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MARCOResearch and Innovation Action (RIA)
This project has received funding from the EuropeanUnion's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme
under grant agreement No 730272.
Start date : 2016-11-01 Duration : 24 Months
Final definition, taxonomy and report
Authors : Mr. Steve HOWARD (KMatrix), Sarah Howard (kMatrix)
MARCO - D2.3 - Issued on 2018-12-08 17:41:36 by KMatrix
MARCO - D2.3 - Issued on 2018-12-08 17:41:36 by KMatrix
MARCO - Contract Number: 730272MArket Research for a Climate Services Observatory
Document title Final definition, taxonomy and report
Author(s) Mr. Steve HOWARD, Sarah Howard (kMatrix)
Number of pages 403
Document type Deliverable
Work Package WP2
Document number D2.3
Issued by KMatrix
Date of completion 2018-12-08 17:41:36
Dissemination level Public
Summary
This report is the first update of the MARCO Climate Services market, from 2016/17 data in D2.2 to 2017/18 data in this report.The market is measured independently of the D2.2 figures, but use the same taxonomy in order to begin the process ofcontinuous reporting.
Approval
Date By
2018-12-08 20:31:54 Dr. Joerg CORTEKAR (HGF/HZG)
2018-12-10 15:14:10 Dr. Thanh-Tam LE (CKIC)
MARCO - D2.3 - Issued on 2018-12-08 17:41:36 by KMatrix
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730272. The content in this document reflects only the views of
the authors. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the
information it contains.
Table of Content
1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 6
1.1 Research Objectives…………………………………………………………………….6
1.2 Defining the Weather & Climate Services Sector……………………………….7
1.3 Defining "Commercial" Weather and Climate Services……………..10
1.4 Segmenting Commercial Weather and Climate Services…………..11
1.5 The Question of Definition……………………………………………………………..14
1.6 What is Actually Being Measured? …………………………………………….…..17
1.7 Industry Glossary……………………………………….…………………………………19
1.8 Market Glossary……………………………………………………………………………22
2 Methodology and Measures……………………………………………………….. 24
2.1 Research Methodology……………………………………………………………...24
2.2 Defining the Key Measures ………………………………………………….…… 25
3 Uses for Weather and Climate Services ………………………………….29
4 Global Weather and Climate Services……………………………….……..32
4.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….…….32
4.2 Weather & Climate Services Historic Growth……………………….…….32
4.3 Climate and Weather Services by Data Platform……….……….…….33
4.4 Climate and Weather Services by Service Type…………….……….….34
4.5 Weather and Climate Services by Industry…………………………….….36
4.6 Weather and Climate Services by Industry and Markets …….……42
4.7 Weather and Climate Services by NACE Codes………….…………….….46
4.8 Weather and Climate Services by NACE Codes and Markets……..50
4.9 Global Market Segmentation……………………………………….………………..55
4.10 Global Growth………………………………………………………….………………..65
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December 2018 Page 2 of 403
5 International Weather and Climate Service………………………………..66
5.1 International Weather and Climate Services..…………………………..66
5.2 European Union for Climate and Weather Services….……………………...72
6 Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………..85
1.3 General Comments…………………………………………….……….……………..85
1.3 General Findings……………………………………………….……….……………..86
7 Bibliograpy…………………………………………………………………………………88
Appendix A: Industry Markets………………………………………………………….89
Appendix B: NACE Code Markets………………………………………………………92
Appendix C: Selected Sources…………………………………………………………..95
Appendix D: Confidence Levels………………………………………………………100
Appendix E: Global Industry Analysis for Climate Services…………….103
Appendix F: Global Market Values by Inudstry and NACE Code…… 157
Appendix G: Global NACE Code Analysis for Climate Services…………165
Appendix H: Industries and NACE Code by Platform and Service for
Climate Services…………………………………………………………………………… 199
Appendix I: Global Country Analysis for Climate Services………………202
Appendix J: EU Country Dashboards for Climate Services………………208
Appendix K: EU Country Tables for Climate Services……………………..348
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December 2018 Page 3 of 403
List of Figures Page
Figure 1: Confidence Levels for Platform by Key Measure……………………………………………………28
Figure 2: Confidence Levels for Service by Key Measure………………………………………………………28
Figure 3: Confidence Levels for Industry by Key Measure…………………………………………………….28
Figure 4: Frequency of Climate Service Uses………………………………………………………………………..30 Figure 5: Weather & Climate Services €m……………………………………………………………………………32 Figure 6: Weather Services €m……………………………………………………………………………………………32 Figure 7: Climate Services €m……………………………………………………………………………………………..33
Figure 8: Value by Data Platform €m………………………………………………………………………….………..34
Figure 9: Transaction Volume by Data Platform……………………………………………………….…………..34
Figure 10: Value by Service Type Climate and Weather Services €m………………………….………….35
Figure 11: Value by Service Type CS and WS Transactions……………………………………………………35 Figure 12: Climate Services Historical Growth Trend for Service Types €m…………………………...36
Figure 13: Climate and Weather Services by Industry End-User €m………………………………………37
Figure 14: Climate and Weather Services by Industry End-User %..........................................................38
Figure 15: Industrial split by Climate and Weather Services………………………………………………….40 Figure 16: Historical Climate Services Sales by Industry €m………………………………………………….41 Figure 17: Top 10 Industries for CS split by Market €m 2017/18…………………………………………..42 Figure 18: Top 10 Industries for WS split by Market €m 2017/18…………………………………………44
Figure 19: Climate and Weather Services by NACE Code End-User €m…………………………………..47
Figure 20: Climate and Weather Services by NACE End-User %................................................................48
Figure 21: NACE Code split by Climate and Weather Services………………………………………………..49 Figure 22: Historical Climate Services Sales by NACE Code €m……………………………………………...50 Figure 23: Top 10 NACE Codes for CS split by Market €m 2017/18………………………………………..51
Figure 24: Top 10 NACE Codes for WS split by Market €m 2017/18………………………………………53
Figure 25: Top 10 Industries by Service Type for CS 2017/18 (%)…………………………………………57
Figure 26: Top 10 Industries by Service Type for WS 2017/18 (%)………………………………………..59
Figure 27: Top 10 NACE Codes by Service Type for CS 2017/18 (%)……………………………………...62
Figure 28: Top 10 NACE Codes by Service Type for WS 2017/18 (%)…………………………………….64
Figure 29: Forecast Global Annual Growth in W&CS (%) to 2024/25……………………………………..65
Figure 30: Forecast Global Annual Growth in CS and WS (%) to 2024/25………………………………65
Figure 31: Weather & Climate Services Sales by Global Region 2017/18………………………………..66
Figure 32: CS and WS Sales Compared by Global Region 2017/18…………………………………………67
Figure 33: Top 15 Countries for Climate Services 2017/18 €m……………………………………………..68
Figure 34: Top 15 Countries for Weather Services 2017/18 €m……………………………………………69
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December 2018 Page 4 of 403
Figure 35: Top 15 Countries for CS Imports and Exports 2017/18 €m …………………………………..70
Figure 36: Top 15 Countries for WS Imports and Exports 2017/18 €m………………………………….71
Figure 37: EU 28 Countries for Climate and Weather Services 2017/18 €m……………………………72
Figure 38: EU 28 Countries for CS and WS 2017/18 Imports and Exports €m………………………...73
Figure 39: EU 28 Countries for CS and WS by Platform 2017/18 €m……………………………………...73
Figure 40: EU 28 Countries Import/Export Data for CS by Platform 2017/18 €m…………………...74
Figure 41: EU 28 Countries Import/Export Data for WS by Platform 2017/18 €m………………….74
Figure 42: EU 28 Countries for CS and WS by Service 2017/18 €m………………………………………...75
Figure 43: EU 28 Countries for CS and WS by Service 2017/18 Transactions………………………….76
Figure 44: EU 28 Countries Import/Export Data for CS by Service 2017/18 €m……………………..76
Figure 45: EU 28 Countries Import/Export Data for WS by Service 2017/18 €m……………………77
Figure 46: EU 28 Countries for CS and WS by Industry 2017/18 €m………………………………………78
Figure 47: EU 28 Countries Import/Export Data for CS by Industry 2017/18 €m…………………...78
Figure 48: EU 28 Countries Import/Export Data for CS by Industry 2017/18 €m…………………...79
Figure 49: EU 28 Countries for CS and WS by NACE Code 2017/18 €m………………………………….80
Figure 50: EU 28 Countries Import/Export Data for CS by NACE Code 2017/18 €m……………….81
Figure 51: EU 28 Countries Import/Export Data for WS by NACE Code 2017/18 €m………………82
List of Tables Page
Table 1: Example Taxonomy………………………………………………………….……………………………………..14
Table 2: Example Taxonomy with NACE Coding……………………………………………………………………16
Table 3: Markets with the Broadest Range of Climate Services Needs…………………………………….31
Table 4: Top 20 Global Climate Services Markets 2016/17 €m………………………………………………43
Table 5: Top 20 Global Weather Services Markets 2016/17 €m……………………………………………..45
Table 6: Top 20 Global Climate Services Markets 2016/17 €m………………………………………………52
Table 7: Top 20 Global Weather Services Markets 2016/17 €m …………………………………………….54
Table 8: Industry by Service Type for Climate Services 2016/17 €m……………………………………...56
Table 9: Industry by Service Type for Weather Services 2016/17 €m…………………………………….58
Table 10: NACE Code by Service Type for Climate Services 2016/17 €m………………………………..61
Table 11: NACE Code by Service Type for Weather Services 2016/17 €m………………………………63
Table 12: Summary Table 28 EU Countries 2016/17……………………………………………………………..83
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Introductory Notes to this Report
This report is submitted as a deliverable for the MARCO project - to provide the final definition,
taxonomy and report, updated from the 2016/17 data submitted in D2.2.
As for D2.2, the focus is on the Climate Services market, but with reference to Weather Services.
As in the previous 2016/17 market report (D2.2), the data in this report is based on transactional
information and only commercial services.
This report provides an updated view of the Climate Services market, following on from the 2016/17
data provided in D2.2, it begins the on-going monitoring of the Climate Services market, in line with
the MARCO current definition of the market.
This report is an update of the report for the 2016/17 delivered in D2.2 and has no changes to the
structure of the taxonomy or the reporting process, in order to allow for a direct comparison with
the previous year’s data. This is especially relevant to historical market figures as changes to the
taxonomy resulted in data only being available for the previous 2 years, this updated report now
allows for a 3-year historical trend.
Notes related to kMatrix data:
This report is a report presenting the Growth Forecasting for the Climate Services market. It is a
market data report and contains no non-market mapping or documentation. kMatrix Data Services
Ltd is a private commercial company from the U.K. who specialise in providing market data (Sales
figures, employment, companies, growth and other metrics) to National and Regional Governments,
major research institutions, major corporates, investors and others worldwide. All sales figures
relate to the private sector and not the public sector. All figures are for the Total Market and not a
sample of the market. All figures are produced by the kMatrix proprietary process, which is unique
in its field. The process itself will not the published, but ancillary methodology is available in D2.1
and D2.2. In all kMatrix reports, “Demand and Supply” refers to commissioned projects and sales where there is a monetary transaction.
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1 Introduction
Deliverable 2.3 (final definition, taxonomy and report for 2017/18) updates the previous 2016/17
report (D2.2) for the global, EU28 (by whole and individual EU country) Climate Services market.
As for D2.1 and D2.2, we will also include references to Weather Services (WS) and calculate the
total Weather and Climate Services (W&CS) market (showing CS as a % of the total). But the main
focus will be on Climate Services (CS).
1.1 Research Objectives
This report has been prepared for the MARCO project as an update to deliverable 2.2, which was an
update and extension of deliverable 2.1, which was itself and update of the original research in 2011
conducted on behalf of the UK Space Agency, the Met Office, the Natural Environment Research
Council (NERC) and its industrial partners.
This report updates the 2016/17 market information from D2.2, to 2017/18 market figures.
It provides global information on the Weather and Climate Services, Weather Services and Climate
Services markets for various measures. It also looks specifically at the 28 countries of the European
Union (EU) within a global marketplace.
The original research objectives have been maintained for this update/upgrade and were to:
• Measure the global Weather and Climate Services market in its entirety (not just for earth
observation data from Space, although this is an important component)
• Identify how market needs are currently being met in terms of data platforms and services
• Identify which industries are driving the demand for Weather and Climate Services
This study measures the global commercial markets for data, information and software services that
help to mitigate or manage risks arising from existing climate conditions or from possible climate
change. These services range from proactive forecasting to preventive planning to disaster response
activities and can be either short term (e.g. weather forecasting), long term (e.g. population
displacement due to flooding or desertification) or both (e.g. planning for renewable energy
infrastructure).
This study distinguishes between commercial and non-commercial Weather and Climate Services.
Governments invest significantly in the infrastructure and research necessary to provide Weather
and Climate Services and in return receive data and services from a range of non-commercial bodies
possessing in-house, value-adding expertise. Many of these services are then freely shared with
other public and private sector organisations.
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But this public investment in infrastructure and research also supports a commercial aftermarket for
Weather and Climate Services that extends the uses of, and adds value to, the freely available data
and analysis. This is where new or bespoke needs arise, where external verification rather that
internal opinion is required or where the internal expertise does not exist to process and apply the
available data or analysis.
There is an increasing pressure on public service providers to justify public investment. There is also
increasing pressure to engage users and develop and deliver new and relevant services, which
include external verification. This leads to a need for better understanding of the balance between
private and publicly available services and the differentiated nature of that balance within Europe
and beyond.
So, while the original research was motivated by an interest in the exploration of commercial after-
markets for data derived from earth observation satellites, the context for the research required a
comprehensive analysis of all complementary and competing sources of data for Weather and
Climate Services markets.
This report starts by analyzing the Weather & Climate Services sector as defined by the MARCO
project and then focuses upon a deeper analysis of Climate Services and an ongoing comparison
with Weather Services, with the inclusion of Import and Export data.
1.2 Defining the Weather & Climate Services Sector
The original research focused on Weather and Climate Services and while the debate has progressed
and Climate Services is now a focus for European Research, the context of the research still remains
largely unchanged.
Weather Services are the better known of the two and the difference between them is still much
debated. In its simplest form, the difference between the two relates to the duration of time the
data and service relates to i.e. a short-term solution (e.g. do I irrigate my crops this week?) relies on
weather forecasting while a solution set further into the future (e.g. what is the likelihood of
persistent crop failure leading to food shortages?) relies on longer term climate data. In reality,
Weather Services and Climate Services are two points on a single continuum and many organisations
require both sets of information, although (as Section 4 demonstrates) different industries use both
Weather Services and Climate Services in different proportions. At different points in Sections 4 and
5 of this report the terms Weather & Climate Services sector (the totality), Weather Services and
Climate Services will be used. While Climate Services is the focus of interest for MARCO, comparison
with Weather Services is critical to understanding the context within which needs are defined and
purchases are undertaken.
From the user’s perspective weather services and climate services are a single continuum of
services, with both types of service being required by many (if not most) users. The decision-making
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perspective makes this situation even more obvious, where there is a need to deal with the existing
adaptation deficit and current climate variability and change (including extremes) through to the
implications of a changing climate. The user’s perspective of a single continuum of services also reflects the implications of mainstreaming adaptation.
Weather services and Climate services are being separated because market evidence shows that
weather services are often procured as a separate item, if not an initial item before the procurement
of climate services. This is partly due to much procurement in this sector being driven by corporate
governance in major corporates for example. From a market data point of view, the two services
really are separate at this time.
Climate Services is a less well-known term and needs more explanation. The term "Climate Services"
was actively promoted by the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) at the World Climate
Conference in 2009 as part of a "Global Framework for Climate Services." Since then various
attempts have been made to define the purpose (if not the content) of Climate Services. Definitions
of purpose generally include reference to "providing information or tools" to "decision makers" to
help "mitigate, adapt to or manage risks" arising from "existing climatic conditions or from possible
climate change". Both meteorological and hydrological data and services are included within the
definition of Climate Services.
The various definitions include references to proactive forecasting, preventive planning and disaster
response activities and these can include both short term (weather forecasting) and long term
(population displacement due to desertification) problem solving.
The World Meteorological Organisation1identifies some of the many reasons why Climate Services
are important to both the public and private sectors. These include:
• Anticipating changes to water quality, availability and demand
• Responding to water-related risks from extreme events
• Planning for natural disasters that may lead to crop failure and food insecurity
• Managing population displacement (migration) due to extreme events or climate change
• Supply planning for energy demand (investments in generation/distribution systems)
• Forecasting seasonal conditions for the generation of renewable energies based upon wind,
solar and wave power
• Anticipating the impact of weather conditions or climate change on high-dependency resorts for
tourism, hospitality and some aspects of travel
1 www.wmo.int
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• Urban planning - what to build, where, how and to what specification based upon changing
conditions
• Planning where to site transport infrastructure and hubs
• Minimizing operational disruptions to air, land and sea travel.
The original market research adopted the broadest definition of purpose for Weather and Climate
Services (including all of the above solutions) and translated this into a wide range of related market
activities that underpin and deliver upon that purpose. Hence the segmentation within this research
report into Weather Services and Climate Services, data platforms, service types, industries and
markets.
The research started with a hypothetical model of the Weather & Climate Services sector and then
searched for data to either support or amend this model. The result was a pragmatic statement on
Weather and Climate Services i.e. it only includes an activity and data where there is enough useful
evidence to support it. The segmentation and headings used for the various activities within
Weather and Climate Services are mostly derived from the data sources themselves (i.e. the user-
industries) and from a need to group the evidence in a meaningful and hierarchical format.
This market segmentation does deliver a quantitative baseline for the Weather & Climate Services
sector (as shown by Sections 4 and 5 of this report) but it does not reflect or give a flavour of the full
scope of forecasting, planning, reporting etc. activities that are conducted increasingly across many
industries under the broad "umbrella" of Weather and Climate Services. To reflect the broad "needs"
that Weather and Climate Services meets, the research included a brief "audit" of industry activities
that, unlike the main body of the research, is unquantified. These "uses" are described in more detail
in Section 32 and remain relevant enough to not require immediate updating.
Once the original research was underway, it became clear that Weather Services and Climate
Services should in some way be separated out for analysis. Unfortunately, most of the purchasing
data sources used to compile the research data was not always clear about whether they were
seeking a Weather or Climate-related solution. Therefore, the research data was split according to:
• Whether the purchaser thought that the purchase was Weather or Climate-related (i.e. it has
Weather or Climate in the title), or
• Without Weather or Climate in the title, could the purchase or intent be identified as a short-
term solution to a weather sensitive issue or as a longer-term challenge.
2 A Eurisy publication "30 Regions, Cities and SMEs Share Good Practice" Oct 2011 includes local examples where earth
observation data in used to response to challenges in the Energy, Environmental, Agricultural and Forestry sectors.
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So, the original split between Weather Services and Climate Services was a pragmatic amalgam of
intent and timescale. Since 2011 the data sources to support this research have increased in both
quality and quantity. There is still, however, clearly uncertainty in end-user markets about the
differences between the two types of services. So, separating the two sets of services in data terms
is still part-science/part-art.
