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    A

    Project Report

    On

    STUDENT PORTAL@CCET

    Submitted to

    CHHATTISGARH SWAMI VIVEKANANDA TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

    In partial fulfillment for the award of degree

    Of

    Bachelor of Engineering

    In

    COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

    By

    NIKITA MITRA

    PREETI GUPTA

    PRIYANKA.J.NAIR

    RIJO THOMAS

    Computer Science and EngineeringChristian College of Engineering and Technology

    Kailash Nagar, Bhilai

    SESSION: 2009-2013

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    i

    DECLARATION

    We the undersigned solemnly declare that the report of the project work entitled STUDENT

    PORTAL@CCETis based on our own work carried out during the course of our study under

    the supervision of Mr. Pramod S Nair

    We assert that the statements made and conclusions drawn are an outcome of the project work.

    We further declare that to the best of our knowledge and belief that the report does not contain

    any part of any work which has been submitted for the award of any other degree in this

    University.

    ________________________ ________________________

    Nikita Mitra Preeti Gupta

    3112209046 3112209047

    AF8156 AF8158

    ________________________ ________________________

    Priyanka.J.Nair Rijo Thomas

    3112209048 3112209052

    AF8160 AF8172

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    ii

    CERTIFICATE

    This is to certify that the report of the project submitted is an outcome of the project work

    entitled STUDENT PORTAL@CCET carried out by:- NIKITA MITRA, Roll

    No.3112209046 & Enrollment No.AF8156, PREETI GUPTA, Roll No.3112209047 &

    Enrollment No: AF8158, PRIYANKA.J. NAIR, Roll No.3112209048 & Enrollment No.

    AF8160 and RIJO THOMAS, Roll No.3112209052 & Enrollment No.AF8172 carried out

    under my guidance and supervision for the award of Degree in Bachelor of Engineering in

    Computer Science and Engineering of Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical

    University, Bhilai (C.G), India.

    To the best of my knowledge the report

    Embodies the work of the candidate him/herself, Has duly been completed, Fulfills the requirements of the ordinance relating to the BE degree of the

    University and

    Is up to the desired standard for the purpose of which is submitted.

    Mr.Pramod S Nair

    H.O.D

    Computer Science and Engineering

    C.C.E.T., Kailash Nagar, Bhilai (C.G.)

    The project work as mentioned above is hereby being recommended and forwarded for

    examination and evaluation

    (Signature of Head of Department with seal)

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    iii

    CERTIFICATE BY THE EXAMINERS

    This is to certify that the project work entitled STUDENT PORTAL@CCET submitted by:

    NIKITA MITRA Roll No: 3112209046 Enrollment No: AF8156

    PREETI GUPTA Roll No: 3112209047 Enrollment No: AF8158

    PRIYANKA.J.NAIR Roll No: 3112209048 Enrollment No: AF8160

    RIJO THOMAS Roll No: 3112209052 Enrollment No: AF8172

    has been examined by the undersigned as a part of the examination for the award of Bachelor of

    Engineering degree in Computer Science and Engineering of Chhattisgarh Swami

    Vivekanand Technical University, Bhilai.

    ________________ ________________

    Internal Examiner External Examiner

    DATE: DATE:

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    iv

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    First of all we would like to thank God Almighty for the blessings he showered upon us during

    the completion of this project work.

    We would like to extend our gratitude towards our parents for the support guidance they always

    delivered to us and Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Director CCET, Bhilai, for inspiring us in the path

    of completion of our project work.

    We express our sincere thanks to our project guide Mr. Pramod S Nair, HOD Computer ScienceDepartment, CCET, Bhilai, for his valuable suggestions and supervisory support that helped us

    to complete our project.

    Last but not the least; we would like to thank all the well wishers for the support extended

    towards us in the completion of our project work.

    ________________ _______________

    NIKITA MITRA PREETI GUPTA

    ________________ _______________

    PRIYANKA.J.NAIR RIJO THOMAS

    Christian College of Engineering and Technology

    Kailash Nagar, Bhilai (C.G.)

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    v

    ABSTRACT

    STUDENT PORTAL@CCET is a PHP based application dedicated for the task to make an

    attractive and dynamic portal for our college. Compared to the existing site some more new

    features are being added into it.

    Our site STUDENT PORTAL@CCET would provide the management, H.O.Ds, teachers and

    students of our college with many features like the user details, notes related to various

    subjects, test series etc.

    Upload and Download facilities are also being provided for the users. Students and teacher can

    also apply for the test series being facilitated here.

