;.

rhu;Gfs;. n - Neu;epiwnaz;

• tifaPL gw;wpa Njw;wq;fs; (epWtypd;wp)

• $l;ly; tpjp

• ngUf;fy; tpjp

• tFj;jy; tpjp

• rq;fpyp tpjp

• ngWjpfisf; fhzy;

• Neu;khW rhu;Gfs;

• vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;l rhu;Gfs;

• cs;shu; rhu;Gfs;

• gukhdr; rhu;Gfs; ;

• gpd;dLk; tifaPL

• cau; tupirg; ngWjpfs;

• khw;w tPjq;fs;

05

03

03

03

27


Ntisfs;.

24.2 njhlypfs ; > gbj ;j pwd ;

fSf;Fk;> ngWjpfSf;Fk;

,ilapYs;s njhlu ;igf;

fz;Lgpbg;ghu;.

24.3 ngWjpfspd; %yk; jpUk;

gw;Gs;spia tpgupg;ghu;.

24.4 ngWkjpia cgNahfpj ;J

tisapfs pd ; RtLfis

tiuthu;.

24.5 nray;Kiwr; re;ju;g;gq;fspy;

ngWjpfis cgNahfpg;ghu;.

25.1 rhu;nghd;wpd; ngWjp Kuz;

gw ;w pa fUj ;j pd ; Clhf

24. ngWjpfiscgNahfpj;Jrhu;nghd;wpd;elj;ijiag;gFg;gha;Tnra;thu;.

• njhlypfs;> nrt;td;fs;

• cau;Tg; Gs;sp

• ,opTg; Gs;sp

• tpgj;jpg; Gs;sp

• tisapfspd; RtL

(fpil mZFNfhLfs;> epiyf;Fj;J mZFNfhLfs;

cl;gl)

• cj;jkkhf;fy; gpurpdq;fs;

• ngWjpapd; Neu;khW nra;ifahf

(rhu;nghd;wpd; ngWjp Kuzhf) njhifaPL

03

03

03

03

03

28


Ntisfs;.

njhifa Pl ;Lg ; NgWfis

ca;j;jwpthu;.

25.2 gpurpdq;fisj; jPu ;g ;gjw;F

njhifaPL gw;wpa KbTfis

cgNahfpg;ghu;.

25.3 Ez;fzpjj;jpd; mbg;gilj;

Njw;wq;fis cgNahfpj;J

tiuaWj;j njhifaPnlhd;wpd;

mbg ; gil ,ay ; Gfis

Muha;thu;.

25.4 nghUj;jkhd Kiwfisj;

njupTnra;J tpfpjKW rhu;G

fisj; njhifapLthu;.

25.5 jpupNfhzfzpjr; ru;t

rkd;ghLfis cgNahfpj;J

epak tbtq;fSf;F

xLf;Ftjd; %yk; jpup

Nfhz fzpjr; rhu;Gfis

njhifapLthu;.

25.6 njhifaPl;bd; NghJ khwpia

khw;Wk; Kiwia

• njhifaPl;L tpjpfs;

• tiuaWj;j njhifaPLk; mjd; ,ay;GfSk;.

• tiuaWj;j njhifaPL gw;wpa cs;Szu;thd fUj;J

• Ez;fzpjk; njhlu;ghd mbg; gilj; Njw;wk;

• tiuaWj;j njhifaPl;ilj; JzpAk; NghJ cgNahfpf;

fg;gLk; KbGfs;

• njhifapLk; Kiwfs ; - I• gFjpapd; tifaPl;Lf; Fzfk; njhFjpapy; fhzg;gLk;

tiffs ;

• gFjpg;gpd;dq;fis cgNah fpj;jy;

• njhifapLk; Kiwfs; - II• jpupNfhzfzpjr; ru;trkd;ghLfspd;gpuNahfk;

• khwpf;Fg; gpujpaPL nra;tjd; %yk; njhifaPL

25. jug;gl;ltiffSf;Fg;nghUj;jkhdKiwfiscgNahfpj;Jrhu;GfisnjhifapLthu;.

03

03

02

05

03

29


Ntisfs;.

cgNahfpg;ghu;

25.7 gFj paha ;j ; njhifa pLk ;

Kiwia cgNahf pj ;J

gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;;g;ghu;.

25.8 njhifaPl;ilg; gpuNah fpj;J

tisapfspdhy ; vy ;iyg ;

gLj;jg;gl;l gpuNjrj;jpd;

gug;gsitj; Jzpthu;.

26.1 njf ;fhl ; bd ; Ms ;$w ;Wj ;

jsj;jpy; mike;j ,uz;L

Gs;spfSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk;

J}uj;ijf; fhz;ghu;.

26.2 ,uz;L Gs;spfisj;

njhLf;Fk; Nfhl;Lj;

Jz;lj;ijj; jug;gl;l

tpfpjg;gb gpupf;Fk; Gs;spapd;

Ms;$Wfisf; fhz;ghu;.

26.3 Neu;NfhLfspdhy; vy;iyg;

gLj;jg ;gl ;l jsTUf;fspd;

• gFjpaha;j; njhifaply;

• njhifaPl;bd; gpuNahfk;

• tisapnahd;wpd; fPo; milf;fg;gLk; gug;gsT

• ,uz;L tisapfSf;fpilapy; milf;fg;gLk; gug;gsT

• nrt;tfj; njf;fhl;bd; Ms;$Wfs ;

• nrt;tfj; njf;fhl;bd; mr;Rj; njhFjp

• ,uz;L Gs;spfSf;fpilapy; cs;s J}uk;.

• jug;gl;l ,uz;L Gs;spfisj; njhLf;Fk; Nfhl;Lj;

Jz;lj;ijj; jug;gl;l tpfpjg;gb cl;Gwkhfg; gpupf;Fk;

Gs;spapd; Ms;$Wfs;.

• jug;gl;l ,uz;L Gs;spfisj; njhLf;Fk; Nfhl;Lj;

Jz;lj;ijj; jug;gl;l tpfpjg;gb ntspg;Gwkhfg; gpupf;Fk;

Gs;spapd; Ms;$Wfs;.

• Kf;Nfhzpnahd;wpd; gug;gsT

04

05

04

01

03

26. nrt;tfj;njf;fhl; bd;mr;Rj; njhFjpFwpj;j vspaNfj;jpu fzpjKbTfisnghUj;jkhdthWcgNahfpg;ghu;

30


Ntisfs;.

gug;gsTfisf; fhz;ghu;.

27.1 Neu ; Nfhnlhd ;w pd ; rkd ;

ghl;ilg; ngWthu;.

27.2 jug;gl;l ,uz;L Neu; NfhLfs;

ntl;Lk ; Gs;spapD}lhfr ;

nry ;Yk ; ahNjDnkhU

Nfhl ;bd ; rkd ;ghl ;ilg ;

ngWthu ;.

27.3 jug ;gl ;l Neu ;Nfhnlhd;W

rhu;ghf ,uz;L Gs;spfspd;

mikTfisf; fhz;ghu;.

27.4 ,uz;L Neu;NfhLfSf; fpil

apy; mikAk; Nfhzj;ijf;

fhz;ghu;.

27.5 Gs;spnahd;wpypUe;J Neu;

Nfhnlhd;w pw ;Fs ;s nrq ;

• Neu;NfhL

• rha;T

• gbj;jpwd;

• mr;rpd; kPjhd> mr;rpd; kPjhd ntl;Lj; Jz;Lfs;

• Neu;Nfhl;bd; rkd;ghLfs;

• ,uz;L Neu;NfhLfs; ntl;Lk; Gs;sp

• ,U Neu;NfhLfs; ntl;Lk; Gs;spapD}lhfr; nry;Yk;

Neu;Nfhl;bd; rkd;ghL.

• jug;gl;l ,uz;L Gs;spfs;> jug;;gl;l Nfhnlhd;wpd; xNu

gf;fj;jpy; my;yJ vjpu;g;gf;fq;fspy; miktjw;F

Ntz;ba epge;jid.