1.3 Defining "Commercial" Weather and Climate Services
In the original research, there was also a need to distinguish between commercial and non-
commercial Weather and Climate Services. Governments invest significantly in the infrastructure
and research necessary to provide short and long-term Weather and Climate Service data (from air,
land, sea or space), tools and analysis and in return receive (and share) data and services free of
charge. So, a large proportion of the Weather and Climate Services market includes free data, tools
and analysis that are "internalized" by public and private sector customers for their own purposes.
This report does not attempt to quantify these services, although the money invested in them is
substantial3.
But this investment in infrastructure and research also supports a commercial aftermarket for
Weather and Climate Services that extends the uses of, and adds value to, the freely available data
and analysis. This is where new or bespoke needs arise, where external verification rather that
internal opinion is required or where the internal expertise does not exist to process and apply the
available data or analysis.
So, this research is NOT intended to be an assessment of public sector investments in Weather and
Climate research, but an analysis of the traceable commercial "after-market" that follows on from
these investments, the resulting research and subsequent national and international policy agendas.
The research is based upon a complex methodology that uses multiple sources of data to derive
statistically significant market numbers in terms of value (€m), volume (transactions) and market
growth (%). This is described in more detail in Section 3. This methodology has been applied to
many "difficult-to-measure" industry activities including other space-related opportunities for earth
observation like Carbon Markets. Following the advice given at a UK Space Conference (2011) the
focus is on uncovering "markets that do not have Space in the title."
Since 2011 this research methodology has been applied to equally complex sectors and markets like
climate change adaptation, the green economy, geo-services, cyber security and design.
3 More information about global initiatives to leverage current levels of public investment into more effective and widely
available Climate Services (for humanitarian and economic purposes) can find this at www.wmo.int and in the WMO
publication- "Global Framework for Climate Services" 2009.
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1.4 Segmenting Commercial Weather and Climate Services
It was recognized that many of the Weather and Climate Service solutions identified above often
required multiple services, multiple data sources and may be conducted over several years by
several suppliers. These services may be purchased as a single contract or as several services
combined.
The first MARCO report (D2.1) reported on the individual data platforms, however through the
MARCO project, another platform called “Mixed Services” has been added, which was reported in
the second report (D2.2) and is reported again in this report (D2.3).
The research segments the Weather and Climate Services Aftermarket in a variety of ways. The first
is by data platform, where the options are now Airborne, Land, Marine, Space and Mixed Services:
Air Services
Refers to earth observation via airborne systems - Fixed & Rotary
winged manned and unmanned aircraft and air ships
Land Services
Refers to earth observation via land-based systems like land-based
radar, weather stations, atmospheric sampling and arctic survey.
Marine Services
Refers to earth observation via Sea-based systems i.e. marine craft both
surface and underwater, buoys and sea bed systems
Space Services
Mixed Services
Refers to earth observation via Space craft-based systems - Including
satellites and space stations.
Refers to a mixture or combination of the other four platforms.
The second level of segmentation is by service type, of which there are eight that can be fully
differentiated and quantified. These are:
Advisory Services
Advisory services, risk assessment and decision support tools
provided to public and private sector organisations relevant to global
weather, climate and climate change. For example, risk assessment
for the long-term location of nuclear power stations.
Data Management
Provision of calibrated data sets, data archiving, data certification
and data sales for global weather, climate and climate change
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applications. For example, the provision of validated data sets to
consultancies for further analysis.
Measurement
Instruments and technologies for measurement and calibration for
global weather, climate and climate change applications. For
example, the provision of assistance and advice in the assembly of
sensing arrays for ground-based weather stations.
Modelling
Modelling of data, both certified and non-certified for global
weather, climate and climate change. For example, the modelling of
collated data from the arctic survey in order to predict the most
likely rate of degradation of the polar ice cap.
Operation
Collection and provision of raw data for global weather, climate and
climate change applications i.e. the provision of raw data to media
weather centres.
Other Consulting
Consulting services for global weather, climate and climate change
not elsewhere covered i.e. the provision of advice on corporate
statements to share-holders on corporate policy towards climate
change. "Other Consulting" often includes more general consulting
services about corporate responses to the challenges arising from
specific weather and climate data (whether purchased separately or
processed internally) and also more specialist services (incorporation
of new data sets).
Processing & Re-Analysis
Provision of data analysis and retrieval services including data mining
tools, for global weather, climate and climate change i.e. the
provision of essential climate variable models to academia.
Publication
General publication of analysis findings for global weather, climate
and climate change i.e. the assembly of publications on climate
forecasts based on data and analysis for both private and public
sector organisations.
The research measured each of these services individually, although it is well known that the
different services complement one another and are often purchased together.
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Each service type was then segmented into Industries that reflected WHERE in the global economy
they were being purchased. An assessment of the data sources and collaboration with MARCO
partners has enabled us to identify 27 broad Industry/economic sectors that reflect the full range of
current Weather and Climate Services interests. These are listed below and described in more detail
in the Glossary.
• Agriculture
• Biotech
• Built Environment
• Business Services
• Communications
• Civil Engineering Sector
NEC
• Defence
• Education & Training
• Exploration, Mines and
Quarries
• Food & Drink
• Forestry & Timber
• Health Care &
Hospitals
• Hospitality
• Legal & Financial
• Logistics
• Manufacturing
• News Publishing and
Journalism
• Not Elsewhere
Classified
• Processing Industry NEC
• Operational Services
• Pharmaceuticals
• Public & Charitable
• Renewable Energy
• Research & Development
• Retailing & Wholesale
• Tourism & Leisure
• Utilities
It was felt that analysis at the Industry level might be too "broad brush" so these in turn were
segmented into more easily understood or more accessible markets (138 in total). These markets are
listed at Appendix A and some of the less obvious ones are described in more detail in the Glossary.
D2.2 saw the inclusion of 380 applications as a new column to the dataset and sub-divided according
to the previous activity heading of Advisory, Data Management, Measurement, Modelling,
Operations, Consulting, Publications and Processing, Re-analysis etc. Applications are effectively
solutions that draw on data/information from a range of sources (Land, Satellite, Air and Sea), which
is why the “Mixed” category was added to the platform list. These alterations from the first report
(D2.1) are still in place in this update.
By combining the different segments of Weather and Climate Services (Platform, Service, Industry
and Market) a data template of 6815 market options was created and then populated for 181
countries (45 countries returned no data) to create the global analysis. Since 2011, the research
sources have improved to the point that now data is available on almost all countries.
The global analysis of this data is the focus of Section 4 of this report, where the Weather & Climate
Services sector is measured for value, transactional volume and growth and differentiated by
platform, service, industry and market.
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In Section 5 the focus is at the international level, (28 countries of the EU) identifying the key
economies for Weather and Climate Services. As this is a baseline analysis to create a context for
further and deeper study of Climate Service needs and delivery, evidence outweighs commentary.
But it is hoped that evidence will provoke commentary based upon experience and new market
feedback.
Following on from the detailed quantitative analysis in Sections 4 and 5 of the original research,
Section 6 presents several findings and observations that relate both to the compilation and analysis
of the Weather and Climate Services data set. This section remains relevant to the issues of
quantifying a “difficult” sector like Weather & Climate Services and is essentially unchanged from
D2.1.
1.5 The Question of Definition
Throughout the MARCO project there has consistently been a question over the definition of what
constitutes a “Climate Service”. The old adage of “climate is what you expect, and weather is what
you get”, although amusing, is a fairly good illustration of the difference between climate and
weather services. Information regarding climate allows the user to prepare for the weather they are
likely to experience as a result. These services include data from national and international
databases on rainfall, temperature, wind, soil moisture and ocean conditions on the simplistic side,
to more complicated maps, risk and vulnerability analyses, assessments and long-term forecasts.
These are what we consider to be core competencies within the climate services sector. Often these
data are also combined with socio-economic factors such as health trends, population distributions,
infrastructure maps etc as value added to the core data. Every value added is a climate service in its
own right and so the data morphs into more complicated reporting.
The information needs to be produced, interpreted and delivered to the client during the process of
providing a climate service, which then can be used to inform decision making and climate-smart
policy and planning development. Although there are companies, such as major corporations who
will currently commission a climate service report to appease shareholders (and often leave it on a
shelf) others apply the valuable knowledge within and corporate governance is likely to drive take-
up of climate services as they become more mainstream in more sectors.
In terms of the qualitative data provided by kMatrix for the MARCO project, it is produced from a
taxonomy which resembles a biological taxonomic rank, table 1 gives an example of part of the
taxonomy for the Agriculture industry.
Table 1: Example Taxonomy
Platform Industry Market Service
Space Services Agriculture Arable Measurement
Space Services Agriculture Arable Operation
Space Services Agriculture Arable Data Management
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Space Services Agriculture Arable Processing, Re-analysis and Interpretation
Space Services Agriculture Arable Modelling
Space Services Agriculture Arable Climate Advisory Services
Space Services Agriculture Arable Other Consulting
Space Services Agriculture Arable Publication
Space Services Agriculture Livestock Measurement
Space Services Agriculture Livestock Operation
Space Services Agriculture Livestock Data Management
Space Services Agriculture Livestock Processing, Re-analysis and Interpretation
Space Services Agriculture Livestock Modelling
Space Services Agriculture Livestock Climate Advisory Services
Space Services Agriculture Livestock Other Consulting
Space Services Agriculture Livestock Publication
Land Based Services Agriculture Arable Measurement
Land Based Services Agriculture Arable Operation
Land Based Services Agriculture Arable Data Management
Land Based Services Agriculture Arable Processing, Re-analysis and Interpretation
Land Based Services Agriculture Arable Modelling
Land Based Services Agriculture Arable Climate Advisory Services
Land Based Services Agriculture Arable Other Consulting
Land Based Services Agriculture Arable Publication
Land Based Services Agriculture Livestock Measurement
Land Based Services Agriculture Livestock Operation
Land Based Services Agriculture Livestock Data Management
Land Based Services Agriculture Livestock Processing, Re-analysis and Interpretation
Land Based Services Agriculture Livestock Modelling
Land Based Services Agriculture Livestock Climate Advisory Services
Land Based Services Agriculture Livestock Other Consulting
Land Based Services Agriculture Livestock Publication
The section of the taxonomy listed in table 1 is to illustrate how the taxonomy is built, using an
uncomplicated industry which has only two markets. This is not the full taxonomy for Agriculture, it
is replicated for the other platforms (airborne services, marine in situ and mixed). Every metric is
then calculated for every line of data, which is how the taxonomy is built, looking at the sector from
the bottom up – looking at the core components and those in the chain of supply to build the sector.
By calculating all metrics at this level of detail, we build the sector taxonomy based on expert
consultation at the time, which is usually a continuous process throughout updates (annual,
quarterly, on demand etc).
The taxonomy produced for the MARCO project is the current MARCO definition of climate services,
produced in collaboration with the partners of the project. The taxonomy is produced in a flexible
way, so the definition can be altered over time as the sector develops. The apparent confusion
within the wider climate services sector surrounding what is “in” or “out” of the sector is a perfectly normal part of the process as a new sector develops. Although there is very little that is new in
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terms of climate services, most of the information and services have been provided for a long time,
their applications and labelling as “climate services” is new. Growth in the market will occur as the sector itself develops and determines what is included. The benefit of using a “bottom up” approach to building a sector taxonomy is that new products or services can be added to the taxonomy, or
current ones removed, to shape the data as those in the industry deem to be current. Future
taxonomies can be retro-fit to previous years, so that even when a taxonomy is altered, data for
previous years can be provided (in most cases). The taxonomy was updated and improved from D2.1
the initial definition, taxonomy and report, to produce D2.2 the interim definition, taxonomy and
report, which provided three years of back-dated reporting for the financial years 2014/15, 2015/16
and 2016/17. This report, D2.3 the Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report provides the first update
to 2017/18 of the current MARCO taxonomy.
The final definition in D2.3 is the same taxonomy as for D2.2 in order to avoid confusion for readers
and to provide consistency in results for this project. In reality, the taxonomy can and should change
as the sector develops.
Another layer of complexity was overlaid by mapping to NACE Code, table 2 gives a shortened
version of the taxonomy in table 1, but with the addition of a NACE Code.
Table 2: Example Taxonomy with NACE Coding
Platform Industry Market Service NACE Code
Space Services Agriculture Arable Measurement Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing
Space Services Agriculture Arable Operation Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing
Space Services Agriculture Arable Data Management Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing
Space Services Agriculture Arable Processing, Re-analysis
and Interpretation
Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing
Space Services Agriculture Arable Modelling Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing
Space Services Agriculture Arable Climate Advisory Services Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing
Space Services Agriculture Arable Other Consulting Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing
Space Services Agriculture Arable Publication Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing
Space Services Agriculture Livestock Measurement Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing
Etc….. Etc….. Etc….. Etc….. Etc…..
Currently the NACE Code system does not cater for every activity within the MARCO project, but it
does cater to the vast majority of them, with the resulting un-coded activities being a very small
proportion of the market. This is likely to change over time, as the sector develops. Arguably the
taxonomy could, in future, also be coded to take into consideration other coding systems such as
SIC, NAICS and other systems.
There is a certain degree of “data mis-match” between the case studies and the quantitative data provided by the taxonomy and kMatrix. The list of industries used for the case studies is (by
necessity of available information or lack thereof) slightly different to those of the MARCO taxonomy
used to generate the transactional data. This is predominantly due to definition of industries and
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the market data (both qualitative and quantitative) which is currently available in the sector. The
qualitative data looks at the market to generate its information in a different way to the kMatrix
process, neither is superior in that regard and as the sector matures and definitions are more
certain, the gap between the two will narrow. The MARCO project has attempted to better define
the previously very hazily edged climate services sector and it would be unrealistic for the project to
have perfectly mastered the art in one attempt. As mentioned previously, the taxonomy is a work in
progress and deliberately flexible for future development. It deliberately encompasses as much
market as possible, with as many services and activities as are deemed “Climate Services” by the industry itself. The rationale behind this approach is simple: it is easier to take something out, than
to add it. Future taxonomy updates can be brought closer to the sector definitions used in the case
studies and likewise, future qualitative reporting can be brought closer to the quantitative data. This
is a sector which is notoriously difficult to map, measure and define. As such there is, to a certain
extent, a line of best fit between the definition of industries and markets for both the quantitative
and qualitative aspects of the MARCO project. This is in itself not a bad thing. Users of the
observatory themselves will also have different definitions and available information, by the nature
of the sector and its early stage of development, so it is no surprise that the same is true within the
project itself.
In summary, the definition used by the MARCO project remains a contentious issue, which is natural
and to be expected in a hard to define, let alone hard to measure new growth sector, but the data
and the reporting structures have been developed to allow for this fluidity. Theoretically it would be
possible for users to define their own version of the sector, to include or discount activities which
are of interest or relevant to them at a very fine level of detail, but this level of complexity is
currently out of scope for the MARCO project.
1.6 What is Actually Being Measured?
The taxonomy provides a skeleton of the sector, the framework within which the transactions are
measured. The taxonomy has been deliberately designed to capture ALL climate services
transactions, in the broadest sense. As already mentioned, there is a great deal of controversy
within the wider sector over what is deemed to be a “Climate Service” and at which point this is different from a “Weather Service”. In an industry which is currently unmapped and ill-defined, it
was determined the best course of action was to include all transactions listed as “Climate Services” by those providing the service. It is inevitable that some in the industry will not agree with the
MARCO definition and that they will consider the figures to be higher than expected. There are two
reasons for this, firstly the market is generally bigger than those in the industry currently expect and
secondly, the definition of what is a climate service has been kept as broad as possible to capture as
much of the market as possible. As the sector matures, the market itself will determine what is or
isn’t a Climate Service. At present there is a certain degree of “buzz-word” around Climate Services, with some activities being labelled as such in order to raise their value. Although this can cause
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some noise within the data, generally these instances are not frequent and do not affect the
transactional data by any significance.
The Services section is broken down into eight segments:
• Measurement
• Operation
• Publication
• Data Management
• Processing, Re-analysis & Interpretation
• Modelling
• Climate Advisory Services
• Other Consulting
Of these, six are reasonably clear in their application and what is being measured. The two which
are more ambiguous are Climate Advisory Services and Other Consulting. The definitions of those
two are as follows:
• Advisory services, risk assessment and decision support tools provided to public and private
sector organisations relevant to global weather, climate and climate change. For example,
risk assessment for the long-term location of nuclear power stations.
• Consulting services for global weather, climate and climate change not elsewhere covered
i.e. the provision of advice on corporate statements to share-holders on corporate policy
towards climate change. "Other Consulting" often includes more general consulting services
about corporate responses to the challenges arising from specific weather and climate data
(whether purchased separately or processed internally) and also more specialist services
(incorporation of new data sets).
It is in these areas that services which are not particularly obvious are found. For example:
Advisory Services
There are advisory services related to climate change-initiated adaptation programs and also
corporate governance for corporates with both private and public investment. Corporate
governance is high value and high growth area and is spread across all industries.
Another large market, with a high number of transactions is within the financial sector and linked
with insurance, looking at other Major Corporate support for climate strategy and implication.
These transactions are spread throughout the industries and listings of the MARCO taxonomy.
These are significant in number and value and are often overlooked when focusing on operational
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issues. They usually form a part of other overall packages of support and are not as obvious as other
Climate Services in the market.
Other Consulting
There is a consulting services section concerning corporate governance (the difference from
Advisory being the production of written reports and strategy development as opposed to “advice”). Climate lobbying services is another service within Other Consulting which is a significant market
with high growth within Europe and the US.
Another example of an infrequently reported, but large market, in terms of both Sales and Number
of Transactions is Consulting Engineering, which is part of the Other Consulting classification.
Consulting Engineers provide engineering consultancy support to climate related projects to a wide
variety of companies and authorities within various industries.
What we are not including are the actual engineering works and civil projects which come as a result
of climate services.
In terms of transactions themselves, a transaction is a contract of sale. The size and complexity of a
given transaction can be extremely varied. In some instances, a large corporation will commission a
single large package of climate services from a single supplier, in which case, that is listed as one
single transaction, irrespective of the value of that transaction. This is in instances where we cannot
break down the components of that transaction into discrete portions. In other cases, we are able
to provide a value for each service provided within a larger suite of services. In those cases, each
constituent component is listed as a separate transaction. The ability to separate out the services is
highly dependent on the data availability within each industry.
The benefit of this process is that we can break out the price services are commanding and their
frequency of use. The drawback is that some of the transactions which are listed as a single
transaction are in fact a suite of different services which are “missed” in transactional number terms. For this reason, although the number of transactions is a good illustrative metric, the Sales Value is
more important.
1.7 Industry Glossary
This Glossary relates to the 27 economic/industrial sectors that have been identified as users of
Weather and Climate Services. It describes briefly what aspects of each sector have been included in
the research.
Agriculture
Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the farming (both arable
and livestock) and other agriculture sector activities.
Biotech
Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the manufacturing and
research functions of the bio-tech sector
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Built Environment
Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the construction sector,
includes the civil engineering (small-scale) and engineering & project
management sectors.
Business Services
Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the general business
services sector i.e. advertising, marketing, consultancy etc.
Communications
Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the communications
sector which includes both the equipment and service provision for all
electronic communications.
Defence
Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the defence sector which
includes army, air force, navy and central command and control. In
addition, this covers border protection and other defence- related
activities.