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    vi

    TABLE OF CONTENTS

    CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

    1. INTRODUCTION

    1.1 About the project

    1.2 Project Objective

    1.3 Features of the portal

    1.4 functioning of the project

    1

    2

    2

    3

    3

    2. LITERATURE REVIEW

    2.1 PHP scripting language

    2.2 MySQL

    4

    5-12

    13-20

    3. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

    3.1 Existing system

    3.2 Problem Analysis

    3.3 Purpose of project

    3.4 Advantages of project

    3.5 Disadvantages of project

    21

    22

    22

    22

    23

    23

    4. METHODOLOGY

    4.1 Requirement analysis4.2 Model used

    4.3 Data flow diagram

    24

    2526-28

    29-34

    5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

    5.1 Snapshots of the project

    5.2 Structure of the database table

    35

    36-38

    39-42

    6. CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FURTHER

    PROJECT

    6.1 Conclusion

    6.2 Scope for further project

    43

    44

    44

    7. REFERENCE 45

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    vii

    LIST OF FIGURES

    S.No ChapterFigure

    Number

    Figure Name Page no.

    1 4 4.1 Evolutionary prototype model 27

    2 4 4.2 Level 0 DFD 30

    3 4 4.3 Level 1 DFD 31

    4 4 4.4 Level 1.1 DFD 32

    5 4 4.5 Level 1.2 DFD 33

    6 4 4.6 Level 1.3 DFD 34

    7 5 5.1 User select and login window 36

    8 5 5.2 Admin dashboard window 36

    9 5 5.3 HOD information window 37

    10 5 5.4 Student information window 37

    11 5 5.5 Faculty information window 38

    12 5 5.6 Notes upload 38

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    viii

    LIST OF TABLES

    S.No ChapterTable

    number

    Table Name Page no.

    1 5 5.1 admin table structure 39

    2 5 5.2 faculty table structure 39

    3 5 5.3 student table structure 39

    4 5 5.4 notes table structure 40

    5 5 5.5 hod table structure 40

    6 5 5.6 faculty_id table structure 41

    7 5 5.7 feedback table structure 41

    8 5 5.8 mst question table structure 41

    9 5 5.9 mst subject table structure 41

    10 5 5.10 mst test table structure 42

    11 5 5.11 mst useranswer table structure 42

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    STUDENT PORTAL@CCET 2013

    MAJOR PROJECT 1 COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGG DEPT

    CHAPTER-1

    INTRODUCTION

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    STUDENT PORTAL@CCET 2013

    MAJOR PROJECT 2 COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGG DEPT

    1. INTRODUCTION

    1.1About the Project:-

    The student portal provide you to find important helps like notes for the required subjects, latest

    news updates related to campus drives and the branch together with a great facility of testing

    yourself with the test series module which provide online test facility for your campus tests,

    aptitude tests, competitive tests and your curriculum tests in the form of multiple choice

    question. Our main aim with this portal is to make it easy for the students to find the notes they

    want and for fast and advanced communication. You can use the portal by signing up with it and

    becoming the member of it.

    1.2Project Objective:-

    This project comprehends the following objectives:

    To provide appropriate notes to the students for their respective subjects.

    To explore the technical skills of the students by attending online tests.

    1.2.1 Organization of report:

    Our project is basically a portal. This portal allows user such as the head of thedepartment (H.O.D), professors and assistant professors to upload notes and references of

    their respective subjects such that if the student misses their classes for some reasons,

    they can get those notes by signing into the portal. This will help students to have studymaterials which will help them in future examinations.

    Each and every head of the department (H.O.D), professors, assistant professors andstudents need to get registered in our portal by inputting their details in the portal with

    their username and password. Once you got registered you can directly access the site.

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    All the H.O.Ds and the faculties can also upload tests questions for online test. Theseonline test questions related to aptitude, campus, competitive, curriculum which will help

    students to get prepared for campus selection as well as for competitive exams like gate

    etc.

    1.3 Features of the Portal:-

    Provides a separate dash board for all the users with specified facilities for each. It provides the facility of uploading and downloading of the notes form the site. Helps the admin to keep a track on the activities of the portal. Online test facility for Teachers and the students.

    1.4Functioning of the Project:-

    Enter into the portals home page. Login with your USER-ID and PASSWORD or else register if new to the portal. User will be taken to their respective dash board. Teaching staff (including H.O.D.) can upload and download the notes for their respective

    subjects by clicking on the upload and download buttons.

    Admin will approve the appropriate notes and after that they will be available fordownloading.

    Students can download the approved notes through the download option available ontheir dash board.

    Students will enter in to the test series by clicking on the Online test icon. User will logout after the logout button is clicked.

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    STUDENT PORTAL@CCET 2013

    MAJOR PROJECT 4 COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGG DEPT

    CHAPTER-2

    LITERATURE REVIEW

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    2. LITERATURE REVIEW

    2.1 PHP Scripting Language

    PHP is an open source server-side scripting language designed for Web development to produce

    dynamic Web pages. It is one of the first developed server-side scripting languages to be

    embedded into an HTML source document rather than calling an external file to process data.