• ,uz;L Neu;NfhLfSf;fpilapy; mikAk; Nfhzk;

• rkhe;juf; NfhLfspd; gbj;jpwd;fSf;fpilapyhd

njhlu;G

• nrq;Fj;jhd NfhLfspd; gbj;jpwd;fSf;fpilapyhd

njhlu;G

• Neu;Nfhnlhd;wpd; gukhdr; rkd;ghL

• Gs;spnahd;wpypUe;J Neu;Nfhl;Lf; Fs;s nrq;Fj;Jj;

J}uk;

01

05

02

02

10

27. njf;fhl;bd;Ms; $Wfspd;%yk; Neu;Nfhl;iltpgupg;ghu;.

31


Ntisfs;.

Fj;Jj; J}uj;ijf; nfhz;L

Neu;Nfhnlhd;Wld; njhlu;ghd

tpNrl KbTfisg; ngWthu;.

28.1 tl;lnkhd;wpd; njf;fhl;bd;

rkd;ghl;ilg; fhz;ghu;.

28.2 tl;lnkhd;W rhu;ghf

Gs;spnahd;wpd; mikit

tpgupg;ghu;.

28.3 tl;lnkhd;W Fwpj;J Neu;

Nfhnlhd;wpd; mikit tpgupg;

ghu;.

28.4 ntspg;Gs;spnahd;wpypUe;J

• Neu;Nfhnlhd;wpd; kPJ> Gs;spnahd; wpd; Mb tpk;gk;

• xd;iwnahd;W ntl;Lk; ,uz;L Neu; NfhLfSf;fpilapy;

mikAk; Nfhzq;fspd; ,U$whf;fpfspd; rkd;ghLfs;

• cw;gj;jpia ikakhfTk;> jug;gl;l MiuAk; nfhz;l

tl;lj;jpd; rkd;ghL

• ikak;> Miu vd;gd jug;gl;Ls;s NghJ tl;lj;jpd;

rkd;ghL

• tl;lj;jpd; nghJr;rkd;ghL> mjd; Miu> mjd; ikak;

• tl;lnkhd;W rhu;ghf Gs;spnahd;wpd; mikT

• Neu;Nfhnlhd;W tl;lnkhd;iw ntl;Ltjw;F> njhL

tjw;F> ntl;lhkypUg;gjw;F Ntz;ba epge;jid

• tl;lj;jpd; kPJs;s Gs;spnahd;wpy; tl;lj;jpw;fhd

njhlypapd; rkd;ghL

• ntspg ;Gs;spnahd;wpypUe;J tl;lj;jpw ;F tiuAk;

njhlypfspd; ePsKk; mtw;wpd; rkd;ghLfSk;. njhLif

10

02

01

03

28. tl;lnkhd;wpd;njf;fhl;bd;rkd;ghl;ilg;ngWthu;.

32


Ntisfs;.

tl ;lj ; j p w ;F tiuAk ;

njhlypfs;> njhL ehz; gw;wp

tpgupg;ghu;.

28.5 vd;w

rkd;ghl;il tpgupg;ghu;.

28.6 ,uz;L tl;lq;fspd; mikT

fis tpgupg;ghu;.

28.7 vd ;w rkd ;

ghl;il tpgupg;ghu;.

ehzpd; rkd;ghL

• tl;lnkhd;Wk;> Neu;Nfhnlhd;Wk; ntl;Lk; Gs;sp

fspD}lhfr; nry;Yk; tl;lj;jpd; rkd;ghL

• ,uz;L tl;lq;fspd; mikTfs;

• ,uz;L tl;lq;fs; xd;iwnahd;W ntl;Ljy;

• ,uz;L tl;lq;fs; xd;iwnahd;W ntl;lhjpUj;jy;

• ,uz;L tl;lq;fs; xd;iwnahd;W ntspg;Gwkhfj;

njhly;

• ,uz;L tl;lq;fs; xd;iwn ahd;W c l ; G w k h f j ;

njhly;

• xU tl;lj;jpd; cl;Gwj;Nj kw;iwa tl;lk; mikjy;

• ,uz;L tl;lq;fs; xd;iwnahd;W cl;Gwkhfj; njhly;

• xU tl;lj;jpd; cl;Gwj;Nj kw;iwa tl;lk; mikjy;

• ntl;Lk; ,U tl;lq;fSf;fpilNaahd Nfhzk;

• nghJj; njhlypfs;

• ,uz;L tl;lq;fs; xd;iwnahd;W ntl;Lk; Gs;sp

fspD}lhfr; nry;Yk; tl;lj;jpd; rkd;ghL

• nghJehzpd; rkd;ghL

04

03

10

33


Ntisfs;.

29.1 $k;GUf;fspd; epakr;rkd;

ghLfisg; ngWthu;.

• gutisT> ePs;tisak;> mjpgutisT vd;gtw;wpd; epak

tbtq;fs;.29. $k;GUf;fistpgupg;ghu;

02

06

34


Ntisfs;.

1. fhtp ml;rufzpjj;ijf;ifahs;thu;.

03

01

• vz;zpf; fzpaj;ijAk; vz;zpiaAk; mwpKfk;

nra;jy;.

• fhtpf; fzpaj;ijAk;> fhtpiaAk; mwpKfQ; nra;jy;.

• fhtpapd; gUkDk;> jpirAk;

• fhtpf; Fwpg;gPL

• ml;ru fzpj Kiwahf

• Nfj;jpu fzpj Kiwahf

• #dpaf;fhtp

• fhtp xd;wpd; gUkDk; (kl;L) mjd; Fwpg;gPLk;

• ,uz;L fhtpfspd; rkk;

• $l;lYf;fhd Kf;Nfhz tpjp

• fhtp xd;iw vz;zpahy; ngUf;Fjy;

• Gwkhw;Wf; fhtpfs;

• ,uz;L fhtpfspd; tpj;jpahrj;ijf; $l;lyhff; fhl;Ljy;.

• myFf; fhtp

• rkhe;juf; fhtpfs;

• ,uz;L fhtpfs; rkhe;jukhf ,Ug;gjw;fhd epge;jid

fs;

• %d;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l fhtpfspd; $l;ly;

• fhtpnahd;iw ahNjDk; ,U jpirfspy; gpupj;jYk;>

xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhd ,uz;L jpirfspy; gpupj;

jYk;.

• fhtp tpjpfs;

,ize;j fzpjk; - II

35


Ntisfs;.

1.3 gpurpdq;fisj; jPuf;Fk; xU

cj;jpahfj; jhdf;fhtpfis

cgNahfpg;ghu;.

1.4 fhtpapd ; k PJ tiuaWf;

fg;gl;l xU fzpjr; nra;if

ahf vz;zpg ; ngUf;fk;>

fhtpg;ngUf;fk; vd;gtw;iw

tpgupg;ghu;.

• jhdf;fhtp

• vd;w njf;fhl;bd; mr;Rj; njhFjpiaf;

Fwpj;J jhdf;fhtpfs;

( myFf; fhtpfspd; mwpKfk;)

• vz;zpg ; ngUf;fk;> fhtpg ;ngUf;fk; vd;gtw;wpd;

tiutpyf;fzk;

• vz;zpg; ngUf;fj;jpd; gz;Gfs;

• ,U g+r;rpakw;w fhtpfs;> nrq;Fj;jhf ,Ug;gjw;F

epge;jid

• fhtp ,d; jpirapyhd $W

• vz;zpg; ngUf;fj;jpd; tpjpfs;

• guptu;j;jid tpjp

• guk;gy; tpjp

03

36


Ntisfs;.

2. rkepiyj;jd;ik> rkepiyaw;w jd;ikvd;gtw;iwf;fUj;Js;sthWtho;f;ifapy;gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhf xUjstpirj;njhFjpiatptuzk;nra;thu;.

;

2.1 ,uz;L tpirapd ; %yk ;

Jzpf;if xd;wpy; Vw;gLk;

jhf;fj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.

2.2 xUjs t pirj ; njhFj p

xd;w pd ; %yk; Jzpf ;if

xd;wpy; Vw;gLk; jhf; fj;ij

tpgupg;ghu;.