Education & Training
Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the education and training
sector which includes schools, universities and other learning
environments, as well as commercial, educational and training services
to the public and private sectors.
Exploration
Refers to the provision of Weather and Climate Services to Oil & Gas
exploration (not the utility for supply) and to Mining and Quarrying.
Food & Drink
Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the food and drink sector,
which includes all elements from post- agriculture to retail sales
Forestry & Timber
Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the forestry and timber
sector which includes timber processing.
Health Care
Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the healthcare and
hospitals sector, which includes both public and the private healthcare
delivery.
Hospitality
Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the hospitality market
which includes hotels and restaurants
Legal & Financial
Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the following sub sectors:
general business and private insurance sector; the re-insurance sector;
the financial investments sector; the legal sector and the banking
sector.
Logistics
Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the Logistics sector
defined as:
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Air Travel - Air Travel industry which includes airport management and
operations, people and goods but not storage as this is covered within
“large vehicles & Storage.”
Land Travel - Land Travel industry which includes highway and roadway
management and operations, people and goods but not storage as this
is covered within “large vehicles & Storage.”
Sea Travel - Sea Travel industry which includes port management and
operations, people and goods but not storage as this is covered within
“large vehicles & Storage”.
Manufacturing
Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the Manufacturing sector,
excluding food and drink, pharmaceuticals, bio-tech, chemicals
processing and project orientated engineering- all of which are included
separately.
News Publishing &
Journalism
Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the news, publishing and
journalism sector.
Operational Services
Provision of Weather and Climate- related Services to the operational
services sector which, in turn, provides services to industry, airports and
call centres.
Pharmaceuticals
Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the research and
manufacturing functions of the pharmaceuticals sector.
Public & Charitable
Bodies
Public Sector
Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the public sector which
includes, central, regional, and local government and public services.
Charitable bodies
Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the charitable bodies
sector, including non- government organisations (NGOs).
Renewable Energy
Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the renewable energies
market, which includes photovoltaic, geothermal and wind.
Research &
Development
Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the research and
development sector- i.e. research into the effects of climate change on
both food and non- food crops as growing conditions change.
Retailing & Wholesale
Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the retailing and
wholesale sector
Tourism & Leisure
Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the tourism and leisure
sector but excludes hospitality.
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Utilities
Processing Industry
Not Elsewhere
Classified
Civil Engineering
Sector Not Elsewhere
Classified
“Not Elsewhere Classified”
Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the utilities sector, which
includes nuclear and non- nuclear power generation and distribution,
distribution of natural gas and the distribution and recycling of water.
Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the processing industry,
defined as industrial processing of substances and materials both solid
and liquid. These products range from paints through to road surfaces.
Provision of Weather and Climate Services to large civil engineering
projects including the assembly and construction of bridges, roads and
other major, load carrying structures.
Provision of Weather and Climate Services to any industries not
elsewhere classified.
1.8 Markets Glossary
The 27 economic/industry sectors identified above are divided into 138 distinctive markets. A full
list of Industries and Markets are found in Appendix A. These markets are based upon the
limitations and differentiations in the source materials available (i.e. we report what we find rather
than what we would like to find) and, therefore, may not always correspond to how an industry
would typically divide or define its activities.
Most of the titles describing these markets are self-evident or self-explanatory. But some are not
and so they are included below.
Where an industry is defined as "Manufacturing" markets are denoted by different manufacturing
processes that may have different Climate Services needs i.e. Aerospace is represented as Aerospace
Batch Manufacture, Aerospace Manufacturing Assembly and Aerospace Project Orientated
Production. These processes are defined below.
Batch Production
Process that, for example, produces vehicle trailers in batches of twenty
units to order rather than in a continuous production.
In-Line Process
Manufacture
Continuous inline process manufacture, for example, continuous
chemicals processing of orientated polymers for the packaging sector.
Manufacturing
Assembly
Manufacturing assembly, for example, the assembly of white goods.
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Project Orientated
Production
Project orientated production, typically of much large products or
infrastructure i.e. shipbuilding.
Other markets that may need further definition or clarification are shown below.
High End Engineering
High end engineering sector includes, electronics, precision engineering
and high value electrical engineering installation and maintenance.
High-Tech based
Services (Emergent)
These are predominantly new high-tech based services across all
industrial sectors. These are new emergent technologies such as
artificial photosynthesis, genetic engineering and neuro-informatics.
Industrial Services and
Servicing
Industrial services and servicing sector includes large engineering
maintenance providers, large industrial catering providers and large
supply chain management houses.
Local Government
Where national, regional and local government combine to address
issues like long term climate change, through the provision of
information to local businesses and residents and by the planning and
provision of services like waste management, flood abatement and
town and country planning.
Other Defence Services
Providers
Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the other defence services
providers not included in the main defence category i.e. providers of
non-battle theatre products and services such as home-based
construction services.
Other Financial
Services
Provision of Weather and Climate Services to other financial services
not elsewhere covered i.e. Pension funds and private equity funds.
Other Professional
Business Services
Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the other professional
business services not elsewhere covered for i.e. personnel recruitment
agencies.
Other Publications
Provision of Weather and Climate Services to the news, publishing and
journalism functions not elsewhere covered i.e. educational
publications for academia.
Public Services
Provision of Weather and Climate Services to publicly funded services
like Police, Fire, Ambulance and coastal protection.
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2 Methodology and Measures
2.1 Research Methodology
This report shares a methodology with a much broader research programme for the Low Carbon,
Renewable Energy and Environmental sector and the Adaptation Economy that has been applied
across three continents for the past ten years. The methodology is highly suited to the analysis of
new and evolving markets, new-to-market technologies and “difficult to measure” industries
because it works beyond standard national, industrial and market classifications and looks for
multiple sources of industrial-based evidence (including the triangulation of data sources) to
quantify data values.
The methodology relies on a core analytical process called Profiling. This is based upon a 25-year
international research programme that started in Harvard University and was subsequently
developed in countries across Europe. Profiling is used to track technology and market change and
uses analytical data grids, business case studies and industry research to provide probabilistic and
measurable evidence about how companies and economies adapt to changing market conditions.
The Profiling methodology was first tested against wide ranging corporate business portfolios and
then implemented in Russia under US government initiatives to create a sustainable light industrial
base. Since then it has been applied to start-ups, micros, SME’s, corporates and whole industries by government, financial and professional services sectors in the US, Europe and Australasia.
The methodology has been tried and tested against both new and traditional industries on three
continents and more specifically, has been applied to most priority UK economic sectors at global,
national, regional and local level. Recent research targets include Environment Technologies, Low
Carbon Industry, Renewable Energy, the Water Industry, Adaptation Economy, Marine Environment,
Green Economy and Carbon Markets.
While the requirements for each industrial sector research project vary, the methodology always
follows the same five key stages:
• Define - Identify, select and group the target market activities, whilst conducting an initial check
for the right volume and quality of data sources
• Assemble - Populate the data measures for each market activity, carefully filtering the core data
sources to ensure that confidence levels are within bounds
• Check - Apply quality assurance checks to ensure data accuracy/ consistency across market
activities and different countries and, in some cases, cross-check with different sector values
• Validate - Sense-check and spot-check market data values against specific projects/authoritative
sources/expert knowledge/customers or clients
• Publish - Recalculate, update confidence levels and publish research data set.
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Market activities are only included within this framework when there are multiple sources of reliable
data. These sources are screened to remove duplicate references to any single source and then
shortlisted by removing outliers and unreliable sources. This shortlist is then screened again until
some consistency in value is achieved. From the remaining sources a value is then calculated and
published. Values created in this way are then “reality tested” by comparing activity values within and across economic or industrial sectors, against known national specialism, against known
international trade flows, recognized industry benchmarks and ultimately, government statistics (if
they are available).
To reflect the wide range of industries under investigation there has to be a very wide range of
sources from government, private sector, institutional, industrial, trade, Advertising, HR, financial,
investor, academic and other (unpublished and “traded”) sources. These are summarised at
Appendix B (approximately 600 sources) but exclude many country - specific and proprietary data
sources. The exclusion of sources is based on their historic reliability, particularly in the area of
forecast. Many in-country sources prove to be unreliable, particularly where they do not take into
account inter-trading activities between regions and countries. This is common throughout Europe
and not a characteristic of only a select number of countries.
The methodology is quantitative and data intensive and, therefore, very reliant on being able to
identify and evaluate multiple data sources. Much of the intellectual property resides in the process
for managing and selecting reliable sources that are specific to each market activity. As a result,
sources are carefully managed. They are measured and rated for their accuracy and reliability over
time. Multiple references to single sources are discounted from the analysis and sources that are
outdated or without a measurable track record are excluded. No less than seven qualified sources
showing some consistency in results are used to derive any published values.
All market intelligence produced in this way is delivered with confidence levels assigned. Confidence
levels are a mathematical function of the spread of values across the range of sources that we
include in our analysis. Confidence levels vary by activity, geography and by forecast year. Typically,
a confidence level of above 80% is achievable, which means that corroborative sources vary around
the mean value by +/- 20%.
Since the original Weather & Climate Services sector research in 2011, this methodology has become
much more widely documented and audited and, as a result, government work conducted using this
methodology now qualifies as official statistics, having met the requisite standards. Extracts from the
methodology documents, that are relevant to this research, can be provided upon request.
2.2 Defining the Key Measures
In this report four key measures are used - Activity Value, Transaction Volume, Growth and
Confidence Levels. Each one is explained briefly below.
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Transaction Volume and Activity Value
Value and Volume are often (but not always) two sides of the same coin and in this research are
inextricably linked. Within this report a transaction is a sale of either a product, service or
product/service combination to another party. "Sale" is the operative word, because this research
only considers Climate Services activities that have a financial "footprint". It does not include
transactions that are provided free or are exchanged between organisations at no cost. Neither does
the research include as part of its forecasts the potential value of services still under development
i.e. that have not yet reached the market.
So, delivery of a due diligence report on the climate risk of a project investment for a water company
would be a transaction with a value (monetary) and a volume (of 1) i.e. a contract between two
parties for a particular outcome. In some cases, long term multi-project contracts are placed that
include multiple transactions over an extended period, in which case additional data sources are
used (primarily from the industry concerned) to analyse and disaggregate the contract numbers into
transactional values and volumes.
In order to measure values and volumes a large number of data sources are used to maximise the
accuracy of the output. Usually a source tends to state either volume or value, as their reasons for
reporting are usually different. In addition, it is often the case that a source that is known to us to be
reliable in reporting volume (say a data confidence rate of 80%) will be unreliable when reporting
value (say a data confidence of 65% or less). This is why a large number of sources are reported for
each line of data that is compiled - different sources are always used in different combinations to
calculate each key measure4.
A simple example of consulting multiple sources might be where we know that there were 35
investments above £1m each placed in the water purification sector in 2009/10 totaling £250m (we
know this from the water sector); the fund management sector reports that £3.8m was spent on due
diligence risk analysis in the water purification sector and the legal sector reports between 28 and 35
due diligence contracts for the water purification sector. Together, these sources enable an
intelligent estimate of both value and volume for different but related market activities.
A further example might be where for the purposes of corporate governance, major corporate
organisations commission external consultants to provide ten-year risk mitigation advice to the main
board on the implications of climate change. The consulting sector data shows that in 2010/11 250
major corporate organisations have commissioned this kind of work (the consulting data rarely
shows work value for commercial reasons). The investor relations and fund management sector data
shows that overall £8.75m was spent on this kind of work and in addition the sector-specific trade
4 The number of sources per line of data can vary between 230 (mature sectors/larger economies) and 24 (emergent
sectors/smaller economies). Generally speaking, the higher the number of sources the higher the confidence level that we
assign to the data.
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associations data reports independently that some £9.2m has been spent. By triangulating data from
the different sources, it is possible to arrive at highly accurate estimates of value and volume that
are just not possible from consulting a single source, however authoritative that source may be
within its own sector.
Growth
Growth is a multi-year measure that includes historical AND forecast growth. The growth measure is
derived from live, rapidly changing and multi-sourced data links and is specifically based upon
growth in the market value of existing Climate Service activities. Growth is generally a measure of
increased market opportunity and can be used for trend analysis, comparison across different
markets or as a moving indicator of market confidence (growth time series).
The source data for growth forecasts varies enormously and can produce very unsettling and
unreliable results if not handled carefully. This is why multiple sources are used, specific to individual
activities, and then processed to exclude the outlying high and low estimates until a more
consensual set of sources is selected, from which a growth estimate is then calculated. Using this
method, it is possible to generate different growth forecasts (high, medium, low) with different
risk/confidence levels. This research uses a conservative growth forecast.
Confidence Levels
All of the above data values are created by the intelligent use and transformation of other primary
and secondary data sources. Data sources are carefully managed by measuring and rating their
accuracy and reliability over time and by excluding sources that are outdated or without a
measurable track record. No less than seven qualified sources are ever used and often, as is the case
for this research, the final list of sources is much higher than this. A mean value is then calculated
from these selected values and assigned a confidence level.
What level of importance should you assign to the data within this report? The answer to that is in
the confidence levels for this report, have been calculated for activity value, transaction volume and
growth, by country and by industry. The detailed results are shown at Appendix D but, in summary,
the global confidence level for all values, aggregated by Platform (Figure 1), Service Type (Figure 2)
or Industry (Figure 3) is approximately 80%5.
5 Confidence levels vary at the individual country level, but these differences "net out" at the global level
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Figure 1: Confidence Levels for Platform by Key Measure
Figure 2: Confidence Levels for Service by Key Measure
Figure 3: Confidence Levels for Industry by Key Measure
In each case these charts show the confidence level on the horizontal axis, the key measure on the
vertical axis and each bubble represents one of the options i.e. Land, Air, Marine or Space. The size
of each bubble represents the comparative value (€m) of that option. What these charts
demonstrate is that while the distribution (size and positioning of options) may vary quite widely,
reflecting the differences in activities and sources, the variance is within quite a narrow band.
The final Confidence Level relates to the splitting of the data sources between weather Services and
Climate Services. This ranges between 60% and 90% depending upon the platform, industry, market,
service or country. Overall the mean figure is 75%, which means the separated values for each
(within the total value) may vary within +/- 25%. This mean figure was 75% for the original research
and remains at 75%. This suggests that the level of clarity around the division between Weather and
Climate Services in the source literature has not substantially changed since 2011 - hence the need
for projects like MARCO.
Further Confidence Levels specific to this report can be found in Appendix D.
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3 Uses of Weather and Climate Services
In Section 2.2 it was suggested that there was a danger that focusing solely upon how Weather and
Climate Services are delivered may detract from the ways in which industries are using Weather and
Climate Services. To overcome this an audit was conducted as part of the original research of "uses"
from the core data sources for this study. The audit was conducted by checking predominantly
purchasing sources of data to identify a description of the services purchased.
The audit consists of a subjective assessment of uses that have been aggregated under the following
26 headings:
• Corporate Governance
• Insurance Purposes
• Corporate Planning Long Term
• Estates Locational Planning
• Content for Information- Giving Services
• Forward Crop Planning
• Investment Planning
• Infrastructure Planning
• Service Provision Planning
• Major Capital Project Planning
• Irrigation & Drainage Planning
• Research Programmes
• Disaster Recovery Planning
• Health & Safety Services
• Futures Market Data
• Humanitarian Relief planning
• Exploration Planning
• Installation Redundancy Planning
• Regulatory Services (Land Cover)
• Forensic Services
• Border Management & Planning
• Long Term Operations Planning
• Long Range Product Planning
• Educational
• Resource Planning
• Environmental Planning
These headings were then applied to the original 114 markets for Weather and Climate Services and
where there was evidence that a "use" was applicable to a market a "1" was noted against the
market. Unlike the original analysis of data platforms, services, industries etc. that has been updated
and replicated in Sections 4 and 5 of this report, no attempt was made, then or now, to quantify
either the volume of the above usages or their financial value. The audit was used only to illustrate
the:
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• Types of needs that Weather and Climate Services fulfill (to demonstrate that the wider research
in this report has understood and captured the main uses of Weather and Climate Services), and
• Degree to which these needs are shared across different markets (to validate the industries and
markets included as part of the research).
The audit showed that the most frequent usages of Weather and Climate Services were for
Corporate Governance (public and shareholder accountability), Insurance, Corporate Planning and
Investment Planning - functions that apply to most larger organisations and that are evident for
almost all of the markets included in this study.
The most specific uses of Weather and Climate Services were for:
• Forward Crop Planning (Arable, Livestock, Forestry, Timber Processing, Government, Charitable,
Research and General Consulting markets)
• Exploration Planning (Water, Waste Management, Photovoltaic, Petrochemical, Oil & Gas
Exploration, Mines & Quarries, Civil Engineering and General Consulting), and
• Border Management (Legal, Defence, Public Services and General Consultancy).
The frequency of the listed 26 uses of Climate Services is shown at Figure 4.
Figure 4: Frequency of Climate Service Uses
The audit also showed that some markets (Consultancy, Government, Public Services, Charities and
Business Services) have a very broad need for Climate Services and that the needs for other markets
(Financial Investments, Leisure, Tourism etc.) can be quite narrow. Table 3 shows the markets with
the broadest range of needs.
112 112 110 110 108
97 9589 87 84 80 78 75
6256
18 16 14 13 13 11 11 9 9 9 6
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Table 3: Markets with the Broadest Range of Climate Services Needs
Frequency of use, however, should not be confused with the value of particular services or of
specific markets.
This information about the uses of Climate Services is really a qualitative backdrop for the
quantitative analysis that follows.
What is interesting, about this early audit work and the questions that it posed is the fit with current
funded projects specifically targeted at the challenges of qualifying and quantifying both met and
un-met needs for Climate Services.
Industry Market Total
Business Services Consultancy (General) 26
Business Services Other Professional Business Services . 26
Public & Charitable Bodies Public Services 21
Public & Charitable Bodies Local Government 20
Renewable Energy Photovoltaic & Solar 20
Built Environment Civil Engineering 18
Education & Training Public Sector Education 18
Manufacturing Petrochemical 17
Public & Charitable Bodies Charitable Bodies 16
Util ities Energy Supply (Gas and Electricity) 16
Education & Training Large Private Educational Establishments 16
Defence Other Defence Services Providers 16
Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals (Batch Production) 16
Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals (In-Line Process Manufacture) 16
Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals (Manufacturing Assembly) 16
Util ities Waste Management 16
Util ities Water Supply 16
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4. Global Weather & Climate Services
4.1 Introduction
In this section of the report the global market for the Weather & Climate Services sector is
quantified using the key measures of value, transaction volume and growth, with trade flows (import
and export figures). The global Weather & Climate Services market is segmented by data platform,
services, industry, markets and NACE codes. The main analysis is of 2017/18 data, but some
historical analysis is included.
4.2 Weather & Climate Services Historic Growth
The global Weather & Climate Services sector was first measured in 2010/11. At that time, it was
estimated to be £26.6bn or €36.6bn using the initial taxonomy and definition. The initial report
(D2.1) provided historical data back to 2010/11, however the integration of a Mixed Services
Platform has limited the availability of data for D2.2 and this report (D2.3) to 2014/15, which allows
us to see a 4-year historic growth pattern. The new taxonomy and definition was retrofit to previous
years in D2.2, the figures in this report continue from that analysis. Using the MARCO definition and
taxonomy, the global Weather and Climate Service market has grown from €53.9bn in 2014/15 to
€68.7bn by 2017/18 as shown by Figure 5.
Figure 5: Weather & Climate Services €m
Historical growth in the Weather & Climate Services sector has been 7.9% in 2014/15, 8.6% 2015/16
and 8.8% in 2016/7.
Figure 6: Weather Services €m
Weather Services was first estimated to be €26.9bn in 2014/15. This has increased to €30.1bn by
2017/18.
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Figure 7: Climate Services €m
Climate Services was first estimated to be €29.4bn in 2014/15. This increased to €39.7bn by
2017/18. Forecasts from D6.4 Short term forecasting to 2020 (Howard & Howard 2018), expected
sales to reach €39,600 in 2016/17. This illustrates a 99.8% accuracy in sales forecasts (for a single
year of forecasting) by the industry itself (forecasting figures are a mean average of industry
forecasts used within the Climate Services sector).
Overall, Climate Services since 2014/15 has slightly increased its share of the market compared with
Weather Services. Climate Services accounted for 54.5% of the total market in 2015/16, 55.6% in
2015/16, 56.6% in 2016/17 and 57.7% of the total market in 2017/18. This indicates that the more
traditional Weather Services have been growing slightly slower over that period than the emerging
Climate Services market. The initial study suggested that Weather Services and Climate Services
were growing at the same rate, this new information about what is actually going on is due to the
improved definition of the sector.
4.3 Climate and Weather Services by Data Platform
From this point on in the analysis all figures relate to the latest data i.e. 2017/18 and compares
Climate and Weather Services.
The global value of Weather and Climate Services is split across the five data platforms - Airborne,
Land Based, Marine in Situ and Space being the four key platforms and Mixed Services being
combinations of the previous four. In Figure 8 for Climate Services, Land Based Services accounts for
€13.5bn or 35%, followed by Airborne €9.8bn (25%), Space €8.6bn (23%), Mixed €3.7bn (9%) and
Marine €3.0bn (8%). This compares with Weather Services Land €10.1bn or 33%, followed by
Airborne €7.6bn (25%), Space €6.3bn (21%), Mixed Services €3.8bn (13%) and Marine €2.4bn (8%).
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Figure 8: Value by Data Platform €m
The global volume of transactions for Weather and Climate Services is estimated at 17.6m, of which
7.4m are Climate Services and 10.1m are Weather Services. Figure 9 shows that Climate Services
Land Based Services accounts for 2.7m transactions or 37%, followed by Airborne 2.0m (27%), Space
1.7m (23%), Marine 613,000 (8%) and Mixed 380,000 (5%). For Weather Services Land accounts for
3.7m transactions or 37%, followed by Airborne 2.7m (27%), Space 2.3m (23%), Marine 822,000 (8%)
and Mixed 520,000 (5%).
Figure 9: Transaction Volume by Data Platform
4.4 Climate and Weather Services by Service Type
The second segmentation level for global Climate and Weather Services is by Service Type. Figure 10
shows that for Climate Services, Climate Advisory Services at €9.3bn (23%) and Other Consulting at
€8.7bn (22%) are the highest values services, followed by Processing & Re-Analysis (12%), Modelling
(11%), Measurement (9%), Operation (8%), Publication (7%) and Data Management (6%). The
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percentages per Service Type are broadly similar for Weather Services.
Figure 10: Value by Service Type Climate and Weather Services €m
Figure 11 shows that for Climate Services, Climate Advisory Services at 1.8m transactions (24%) and
Other Consulting at 1.5m (21%) are the highest volume services, followed by Modelling (12%),
Processing & Re-Analysis (12%), Measurement (10%), Operation (8%), Publication (8%) and Data
Management (6%).
Figure 11: Transactions by Service Type Climate and Weather Services
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The percentages per Service Type are also broadly similar for Weather Services.
Figure 12 compares the historical values for Climate Services for each Service Type from 2014/15 to
2017/18.
Figure 12: Climate Services Historical Growth Trend for Service Types €m
4.5 Weather and Climate Services by Industry
The third segmentation level for global Weather and Climate Services is by Industry (see Glossary for
brief Industry definitions). These Industries are, in turn, made up of different markets (varying from
1-26 for each industry) and they will be explored in more detail in sub section 4.6.
Figure 13 shows the distribution of global sales of Climate and Weather Services for each of the 27
different Industries for 2017/18.
The top 10 industries for Climate Services account for €24bn or 63% of the total. These are: Built
Environment (€3.5bn); Renewable Energy (€3.4bn); Public and Charitable Bodies (€3.1bn); News,
Publishing and Journalism (€2.9bn); Legal and Financial (€2.9bn); Exploration, Mines and Quarries
(€2.3bn); Utilities (€2.3bn); Agriculture (€1.8bn); Forestry & Timber (€1.7bn) and Food and Drink
(€1.4bn).
The top 10 industries for Weather Services account for €20.1bn or 67% of the total. These are: Legal
& Financial (€3.5bn); Public & Charitable Bodies (€3.3bn); Renewable Energy (€2.8bn); Utilities
(€2.6bn); Pharmaceuticals (€1.5bn); Operational Services (€1.4bn); Built Environment (€1.4bn);
Health Care and Hospitals (€1.3bn); Defence (€1.3bn) and Business Services (€1.1bn).
Compared with the previous segmentations by Platform and by Service, industries end-users show
much more significant differences between Climate and Weather Services.
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Figure 13: Climate and Weather Services by Industry End-User €m
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In Figure 14 the same data is shown, but this time as a percentage for each end-user industry for 2017/18.
Figure 14: Climate and Weather Services by Industry End-User %
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Figure 15 explores the different industrial needs for Climate and Weather Services as a percentage of the total. Some industries like Agriculture, Hospitality,
Tourism & Leisure and News, Publishing & Journalism are more focused on Climate Services as a percentage of their needs, compared with Defence, Legal
& Financial, Retailing and Wholesale and Business Services who are more focused on Weather Services.
Some of these results may appear surprising i.e. Agriculture and demand for Weather Services, but industry demand patterns will reflect the
“commoditisation” of some weather services, as free services and new apps continue to enter and dominate the market.
The full Climate Services details of each of the 27 industries included in this analysis is captured in a series of dashboards at Appendix J.
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Figure 15: Industrial split by Climate and Weather Services
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Figure 16 shows the historical sales values for Climate Services for the period 2014/15 to 2017/18. These figures suggest that global demand for Climate
Services by Industry are well established and not subject to rapid or significant change.
Figure 16: Historical Climate Services Sales by Industry €m
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4.6 Weather and Climate Services by Industry and Markets
Each of the 27 industries is segmented into more distinctive markets. In Figure 17 the top ten industries (identified above) are divided into markets for
global Climate Services using stacked bar charts. Table 4 Ranks the Top 20 markets for global Climate Services.
Figure 17: Top 10 Industries for Climate Services split by Market €m 2017/18
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The top 10 industry markets for Climate Services account for €15.9bn or 40% of the 2017/18 total. The top 20 industry markets for Climate Services
account for €23.3bn or 59% of total sales in 2017/18. The total number of industry markets is currently 129, so 16% of the industry markets account for
59% of the Climate Services value.
Table 4: Top 20 Global Climate Services Markets 2017/18 €m
Industry Market Climate Services €m
Built Environment Civil Engineering 2,187.8
Renewable Energy Wind 2,115.8
Public and Charitable Bodies Local Government 1,797.0
New Publishing and Journalism Multi Media and Broadcasting Sector 1,564.1
Exploration, Mines and Quarries Oil and Gas Exploration 1,547.6
Multi-Industry Location Planning for Large Establishments 1,508.0
Agriculture Arable 1,471.4
Utilities Water Supply 1,304.0
Forestry and Timber Forestry Corporates 1,240.7
Built Environment Construction 1,207.7
Hospitality Hotels and Catering 988.7
New Publishing and Journalism News Papers and Periodicals 938.9
Public and Charitable Bodies Public Services 801.3
Exploration, Mines and Quarries Mines and Quarries 790.0
Utilities Energy Supply (Gas Electricity) 716.2
Health Care and Hospitals Hospitals 683.9
Food and Drink Food Production (In-Line Process Manufacture) 671.0
Legal and Financial Re Insurance 643.7
Tourism and Leisure Operation of Leisure Facilities 594.5
Renewable Energy Geothermal 557.1
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In Figure 18 the top ten industries (identified above) are divided into markets for global Weather Services using stacked bar charts. Table 5 Ranks the Top
20 markets for global Weather Services. €m
Figure 18: Top 10 Industries for Weather Services split by Market €m 2017/18
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The top 10 industry markets for Weather Services account for €11.2bn or 37% of the 2017/18 total. The top 20 industry markets for Weather Services
account for €16.7bn or 56% of total sales in 2017/18. The full listing for all 129 markets is included at Appendix F.
Table 5: Top 20 Global Weather Services Markets 2017/18 €m
Industry Market Weather Services €m
Public and Charitable Bodies Local Government 1,928.7
Renewable Energy Wind 1,703.2
Multi-Industry Location Planning for Large Establishments 1,660.7
Utilities Water Supply 1,470.1
Public and Charitable Bodies Public Services 852.4
Built Environment Civil Engineering 793.6
Legal and Financial Re Insurance 774.5
Utilities Energy Supply (Gas Electricity) 769.6
Business Services Consultancy (General) 750.9
Defence Contractors for Defence Projects 718.6
Health Care and Hospitals Hospitals 630.6
Exploration, Mines and Quarries Oil and Gas Exploration 611.3
Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals (In-Line Process Manufacture) 589.8
Legal and Financial Future Analysts 576.8
Operational Services Airport Servicing and Operations 556.3
Legal and Financial Insurance 530.6
Forestry and Timber Forestry Corporates 489.1
Agriculture Arable 457.5
Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals (Manufacturing) 456.2
Built Environment Construction 450.1
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4.7 Weather and Climate Services by NACE Codes
The kMatrix taxonomy of data is built from the “bottom up” rather than the “top down”, this means that the data is not fixed and allows reporting in different formats. The previous sections have looked at the data in terms of Industry, however in D4.5 the taxonomy was mapped to NACE codes. We can
now explore the Climate Services and Weather Services at this level of reporting.
Figure 19 shows the distribution of global sales of Climate and Weather Services for each of the 17 different NACE codes for 2017/18.
The top 10 NACE Codes for Climate Services account for €32.4bn or 82% of the total. These are: Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning (€4.3bn);
Information & Communication (€3.9bn); Public Administration & Defence (€3.8bn); Construction (€3.7bn); Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing (€3.4bn); Manufacturing (€3.2bn); Financial & Insurance (€2.9bn); Accommodation & Food (€2.4bn); Mining and Quarrying (€2.5bn) and Transport & Storage
(€1.8bn).
The top 10 NACE Codes for Weather Services account for €24.2bn or 80% of the total. These are: Public Administration & Defence (€4.5bn); Electricity, Gas,
Steam & Air Conditioning (€3.7bn); Financial & Insurance (€3.5bn); Manufacturing (€3.5bn); Professional, Scientific & Technical (€1.7bn); Water Supply,
Sewerage & Waste Management (€1.6bn); Construction (€1.6bn); Information & Communication (€1.4bn): Human Health (€1.3bn) and Agriculture, Forestry
and Fishing (€1.3bn).
NACE end-users show significant differences between Climate and Weather Services, for example although the top 5 NACE Codes make up 56% of the
Weather Services market, the top 4 NACE Codes account for 51%. Those 4 NACE Codes dominate the market, such dominance is not present in the Climate
Services market.
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Figure 19: Climate and Weather Services by NACE Code End-User €m 2017/18
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In Figure 20 the same data is shown, but this time as a percentage for each end-user NACE code for 2017/18.
Figure 20: Climate and Weather Services by NACE End-User %
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Figure 21 explores the different NACE needs for Climate and Weather Services as a percentage of the total. Some NACE Codes, like Agriculture, Forestry &
Fishing; Accommodation & Food; Arts, Entertainment & Recreation and Information & Communication are more focused on Climate Services as a
percentage of their needs, compared with Professional, Scientific & Technical; Wholesale & Retail; Financial & Insurance and Public Administration &
Defence who are more focused on Weather Services.
As for the Industry split, some of these results may appear surprising i.e. Agriculture and demand for Weather Services, but NACE demand patterns will
reflect the “commoditisation” of some weather services, as free services and new apps continue to enter and dominate the market.
The full Climate Services details of each of the 17 NACE Codes included in this analysis is captured in a series of dashboards at Appendix J.
Figure 21: NACE Code split by Climate and Weather Services
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Figure 22 shows the historical sales values for Climate Services for the period 2014/15 to 2017/18. These figures suggest that global demand for Climate
Services by NACE Code are well established and not subject to rapid or significant change.
Figure 22: Historical Climate Services Sales by NACE Code €m
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4.8 Weather and Climate Services by NACE Codes and Markets
Each of the 17 NACE Codes is segmented into more distinctive markets. In Figure 23 the top ten NACE Codes (identified above) are divided into markets for
global Climate Services using stacked bar charts. Table 6 Ranks the Top 20 markets for global Climate Services.
Figure 23: Top 10 NACE Codes for Climate Services split by Market €m 2017/18
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The top 10 NACE Code markets for Climate Services account for €15.9bn or 40% of the 2017/18 total.
The top 20 NACE Code markets for Climate Services account for €23.3bn or 59% of total sales in 2017/18.
Table 6: Top 20 Global Climate Services Markets 2017/18 €m
NACE Code Market Climate Services €m
Construction Civil Engineering 2,187.8
Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning Wind 2,115.8
Public Administration & Defence Local Government 1,797.0
Information & Communication Multi Media and Broadcasting Sector 1,564.1
Mining & Quarrying Oil and Gas Exploration 1,547.6
Multi-Code Location Planning for Large Establishments 1,508.0
Multi-Code Arable 1,471.4
Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management Water Supply 1,304.0
Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Forestry Corporates 1,240.7
Construction Construction 1,207.7
Accommodation & Food Hotels and Catering 988.7
Information & Communication News Papers and Periodicals 938.9
Public Administration & Defence Public Services 801.3
Mining & Quarrying Mines and Quarries 790.0
Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning Energy Supply (Gas Electricity) 716.2
Human Health Hospitals 683.9
Accommodation & Food Food Production (In-Line Process Manufacture) 671.0
Financial & Insurance Re Insurance 643.7
Arts, Entertainment and Recreation Operation of Leisure Facilities 594.5
Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning Geothermal 557.1
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In Figure 24 the top ten NACE Codes (identified above) are divided into markets for global Climate Services using stacked bar charts. Table 7 Ranks the Top
20 markets for global Climate Services.
Figure 24: Top 10 NACE Codes for Weather Services split by Market €m 2017/18
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The top 10 NACE Code markets for Weather Services account for €11.4bn or 38% of the 2017/18 total. The top 20 NACE Code markets for Weather Services
account for €16.8bn or 56% of total sales in 2017/18.
Table 7: Top 20 Global Weather Services Markets 2017/18 €m
NACE Code Market Weather Services €m
Public Administration & Defence Local Government 1,928.7
Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning Wind 1,703.2
Multi-Code Location Planning for Large Establishments 1,660.7
Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management Water Supply 1,470.1
Public Administration & Defence Public Services 852.4
Construction Civil Engineering 793.6
Financial & Insurance Re Insurance 774.5
Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning Energy Supply (Gas Electricity) 769.6
Professional, Scientific & Technical Consultancy (General) 750.9
Public Administration & Defence Contractors for Defence Projects 718.6
Human Health Hospitals 630.6
Mining & Quarrying Oil and Gas Exploration 611.3
Manufacturing Pharmaceuticals (In-Line Process Manufacture) 589.8
Financial & Insurance Future Analysts 576.8
Transport & Storage Airport Servicing and Operations 556.3
Financial & Insurance Insurance 530.6
Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Forestry Corporates 489.1
Multi-Code Arable 457.5
Manufacturing Pharmaceuticals (Manufacturing) 456.2
Construction Construction 450.1
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4.9 Global Market Segmentation
In Section 4.6 the top ten industry users of Climate and Weather Services were analyzed in terms of their constituent markets. They can also be analyzed by
service type. Table 8 is a pivot chart that maps the 27 end-user industries by the seven service types for Climate Services in 2017/18. The table values are
colour-coded (heat- mapped) from Blue (low) to Red (High). This table colour-coding confirms the top 10 industry end-users for Climate Services (above)
and also confirms that the highest value service types are Climate Advisory Service and Other Consulting.
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Table 8: Industry by Service Type for Climate Services 2017/18 €m
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Figure 25 shows the percentage for each service type for the top ten Industries for Climate Services. It shows that Climate Advisory can range from 17-40%
by industry, with Other Consulting varying from 8-31% of the total by industry. Industry need for specific Climate Services, therefore, vary across industries
and within industries.
Figure 25: Top 10 Industries by Service Type for Climate Services 2017/18 (%)
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Table 9 follows the same conventions as Table 8, but this time for Weather Services in 2017/18. The colour-coding in Table 9 confirms the top 10 industry
end-users for Weather Services (above) and confirms that the highest value service types are also Climate Advisory Service and Other Consulting.
Table 9: Industry by Service Type for Weather Services 2017/18 €m
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Figure 26 shows the percentage for each service type for the top ten Industries for Weather Services. It shows that Climate Advisory can range from 13-37%
by industry, with Other Consulting varying from 10-30% of the total by industry. Industry need for specific Weather Services, therefore, also vary across
industries and within industries.
Figure 26: Top 10 Industries by Service Type for Weather Services 2017/18 (%)
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A comparison of Figures 25 and 26 shows that:
• Climate Advisory and Consulting Services for Climate Services often accounts for a slightly higher percentage of the top ten industry total than for
Weather Services
• Service type percentages are similar for industries that are included in the top ten for both Climate and Weather Services i.e. Legal & Financial and Built
Environment
In Section 4.8 the top ten NACE Code users of Climate and Weather Services were analyzed in terms of their constituent markets. They can also be analyzed
by service type. Table 10 is a pivot chart that maps the 17 end-user NACE Codes by the seven service types for Climate Services in 2017/18. The table values
are colour-coded (heat- mapped) from Blue (low) to Red (High). This table colour-coding confirms the top 5 NACE Code end-users for Climate Services
(above) and also confirms that the highest value service types are Climate Advisory Service and Other Consulting.
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Table 10: NACE Code by Service Type for Climate Services 2017/18 €m
Figure 27 shows the percentage for each service type for the top ten NACE Codes for Climate Services. It shows that Climate Advisory can range from 19-
28% by NACE Code, with Other Consulting varying from 12-28% of the total by NACE Code. NACE Code need for specific Climate Services, therefore, vary
across NACE Codes and within NACE Codes.
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Figure 27: Top 10 NACE Codes by Service Type for Climate Services 2017/18 (%)
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Table 11 follows the same conventions as Table 10, but this time for Weather Services in 2017/18. The colour-coding in Table 11 confirms the top 5 NACE
Code end-users for Weather Services (above) and confirms that the highest value service types are also Climate Advisory Service and Other Consulting.