• Jzpf;if gw;wpa vz;zf;fU

• tpir gw;wpa vz;zf;fU

• tpirapd; gupkhzKk; myFk; (jdp myF> GtpaPu;g;gyF)

• tpirfspd; tiffs;

• tpirfspd; tpisAs;

• ,uz;L tpirfspd; tpisAs;

• tpir ,izfu tpjp

• ,uz;L tpirfspd; rkepiy

• tpirg; gpupg;G

• jug;gl;l ,uz;L jpirfspy;

• xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhd ,uz;L jpirfspy;

• xUjs tpirj; njhFjpia xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhd

,uz;L jpirfspy; gpupj;jy;.

• xUjs tpirj; njhFjpapd; tpisAs; fhzy;

• tpirg; gpupg;gpd; %yk;

• tiugpd; %yk;

• rkdpiyf;fhd epge;jidfs;

• fhtpf;$l;ly; my;yJ ck;> ck

• tpirg; gy;Nfhzpiag; g+u;j;jpahf;fy;

04

06

37


Ntisfs;.

2.3 Fwpg;gpl;l xU tifahf> xU

jsj;jpy; jhf;Fk; %d;W tpir

fspd; fPo; Jzpf;if xd;wpd;

rkepiyia tpgupg;ghu;.

2.4 tpiwg;ghd clnyhd;wpd; kPJ

jhf;Fk; tpirfspd; tpis

Ais tpgupg;ghu;.

• ahNjDk; ,uz;L tpirfspd; tpisAshdJ %d;whtJ

tpirf;Fg; gUkdpy; rkdhfTk; vjpu;j;jpirapYk; ,Uf;Fk;.

• tpir Kf;Nfhzp tpjpAk; mjd; kWjiyAk; (epWty;

cl;gl)

• ,yhkpapd; Njw;wk;

• tpiwg;ghd clnyhd;wpd; kPJ jhf;Fk; xUjs tpirfs;

• tpiwg;ghd cliy ,dq;fhzy;

• tpir CLflj;jg;gLjd;ikf; Nfhl;ghL

• tpirnahd;wpd; ngau;itAk;> Row;rpiaAk; tpsf;fy;

• Gs;spnahd;W gw;wp> tpirnahd;wpd; jpUg;gj;ij

tiuaWj;jy;.

• jpUg;gj;jpd; ngsjpff; fUj;J

• Gs;spnahd;W gw;wp> tpirnahd;wpd; jpUg;gj;jpd;

gUkDk;> Nghf;Fk;

• jpUg;gj;jpd; gupkhzKk;> myFk;

• jpUg;gj;jpd; Nfj;jpufzpj tpsf;fk;

• xUjs tpirj;njhFjpnahd;wpd; jsj;jpYs;s Gs;sp

nahd;W gw;wp tpirfspd; jpUg;gq;fspd; ml;ru fzpjf;

$l;Lj;njhif

• tpirfspd; jpUg;gk; gw;wpa nghJf; Nfhl;ghL

06

04

38


Ntisfs;.

• ,uz;L tpirfspd; tpisAs;

• ,uz;L tpirfSk; rkhe;juky;yhj NghJ

• ,uz;L tpirfSk; rkhe;jukhf

cs;s NghJ

• epfu;e;j tpirfs;

• epfuhj tpirfs;

• ,uz;L tpirfspd; rkepiy

• ,izapd; tiutpyf;fzk;

• ,izapd; jpUg;gj;jpd; gUkDk;> Nghf;Fk;

• ,iznahd;wpd; jpUg;gk;> jpUg;gk; vLf;fg;gLk; Gs;spiar;

rhuhjJ vd;gJ

• xUjs ,izfs; ,uz;bd; rktd;ik

• ,uz;L ,izfspd; rkepiy

• xUjs ,izapd; Nru;f;if

• jug;gl;l Gs;spnahd;wpy; jhf;Fk; jdptpirnahd;W>

,d;ndhU Gs;spnahd;wpD}lhfj; jhf;Fk; rkkhd

tpirnahd;Wf;Fk; ,iznahd;Wf;Fk; rkdhFk;.

• ,iznahd;Wk;> mt;tpizapd; jsj;jpy; jhf;Fk; tpir

xd;Wk; mNj jsj;jpy; jhf;Fk; gUkd;> jpir vd;gtw;wpy;

Kd;ida tpirf;Fr; rkdhd jdptpirf;F xLf;fg;

gLk;.

04

2.5 tpiwg;ghd clnyhd;wpd; kPJ

jhf;Fk; ,uz;L tpirfspd;

tpisAis tpgupg;ghu;.

2.6 xUjs tpirj;njhFjp xd;

iwg; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.

39


Ntisfs;.

• xUjs tpirj;njhFjp xd;W mNj jsj;jpy; cs;s

vNjr;irg; Gs;spnahd;wpy; jhf;Fk; mNj jsj;jpYs;s

vd;w tpirf;Fk; vd;w ,izf;Fk; xLf;

fg;gLk;.

• xUjs tpirj;njhFjp xd;wpd; tpisAspd; gUkd;> jpir>

jhf;ff; Nfhl;bd; mikT

• xUjs tpirj;njhFjpfs; ,uz;bd; rktd;ik

• xUjs tpirj;njhFjp xd;W

(i) jdptpirnahd;whf xLq;Ftjw ;F Ntz;ba

epge;jid >

(ii) ,izahf xUq;Ftjw;F

Ntz;ba epge;jid

(iii) rkepiyahtjw;F Ntz;ba epge;jid

10

40


Ntisfs;.

• tpirfs; xUGs;spapy; re;jpf;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ

rkhe;jukhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

• tpir Kf;Nfhzp tpjpAk;> kWjiyAk;• yhkpapd; Njw;wk;• Nfhjhd; tpjp

• Nfj;jpu fzpjg; gz;Gfs;

• ,U nrq;Fj;jhd jpirfspy; gpupj;jy; vd;gtw;wpd;

gpuNahfk;

• cuha;T tpirAk; mjd; ,ay;G fSk;

• xg;gkhd> fulhd jsq;fis ,dq;fhzy;

• cuha;tpd; ed;ikfSk;> jPikfSk;

• vy;iy cuha;T tpir

• cuha;T tpjpfs;

• cuha;Tf; Fzfj;jpd; tiutpyf; fzk;

• cuha;Tf; Nfhzk;

• vspa %l;L tiffs;

• RahjPd %l;bw;Fk;> tpiwg;ghd %l;bw;Fk; ,ilapYs;s

NtWghL

• xg;gkhd %l;nlhd;wpy; Nfhy;fspd; kPJ jhf;Fk; tpirfs;

2.7 Fwpg;gpl;l xU tifahf>

tpiwg;ghd clnyhd;wpd;

kPJ jhf;Fk; xUjs %d;W

tpirfspd ; rkepiyia

tpgupg;ghu;.

2.8 rkepiyapd; kPJ cuha; tpd;

jhf;fj;ij mjd; ,ay;G

fspd; %yk; Muha;thu;.

2.9 xg;gkhd %l;Lf;fspd; kPJ

jhf;Fk; kWjhf;fq;fisj;

Jzptjw;F xUjs tpirj;

njhFjpfs; gw;wpa Nfhl;

ghLfis cgNahfpg;ghu;.

10

10

10

41


Ntisfs;.

• ,Nyrhd Nfhy;fspdhyhd rl;lg;gliy ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

• rl;lg;glypd; xt;nthU %l;bdJk; rkepiyf;F Ntz;ba

epge;jidfs;.

• Nghtpd; Fwpg;gPL> jifg;G

• tpirfspd; gUkd;fisf; fzpj;jy;.

• xU NfhL gw;wpr; rkr;rPuhd js clnyhd;wpd; jpzpT

ikak;

• rPuhd nky;ypa Nfhy; xd;wpd;

• rPuhd nrt;tf tbthd mlnuhd;wpd;

• rPuhdtl;l tbthd tisankhd;wpd;

• rPuhd tl;l tbthd jl;nlhd;wpd;

• jsnkhd;W gw;wpr; rkr;rPuhd jpz;knkhd;wpd; jpzpT

ikak;

• rPuhd jpz;k (my;yJ nghs;) cUis xd;wpd;

• rPuhd nghl; (my;yJ jpz;kf;) Nfhsk; xd;wpd;

• js mlnuhd;iw> xt;nthU rpW %yfj;jpdJk; jpzpT

ikaKk; xNu Neu;Nfhl;bd; kPJ mikAkhW rpW

%yfq;fshf Ntwhf;f KbAnkdpd;> mlupd; jpzpT

ikaKk; mNj Neu;Nfhl;bd; kPJ mikAk; vd;gijg;

gpuNahfpj;J jpzpTikak; fhzy;.