Table 11: NACE Code by Service Type for Weather Services 2017/18 €m
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Figure 28 shows the percentage for each service type for the top ten NACE Codes for Weather Services. It shows that Climate Advisory can range from 13-
30% by NACE Code, with Other Consulting varying from 12-29% of the total by NACE Code. NACE Code need for specific Weather Services, therefore, also
vary across NACE Codes and within NACE Codes.
Figure 28: Top 10 NACE Codes by Service Type for Weather Services 2017/18 (%)
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4.10 Global Growth
In Section 4.2 historical annual growth in Weather & Climates Services was shown to increase from
7.9% to 8.7% between 2014/15 and 2017/18. The forecast growth rate to 2024/25 is shown at Figure
29. This shows a steady annual increase in growth, continuing the historical trend. Values are per
financial year. More detail concerning forecast and achieved growth rates are explored in D6.4
Outlook 2020: Short Term Forecasts (Howard & Howard, 2018).
Figure 29: Forecast Global Annual Growth in Weather & Climate Services (%) to 2024/25
The forecast growth rate applies equally to Platform Types (Section 4.3) and Activity Types (Section
4.4). There are some small, but not significant variations at the Industry and Market levels.
Forecasts for Climate and Weather Services separately do show some significant differences (see
Figure 30), with the most significant growth being experienced by Climate Services.
Figure 30: Forecast Global Annual Growth in Climate and Weather Services (%) to 2024/25
The one remaining analysis option for global Weather and Climate Services is by country and that is
included in the next section.
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5 International Weather and Climate Services
5.1 International Weather and Climate Services
In the previous section the focus was initially on global Weather and Climate Services and then
focused on different segmentations of the global market for both Climate and Weather Services. In
Section 5 the focus is on geographic analysis - global, European Region, European Union and then by
individual country within the European Union.
Figure 31 shows the split of Weather and Climate Services across the five global regions. Asia
accounts for 41% of the market, followed by Americas (29%) and Europe (25%). This proportion by
global region has not changed significantly since this research began in 2010/11.
Figure 31: Weather & Climate Services Sales by Global Region 2017/18
In recent and related studies into Environmental/Low Carbon and Carbon Finance markets the Asian
share of the market has been 38% and 36% respectively. At 41% of the total, this suggests higher
than average demand for Weather & Climate Services in Asia.
The 28 countries of the European Union account for €14.1bn or 20.5% of the total for Weather &
Climate Services i.e. 81% of the European regional total.
Figure 32 splits Weather & Climate Services into Climate and Weather for the global regions. The
sales values for the whole of Europe are €10.0bn and €7.8bn respectively.
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Figure 32: Climate and Weather Services Sales Compared by Global Region 2017/18
The 28 countries of the European Union account for 20.5% of global Climate Services and 21% of Weather Services.
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Figure 33 shows sales value for the top 15 countries for Climate Services in 2017/18. These countries account for €29.2bn or 74% of the global market for
Climate Services, up from 72% in 2016/17.
Figure 33: Top 15 Countries for Climate Services 2017/18 €m
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Figure 34 shows sales value for the top 15 countries for Weather Services in 2017/18. These are the same top 15 countries as for Climate Services and they
account for €22.3bn or 74% of the global market for Weather Services, again up from 72% in 2016/17.
Figure 34: Top 15 Countries for Weather Services 2017/18 €m
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Figure 35 shows Import and Export values for the top 15 countries for Climate Services in 2017/18. The available exports are those which are accessible
under usual market conditions and vary between 49.7%-50.5% of the Total Export Market, similar to the previous year.
Figure 35: Top 15 Countries for Climate Services Imports and Exports 2017/18 €m
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Figure 36 shows Import and Export values for the top 15 countries for Weather Services in 2017/18. The available exports are those which are accessible
under usual market conditions and vary between 19.6%-20.2% of the Total Export Market, much lower than for Climate Services and again, similar to the
previous year.
Figure 36: Top 15 Countries for Weather Services Imports and Exports 2017/18 €m
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Of the 226 countries and economic territories analyzed for this report no data was found for just
seven countries. This compares with 45 countries that showed no observable or significant value in
the original research in 2010/11. A full listing of countries in rank order is shown at Appendix I.
5.2 European Union for Climate and Weather Services
The EU 28 Countries account for €14.1bn of the Weather & Climate Services market. Figure 37
shows how this is split between Climate Services €8.1bn (56% of the total) and Weather Services
€6.3bn (44% of the total). The split the previous year was 55% Climate Services and 45% Weather
Services, continued annual measurement may see the split become even more pronounced.
Figure 37: EU 28 Countries for Climate and Weather Services 2017/18 €m
The Import and Export figures for the 28 EU Countries are illustrated in Figure 38 and show that the
EU Import figure is higher than Export for Weather Services and Climate Services. There is more
available Export market in Climate Services than Weather Services. The previous year of reporting
saw the W&CS Export figure significantly higher than here, due to a degree of double counting
caused by the presence of activities we were not able to separate into “Weather” or “Climate”. It was stated in that report (D2.2 Interim Definition, Taxonomy and Report) that we would expect to
able to separate the activities as the market matures. Whilst we now have more clarity, it is still not
a perfect delineation, but it is significantly closer than the previous year. As the sector continues to
develop its definition, which is quite normal for any new sector taxonomy, the delineation between
Climate and Weather will improve further.
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Figure 38: EU 28 Countries for Climate and Weather Services 2017/18 Imports and Exports €m
The EU value of Weather and Climate Services is split across the five key data platforms - Airborne,
Land, Marine, Space and Mixed Services. In Figure 39 for Climate Services, Land Based Services
accounts for €3.1bn or 38%, followed by Airborne €2.0bn (24%), Space €1.7bn (21%), Mixed €0.7bn
(9%) and Marine €0.6bn (8%). This compares with Weather Services Land €2.2bn or 35%, followed
by Airborne €1.5bn (24%), Space €1.3bn (20%), Mixed €0.8bn (13%) and Marine €0.5bn (8%). These
ratios across the four platforms are very similar (but not identical) to the global ratios in Section 4.2.
Figure 39: EU 28 Countries for Climate and Weather Services by Platform 2017/18 €m
Figure 40 gives the Climate Services Import and Export data for the EU 28 countries by Platform. The
highest Imports and Exports are seen in Land Based Services (€912m Imports and €759m Exports),
followed by Airborne Services (€594m Imports and €492 Exports). All Platforms have good available
Export markets of 50%.
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Figure 40: EU 28 Countries Import/Export Data for Climate Services by Platform 2017/18 €m
Figure 41 gives the Weather Services Import and Export data for the EU 28 countries by Platform. As
for Climate Services, the highest Imports and Exports are seen in Land Based Services (€671m
Imports and €555m Exports), followed by Airborne Services (€447m Imports and €377 Exports). All
Platforms have lower available exports markets than Climate Services, of around 20%.
Figure 41: EU 28 Countries Import/Export Data for Weather Services by Platform 2017/18 €m
Figure 42 shows the seven service types for Climate Services, with Climate Advisory Services at
€1.9bn (23%) and Other Consulting at €1.9bn (23%) as the highest values services, followed by
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Processing & Re-Analysis (12%), Modelling (11%), Measurement (9%), Operation (8%), Publication
(7%) and Data Management (7%). In comparison, for Weather Services, Climate Advisory Services is
€1.4bn (22%) and Other Consulting at €1.4bn (22%) are the highest values services, followed by
Processing & Re-Analysis (12%), Modelling (12%), Measurement (9%), Operation (9%), Publication
(8%) and Data Management (7%).
Figure 42: EU 28 Countries for Climate and Weather Services by Service 2017/18 €m
The total EU transactions in 2017/18 for Climate Services was estimated at 1.5m and for Weather
Services the estimate was 2.0m.
Figure 43 shows that, for Climate Services, Climate Advisory Services at 360,000 transactions (24%)
and Other Consulting at 330,000 (22%) are the highest volume services, followed by Processing &
Re-Analysis (12%), Modelling (11%), Measurement (9%), Operation (8%), Publication (8%) and Data
Management (6%). Figure 43 also shows that for Weather Services, Climate Advisory Services at
491,000 transactions (24%) and Other Consulting at 458,000 (22%) are the highest volume services,
followed by Processing & Re-Analysis (12%), Modelling (11%), Measurement (9%), Operation (8%),
Publication (8%) and Data Management (6%).
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Figure 43: EU 28 Countries for Climate and Weather Services by Service 2017/18 Transactions
The distribution of both value and volume follows an almost identical pattern for both Climate and
Weather Services.
Figure 44 gives the Climate Services Import and Export data for the EU 28 countries by Service. By
far the highest Imports and Exports are seen in Climate Advisory Services (23% of both imports and
exports) and Other Consulting (23% of both imports and exports).
Figure 44: EU 28 Countries Import/Export Data for Climate Services by Service 2017/18 €m
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Figure 45 gives the Weather Services Import and Export data for the EU 28 countries by Service. As
for Climate Services, the highest Imports and Exports are seen in Climate Advisory Services (22% for
both imports and exports) and Other Consulting (22% for both imports and exports).
Figure 45: EU 28 Countries Import/Export Data for Weather Services by Service 2017/18 €m
The third segmentation level for EU Climate and Weather Services (following the pattern of analysis
in Section 4) is by Industry. Figure 46 shows the distribution of EU sales of Climate and Weather
Services for each of the 27 different Industries.
The top 10 industries for Climate Services account for €5.2bn or 64% of the total. These are: Built
Environment (€741m); Renewable Energy (€710m); Public & Charitable Bodies (€639); Legal &
Financial (€591m); News, Publishing & Journalism (€578m); Exploration, Mines & Quarries (€503m),
Utilities (€447m); Agriculture (€385m); Forestry & Timber (€338m) and Food & Drink (€305m).
The top 10 industries for Weather Services account for €4.2bn or 66% of the total. These are: Legal &
Financial (€730m); Public & Charitable Bodies (€696m); Renewable Energy (€590m); Utilities
(€506m); Pharmaceuticals (€306m); Operational Services (€300m); Built Environment (€298m);
Health Care & Hospitals (€276m); Defence (€265m) and Exploration, Mines & Quarries (€224m).
The industry segmentation for the EU is very similar to the global analysis in Section 4, with many of
the same industries appearing in the top 10 for both Climate and Weather Services. Differences
occur in climate services where Legal and Financial and News, Publishing and Journalism switch
places. Weather Services sees Exploration, Mines and Quarries and Business Services switch for
tenth place.
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Figure 46: EU 28 Countries for Climate and Weather Services by Industry 2017/18 €m
Figure 47 illustrates the Climate Services Import/Export data for the 28 EU countries by Industry.
The top 10 Import and Exports industries for Climate Services account for €1.6bn or 64% of the total
imports and €1.3bn or 64% of exports. These are: Built Environment (9.1%); Renewable Energy
(8.8%); Public & Charitable Bodies (7.7%); Legal & Financial (7.4%); News, Publishing & Journalism
(7.2%); Exploration, Mines & Quarries (6.8%), Utilities (5.5%); Agriculture (4.5%); Forestry & Timber
(4.1%) and Food & Drink (3.8%).
Figure 47: EU 28 Countries Import/Export Data for Climate Services by Industry 2017/18 €m
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Figure 48 illustrates the Weather Services Import/Export data for the 28 EU countries by Industry.
The top 10 Import and Exports industries for Weather Services account for €1.2bn or 66.2% of the
total imports and €1.0bn or 66.2% of exports. These are: Legal & Financial (11.5%); Public &
Charitable Bodies (10.9%); Renewable Energy (9.2%); Utilities (7.8%); Pharmaceuticals (4.9%); Built
Environment (4.8%); Operational Services (4.7%); Health Care and Hospitals (4.4%); Defence (4.1%)
and Exploration, Mines & Quarries (3.8%).
Figure 48: EU 28 Countries Import/Export Data for Climate Services by Industry 2017/18 €m
The fourth segmentation level for EU Climate and Weather Services (following the pattern of
analysis in Section 4) is by NACE Code. Figure 49 shows the distribution of EU sales of Climate and
Weather Services for each of the 17 different NACE Codes.
The top 10 NACE Codes for Climate Services account for €6.7bn or 82% of the total. These are:
Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning (€877m); Public Administration & Defence (€797m);
Construction (€790m); Information & Communication (€784m); Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing
(€723m); Manufacturing (€652m); Financial & Insurance (€591m); Accommodation & Food (€589m);
Mining and Quarrying (€503m) and Transport & Storage (€383m).
The top 10 NACE Codes for Weather Services account for €5.1bn or 80% of the total. These are:
Public Administration & Defence (€961m); Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning (€775m);
Financial & Insurance (€730m); Manufacturing (€724m); Construction (€354m); Professional,
Scientific & Technical (€342m); Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management (€321m);
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Information & Communication (€300m); Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing (€280m) and Human
Health (€276m).
The NACE Code segmentation for the EU is very similar to the global analysis in Section 4, with many
of the same NACE Codes appearing in the top 10 for both Climate and Weather Services.
NACE end-users show significant differences between Climate and Weather Services, for example
although the top 5 NACE Codes make up 56% of the Weather Services market, the top 4 NACE Codes
account for 50%. Those 4 NACE Codes dominate the market, such dominance is not present in the
Climate Services market.
Figure 49: EU 28 Countries for Climate and Weather Services by NACE Code 2017/18 €m
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Figure 50 illustrates the Climate Services Import/Export data for the 28 EU countries by NACE Code.
The top 10 Import and Exports NACE Codes for Climate Services account for €2.0bn or 82% of the
total imports and €1.7bn or 82% of exports. These are: Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning
(10.9%); Public Administration & Defence (9.8%); Construction (9.7%); Information &
Communication (9.5%); Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing (8.6%); Manufacturing (8.0%);
Accommodation & Food (7.5%), Financial & Insurance (7.4%); Mining and Quarrying (6.2%) and
Transport & Storage (4.7%).
Figure 50: EU 28 Countries Import/Export Data for Climate Services by NACE Code 2017/18 €m
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Figure 51 illustrates the Weather Services Import/Export data for the 28 EU countries by NACE Code.
The top 10 Import and Exports NACE Codes for Weather Services account for €1.5bn or 80% of the
total imports and €1.3bn or 80% of exports. These are: Public Administration & Defence (15.2%);
Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning (12.1%); Financial & Insurance (11.5%); Manufacturing
(11.5%); Construction (5.7%); Professional, Scientific & Technical (5.4%), Water Supply, Sewerage &
Waste Management (5.0%); Information & Communication (4.7%); Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing
(4.6%) and Human Health (4.4%).
Figure 51: EU 28 Countries Import/Export Data for Weather Services by NACE Code 2017/18 €m
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Table 12 summarizes the key measures for each of the 28 countries of the EU, starting with Weather & Climate Services as a whole, then Weather Services,
Climate Services and then measures that relate purely to Climate Services - Climate as a percentage of the total sector, Imports, Exports and Available
Exports, Forecast Growth to 2024/25 and transaction volumes. Table 12 shows that forecast growth rates (based upon the more conservative figures) for
Climate Services are similar across all EU countries and that Climate Services accounts for between 53-54% of the sector total for all countries.
Table 12: Summary Table 28 EU Countries 2017/18
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The countries in Table 12 have deliberately not been ranked, but the leading positions of Germany, the UK, France, Spain and Italy should not surprise
anyone. Each country in this table is shown in more detail as both a dashboard and table of additional data at Appendices J and K. The Table 12 format is
replicated for each country but includes industry-level and NACE Code-level data.
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6 Discussion
6.1 General Comments
There are a surprising number of data sources available to conduct research of this type, they are
just not focused on measuring Weather and Climate Services from an economic/market perspective.
This made the first pass at defining a previously unquantified industry more robust than we
anticipated for the original research. From our experience of revisiting other industries and sectors
that we had defined and measured for the first time, we believed in 2011 that future investigations
were likely to unlock more data sources and increase confidence levels beyond 82%. In 2018, it is
true that there are more data sources of increasing quality, however, some of the key difficulties in
defining and capturing the differences between Weather and Climate Services remain. As such,
confidence levels within the reporting year 2017/18 are around 80%. We anticipate that confidence
levels will fluctuate around 80-82% for the next few reporting years as the market matures.
In the original research we found what we expected to find i.e. Weather and Climate Services has a
traditional market structure and global distribution of market share i.e. its shape is determined by
the national industry mix that it serves as well as by public policy agendas towards climate change.
This has continued into the current reporting year 2017/18.
The highest value activities in this study (and the previous two reports, D2.1 & D2.2) reflect those
most referred to as socio-economic sectors in the current literature references to Weather and
Climate Service markets i.e. agriculture, urban planning, energy and water resource management,
transport etc. The most significant omission from most other published references was the
financial/legal and Insurance/Re-Insurance markets. This research identifies how significant those
global markets really are. In general, the analysis in Section 4 (both then and now) shows that the
applications for Weather and Climate Services and the number of available markets are both
broader than most of the original literature suggested.
The ranking of leading economies is almost what we anticipated from related studies in the
environmental/low carbon field, but with a small bias towards demand in the Far East. In the original
research it was uncertain whether this would be a continuing trend or just related to the effects of
the economic downturn in the US and Europe. Further monitoring has confirmed this trend into
2016/17 and then again in 2017/18.
While the original research was a good first step, it was recognized that there were still some
limitations within the data sources and the methodology applied:
1. The study only included fee-paying transactions i.e. activities where there is an economic
footprint to be followed. This does not understate the "value" of what has been included (or its
annual growth), but it certainly understates the "volume" of transactions by excluding free
provision of data/data exchanges etc.
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2. There was limited transparency in global public sector purchasing sources - hence our rather
limited breakdown in values and volumes between government and public service markets. To
create greater granularity in this area (including better data on non-fee-paying activities) would
require a more in-house or consultative approach to data collection.
3. As always, we did not know what we did not know. It is possible that our insistence on only
including market activities that can be verified by multiple data sources has excluded some
emerging markets or service applications that emit "weak" but growing economic signals. These
should become evident through future monitoring.
4. Defining Weather Services and Climate Services separately was (and still is) a delicate and partly
interpretative operation where source materials do not always clearly differentiate between the
two. The 56/44% split between Weather and Climate is a top line number that varies
significantly industry by industry, but not very significantly by country for the top 15 economies.
So, the methods applied are sensitive enough to identify differences and variations but still
include a possible error level of up to +/- 25%. Further work may be able to reduce this potential
error level.
6.2 General Findings
What the original research did provide was a strong evidence base for the value and growing
economic importance of Weather and Climate Services. Platform data can be clearly differentiated
from the source materials so that the relevant importance of Space data (for example) can be
singled out from the whole.
As was suspected (and now demonstrated) the market was (and remains) dominated by the leading
economies. Compared with other sector studies for similar markets the top 15 countries are the
"usual suspects," but with India ranked ahead of Japan. Typically, the top seven countries account
for 50-53% of the global total. For Weather and Climate Services the value was (and remains) higher
at 58%, perhaps reflecting the key role played by the leading economies in leading the response to
climate change. The research confirmed that the leading markets/competitors for improving
economic performance in Weather and Climate Services were no different to most other economic
sectors.
The research suggested that there were more similarities than differences in how the leading
economies used Weather and Climate Services, but there is a future need for more data and
qualitative research about international differences, i.e. use of data platforms and service mix, and
institutional purchasing patterns and national competition.
For Service Types the research demonstrated that Data Management represents only 6% of the total
value for Climate Services and Operational Data accounts for 8% i.e. between 86% and 94% of all
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value is ADDED to the data, irrespective of which platform that data is drawn from. This finding still
reflects the current situation where much Weather and Climate Services data is provided free,
thereby reducing the overall market impact of Data Management services.
It is not clear from the original research what the full economic impact of free data had on the
market for Weather and Climate Services, however, we were confident that it would be possible to
model market impacts for making more/less data free. It would need a more rigorous analysis of
whether market uses are mandatory, critical or discretionary; it would need a robust quantification
for these market uses; it would require a wider analysis of the impact of new (free) data tools on
consulting markets (the DIY option) and it would invite cross references to data service values in
related information markets - but it would be possible to development a modelling rule-set to
explore what the impacts might be.
The analysis of the content of "Other Consulting" activities identified a clear and growing market for
explaining the "need" of, and benefits from, purchasing other Weather and Climate Services. As with
other environmentally-based agendas, the need to map both corporate and supply chain impacts or
dependencies on climate change were becoming increasingly important. Over time, we would
expect the need for "Other Consulting" to decline and the proportion of Advisory services to
increase, but there is no evidence of this in the 2017/18 updated data.
The industries analysis showed that the public sector and charities (including NGOs) accounted for
8% of market value. The NACE Code analysis showed that Public Administration and Defence
accounted for less 10%. This did appear to be a lower than average reflection of the importance
attached to Climate Services by the public sector but was probably an accurate reflection of “fee-
paying” vs. “in-house” or “non-commercial” activity. What was, perhaps, new from the research was
the identification of a much wider set of industries with a need for Weather and Climate Services
and the differentiated needs for both.
The research identified extremely healthy historical and forecast growth rates. This was (and
remains) a reflection of the economic and social drivers for Weather and Climate Services and
continues to buck current market trends in Europe and the US. Forecast growth was much higher
than for most of the global environmental and low carbon goods and services that we had
researched - the exception being some of the renewable energies. Some of this, was due to the
increasing degree to which Climate Services was becoming a mandatory/critical part of the
corporate governance/corporate responsibility agenda.
The analysis of market/industry and market/NACE Code uses of Weather and Climate Services
showed a very wide variation in use/needs - much wider, perhaps, than first thought when this
research was originally commissioned. This analysis provided a "window" into what was driving the
adoption of and growth in, Weather and Climate Services in different areas of the global economy
and revealed a much richer commercial landscape than originally anticipated. There is much
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consultative work still to be done to quantify these market uses and to explore/expand the emerging
niches contained within them.
The Import and Export data has identified interesting patterns between Climate Services and
Weather Services. The value of imports and exports varies significantly between industries; NACE
Codes; Platforms and Services, but broadly in line with the overall value of each measure, as would
be expected. Imports are about 30% of the size of the market and exports around 25% of the
market for both Climate Services and Weather Services, no matter which angle you look at the
market from (be it spilt by platform, NACE Code, industry or service). It is when we look at the
available exports that we see significant differences between Climate Services and Weather Services.
The available exports are a measure of the proportion of the export market which is available for
penetration under the normal cost of sales for the sector i.e. not “buying market”. The available export market for Climate Services is 50%, whereas for Weather Services it is only 20%. This is
indicative of the maturation of the Weather Services market, compared to the emerging Climate
Services market. Long-term monitoring of this metric via initiative such as the Observatory would be
beneficial to tracking market maturation and available demand, key indicators of market health.
So, while there were some necessary limitations in what the original research objectives revealed,
there was and still is, a wealth of evidence that supports a healthy economic or business case for
both Weather and Climate Services.
7 Bibliography
MARCO D2.1 Initial Definiton, Taxonomy and Report (Howard & Howard, 2017)
MARCO D2.2 Interim Definiton, Taxonomy and Report (Howard & Howard, 2018)
MARCO D6.4 Outlook 2020: Short Term Forecasts (Howard & Howard, 2018)
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Industry Markets Appendix A
Industry Market
Agriculture Arable
Agriculture Arable
Agriculture Live Stock
Biotech Batch Production
Biotech In-Line Process Manufacture
Biotech Manufacturing Assembly
Biotech Multi Process
Biotech Project Oriented Production
Built Environment Civil Engineering
Built Environment Construction
Built Environment Large Developments
Business Services Advertising
Business Services Advertising and Marketing .
Business Services Consultancy (General)
Business Services Other Professional Business Services .
Civil Engineering Sector Not Elsewhere Classified Location Planning for large establishments
Communications Communications .
Communications Communications Infrastructure
Communications Telecoms
Defence Contractors for Defence Projects
Defence Operations Base Development and Planning
Defence Other Defence Services Providers
Education and Training Large Private Educational Establishments
Education and Training Public Sector Education
Education and Training Specialist Training for Climate Services
Education and Training Training Services
Exploration, Mines and Quarries Geological Stability and Change for Operations
Exploration, Mines and Quarries Mines and Quarries
Exploration, Mines and Quarries Oil and Gas Exploration
Food and Drink Food ('Fast')
Food and Drink Food (Generic - but not Production or Catering)
Food and Drink Food and Beverage Supply Servicing
Food and Drink Food Production (Batch Production)
Food and Drink Food Production (In-Line Process Manufacture)
Food and Drink Food Production (Manufacturing Assembly)
Food and Drink Processing and Manufacturing Operations Bases
Forestry and Timber Forestry Corporates
Forestry and Timber Forestry Planning
Forestry and Timber Timber Processing
Health Care and Hospitals Health Care .
Health Care and Hospitals Hospitals
Health Care and Hospitals Locational and Operational Management
Health Care and Hospitals Medical Clinics
Hospitality Hotels and Catering .
Hospitality Location Planning for large establishments
Hospitality Restaurant
Legal and Financial Accountancy
Legal and Financial Banking
Legal and Financial Building Society (Savings, Mutual Credit Associations)
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Industry Market
Legal and Financial Credit Card Operations
Legal and Financial Financial Investments
Legal and Financial Futures Analysts
Legal and Financial Insurance
Legal and Financial Law
Legal and Financial Other Financial Services .
Legal and Financial Pension Funds
Legal and Financial Re Insurance
Legal and Financial Risk Mitigation Services
Logistics Airline Operators
Logistics Distribution and Logistics Management
Logistics Freight Forwarders
Logistics Freight Transportation by Air
Logistics Freight Transportation by Land
Logistics Freight Transportation by Rail
Logistics Freight Transportation by Sea
Logistics Large Goods and Vehicle Storage
Logistics Large Mail Delivery Corporations
Logistics Mailing/Packaging Houses (e.g. Direct Marketing Services)
Logistics Operations Planning
Logistics Passenger Transportation by Air
Logistics Passenger Transportation by Land
Logistics Passenger Transportation by Sea
Logistics Rail Operators
Logistics Shipping Line Operators
Manufacturing Aerospace and Aeronautical (Batch Production)
Manufacturing Aerospace and Aeronautical (Manufacturing Assembly)
Manufacturing Aerospace and Aeronautical (Project Oriented Production)
Manufacturing Alloy Making Corporates
Manufacturing Automotive (Batch Production)
Manufacturing Automotive (Manufacturing Assembly)
Manufacturing Automotive (Project Oriented Production)
Manufacturing Batch Production .
Manufacturing Chemicals and Allied Production (In-Line Process Manufacture)
Manufacturing Chemicals and Allied Products (Batch Production)
Manufacturing Chemicals and Allied Products (Manufacturing Assembly)
Manufacturing Electronics (Batch Production)
Manufacturing Electronics (Manufacturing Assembly)
Manufacturing Electronics (Project Oriented Production)
Manufacturing Engineering Project Management
Manufacturing High End Engineering (Batch Production)
Manufacturing High End Engineering (Manufacturing Assembly)
Manufacturing High End Engineering (Project Oriented Production)
Manufacturing In-Line Process Manufacture .
Manufacturing Locational and Operational Management
Manufacturing Manufacturing Assembly .
Manufacturing Metals Casting Corporates
Manufacturing Petrochemical
Manufacturing Plastics Fee Stock Making Corporates
Manufacturing Project Orientated Production .
Manufacturing Ship Building
Manufacturing Steel Making Corporates
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Industry Market
News Publishing and Journalism Location Planning for large establishments
News Publishing and Journalism Multi Media and Broadcasting Sector
News Publishing and Journalism News Papers and Periodicals
News Publishing and Journalism Other Publications
Not Elsewhere Classified Location Planning for large establishments
Operational Services Airport Servicing and Operations
Operational Services Call Centre (Telephone)
Operational Services High-Tech based Services (Emergent) .
Operational Services Industrial Services and Servicing .
Pharmaceuticals Locational and Operational Management
Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals (Batch Production)
Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals (In-Line Process Manufacture)
Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals (Manufacturing Assembly)
Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals (Project Oriented Production)
Processing Industry Not Elsewhere Classified Location Planning for large establishments
Public and Charitable Bodies Charitable Bodies
Public and Charitable Bodies Local Government
Public and Charitable Bodies Location Planning for large establishments
Public and Charitable Bodies Public Services
Renewable Energy Geothermal
Renewable Energy Photovoltaic and Solar
Renewable Energy Power Distribution Planning
Renewable Energy Wind
Research and Development Commercial R&D
Retailing and Wholesale Large Multi Site Retailers
Retailing and Wholesale Large Wholesale Corporates
Retailing and Wholesale Location Planning for large establishments
Retailing and Wholesale Merchandising
Retailing and Wholesale Retailing .
Tourism and Leisure Leisure/Life Style
Tourism and Leisure Location Planning for large establishments
Tourism and Leisure Operation of Leisure Facilities .
Tourism and Leisure Tourism
Utilities Distribution Stability and Risk Mitigation
Utilities Energy Supply (Gas and Electricity)
Utilities Waste Management
Utilities Water Supply
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Appendix B
NACE Code Markets
NACE Code Market
Accommodation & Food Food and Beverage Supply Servicing
Accommodation & Food Food ('Fast')
Accommodation & Food Food (Generic - but not Production or Catering)
Accommodation & Food Food Production (Batch Production)
Accommodation & Food Food Production (In-Line Process Manufacture)
Accommodation & Food Food Production (Manufacturing Assembly)
Accommodation & Food Hotels and Catering .
Accommodation & Food Restaurant
Accommodation & Food Processing and Manufacturing Operations Bases
Accommodation & Food Location Planning for large establishments
Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Arable
Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Live Stock
Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Forestry Corporates
Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Timber Processing
Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Arable
Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Forestry Planning
Arts, Entertainment & Recreation Leisure/Life Style
Arts, Entertainment & Recreation Tourism
Arts, Entertainment & Recreation Operation of Leisure Facilities .
Arts, Entertainment & Recreation Location Planning for large establishments
Construction Construction
Construction Civil Engineering
Construction Large Developments
Construction Location Planning for large establishments
Education Public Sector Education
Education Training Services
Education Large Private Educational Establishments
Education Specialist Training for Climate Services
Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning Wind
Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning Photovoltaic and Solar
Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning Geothermal
Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning Energy Supply (Gas and Electricity)
Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning Power Distribution Planning
Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning Distribution Stability and Risk Mitigation
Financial & Insurance Restaurant
Financial & Insurance Accountancy
Financial & Insurance Banking
Financial & Insurance Building Society (Savings, Mutual Credit Associations)
Financial & Insurance Credit Card Operations
Financial & Insurance Other Financial Services .
Financial & Insurance Insurance
Financial & Insurance Re Insurance
Financial & Insurance Law
Financial & Insurance Financial Investments
Financial & Insurance Futures Analysts
Financial & Insurance Pension Funds
Financial & Insurance Risk Mitigation Services
Human Health Health Care
Human Health Hospitals
Human Health Medical Clinics
Human Health Locational and Operational Management
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NACE Code Market
Information & Communication Communications .
Information & Communication Telecoms
Information & Communication News Papers and Periodicals
Information & Communication Other Publications
Information & Communication Multi Media and Broadcasting Sector
Information & Communication Call Centre (Telephone)
Information & Communication Communications Infrastructure
Information & Communication Location Planning for large establishments
Manufacturing Batch Production
Manufacturing In-Line Process Manufacture
Manufacturing Manufacturing Assembly
Manufacturing Project Oriented Production
Manufacturing Aerospace and Aeronautical (Batch Production)
Manufacturing Aerospace and Aeronautical (Manufacturing Assembly)
Manufacturing Aerospace and Aeronautical (Project Oriented Production)
Manufacturing Automotive (Batch Production)
Manufacturing Automotive (Manufacturing Assembly)
Manufacturing Automotive (Project Oriented Production)
Manufacturing Batch Production .
Manufacturing Chemicals and Allied Production (In-Line Process Manufacture)
Manufacturing Manufacturing Assembly .
Manufacturing Chemicals and Allied Products (Batch Production)
Manufacturing Chemicals and Allied Products (Manufacturing Assembly)
Manufacturing Electronics (Batch Production)
Manufacturing Electronics (Manufacturing Assembly)
Manufacturing Electronics (Project Oriented Production)
Manufacturing High End Engineering (Batch Production)
Manufacturing High End Engineering (Manufacturing Assembly)
Manufacturing High End Engineering (Project Oriented Production)
Manufacturing Engineering Project Management
Manufacturing In-Line Process Manufacture .
Manufacturing Project Orientated Production .
Manufacturing Petrochemical
Manufacturing Ship Building
Manufacturing Steel Making Corporates
Manufacturing Plastics Fee Stock Making Corporates
Manufacturing Alloy Making Corporates
Manufacturing Metals Casting Corporates
Manufacturing Pharmaceuticals (Batch Production)
Manufacturing Pharmaceuticals (In-Line Process Manufacture)
Manufacturing Pharmaceuticals (Manufacturing Assembly)
Manufacturing Pharmaceuticals (Project Oriented Production)
Manufacturing Arable
Manufacturing Multi Process
Manufacturing Locational and Operational Management
Manufacturing Location Planning for large establishments
Mining and Quarrying Oil and Gas Exploration
Mining and Quarrying Mines and Quarries
Mining and Quarrying Geological Stability and Change for Operations
Other Services Industrial Services and Servicing .
Other Services Location Planning for large establishments
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NACE Code Market
Professional, Scientific & Technical Consultancy (General)
Professional, Scientific & Technical Other Professional Business Services .
Professional, Scientific & Technical High-Tech based Services (Emergent) .
Professional, Scientific & Technical Commercial R&D
Public Administration & Defence Contractors for Defence Projects
Public Administration & Defence Other Defence Services Providers
Public Administration & Defence Charitable Bodies
Public Administration & Defence Local Government
Public Administration & Defence Public Services
Public Administration & Defence Operations Base Development and Planning
Public Administration & Defence Location Planning for large establishments
Transport & Storage Airline Operators
Transport & Storage Distribution and Logistics Management
Transport & Storage Mailing/Packaging Houses (e.g. Direct Marketing Services)
Transport & Storage Freight Transportation by Air
Transport & Storage Freight Transportation by Land
Transport & Storage Freight Transportation by Sea
Transport & Storage Freight Transportation by Rail
Transport & Storage Passenger Transportation by Air
Transport & Storage Passenger Transportation by Land
Transport & Storage Passenger Transportation by Sea
Transport & Storage Large Goods and Vehicle Storage
Transport & Storage Shipping Line Operators
Transport & Storage Freight Forwarders
Transport & Storage Rail Operators
Transport & Storage Large Mail Delivery Corporations
Transport & Storage Airport Servicing and Operations
Transport & Storage Operations Planning
Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management Waste Management
Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management Water Supply
Wholesale & Retail Large Multi Site Retailers
Wholesale & Retail Merchandising
Wholesale & Retail Retailing .