2.10 xg;gkhf %l;lg;gl;l ,Nyrhd

Nfhy;fspdhyhd rl;lg ;gl

nyhd;wpd ; Nfhy;fspYs;s

jifg;Gf;fisj; Jzpthu;.

2.11 tiutpyf;fzj;ij

cgNahfpj;J rkr;rPuhd>

rPuhd jpz;kq;fspd; jpzpT

ikaj;ijj; Jzptjw;F

gy;NtW El;gq;fisg; gad;

gLj;Jthu;.

10

42


Ntisfs;.

• rPuhd Kf;Nfhzp mlnuhd;wpd;

• rPuhd ,izfu mlnuhd;wpd;

• xt;nthU rpW %yfj;jpdJk; jpzpTikaKk; xNu

jsj;jpd; kPJ mikAk; vdpd;> clypd; jpzpTikaKk;

mNj jsj;jpd; kPJ mikAk; vd;gijg; gpuNahfpj;J

jpzpT ikak; fhzy;.

• rPuhd nghl;$k;gpd;

• njhlu;r;rpahd> rkr;rPuhd> rPuhd cly;fspd; jpzpT

ikak;

• rpW %yfq;fshfg; gpupg;gjd; %yk;

• rPuhd tl;ltpy;

• rPuhd Miur;rpiw

• rPuhd> rkr;rPuhd cly;fspd; jpzpT ikak;

• rPuhd nghl; (my;yJ jpz;k) $k;G

• rPuhd nghs; (my;yJ jpz;k) miuf; Nfhsk;

• jsnkhd;wpd; Row;rp

• <u;it ikaj;ij mwpKfQ;nra;jy;

• jpzpT ikaKk; <u;it ikaKk; xd;Wld; xd;W

nghUe;Jfpd;wd vd;gJ

• rPuhd $l;Lly;fspd; jpzpT ikak; (<u;it ikak;)

• rPuhd vQ;rpa cly;fspd; jpzpT ikak; (<u;it ikak;)

2.12 tiutpyf;fzk;> njhifaPL

vd;gdtw;iw cgNahfpj;J

vspa Nfj;jpufzpj cly;

fspd; jpzpT ikaj;ijf;

fhz;ghu;.

2.13 jpzpT ikaKk; <u;it ika

Kk; nghUe;Jtij vLj;Jf;

nfhz;L $l;L cly;fspd;>

vQ;rpa cly;fspd; jpzpT

ikaj;ij (<u;it ikaj;ijf;)

fhz;ghu;.

10

08

04

43


Ntisfs;.

2.14 rkepiyapy; cs;s cly;

fspd; cWjpj; jd;ikiaj;

jPu;khdpg;ghu;

3.1 Neu;Nfhnlhd;wpd; kPJ epfOk;

,af;fk; njhlu;ghd gpurpdq

;fisj; jPu;g;gjw;F tiuGfis

cgNahfpg;ghu;.

3. ,af;fk; njhlu;ghd epAw;wd;khjpupia cgNahfpj;J>jsnkhd;wpy;epfOk; ,ay;ghd,af;f tiffis tpsf;Fthu;.

• ,io %yk; njhq;Fk; nghUl;fspd; rkepiy

• jsnkhd;wpy; ehg;gj;jpy; cs;s nghUl;fspd; rkepiy

cWjpg;ghL

• mbg;gilf; fzpaq;fshd ePsk;> jpzpT> Neuk; vd;gdTk;mtw;wpd; gupkhzq;fs;> myFfs; vd;gdTk;

• J}uKk; mjd; gupkhzKk;> myFk;• fjpAk; mjd; gupkhzKk; myFk;> ruhrupf;fjp>

fzepiyf;fjp> rPuhd fjp• jhd Ms;$Wfs;• ,lg;ngau;r;rpAk; mjd; gupkhzKk;> myFk;• NtfKk; mjd; gupkhzKk;> myFk;• ruhrup Ntfk;> fzepiy Ntfk;> rPuhd Ntfk;• ,lg;ngau;r;rp - Neu tiuG

• ,uz;L epiyfSf;fpilapy; cs;s ruhrup Ntfk;• Gs;spnahd;wpYs;s fzepiy Ntfk;

• ruhrup Mu;KLfy;> fzepiy Mu;KLfy;> rPuhdMu;KLfy;> rPuhd mku;KLfy;

• Mu;KLfypd; gupkhzKk;> myFk;• Ntf - Neu tiuG• ve;jnthU fzj;jpYk; Ntf - Neu tiugpd; gbj;jpwd;

= fzepiy Mu;KLfy;• ve;jnthU Neu MapilapYk; Neu mr;Rf;Fk; tiuGf;Fk;

,ilapy; mlf;fg;gLk; gug;gsT = me;j Neu Mapilapy;cz;lhd ,lg;ngau;r;rp

• gy;NtW tifr; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fkhd Ntf - Neu tiuG

04

10

44


Ntisfs;.

3.2 Neu;Nfhl;baf;fk; njhlu;ghd

gpurpdq;fisj; jPu ;g ;gjw;F

,af ;fr ; rkd ; g hLfis

cgNahfpg;ghu;.

3.3 Neu;Nfhnlhd;wpd; kPJ ,aq;

Fk; Jzpf;iffSf; fpil

apyhd njhlu;gpaf;fj;ij

Muha;thu;.

• xUik Mu;KLfYldhd #j;jpuq;fisg; ngWjy;.

• tiutpyf;fzj;jpd; %yk;

• Ntf - Neu tiugpd; %yk;

• xUikg; GtpaPu;g;G Mu;KLfypd; fPo; epiyf;Fj;J ,af;fk;

• tiuig cgNahfpj ;J> ,af;fr ; rkd;ghLfis

cgNahfpj;J

• xU gupkhz ,af;fj;jpw;fhd khl;Nlw;Wr; rl;lk;

• Neu; Nfhnlhd;wpd; kPJ njhlu;gpaf;fk;

• njhlu;G ,lg;ngau;r;rpf; Nfhl;ghL

• njhlu;G Ntff; Nfhl;ghL

• njhlu;G Mu;KLfy; Nfhl;ghL

• njhlu;G Mu;KLfy; xUikahf ; ,Uf;Fk; tiffspy;

,af;fr; rkd; ghLfisAk;> tiuGfisAk; gpu Nahfpj;jy;

08

07

45


Ntisfs;.

3.4 jsnkhd;wpd; kPJ ,aq;Fk;

xU Jzpf;ifapd; ,af;

fj;ij tpgupg;;ghu;.

3.5 jsnkhd;wpd; kPJ ,aq; Fk;

xU Jzpf;if njhlu;ghf

kw;WnkhU Jzpf;ifapd;

,af;fj;ijj; Jzpthu;.

• jsnkhd;wpd; kPJ ,aq;Fk; Gs;sp nahd;wpd; njf;fhl;bd;

Ms;$WfSf;Fk;> KidT Ms;$WfSf;Fk; ,il

apYs;s njhlu;G

• cw;gj;jpg; Gs;sp Fwpj;J> ,aq;Fk; Jzpf;if xd;wpd;

jhdf;fhtpAk;> ,lg;ngau;r;rpf;fhtpAk;.

• jug;gl;l Neu MapilapDs; ruhrup Ntfk;> fzepiy

Ntfk;

• Jzpf;ifnahd;wpd; Nfhz Ntfk;

• jug;gl;l Neu MapilapDs; ruhrup Mu;KLfy;> fzepiy

Mu;KLfy;> Nfhz Mu;KLfy;

• Neuj;jpd; rhu;ghf jhdf;fhtp jug;gl;bUf;f> Ntfk;>

Mu;KLfy; vd;gtw;iwf; fhzy;.

• ,U gupkhz ,af;fnkhd;wpw;fhd khl;Nlw;Wr; rl;lk;


njhlu;ghf ,lg; ngau;r;rp> Ntfk;> Mu;KLfy;

• jsnkhd;wpd; kPJ ,aq;Fk; ,uz;L nghUl;fspy; xd;W

njhlu;ghf kw;iwajd; ,af;fk;

• njhlu;gpaf;ff; Nfhl;ghLfs;

• ,lg;ngau;r;rp

• Ntfj;jpw;F

• Mu;KLfypw;F

• xU nghUs; njhlu;ghf ,d;DnkhU nghUspd; ghij

• xU nghUs; njhlu;ghf ,d;DnkhU nghUspd; Ntfk;

06

06

46


Ntisfs;.

3.4 jsnkhd;wpd; kPJ ,aq;Fk;

xU Jzpf;ifapd; ,af;

fj;ij tpgupg;;ghu;.

3.5 jsnkhd;wpd; kPJ ,aq; Fk;

xU Jzpf;if njhlu;ghf

kw;WnkhU Jzpf;ifapd;

,af;fj;ijj; Jzpthu;.

• jsnkhd;wpd; kPJ ,aq;Fk; Gs;sp nahd;wpd; njf;fhl;bd;

Ms;$WfSf;Fk;> KidT Ms;$WfSf;Fk; ,il

apYs;s njhlu;G

• cw;gj;jpg; Gs;sp Fwpj;J> ,aq;Fk; Jzpf;if xd;wpd;

jhdf;fhtpAk;> ,lg;ngau;r;rpf;fhtpAk;.

• jug;gl;l Neu MapilapDs; ruhrup Ntfk;> fzepiy

Ntfk;

• Jzpf;ifnahd;wpd; Nfhz Ntfk;

• jug;gl;l Neu MapilapDs; ruhrup Mu;KLfy;> fzepiy

Mu;KLfy;> Nfhz Mu;KLfy;

• Neuj;jpd; rhu;ghf jhdf;fhtp jug;gl;bUf;f> Ntfk;>

Mu;KLfy; vd;gtw;iwf; fhzy;.



njhlu;ghf ,lg; ngau;r;rp> Ntfk;> Mu;KLfy;

• jsnkhd;wpd; kPJ ,aq;Fk; ,uz;L nghUl;fspy; xd;W

njhlu;ghf kw;iwajd; ,af;fk;

• njhlu;gpaf;ff; Nfhl;ghLfs;

• ,lg;ngau;r;rp

• Ntfj;jpw;F

• Mu;KLfypw;F

• xU nghUs; njhlu;ghf ,d;DnkhU nghUspd; ghij

• xU nghUs; njhlu;ghf ,d;DnkhU nghUspd; Ntfk;

06

06

47


Ntisfs;.

• xNu fpiltPr;irj; jUk; ,uz;L vwpaw; Nfhzq;fs;

cz;L vd;gJ

• mjp$ba fpil tPr;R

• vwpapy; ghijapd; rkd;ghL

• epAw;wdpd; KjyhtJ ,af;f tpjp

• tpir gw;wpa vz;zf;fU

• jpzpT> ce;jk; vd;gd gw;wpa vz;zf;fU

• rlj;Jt khl;Nlw;Wr; rl;lk;

• epAw;wdpd; ,uz;lhtJ ,af;ftpjp> ,af;ftpaypd;

mbg;gilr; rkd;ghL

• tpiria msf;Fk; jdp myFk;> GtpaPu;g;gyFk;

• epiw> jpzpT vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapy; cs;s NtWghL

• epAw;wdpd; %d;whtJ ,af;ftpjp

• epAw;wdpd; tpjpfspd; gpuNahfk;

(xUik tpirapd; fPo; kl;Lk;)

• nky;ypa ePsh ,iofshy; ,izf;fg;gl;l / njhLif

apypUf;Fk; cly;fspd; ,af;fk;

3.9 rlj;Jtr; rl;lnkhd;W

njhlu;ghf epfOk; ,af;f

nkhd;iw tpgupg;gjw;fhf

epAw;wdpd; tpjpfisg;

gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

08

15

48


Ntisfs;.

3.10 nghwpKiwr; rf;jpia

tptuzk; nra;thu;.

• Ntiy gw;wpa fUj;J

• khwh tpirnahd;wpdhy; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiyapd;

tiutpyf;fzk;

• Ntiyapd; gupkhzKk;> myFk;

• rf;jp gw;wpa fUj;J

• rf;jpapd; gupkhzKk;> myFk;

• nghwpKiwr; rf;jpapd; xU tifahf ,af;fr; rf;jp

• ,af;fr; rf;jpapd; tiutpyf;fzk;

• ,af;fr; rf;jpf;fhd Nfhit

• ,af;fr; rf;jpf;fhd Ntiy rf;jpr; rkd;ghL

• tpua tpir (Dissipative force), fhg;G epiy tpir

• nghwpKiwr; rf;jpapd; xU tifahf mOj;jr; rf;jp

• mOj;jr; rf;jpapd; tiutpyf;fzk;

• GtpaPu;g;G mOj;jr; rf;jpapd; tiu tpyf;fzk;

• mOj;jr; rf;jpf;fhd Nfhit

• mOj;jr; rf;jpf;fhd Ntiy rf;jpr; rkd;ghL

• <u;;f;fg;gl;l ,ioapd; kPs;jd;ik mOj;jr; rf;jpf;fhd

Nfhit

• tpir xd;wpdhy; nghUnshd;wpd; kPJ GtpaPu;g;Gf;F

vjpuhfr; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy> mOj;jr; rf;jpf;F rkd;

vd;gJ

• Jzpf;ifnahd;wpd; kPJ GtpaPu;g;G tpirf;F vjpuhfr;

nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy mj;Jzpf;ifapd; ,af;fg; ghij

iar; rhuhjJ vd;gJ

• nghwpKiwr; rf;jpf; fhg;Gg; Nfhl;ghLk; mjd; gpuNahfKk;

08

49


Ntisfs;.

3.11 cupa re;ju;g;gq;fspy; tYtpd;

gad;ghl;il mwpe;J gpurpdq;

fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

3.12 fzj;jhf;nfhd;wpd; tpisit

tptuzk; nra;thu;.

• tY gw;wpa fUj;J

• tYtpd; gupkhzKk;> myFk;

• tYtpd; epak myfpd; (cthw;W) tiutpyf;fzk;

• cQw;Wk; tpir (Tractive force)

• (khwh cQw;Wk; tpir Ntfk;) vd;w

rkd;ghl;ilg; ngwYk;> mjd; gpuNahfKk;.

• khwh tpirnahd;wpd; fzj;jhf;fhdJ tpirapdJk; mJ

jhf;Fk; Neuj;jpdJk; ngUf;fk; vdTk;> ce;j khw;wk;

vdTk; tiuaWf;fg;gLk; vd;gJTk;> ,t;tiutpyf;

fzq;fs; ,uz;Lk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W rktYthdit

vd;gJTk;.

• fzj;jhf;fpd; gupkhzKk; myFk;

• fzj;jhf;if xU fhtpahf tiuaWj;jy;.

• Vfgupkhz ce;jf; fhg;Gf; Nfhl;ghL

• fzj;jhf;fpd; njhopw;ghl;lhy; Vw;gLk; ,af;fr;rf;jp el;lk;

07

08

50


Ntisfs;.

3.13 Neub kPs;jd;ik nkhj;jiy

tptuzk; nra;tjw;F epAw;w

dpd; kPsikT tpjpiag;

gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

3.14 epiyf;Fj;J tl;l ,af;fj;

ijg; gad; $bajhf mikj;

Jf; nfhs;tjw;F cupa Nfhl;

ghLfis Muha;thu;.

• epAw;wdpd; kPsikT tpjp

• kPsikTf; Fzfk;

• epiw kPsikT tif

• MFk;NghJ rf;jp ehl;lk; Vw;gLk;

• xg;gkhd kPsikTf; Nfhzq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd

nkhj;jy;

• xg;gkhd kPsikTf; Nfhsnkhd;Wf;Fk; xg;gkhd

jsnkhd;Wf;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gLk; nrt;td; nkhj;jy;.