Wholesale & Retail Large Wholesale Corporates
Wholesale & Retail Commercial R&D
Wholesale & Retail Location Planning for large establishments
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Appendix C
Selected Sources
ABS - Atlantic Broadcasting System Association of Naval Aviation British Cement Association
ADSIP Research Centre Association of Play Industries British Concrete Masonry Association
Advanced Portfolio Technologies Association of Rooflight Manufacturers British Constructional Steelw ork Association
Advanced Technologies Inc Association of Tank & Cistern Manufacturers British Fire Protection Systems Association
Aerospace Technology Atlantic Marine Trades Association British Foundry Association
Aggregatemarket Atmospheric Research and Information Centre British Glass Manufacturers Association
Airport Operators' Association Australasian Institute of Marine Surveyors British Hard Metals Association
Air-Scene UK Australian Graduate School of Management Annual Report British Institute of Architectural Technologists
Alfred Wegener Institute Foundation for Polar & Marine Research Australian International Marine Export Group British Marine Equipment Association (BMEA),
allbizreport Australian Marine Industries Federation British Marine Finfish Association
Alliance for Marine Remote Sensing Canada Australian Marine Sciences Association British Maritime Law Association
Aluminium Federation Australian Research Centre for Aerospace Automation British Metals Castings Association
Aluminium Stockholders Association Australian Shipbuilders Association British Metals Federation
AMA Research Australian Stock Market and Historical Data Page British Non-Ferrous Metals Federation
American Fisheries Society Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Products Association British Plastics Federation
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) Aviation International British Precast Concrete Federation
American Society of Naval Engineers Aviation Week British Pump Manufacturers Association
AMRC Avitop British Quality foundation
Anakonda AVMARK British Rigid Urethane Foam Manufacturers Association
Anchin, Block & Anchin LLP BAA British Security Industry Association
Annual Report Gallery BAC Marketing Equities Research Page British Stainless Steel Association
Arboricultural Association BAE Systems British Steel Strip Products
Architectural Association (AA) School of Architecture Bank Rate Monitor British Wood Preserving & Damp Proofing Association
Architectural Cladding Association Barnes Reports BSRIA The Building Services Research and Information Association
Aruvian Research BARRA Bureau of International Recycling
Association for Environment Conscious Building BART International Business & Commercial Aviation
Association for Project Management Bathroom Manufacturers Association Buttonw ood Financial Resources
Association for Specialist Fire Protection BLT Financial Group Cadvantage
Association for the Conservation of Energy Boardroom Insider Canadian Marine Manufacturers Association Canada
Association of Average Adjusters Bond Basics CANNEX
Association of Builders' Hardw are Manufacturers Bondtrac Financial Information Caribbean Marine Association
Association of Building Component Manufacturers Ltd Brain Wave Cast Metals Development
Association of Building Engineers BRE Building Research Establishment Cavity Foam Bureau
Association of Consulting Engineers Brick Development Association CBOT
Association of Facilities Engineers Bridge Information Systems CCN New sNet
Association of Interior Specialists Briefing by Charter Media Cement Admixtures Association
Association of Loading & Elevating Equipment Manufacturers British Airport Services and Equipment Association Census Department (US)
Association of Manufacturers of Domestic Appliances British Blind & Shutter Association Central Statistical Office (UK)
Association of Marine Products & Services British Board of Agrement Centre for Alternative Technology
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Centre for Window & Cladding Technology Cornhill EMEC, the European Marine Equipment Council
CERAM Research Council for the Protection of Rural England (CPRE) Empire State Marine Trades Association
Chartered Institute of Building Council for the Protection of Rural Wales (CPRW) Energy Industries Council
Chartered Institute of Environmental Health Council of Forest Industries Engineering Construction Industry Association
Chartered Institute of Housing Country by Country registered data sources Engineering Employers Federation
Chartered Institute of Purchasing & Supply CRSP (Center for Research in Security Prices) Engineering Industries Association
Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers CSA Engineering Manufacturers Association
Chartered Society of Designers CSC EPRO European Association of Plastics Recycling
Chicago Board of Trade CSI ESPIN Stock Charts
Chicago Mercantile Exchange CU Time Series Repository ESRC Data Archive
Chinese Society of Naval Architects & Marine Engineers Currency Management, Inc. Eurisol (UK) Ltd
CIA Daily Stocks Euro Monitor
CIRIA Daiw a's Information Bank Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC
CISCO - Futures research and data Danaher Corporation European Federation for Spec. Prods & Applications in Structures
CITB-ConstructionSkills Data and Program Library Services at Wisconsin European Liquid Roofing Association
Citibase Data Monitor European Organisation for Packaging and the Environment
Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) Data Used in Research Papers at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. European Regions Airline Association
Civil engineering contractors Association DataMerge Financing Resources for Entrepreneurs European Small Business Alliance
Clay Pipe Development Association Datastream International European Space Agency
Clay Roof Tile Council Defense Manufacturers Association European Space Agency
Cliometric Society Defense New s Eurotrader Strategies
CNNfn Deloitte & Touche Peerscape Expanded Polystyrene Cavity Insulation Association
Coastal Resources Center Design & Industries Association External Wall Insulation Association
Commodity Resource Corp. Deutsche Bank List of the Prices of 60 German Stocks Faciva
CommodityTrader.Net Dialog FACTIVA
Concrete Society Ltd Disclosure Federal Filings Business New s
Concrete Tile Manufacturers Association Dow Jones Business Directory Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis
Confederation of Aerial Industries Dun & Bradstreet Federal Reserve Bank of New York
Confederation of British Industry EADS Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia
Confederation of British Metal forming EADS Federation for the Repair & Protection of Structures
Confederation of Construction Specialists Ecological Design Association (EDA) Federation of British Hand Tool Manufacturers
Confederation of European Aerospace Societies (CEAS) Ed Yardeni's Chart Room Federation of Finnish Technology Industries
Connecticut Marine Trades Association Edgar Online.Com from Cybernet Data Systems Federation of Master Builders
Construct UK E-Investor Federation of Piling Specialists
Construction Confederation Electrical Contractors Association Federation Of The Electronics Industry
Construction Employers Federation Electrical Installation Equipment Manufacturers Asssociation Fibre Cement Manufacturers Association
Construction Products Association Electrical Insulation Association Finance Online
Consumers Association Electronic Data Interchange (Construction) Ltd Financial Post
Contract Flooring Association E-Line Financials Financial Technologies International
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Financial Times IBC Data Institutor Logic
Fire Protection Association Icomia : International Council of Marine Industry Associations Inter-American Development Bank
Fire Resistant Glass & Glazed Systems Association Icon Group International, Inc. Interior Decorators & Designers Association
FISH IDD Intermediate Technology Development Group
Flat Glass Manufacturers Association IFAInformation International Air Transport Association (IATA)
Flat Roofing Alliance IMCA - International Marine Contractors Association International Association of Dredging Companies
Flight International IMPA International Marine Purchasing Association International Association of Producers of Insurance and Reinsurance
Florida Aquatic Plant Management Society Independent Defense Media Association International Council of Marine Industry Associations (ICOMIA)
Forecast International Indian Space Research Organisation International Economics Information
Forests Forever Industry Research group International Federation of Shipmasters' Associations
Fortitude INFO-MINE International Institute of Marine Surveyors
Fortune Magazine Online Information Echo International institutes of technology
Freedonia Group ING Bank International International Marine Certif ication Institute Belgium
Freight Transport Association Institute for Defense & Government Advancement (IDGA) International Monetary Fund
Frost & Sullivan Institute for Naval Automation Italy International Ship Electric Service Association (Ises) Ltd
Futures Guide Institute for the Study of Naval Architecture Italy International Universities
Futures Price Data Institute of Architectural Ironmongers International Waterproofing Association
GBQ/Nesser Consulting Group Institute of Builders Merchants Internet Securities, Inc.
General Electric Company Institute of Building Control Internet Securities.
Glass and Glazing Federation Institute of Civil Engineers InterQuote - Continuous Quotes
Global Financial Data Institute of Clerks of Works of Great Britain Intex Solutions - CMO data
Global Industry Analysts Institute Of Corrosion InvestorGuide
Global Recycling Netw ork Institute of electrical & Mechanical engineers Investor's Diary
Glued Laminated Timber Association Institute of Management consultants Investors Free Forum
GMID Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology (Small Ships) InvestorSquare
Gold Coast Marine Industry Association Institute Of Marine Engineers InvestorSquare
Grow th Stock Gazette Institute Of Metal Finishing IQPC Defence
Guild of Architectural Ironmongers Institute Of Petroleum IRIN
Gypsum Products Development Association Institute of Plumbing JAL Trading
Health Estate Facilities Management Association Institute of Recycling Jane's Information Group Ltd
Heating & Ventilating Contractors Association Institution of Civil Engineers Jane's International
Helaba Trust Institution of Electrical Engineers Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
Holt's Daily Stock Market Report Institution of Fire Engineers Japan Marine Engineers' Association
Honeyw ell International Inc. Institution of Gas Engineers and Managers (IGEM) Japan Naval Architecture Institute
Hoovers Online Institution of Highw ays & Transportation Journal of Applied Econometric Data Archive
Hot Water Association (HWA) Institution of Incorporated Engineers JP Morgan
Houseboat Association of America Institution of Lighting Engineers Kansai Society of Naval Architects
I/B/E/S Analyst Earnings Forecasts Institution of Mechanical Engineers Kensington Management Company
Ibbotson Associates Institution of Structural Engineers Key Note Publications Ltd
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Key Publishing McGladrey & Pullen LLP National Marine Representatives Association
Knight Capital Mead Data Central Lexis/Nexis National Master Tile Fixers Association
Koku Shimbun Sha Mechanical and Metal Trades Confederation National Oil Recyclers Association
Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) Media Logic Economic Indicators National Physical Laboratory
LCCS Merrill Lynch OnLine NATO Undersea Research Centre Italy
L. T. Institute of Finance Metal Cladding & Roofing Manufacturers Association Ltd NCS
L-3 Communications Holdings, Inc. Micropal NDIA’s National DefenseLandscape Institute Midas Online Neptune Association Netherlands
Leading Edge Management Consultancy Ltd. Ministry of Economy and Public Works and Services of Argentina NETw orth by Quicken
Lehman Brothers Mintel New York Stock Exchange
LIFFE MIT Stock Price Data Nihon Marinenjiniaringu Gakkai
Lind-Waldock & Co. Money Magazine Online Nikko Securities
Lloyd's Register Money Manager Performance Data Northern Offshore Federation
Lockheed Martin Corporation Moneyline Northrop Grumman Corporation
Marina Operators Association of America Moore's Database of Financial Criminals nycetc
Marine Aggregates Producers Association (BMAPA) Morgan Stanley OAG
Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom MORST New Zealand OECD
Marine Clerks Associations Motorola, Inc. Ontario Marine Operators Association
Marine Engine & Equipment Manufacturers Association MTC&D - Marine Technical Consultancy & Design OSPAR
Marine Industries Association Mutual Fund Magazine Database of Fund Performance Paint Research Association
Marine Industries Association of South Florida Mutual Funds Central Parker Hannif in Corporation
Marine Industries Association of St. Lucia (MIASL), Mutual Funds Interactive PC Trader
Marine Preservation Association (USA) NASA Perfect Information
Marine Queensland NASC (National Access and Scaffolding Confederation) Pipeline Industries Guild
Marine Studies and Environmental Research Centre Plymouth NASDAQ Piper Jaffray
Marine Trades Association National Association of Marine Surveyors (NAMS) Plastic Bag Association
Marine Trades Association of Maryland National Association of Marine Surveyors, Inc. U.S.A. Plastic Pipe Manufacturers Society
Maritime Law Association of Australia and New Zealand National Bureau of Economic Research Plastics Window Federation
Market and Business Development National Defense Industry Association Plimsoll Publishing Ltd.
Market and Business Development National Federation of Building Trade Employees PMpublishing's Daily Option Summary
Market Guide National Federation of Roofing Contractors Ltd Polyethylene Foam Insulation Association
Market Paradigm National Federation of Terrazzo, Marble & Mosaic Specialists Ports & Terminals Group
MarketEdge National GRP Cladding Federation Pow der Actuated Systems Association
MarketPlayer National House-Building Council NHBC Prestressed Concrete Association
MarketTrak National Housing Federation Price Waterhouse
Massachusetts Marine Trades Association National Inspection Council for Electrical Installation Contracting Primark
MATIF National Insulation Association Pristine Day Trader
MBD National Marine Electronics Association Professional Naval Engineering Council Argentina
MBD National Marine Manufacturers Association Public Register's Annual Report Service (PRARS)
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QBL Shipping Australia Limited Temple Group United Technologies Corporation
QSRMC (The Quality Scheme for Ready Mixed Concrete) Short Term Stock Selector TFC Financial Charts University of Waterloo
Queensland Seafood Industry Association Silicon Investor Thales Value Investing
Quote.com SilverPlatter The Aerospace Research Institute Venture Capital Resource Library
Quoteline Snapdata International Group The Boeing Company Venture Capital World Online
Recruitment & Employment Confederation Ltd Society For Underw ater Technology The British Marine Federation Vortex Volatility Chart Library
Recyclers w orld Society of Accredited Marine Surveyors (SAMS) The European Recovered Paper Council (ERPC) Wall Street Directory
Reed Business Information Society of British Aerospace Companies The Housing Corporation Wall Street Discount Corporation
Reed Construction Data Society of British Gas Industries The Institute Of Diesel & Gas Turbine Engineers Wall Street Net
Relevant Aerospace and Engineering University Centres Society of Chief Electrical & Mechanical Engineers The Institute Of Logistics & Transport WallStreeter.Com
Remade Netw ork UK Society of Consulting Marine Engineers and Ship Surveyors The Institution Of Mechanical Engineers Waste Watch
ResearchandMarkets Society Of Maritime Industries The International Union of Marine Insurance (IUMI) Wilcoxon Research
Researchmag Society of Naval Architects & Marine Engineers The Mining Company WOQATS
Rhode Island Marine Trades Association Solar Energy Society (Uk Section) The Motley Fool World Bank
RICS Solar Trade Association Ltd The National Building Specif ication (NBS) World Ship Trust
RNCOS Stainless Steel Advisory Service (SSAS) The National Marine Educators Association World Wide Quote
ROUSSIN Standard & Poors The Nautical Institute WRAP
Royal Aeronautical Society Standard & Poors Compustat The Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF) Write Partnership
Royal Air Force Standard & Poors Equity Investor Services The Royal Institution Of Naval Architects XCOR Aerospace Inc
Royal Bank of Canada Statistics Canada The Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS) Zacks Investment Research
Royal Incorporation of Architects Steel Lintel Manufacturers Association The Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) Zinc Information Centre
Royal Institute of British Architects Stock Advisory New sletter The Shephard Press
Rye, Man & Gor Securities Stock Commando The Steel Construction Institute
Salomon Brothers Stock Data Corporation Thermal Insulation Contractors Association
San Diego Daily Transcript. Stock Investors' Fraud Resource Thermal Insulation Manufacturers and Suppliers Association
Scottish Building Employers Federation Stock Research (From Spain) TheStreet.com
Scottish Ecological Design Association (SEDA) Stock Smart Thomson Reuters
Scottish Homes StockMaster Timber & Brick Information Council
Scripps Institution of Oceanography Stockpicks.com Timber Trade Federation
Scuba Industries Trade Association StockSense Tow n & Country Planning Association
SEC Database StockSite TRADA Technology Ltd
Securities Data Corporation Stock-Talk.com Transport Research Laboratory
SecurityAPL Current Quote Server Stockw arrants.com TRINET America
SELECT - Electrical Contractors Association of Scotland Stone Federation TurboMachinery International
Shephard Group Structural Precast Association UK Marine & Coastguard Agency
Ship Builders & Ship Repairers Association Surfrat Quotes UK Steel Association
Ship Research Institute Suspended Access Equipment Manufacturers Association UNECE
Shipbuilders' Association of Japan Sw imming Pools & Allied Trades Association Ltd Union of Construction, Allied Trades & Technicians
Shipbuilding Engineering Society Russia Telescan United States Naval Institute
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Appendix D
Confidence Levels
The following charts map confidence levels for each of the core measures - activity value,
transaction and growth - by country and by industry for Climate Services. The core measure appears
on the vertical axis and the confidence level appears on the horizontal axis. The size of the bubble
reflects the relative value of the activity.
D1: Growth by Industry
D2: Value by Industry
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D3: Volume by Industry
D4: Growth by Country
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D5: Value by Country
D6: Volume by Country
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Appendix E
Global Industry Analysis for Climate Services
E1a: Agriculture
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E1b: Agriculture
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E2a: Biotech
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E2b: Biotech
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E3a: Built Environment
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E3b: Built Environment
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E4a: Business Services
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E4b: Business Services
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E5a: Civil Engineering Sector Not Elsewhere Classified
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E5b: Civil Engineering Sector Not Elsewhere Classified
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E6a: Communications
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E6b: Communications
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E7a: Defence
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E7b: Defence
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E8a: Education and Training
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E8b: Education and Training
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E9a: Exploration, Mines and Quarries
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E9b: Exploration, Mines and Quarries
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E10a: Food and Drink
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E10b: Food and Drink
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E11a: Forestry and Timber
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E11b: Forestry and Timber
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E12a: Health Care and Hospitals
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E12b: Health Care and Hospitals
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E13a: Hospitality
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E13b: Hospitality
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E14a: Legal and Financial
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E14b: Legal and Financial
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E15a: Logistics
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E15b: Logistics
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E16a: Manufacturing
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E16b: Manufacturing
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E17a: News, Publishing and Journalism
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E17b: News, Publishing and Journalism
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E18a: Not Elsewhere Classified
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E18b: Not Elsewhere Classified
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E19a: Operational Services
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E19b: Operational Services
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E20a: Pharmaceuticals
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E20b: Pharmaceuticals
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E21a: Processing Industry Not Elsewhere Classified
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E21b: Processing Industry Not Elsewhere Classified
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E22a: Public and Charitable Bodies
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E22b: Public and Charitable Bodies
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E23a: Renewable Energy
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E23b: Renewable Energy
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E24a: Research and Development
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E24b: Research and Development
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E25a: Retailing and Wholesale
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E25b: Retailing and Wholesale
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E26a: Tourism and Leisure
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E26b: Tourism and Leisure
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E27a: Utilities
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E27b: Utilities
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Global Market Values by Industry and NACE Code Appendix F F1: Industry
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F2: NACE Code
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Appendix G
Global NACE Code Analysis for Climate Services
G1a: Accommodation and Food
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G1b: Accommodation and Food
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G2a: Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing
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G2b: Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing
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G3a: Arts, Entertainment and Recreation
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G3b: Arts, Entertainment and Recreation
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G4a: Construction
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G4b: Construction
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G5a: Education
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G5b: Education
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G6a: Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning
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G6b: Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning
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G7a: Financial and Insurance
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G7b: Financial and Insurance
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G8a: Human Health
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G8b: Human Health
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G9a: Information and Communication
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G9b: Information and Communication
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G10a: Manufacturing
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G10b: Manufacturing
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G11a: Mining and Quarrying
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G11b: Mining and Quarrying
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G12a: Other Services
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G12b: Other Services
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G13a: Professional, Scientific and Technical
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G13b: Professional, Scientific and Technical
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G14a: Public Administration and Defence