• tl;lj;jpd; topNa ,aq;Fk; nghUspd; NfhzNtfk; >

Nfhz Mu;KLfy; vd;gJ

• tl;lj;jpd; topNa ,aq;Fk; Jzpf;if xd;wpd; Ntfk;>

Mu;KLfy;

• tl;lj;jpd; topNa rPuhd fjpAld; ,aq;Fk; Jzpf;if

xd;wpd; Ntfk;> Mu;KLfy;

• tl;l ,af;fj;ijg; NgZtjw;F Ntz;ba xU epge;jid>

ikaNehf;fpa tpir vd;gJ

• xg;gkhd fpilj;jsk; xd;wpd; kPJs;s epiyj;j Gs;spf;F

,izf; fg;gl;l ,Nyrhd ,ionahd;wpd; kWKidf;F

,izf;fg;gl;l Jzpf;if xd;wpd; ,af;fk;

• $k;G Cry;

15

10

51


Ntisfs;.

3.15 epiyf;Fj;J tl;l ,af;

fj;jpd; elj;ijapy; jhf;

fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; fhuzp

nahd;whf Muk;gf; fjp

iaf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;thu;.

3.16 nghUj;jkhd fzpj khjpup

fis cgNahfpj;J vspik

apirapaf;fk; ,ir ,af;

fnkhd;iwg; gFg;gha;T

nra;thu;.

• epiyf;Fj;J tl;l ,af;fj;jpy; rf;jpf; fhg;G tpjpiag;

gad;gLj;Jjy;.

• epiyf;Fj;J tl;l ,af;fj;jpy; vd;gijg;

gad;gLj;jy;.

• xg;gkhd Nfhsnkhd;wpd; ntsp Nkw;gug;gpy; ,af;fk;

• xg;gkhd nghl;Nfhsnkhd;wpd; cs; Nkw;gug;gpd; ,af;fk;

• epiyj;j Gs;spnahd;Wld; xU Kid ,izf;fg;gl;l

,ionahd;wpd; kWKidapy; njhq;ftplg;gl;l Jzpf;if

nahd;wpd; epiyf;Fj;J ,af;fk;

• epiyj;j epiyf;Fj;J tisankhd;wpy; Nfhu;f;fg;gl;Ls;s

Jzpf;ifapd; ,af;fk;

• vspikapirapaf;fnkhd;iw tiuaWj;jYk; mjd;

ikaKk;

• rpwg;gpay;Gr; rkd;ghLk; mjd; nghJj; jPu;Tk;

• Ntfk;> ,lg;ngau;r;rpapd; xU rhu;G Mf

• tPr;rKk; miyT fhyKk;

• ,lg;ngau;r;rp> Neuj;jpd; xU rhu;ghf

• tPr;rk;> Neuj;jpd; xU rhu;G Mf

• vspikapirapaf;fj;ij> rPuhd tl;l ,af;fnkhd;wpd;

%yk; tpsf;Fthu;.

• Neuk; fhzy;.

10

06

52


Ntisfs;.

3.17 fpilf;Nfhnlhd;wpd; topNa

eilngWk; vspa ,ir ,af;

fnkhd;wpd; jd;ikia mjd;

rpwg;gpay;GfspD}lhf tpgupg;

ghu;.

3.18 epiyf;Fj;Jf; Nfhnlhd;wpd;

topNa epfOk; vspa ,ir

,af ;fj ;j pd ; jd ;ikia

mjd; rpwg;gpay;GfspD}lhf

tpgupg;ghu;.

4.1 vOkhw ;Wg ; gu pNrhjid

xd;wpd; epfo;r;rpfis tpsf;

Fthu;.

• Cf;fpd; tpjpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,io nahd;wpd; ,Oit>

tpy;nyhd;wpd; ,Oit my;yJ cijg;G vd;gtw;iwf;

fhzy;.

• kPs;jd;ik tpirfspd; fPo; kl;Lk; cs;s Jzpf;if xd;wpd;

fpilahd vspa ,ir ,af;fk;.

• Jzpf;ifnahd;W kPs;jd;ik tpirapd; fPOk;> mjdJ

epiwapd; fPOk; epiyf;Fj;Jf; Nfhnlhd;wpd; topNa

epfo;j;Jk; vspa ,ir ,af;fk;.

• vspa ,ir ,af;fk;> GtpaPu;g;gpd; fPo; RahjPd ,af;fk;

Mfpa ,U tif ,af;fq;fspdJk; Nru;f;if.

• epfo;jfT gw;wpa cs;Szu;thd fUj;J.

• vOkhw;Wg; gupNrhjidapd; tiu tpyf;fzk;.

• khjpupntsp> khjpupg;Gs;sp vd;gtw;iw tiuaWj;jy;.

• KbTs;s khjpup ntsp

• Kbtpy;yh khjpup ntsp

• epfo;r;rpfs;

• tiutpyf;fzk;

• vspa epfo;r;rp

• #dpa epfo;r;rp

• cWjp epfo;r;rp

06

06

4.0 vOkhw;Wg;gupNrhjidxd;wpd; epfo;r;rpfis tpsf;Ftjw;F fzpjkhjpupfisf;gad;gLj;Jthu;.

53


Ntisfs;.

• epug;G epfo;r;rp

• $l;L epfo;r;rp

• ,uz;L epfo;r;rpfspd; xd;wpg;G

• ,uz;L epfo;r;rpfspd; ,ilntl;L

• jk;Ks; GwePf;Fk; epfo;r;rpfs;

• rk Neu;jfTs;s NgWfs;

• epfo;r;rp ntsp

• epfo;jfT gw;wpa gz;ila tiutpyf;fzk;

• ,t;tiutpyf;fzj;jpYs;s FiwghLfs;

• gupNrhjid Kiw epfo;jfT gw;wpa tiutpyf;fzk;

• ,t;tiutpyf;fzj;jpYs;s FiwghLfs;

• epfo;jfT gw;wpa cs;Szu;thd tiutpyf;fzk;

• ,t;tiutpyf;fzj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

• epfo;jfT njhlu;ghd Njw;wq;fs;> epWtYld;

vdpd;

4.2 vOkhw;Wg; gupNrhjid njhlu;

ghd gpurpdq;fisj; jPu ;g ;

gjw;F> epfo;jfTfs; njhlu;

ghd khjpupfis cgNahfpg;

ghu;.

04

04

54


Ntisfs;.

4.3 jug;gl;l epge;jidapd; fPo;

xU vOkhw;Wg; gupNrhjid

apd; epfo;r;rp xd;wpd; epfo;

jfitj; Jzptjw;F epge;

jid epfo;jfT gw;wpa

vz;zf;fUit cgNahfpg;

ghu;.

• epge;jid epfo;jftpd; tiutpyf;fzk;

• epge;jid epfo;jfT njhlu;ghd Njw;wk; epWtYld;

vdpd;

• epfo;jfT njhlu;ghd ngUf;fy; tpjp

MftpUf;f

08

55


Ntisfs;.

4.4 vOkhw ;Wg ; gu pNrhjid

xd;wpd; ,uz;L my;yJ

,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l epfo;r;rp

fspd; rhuhikiaj; Jzp

tjw;F epfo;jfT njhlu;ghd

khjpupfis cgNahfpg;ghu;.

4.5 re;ju;g;gq;fSf;F Vw;wthW

Ngr pd ; Njw ; wj ;ij

cgNahfpg;ghu;.

• ,uz;L epfo;r;rpfspd; rhuhik

• %d;W epfo;r;rpfspd; rhuhik

• khjpupntspapd; gpupg;G

• nkhj;j epfo;jfT gw;wpa Njw;wk;> epWtYld;

• Ngrpd; Njw;wk;> epWtYld;

06

06

56


Ntisfs;.

5.0 jPu;khdpf;Fk;jpwid Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F tpQ;QhdKiw khjpupfis

cgNahfpg;ghu;.

5.1 Gs;sp tpguq;fspd;

jd;ikia tpsf;Fthu;.

5.2 jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;

tjw ;fhfj ; juTfisf ;

ifahs;thu;.

5.3 juTfisAk; jfty;fis

Ak; tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

5.4 juTfisAk; jfty;fis

Ak; ml;ltizg; gLj;Jthu;.

• Gs;sptpguq;fs; vd;why; ahJ?