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G14b: Public Administration and Defence
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G15a: Transport and Storage
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G15b: Transport and Storage
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G16a: Water Supply, Sewerage and Waste Management
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G16b: Water Supply, Sewerage and Waste Management
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G17a: Wholesale and Retail
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Appendix H
All Industries and NACE Codes by Platform & Service for Global Climate Services
H1: Industry split by Platform
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H2: Industry split by Service
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H3: NACE Code split by Platform
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Appendix I
Global Country Analysis for Climates Services
Country W&C Total €mWeather
Services €mClimate
Services €m
Climate
Services
Imports €m
Climate
Services
Exports €m
Climate
Available
Exports €mAfghanistan 25.0 10.9 14.5 4.3 3.6 1.8
Albania 20.5 8.9 11.8 3.5 2.8 1.4
Algeria 213.7 94.1 121.8 36.2 30.5 15.3
American Samoa 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0
Andorra 2.2 1.0 1.3 0.4 0.3 0.2
Angola 50.6 22.1 29.1 9.0 7.1 3.5
Anguilla 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Antigua and Barbuda 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1
Argentina 598.2 264.0 340.1 99.4 85.3 42.7
Armenia 17.4 7.6 10.0 2.9 2.5 1.2
Aruba 2.0 0.9 1.1 0.3 0.3 0.1
Australia 631.8 274.9 365.2 108.9 90.4 45.0
Austria 303.7 133.3 174.0 51.4 44.0 22.0
Azerbaijan 44.0 19.0 25.7 7.7 6.5 3.2
Bahamas 6.9 3.0 4.0 1.2 1.0 0.5
Bahrain 19.8 8.5 11.5 3.4 2.9 1.4
Bangladesh 378.4 163.5 220.6 67.4 55.5 27.9
Barbados 6.2 2.7 3.6 1.1 0.9 0.4
Belarus 100.0 43.7 57.4 17.3 14.7 7.3
Belgium 424.5 184.0 246.4 72.6 62.3 31.0
Belize 2.4 1.0 1.4 0.4 0.3 0.2
Benin 8.5 3.7 4.9 1.5 1.2 0.6
Bermuda 5.9 2.6 3.4 1.0 0.8 0.4
Bhutan 3.9 1.7 2.2 0.7 0.6 0.3
Bolivia 24.4 10.6 14.1 4.2 3.5 1.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina 32.0 14.0 18.4 5.6 4.6 2.3
Botswana 19.5 8.5 11.2 3.4 2.7 1.3
Brazil 1,833.6 792.8 1,066.6 329.2 265.0 132.3
British Virgin Isles 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1
Brunei 8.8 3.8 5.1 1.5 1.3 0.7
Bulgaria 74.1 32.1 43.0 13.0 10.5 5.3
Burkina Faso 21.1 9.3 12.1 3.7 3.0 1.5
Burundi 4.9 2.1 2.8 0.9 0.7 0.4
Cambodia 37.0 16.2 21.2 6.4 5.2 2.6
Cameroon 40.3 17.6 23.2 7.1 5.7 2.8
Canada 1,131.0 497.1 645.9 191.0 159.1 80.1
Cape Verde 3.0 1.3 1.7 0.5 0.4 0.2
Cayman Islands 1.9 0.8 1.1 0.3 0.3 0.1
Central African Republic 5.4 2.4 3.2 1.0 0.8 0.4
Chad 20.9 9.1 12.1 3.6 3.0 1.5
Chile 250.3 108.4 145.6 44.5 36.4 18.1
China 10,537.2 4,602.5 6,064.0 1,853.0 1,523.4 762.5
Colombia 474.0 204.2 277.7 79.5 68.4 34.2
Comoros 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0
Congo 3.2 1.4 1.8 0.6 0.5 0.2
Congo, Democratic Republic of 51.1 22.3 29.5 8.9 7.5 3.7
Cook Islands 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Costa Rica 48.5 21.2 27.9 8.4 7.0 3.5
Croatia 44.8 19.7 25.6 7.6 6.5 3.2
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Country W&C Total €mWeather
Services €mClimate
Services €m
Climate
Services
Imports €m
Climate
Services
Exports €m
Climate
Available
Exports €mCuba 44.4 19.6 25.2 7.4 6.4 3.2
Cyprus 24.2 10.6 13.8 4.1 3.5 1.7
Czechia 190.8 83.3 109.8 33.3 27.0 13.6
Denmark 211.2 92.1 121.8 36.4 30.5 15.2
Djibouti 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0
Dominica 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0
Dominican Republic 54.5 23.7 31.6 9.2 8.1 4.0
East Timor 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0
Ecuador 67.1 29.1 39.1 11.6 9.8 4.9
Egypt 425.3 184.3 247.2 75.8 60.5 30.4
El Salvador 33.4 14.7 19.0 5.7 4.8 2.4
Equatorial Guinea 27.5 11.9 16.0 4.8 3.8 1.9
Eritrea 5.1 2.3 2.9 0.9 0.8 0.4
Estonia 30.2 13.2 17.4 5.1 4.3 2.2
Ethiopia 65.3 28.7 37.2 11.2 9.2 4.6
Falkland Islands 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Faroe Islands 1.1 0.5 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.1
Fiji 7.3 3.1 4.3 1.3 1.1 0.5
Finland 221.4 96.7 127.5 40.1 31.5 15.9
France 2,127.8 924.1 1,233.8 360.1 306.7 153.2
French Guiana 1.9 0.8 1.1 0.3 0.3 0.1
French Polynesia 6.1 2.6 3.5 1.0 0.9 0.4
Gabon 9.2 4.0 5.3 1.6 1.3 0.7
Gambia 3.7 1.6 2.1 0.6 0.5 0.3
Gaza Strip 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1
Georgia 20.4 8.8 11.9 3.7 3.1 1.5
Germany 2,539.1 1,101.5 1,474.4 436.3 370.5 184.7
Ghana 55.2 23.9 32.1 9.9 8.0 4.0
Gibraltar 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1
Greece 241.1 106.1 137.5 41.1 35.0 17.6
Greenland 1.4 0.6 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.1
Grenada 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0
Guadeloupe 4.2 1.8 2.4 0.7 0.6 0.3
Guam 3.4 1.5 2.0 0.6 0.5 0.2
Guatemala 63.6 27.8 36.5 11.1 9.3 4.7
Guernsey 2.8 1.2 1.7 0.5 0.4 0.2
Guinea-Bissau 1.1 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.1
Guyana 3.6 1.6 2.1 0.6 0.5 0.3
Haiti 13.7 6.0 7.9 2.4 2.0 1.0
Honduras 26.5 11.5 15.4 4.7 3.9 1.9
Hong Kong 311.3 136.2 178.8 53.3 45.8 23.0
Hungary 198.7 86.4 115.1 34.2 28.3 14.3
Iceland 12.2 5.3 7.1 2.1 1.8 0.9
India 5,151.5 2,253.6 2,960.0 893.4 763.3 379.3
Indonesia 864.5 381.8 490.5 146.2 122.3 61.3
Iran 368.0 276.6 371.1 108.9 93.8 47.0
Iraq 106.1 46.3 61.2 18.4 15.4 7.7
Ireland 171.0 75.0 98.1 30.2 23.9 11.9
Isle of Man 2.8 1.2 1.6 0.5 0.4 0.2
Israel 192.1 83.5 111.2 33.8 27.6 13.8
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Country W&C Total €mWeather
Services €mClimate
Services €m
Climate
Services
Imports €m
Climate
Services
Exports €m
Climate
Available
Exports €mItaly 1,353.7 590.2 780.4 232.9 190.1 95.0
Ivory Coast 27.8 12.1 16.0 4.9 4.0 2.0
Jamaica 16.9 7.4 9.7 2.9 2.5 1.2
Japan 4,354.7 1,889.9 2,525.6 772.6 640.1 323.5
Jersey 4.7 2.1 2.7 0.8 0.7 0.3
Jordan 33.8 14.6 19.6 5.9 4.9 2.4
Kazakstan 140.0 61.4 80.1 24.4 20.0 10.0
Kenya 45.9 20.1 26.4 8.0 6.4 3.2
Kiribati 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Kuwait 64.2 27.7 37.5 11.4 9.3 4.7
Kyrgyzstan 9.3 4.1 5.4 1.6 1.3 0.7
Laos 13.5 5.9 7.8 2.3 1.9 1.0
Latvia 36.8 15.9 21.4 6.5 5.5 2.7
Lebanon 20.3 8.8 11.7 3.5 2.9 1.4
Lesotho 6.6 2.9 3.8 1.2 1.0 0.5
Liberia 2.9 1.3 1.7 0.5 0.4 0.2
Libya 57.6 25.0 33.4 10.2 8.4 4.2
Liechtenstein 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1
Lithuania 60.3 26.0 35.1 10.6 8.8 4.4
Luxembourg 32.7 14.4 18.8 5.7 4.7 2.3
Macau 12.4 5.5 7.0 2.1 1.7 0.9
Macedonia 18.8 8.2 10.8 3.3 2.7 1.4
Madagascar 17.5 7.5 10.3 3.1 2.5 1.3
Malawi 10.0 4.3 5.8 1.7 1.5 0.7
Malaysia 325.0 139.9 190.3 56.2 47.4 23.7
Maldives 1.4 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.1
Mali 15.1 6.6 8.7 2.6 2.2 1.1
Malta 7.9 3.4 4.6 1.4 1.1 0.6
Marshall Islands 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Martinique 8.1 3.5 4.7 1.4 1.2 0.6
Mauritania 6.8 3.0 3.9 1.2 1.0 0.5
Mauritius 18.5 8.0 10.7 3.2 2.7 1.3
Mayotte 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0
Mexico 1,292.3 558.6 753.6 229.0 187.4 93.5
Moldova 9.2 4.0 5.3 1.6 1.4 0.7
Monaco 1.0 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.1
Mongolia 8.6 3.8 4.9 1.4 1.2 0.6
Montserrat 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Morocco 147.3 64.5 84.7 25.1 21.5 10.8
Mozambique 27.0 11.8 15.5 4.7 3.9 1.9
Myanmar 93.1 40.5 53.9 16.3 13.5 6.8
Namibia 17.0 7.5 9.8 2.9 2.4 1.2
Nauru 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Nepal 52.3 22.6 30.5 9.0 7.5 3.7
Netherlands 609.1 264.1 353.6 106.4 90.0 45.1
Netherlands Antilles 3.2 1.4 1.9 0.6 0.5 0.2
New Caledonia 3.7 1.6 2.2 0.7 0.5 0.3
New Zealand 99.6 43.8 56.9 17.3 14.0 7.0
Nicaragua 17.3 7.6 10.0 2.9 2.5 1.3
Niger 10.8 4.8 6.2 1.8 1.5 0.8
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Country W&C Total €mWeather
Services €mClimate
Services €m
Climate
Services
Imports €m
Climate
Services
Exports €m
Climate
Available
Exports €mNigeria 152.3 66.0 88.6 27.1 22.1 11.1
Niue 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
North Korea 48.5 21.3 27.8 8.3 6.8 3.4
Northern Marina Islands 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1
Norway 201.5 88.0 115.9 33.8 28.9 14.5
Oman 35.4 15.4 20.5 6.3 5.1 2.5
Pakistan 485.3 209.9 283.4 87.1 70.9 35.7
Palau 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Panama 28.3 12.4 16.3 4.9 4.0 2.0
Papua New Guinea 12.7 5.5 7.4 2.1 1.9 0.9
Paraguay 33.1 14.5 19.0 5.5 4.8 2.4
Peru 192.1 83.6 111.1 33.8 27.8 13.9
Philippines 540.4 235.0 312.9 97.4 79.5 40.0
Poland 589.4 257.6 339.3 102.3 86.1 43.2
Portugal 239.2 104.7 137.5 41.2 33.9 17.0
Puerto Rico 105.7 45.8 61.5 18.7 15.3 7.7
Qatar 31.3 13.7 18.0 5.5 4.4 2.2
Reunion 5.3 2.3 3.1 0.9 0.8 0.4
Romania 209.2 91.4 120.5 36.6 30.4 15.1
Russian Federation 1,495.1 654.7 858.6 260.8 215.0 107.4
Rwanda 12.1 5.3 7.0 2.1 1.7 0.9
Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0
Saint Lucia 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0
Samoa 1.2 0.5 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.1
San Marino 1.1 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.1
Sao Tome and Principe 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Saudi Arabia 294.3 129.4 168.2 51.3 41.6 21.0
Senegal 19.8 8.7 11.3 3.4 2.8 1.4
Serbia 32.2 14.0 18.7 5.7 4.7 2.3
Seychelles 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1
Sierra Leone 6.2 2.7 3.6 1.1 0.9 0.5
Singapore 152.6 67.1 87.2 25.3 22.5 11.2
Slovakia 102.2 44.6 58.8 17.5 14.9 7.4
Slovenia 46.0 20.0 26.5 8.1 6.8 3.4
Solomon Islands 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1
Somalia 5.5 2.4 3.2 1.0 0.8 0.4
South Africa 563.1 245.0 325.5 98.4 83.7 41.7
South Korea 1,113.5 486.7 640.9 196.7 161.4 80.3
Spain 1,409.9 611.4 819.7 243.1 198.7 99.4
Sri Lanka 94.4 41.1 54.5 16.2 13.8 7.0
St Helena 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
St Pierre and Miquelon 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sudan 79.0 34.6 45.3 13.4 11.2 5.5
Suriname 2.9 1.3 1.7 0.5 0.4 0.2
Swaziland 6.9 3.0 4.0 1.2 1.0 0.5
Sweden 357.0 154.5 208.0 61.6 52.7 26.2
Switzerland 328.3 143.1 189.5 57.6 47.7 23.9
Syria 67.4 29.3 39.0 11.7 9.5 4.7
Taiwan 721.7 312.5 420.0 128.8 106.8 53.3
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Country W&C Total €mWeather
Services €mClimate
Services €m
Climate
Services
Imports €m
Climate
Services
Exports €m
Climate
Available
Exports €mTajikistan 10.3 4.5 6.0 1.8 1.5 0.8
Tanzania 30.2 13.2 17.5 5.2 4.5 2.2
Thailand 657.3 285.0 381.9 114.5 93.4 47.0
Togo 10.5 4.6 6.1 1.9 1.5 0.8
Tokelau 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Tonga 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0
Trinidad and Tobago 12.0 5.2 6.9 2.1 1.7 0.9
Tunisia 94.5 41.2 54.6 15.8 13.6 6.8
Turkey 578.2 253.3 331.5 96.6 81.9 41.3
Turkmenistan 33.6 14.7 19.3 5.6 4.8 2.4
Turks and Caicos Island 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Tuvalu 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Uganda 52.5 22.7 30.6 9.1 7.6 3.8
UK 2,228.1 1,162.6 1,285.9 389.2 319.0 160.2
Ukraine 358.2 156.0 206.6 62.7 52.2 26.0
United Arab Emirates 87.2 37.8 50.6 15.6 12.8 6.3
United States 13,237.4 5,763.2 7,645.7 2,236.1 1,885.4 950.3
Uruguay 65.1 28.3 37.7 11.2 9.3 4.7
Uzbekistan 49.3 21.7 28.2 8.5 6.9 3.4
Vanuatu 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0
Venezuela 206.0 89.6 119.2 36.4 29.8 15.0
Vietnam 291.3 128.1 166.2 49.8 41.6 20.7
Virgin Islands 3.2 1.4 1.8 0.5 0.5 0.2
Wallis and Futuna 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0
Yemen 18.7 8.1 10.8 3.3 2.7 1.4
Zambia 14.5 6.3 8.5 2.5 2.1 1.1
Zimbabwe 31.5 13.6 18.4 5.5 4.6 2.3
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European Union Country Dashboards for Climate Services Appendix J
J1a: Austria
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J1b: Austria
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J1c: Austria
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J1d: Austria
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J1e: Austria
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J2a: Belgium
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J2b: Belgium
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J2c: Belgium
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J2d: Belgium
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J2e: Belgium
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J3a: Bulgaria
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J3b: Bulgaria
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J3c: Bulgaria
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J3d: Bulgaria
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J3e: Bulgaria
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J4a: Croatia
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J4b: Croatia
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J4c: Croatia
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J4d: Croatia
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J4e: Croatia
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J5a: Cyprus
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J5b: Cyprus
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J5c: Cyprus
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J5d: Cyprus
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J5e: Cyprus
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J6a: Czech Republic
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J6b: Czech Republic
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J6c: Czech Republic
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J6d: Czech Republic
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J6e: Czech Republic
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J7a: Denmark
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J7b: Denmark
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J7c: Denmark
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J7d: Denmark
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J7e: Denmark
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J8a: Estonia
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J8b: Estonia
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J8c: Estonia
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J8d: Estonia
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J8e: Estonia
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J9a: Finland
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J9b: Finland
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J9c: Finland
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J9d: Finland
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J9e: Finland
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J10a: France
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J10b: France
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J10c: France
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J10d: France
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J10e: France
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J11a: Germany
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J11b: Germany
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J11c: Germany
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J11d: Germany
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J11e: Germany
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J12a: Greece
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J12b: Greece
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J12c: Greece
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J12d: Greece
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J12e: Greece
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J13a: Hungary
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J13b: Hungary
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J13c: Hungary
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J13d: Hungary
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J13e: Hungary
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J14a: Ireland
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J14b: Ireland
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J14c: Ireland
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J14d: Ireland
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J14e: Ireland
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J15a: Italy
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J15b: Italy
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J15c: Italy
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J15d: Italy
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J15e: Italy
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J16a: Latvia
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J16b: Latvia
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J16c: Latvia
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J16d: Latvia
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J16e: Latvia
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J17a: Lithuania
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J17b: Lithuania
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J17c: Lithuania
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J17d: Lithuania
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J17e: Lithuania
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December 2018 Page 293 of 403
J18a: Luxembourg
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 294 of 403
J18b: Luxembourg
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 295 of 403
J18c: Luxembourg
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 296 of 403
J18d: Luxembourg
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 297 of 403
J18e: Luxembourg
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 298 of 403
HJ19a: Malta
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 299 of 403
J19b: Malta
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 300 of 403
J19c: Malta
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 301 of 403
J19d: Malta
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 302 of 403
J19e: Malta
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 303 of 403
J20a: Netherlands
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 304 of 403
J20b: Netherlands
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 305 of 403
J20c: Netherlands
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 306 of 403
J20d: Netherlands
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 307 of 403
J20e: Netherlands
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 308 of 403
J21a: Poland
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 309 of 403
J21b: Poland
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 310 of 403
J21c: Poland
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 311 of 403
J21d: Poland
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 312 of 403
J21e: Poland
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 313 of 403
J22a: Portugal
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 314 of 403
JH22b: Portugal
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 315 of 403
J22c: Portugal
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 316 of 403
J22d: Portugal
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 317 of 403
J22e: Portugal
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 318 of 403
J23a: Romania
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 319 of 403
J23b: Romania
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 320 of 403
J23c: Romania
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 321 of 403
J23d: Romania
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 322 of 403
J23e: Romania
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 323 of 403
J24a: Slovakia
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 324 of 403
J24b: Slovakia
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 325 of 403
J24c: Slovakia
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 326 of 403
J24d: Slovakia
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 327 of 403
J24e: Slovakia
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 328 of 403
J25a: Slovenia
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 329 of 403
J25b: Slovenia
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 330 of 403
J25c: Slovenia
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 331 of 403
J25d: Slovenia
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 332 of 403
J25e: Slovenia
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 333 of 403
J26a: Spain
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 334 of 403
J26b: Spain
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 335 of 403
J26c: Spain
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 336 of 403
J26d: Spain
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 337 of 403
J26e: Spain
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 338 of 403
J27a: Sweden
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 339 of 403
J27b: Sweden
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 340 of 403
J27c: Sweden
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 341 of 403
J27d: Sweden
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 342 of 403
J27e: Sweden
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 343 of 403
J28a: UK
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 344 of 403
J28b: UK
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 345 of 403
J28c: UK
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 346 of 403
J28d:UK
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 347 of 403
J28e: UK
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 348 of 403
Appendix K
European Union Country Tables for Climate Services K1a: Austria
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 349 of 403
K1b: Austria
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 350 of 403
K2a: Belgium
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 351 of 403
K2b: Belgium
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 352 of 403
K3a: Bulgaria
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 353 of 403
K3b: Bulgaria
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 354 of 403
K4a: Croatia
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 355 of 403
K4b: Croatia
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 356 of 403
K5a: Cyprus
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 357 of 403
K5b: Cyprus
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 358 of 403
K6a: Czech Republic
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 359 of 403
K6b: Czech Republic
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 360 of 403
K7a: Denmark
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 361 of 403
K7b: Denmark
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 362 of 403
K8a: Estonia
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 363 of 403
K8b: Estonia
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 364 of 403
K9a: Finland
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 365 of 403
K9b: Finland
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 366 of 403
K10a: France
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 367 of 403
K10b: France
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 368 of 403
K11a: Germany
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 369 of 403
K11b: Germany
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 370 of 403
K12a: Greece
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 371 of 403
K12b: Greece
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 372 of 403
K13a: Hungary
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 373 of 403
K13b: Hungary
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 374 of 403
K14a: Ireland
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 375 of 403
K14b: Ireland
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 376 of 403
K15a: Italy
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 377 of 403
K15b: Italy
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 378 of 403
K16a: Latvia
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 379 of 403
K16b: Latvia
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 380 of 403
K17a: Lithuania
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 381 of 403
K17b: Lithuania
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 382 of 403
K18a: Luxembourg
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 383 of 403
K18b: Luxembourg
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 384 of 403
K19a: Malta
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 385 of 403
K19b: Malta
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 386 of 403
K20a: Netherlands
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 387 of 403
K20b: Netherlands
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 388 of 403
K21a: Poland
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 389 of 403
K21b: Poland
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 390 of 403
K22a: Portugal
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 391 of 403
K22b: Portugal
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 392 of 403
K23a: Romania
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 393 of 403
K23b: Romania
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 394 of 403
K24a: Slovakia
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 395 of 403
K24b: Slovakia
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 396 of 403
K25a: Slovenia
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 397 of 403
K25b: Slovenia
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 398 of 403
K26a: Spain
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 399 of 403
K26b: Spain
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 400 of 403
K27a: Sweden
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 401 of 403
K27b: Sweden
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 402 of 403
K28a: UK
Final Definition, Taxonomy and Report 2017/18
December 2018 Page 403 of 403
K28b: UK