• Gs;sptpguq;fspd; jd;ik

• tptuzg; Gs;sptpguq;fs;

• mDkhdg; Gs;sptpguq;fs;

• juTfSk; jfty;fSk;

• gupNrhjidfSk; juTfSk;

• gupNrhjidfs;

• juTfspd; tiffs;

• gpd;dfj; juTfs;

• njhlu; juTfs;

• jfty;fs;

• juTfSf;Fk; jfty;fSf;Fk; ,ilapYs;s nghUz;ik

• juTfis tifg;gLj;jy;

• nghUl;fis xOq;FgLj;Jk; nra;if xd;whf juTfis

tifg;gLj;jy;

• juTfis tifg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fk;

• juTfis tifg;gLj;Jk; mbg;gil

• juTfis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jk; El;gq;fs;

• kPbwd; ml;ltiz xd;iw mikj;jy;

• $l;lkhf;fg;glhj kPbwd; guk;gy;

• $l;lkhf;fg;gl;l kPbwd; guk;gy;

01

01

01

01

57


Ntisfs;.

5.5 juTfisAk; jfty; fisAk;

tupg;glq;fs; %yk; fhl;Lthu;.

5.6 ika ehl;l mstPLfSs;

xd;whf ,ilia tpgupg;ghu;.

5.7 rhu; mikT mstPl;Lg; ngW

khdq;fs; %yk; kPbwd; guk;

giy tpgupg;ghu;.

5.8 kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;W njhlu;

ghd KbTfis vLg;gjw;Fk;

nghUj;jkhd ika ehl;l

mstPLfisg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

• tiuG

• ryhif tiuG

• tl;l tiuG

• tiyAU tiuak;

• Nfhl;L tiuG

• ngl;b tiuG

• kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;wpd; $l;lypil

• epiwNaw;wpa ,il

• Mfhuk;

• ,ilak;

• fhyizfs;

• rjkizfs;

• ikaehl;l mstPLfspd; rhu; mstPLfs;

04

03

04

02

58


Ntisfs;.

5.9 tpyfypd ; msitfisg;

ghtpj ;J guk ;gnyhd;w pd ;

tpyfiy tpgupg;ghu;.

5.10 Xuha mstPLfspd; %yk;

guk;gnyhd;wpd; tbtj;ijj;

Jzpthu;.

• guk;gy; njhlu;ghd mstPLfs;

• guk;gy; njhlu;ghd mstPLfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

• guk;gy; mstPl;L tiffs;

• tPr;R

• miuf;fhyizapil tPr;R

• ,il tpyfy;

• epak tpyfy;

• khww;wpwd;

• $l;L ,il

• $l;L epaktpyfy;

• Gs;sp

• Xuha mstPLfs;

• gpardpd; Xuha mstPLfs;

02

02

4.0 fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwik

khztu;fs; ,g;ghl newpapD}lhf vjpu;ghu;j;j tpisitg; ngWtij ,yFthf;f gy;NtW tpjkhd fw;gpj;jy cghaq;fisg;

gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. khztu;fs;> jq;fsJ fzpjj; njhlu;ghlypy; Nkk;gl Ntz;Lkhapd; jkJ rf khztu;fSlDk; MrpupaUlDk;

nghUs; tpsq;f fye;Jiuahly;> jPu;T fhzy;> tpsf;Fjy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLk; re;ju;g;gk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;

vOj;jpy; khj;jpukd;wp tha;%yj; njhlu;ghly;> glq;fis cgNahfpj;jy;> vz;> FwpaPL> nrhw;gpuNahfq;fis cgNahfpj;jy;

Nghd;wtw;wpy; njhlu;ghly; epfo;j;j Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

khztu;fs; gy;topfspy; fw;fpwhu;fs;> khztu;fs; fl;Gyd;> nrtpg;Gyd; clw;jir mirTfs; my;yJ gy;NtW Gyd;fspD}lhff;

fw;fpwhu;fs;. fw;wy; ghzp tPr;Rf;fspy; gy fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. kpfg; nghUj;jkhd fw;gpj;jy; cghaj;ijj;

jPu;khdpg;gjw;F ,f;fhuzpfs; xt;nthd;iwAk; fUj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. khztu;fs; fzpjj;ijf; fw;Fk; Kiwapy; fyhr;rhu

r%fg; gpd;dzpfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tpisit Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd vd;gij Ma;Tfs; njuptpf;fpd;wd. ,t;NtWghLfs; milahsk;

fhzg;gl;L> gy;NtW tpjkhd fw;gpj;jy; cghaq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; fzpj mwpT jpwd; vd;gtw;wpd; tpUj;jpapy; rfy

khztu;fSk; rktha;g;igg; ngwKbAk;.

tFg;nghd;wpy; KOkhztu;fSf;Fk; fw;gpj;jy; epfOk; NghJ ngupa FOtpDs; fw;wy; epfoKbAk;. khztu;fs; jkJ

FOtpYs;s Vida mq;fj;jtu;fSld;> ,ilj;njhlu;GWk; NghJ rpwpa FOtpDs; fw;wy; epfo KbAk;. khztd; xUtd;

,d;ndhU khztDld; my;yJ MrpupaUld; ,ilj;njhlu;GWk; NghJ jdpegu; kl;lj;jpy; fw;wy; epfo KbAk;. vdNt rfy

xOq;FfSk; fzpj tFg;giwapy; jj;jkf;Fupa ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd.

59

5.0 ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; epfo;;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fSk;

fzpjf; fw;wy; khztu;f;F fUj;Jr; nrwpe;j njhlu;Gila njhd;whfj; jpfo;tjw;F tFg;giw Ntiy Kw;whf mwpT> jpwd;

tpUj;jp vd;gtw;wpy; jq;fpAs;sjhf mikahJ. njhlu;ghly;> ,izg;G> epahapj;jy; (fhuzpj;jy;) gpur;rpid jPu;j;jy; Nghd;wtw;iw

cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. NkNy $wg;gl;l ehd;F ,yf;FfSk; khztu;fspd; rpe;jid> elj;ijr; nraw;ghL vd;gd

Nkk;glr; nra;tij cWjpg;gLj;Jk;.

rhjhuz tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jYf;F mg;ghy; ,e;Nehf;fj;jpw;fhff; fPo;tUk; ,izg;ghl tpjhdr; nraw;ghLfs; fw;wy;

nraw;ghl;by; xt;nthU gps;isiaAk; gq;Nfw;fr; re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;Ffpd;wd. mit

khztu; gbg;G tl;lq;fs;

fzpjf; FOf;fs;

fzpjg; ghriwfs;

Nghl;bfs; (Njrpa> ru;tNjr)

E}y; epiya cgNahfk;

tFg;giwr; Rtu; mwpf;iffs; (ntspaPLfs;)

fzpj Ma;T $lk;

nray; miwfs;

fzpjk; rhu;e;j rupj;jpu juTfs; Nrfupj;jy;

gy; njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fspd; cgNahfk;

nraw;ghl;Lj; jpl;lq;fs;

fpilf;ff;$ba trjpfl;Nfw;g Nkw;$wpa nraw;ghLfis xOq;FgLj;j Ntz;baJ fzpj Mrpupaupd; nghWg;ghFk;. ,r;

nraw;ghLfis xOq;FgLj;Jk; NghJ MrpupaUk; khztu;fSk; mJ njhlu;ghd ntsp Ml;fsplkpUe;Jk; epWtdq;fsplkpUe;Jk;

cjtpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;. mg;gbg;gl;l nraw;ghLfis xOq;fhd mbg;gilapy; xOq;FgLj;J tjw;F xt;nthU

ghlrhiyAk; fzpjk; rhu;e;j jj;jkf;Fupa nfhs;iffis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU ghlrhiyapd; gq;fspg;gpdhYk;

cUthf;fg;gl ,Uf;fpd;w KOikahd ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifapd; xU gFjpahf ,J mikAk;. fzpjk; rhu;e;j nfhs;ifia

cUthf;Ftjpy; ghlrhiy gpd;tUtdtw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;tJ ,d;wpaikahjjhf cs;sJ. mitahtd: ghlrhiyg; ngsjPfr;

#oYk;> mjd; Rw;Wg;GwKk; khztu;fsJ NjitfSk; mf;fiwfSk; ghlrhiyAld; njhlu;Gila rKjhak;. Mszptsr;

Nritfs;. ghlrhiyf;F tha;g;ghd epWtdq;fs; vd;gdthFk;.

60

6.0 fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;

ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPl;L epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; xt;nthU jtizf;Fnkd epu;zapf;fg;gl;l Nju;r;rp> Nju;r;rp kl;lk;

vd;gd cs;slq;Fk; tpjj;jpy; fzpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfis Mf;fuPjpahfj; jahupj;J eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

,g;ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ juk; 13 ,d; ,Wjpapy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w Njrpa kl;lf; fzpg;gPlhd f.ngh.cau;jug; guPl;irf;FupajhfNt

jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,yq;ifg; guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; %yk; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; elj;jg;gLfpd;w

KjyhtJ guPl;ir 2011 Mk; tUlj;jpy; ,lk;ngwTs;sJ.

,g;guPl;irf;Fupa tpdhg;gj;jpuj;jpd; mikg;G> khjpup gw;wpa NJitahd tptuq;fs; ,yq;ifg; guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpd;

%yk; toq;fg;gLk;.

61

Fwpg;gPLfs;

gpd;tUk; fzpjf; Fwpg;gPLfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

1. njhilf; Fwpg;gPL

%yfk;

%yfkd;W

x1, x

2, ... vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;l njhil

{ }: . . .x ... MFkhWs;s vy;yh x IAk; nfhz;l njhil

njhil A apYs;s %yfq;fspd; vz;zpf;if

#dpaj;njhil

mfpyj;njhil

A-1 njhil A apdJ epug;gpNeu;KO vz;fSk; g+r;rpaKk; nfhz;l njhil {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}

KO vz;fspd; njhil

Neu; KO vz;fspd; njhil {1, 2, 3, . . . }

kl;L n KO vz;fspd; njhil

tpfpjKW vz;fspd; njhil

Neu; tpfpjKW vz;fspd; njhil

Neu; tpfpjKW vz;fSk; g+r;rpaKk; nfhz;l njhil

nka; vz;fspd; njhil

Neu; nka; vz;fspd; njhil

62

Neu;nka; vz;fSk; g+r;rpaKk; nfhz;l njhil

n klq;Ffs;

rpf;fy; vz;fspd; njhil

njhilg;gpupT

Kiwikj; njhilg;gpupT

njhilg;gpuptd;W

Kiwikj; njhilg;gpuptd;W

xd;wpg;G

,ilntl;L

[a,b] %ba Mapil

(a,b] Mapil

[a, b) Mapil

(a, b) jpwe;j Mapil

njhlu;G R ;,dhy; y, ,w;F njhlu;GgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ

,w;F rktYthdJ (rktd;ikj; njhlu;Gfspy;)

2. gytpd FwpaPLfs;

= rkd;

rkdd;W

ru;trkd; my;yJ xUq;fpirT

mz;zsthf rkd;

rkTUthdJ

tpfpjrkd;

rpwpJ

63

rpwpJ my;yJ rkd; ngupjd;W

ngupJ

ngupJ my;yJ rkd; rpwpjd;W

Kbtpyp

md;W

p cl;fpil q (p vdpd; q)

p ,UKf cl;fpil q ( ,w;F rktYthdJ vdpd;> kl;Lk;

p my;yJ qp ck; q ck;

vz;Nfhl;by; jpwe;j Mapil

vz;Nfhl;by; %ba Mapil

3. nra;iffs;

a + b IAk; IAk; $l;Ljy; rf

a - b ,ypUe;J If; fopj;jy; ra

vd;gtw;wpd; ngUf;fk;

I My; gpupj;jy;

vd;gtw;wpd; tpfpjk;

a1 + a

2 + 3a + . . . . + a

n

nka;naz; ,d; Neu;tu;f;f%yk;

nka;naz; ,d; kl;L

64

n! fhuzpak;

<UWg;Gf;Fzfk;

nghUl;fspypUe;J xU Kiwapy; vLj;j nghUl;fspd; tupir khw;wk;

nghUl;fspypUe;J nghUl;fis xU Kiwapy; vLg;gjw;fhd Nru;khdk;

4. rhu;Gfs;

f rhu;G

f(x) x ,y; rhu;G f ,d; ngWkhdk;f : A B rhu;G f ,d; fPo;> A apd; xt;nthU %yfKk; njhil B ,y; tpk;gj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

f : x y rhu;G f ,d; fPo;> %yfk; x MdJ y ,w;F glkhf;fg;gL fpwJ.

rhu;G f ,d; Neu;khW

gof f ,dJk; Nru;j;jpr;rhu;Ggof (x) = g ( f (x) ) vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ

vy;iy f (x) x MdJ mZf f (x) ,d; vy;iy

x ,dJ xU Vw;wk;

x If; Fwpj;J y ,d; ngWjp

x If; Fwpj;J y ,d;

n

MtJ ngWjp

65

x If; Fwpj;J f (x) ,d; KjyhtJ> ,uz;lhtJ ...n MtJ ngWjpfs;

x If; Fwpj;J y ,d; tiuawhj njhifaPL

x ,d; ngWkhdk; a ,w;Fk; y ,w;Fkpilapy;

,Uf;ifapy; y ,d; tiuaWj;j njhifaPL Neuj;ijf; Fwpj;J x ,d; Kjyhk;> ,uz;lhk;> ...

ngWjpfs;

5. mLf;Ff; Fwpr; rhu;GfSk; klf;ifr; rhu;GfSk;

,aw;if klf;ifapd; mb

x ,dJ mLf;Ff;Fwpr; rhu;G

x ,d; mb ,yhd klf;if

x ,d; ,aw;if klf;if

x ,d; mb 10 ,d; klf;if

6. tl;lr; rhu;Gfs;

tl;lr; rhu;Gfs;

Neu;khW tl;lr; rhu;Gfs;

66

7. rpf;fy; vz;fs;

i -1 ,d; tu;f;f%yk;

Z xU rpf;fy; vz;>

Re Z Z ,d; nka;g;gFjp

Im Z Z ,d; fw;;gidg;gFjp, Im (x+iy) = y

Z ,d; kl;L

arg Z Z ,d; tPry;

Arg Z Z ,d; jiyik tPry;

Z-1 Z ,d; rpf;fy; cld;Gzup

8. jhaq;fs;

M M jhak;

M-1 rJuj;jhak; M ,d; Neu;khW

MT jhak; M ,d; epiykhw;W

det M rJuj;jhak; M ,d; JzpNfhit

67

9. fhtpfs;fhtp

fhtp gUkdpYk; jpirapYk; jpir nfhz;l Nfhl;Lj; Jz;lk; AB My; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ

fhtp ,d; jpirapy; myFf;fhtp

njf;fhl;bapd; Ms;$w;Wf;fs; topNa myFf;fhtpfs;

fhtp ,d; gUkd;

fhtp AB ,d; gUkd;

, ,d; vz;zpg; ngUf;fk;

, ,d; fhtpg; ngUf;fk;

vd;gtw;wpd; Kk;ik vz;zpg; ngUf;fk;

10. epfo;jfTk; Gs;sptpgutpaYk;

A , B, C Mfpad epfo;r;rpfs;

epfo;r;rpfs; A apdJk; B apdJk; xd;wpg;Gepfo;r;rpfs; A apdJk; B apdJk; ,ilntl;L

P(A) epfo;r;rp A apd; epfo;jfTA1 epfo;r;rp A apd; epug;gp> A my;y vd;w epfo;r;rp

epfo;r;rp B epfo;e;Js;sJ vd jug;gbd;> epfo;r;rp A epfo;tjw;fhd epfo;jfT

vOkhw;W khwpfs;

vOkhw;W khwpfs; ,d; ngWkhdq;fs;x

1, x

2, . . . mtjhdpg;Gfs;

f1, f

2 , . . . mtjhdpg;Gfs; x

1, x

2 . . . eilngWk; kPs;jpwd;fs;

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final combined maths tamil - nienie.lk/pdffiles/tg/t12syl53.pdf · 1 nju;r;rp nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;....

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