    The code is interpreted by a Web server with a PHP processor module which generates the

    resulting Web page. It also has evolved to include a command-line interface capability and can

    be used in standalone graphical applications. PHP can be deployed on most Web servers and also

    as a standalone shell on almost every operating system and platform, free of charge. By now

    PHP is installed on more than 20 million Web sites and 1 million Web servers. Notable software

    that uses PHP includes Drupal, Joomla, MediaWiki, and WordPress.

    PHP is aserver-side scripting language designed forweb developmentbut also used as

    ageneral-purpose programming language. PHP is now installed on more than 20

    millionwebsites and 1 millionweb servers.Originally created byRasmus Lerdorf in 1995,

    thereference implementation of PHP is now produced by The PHP Group. While PHP originally

    stood for Personal Home Page, it is now said to stand for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor,

    arecursive acronym.

    PHP code isinterpretedby a web server with a PHP processor module which generates the

    resulting web page: PHP commands can be embedded directly into anHTML source document

    rather than calling an external file to process data. It has also evolved to include acommand-line

    interface capability and can be used instandalonegraphical applications.

    PHP isfree software released under thePHP License, which is incompatible with theGNU

    General Public License (GPL) due to restrictions on the usage of the term PHP. PHP can be

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server-side_scriptinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General-purpose_programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Websitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasmus_Lerdorfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_implementationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursive_acronymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursive_acronymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_implementationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasmus_Lerdorfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Websitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General-purpose_programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server-side_scripting
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    STUDENT PORTAL@CCET 2013

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    deployed on most web servers and also as a standalone shell on almost everyoperating

    system andplatform,free of charge.

    2.1.1 Security

    About 30% of all vulnerabilities listed on the National Vulnerability Database are linked to

    PHP. These vulnerabilities are caused mostly by not following best practice programming rules:

    technical security flaws of the language itself or of its core libraries are not frequent (23 in 2008,

    about 1% of the total). Recognizing that programmers make mistakes, some languages

    includetaint checking to automatically detect the lack ofinput validation which induces many

    issues. Such a feature is being developed for PHP, but its inclusion in a release has been rejectedseveral times in the past.

    There are advanced protection patches such asSuhosin andHardening-Patch, especially

    designed for web hosting environments.

    PHPIDS adds security to any PHP application to defend against intrusions. PHPIDS

    detectsattacksbased oncross-site scripting (XSS),SQL injection, header injection,directory

    traversal,remote file execution,remote file inclusion,anddenial-of-service (DoS).

    2.1.2 Syntax

    The PHP interpreter only executes PHP code within itsdelimiters. Anything outside its

    delimiters is not processed by PHP . The most common delimiters are to

    close PHP sections. and delimiters are also available, as are

    the shortened forms as well

    asASP-style short forms

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    STUDENT PORTAL@CCET 2013

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    discouraged. The purpose of all these delimiters is to separate PHP code from non-PHP code,

    including HTML.

    The first form of delimiters, , inXHTML and otherXML documents, creates

    correctly formed XML 'processing instructions'. This means that the resulting mixture of PHP

    code and other markup in the server-side file is itself well-formed XML.

    Variables are prefixed with adollar symbol,and atype does not need to be specified in advance.

    Unlike function and class names, variable names are case sensitive. Both double-quoted ("") and

    here doc strings provide the ability to interpolate a variable's value into the string. PHP

    treatsnewlines aswhitespace in the manner of afree-form language (except when inside string

    quotes), and statements are terminated by a semicolon. PHP has three types ofcomment

    syntax:/* */ marks block and inline comments; // as well as # are used for one-line comments.

    The echo statement is one of several facilities PHP provides to output text, e.g., to a web

    browser.

    In terms of keywords and language syntax, PHP is similar to most high level languages that

    follow the C style syntax. if conditions, for and while loops, and function returns are similar in

    syntax to languages such as C, C++, C#, Java and Perl.

    2.1.2.1 Data types:

    PHP stores whole numbers in a platform-dependent range, either a 64-bit or 32-

    bitsignedinteger equivalent to the C-language long type. Unsigned integers are converted to

    signed values in certain situations; this behavior is different from other programming

    languages. Integer variables can be assigned using decimal (positive and negative),octal,

    andhexadecimal notations.Floating point numbers are also stored in a platform-specific range.

    They can be specified using floating point notation, or two forms ofscientific notation.PHP has

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_signhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heredochttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newlinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitespace_characterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-form_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(syntax)#Commentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(syntax)#Commentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed_number_representationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_variable_types_and_declarationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_notationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_notationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_variable_types_and_declarationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed_number_representationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(syntax)#Commentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(syntax)#Commentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-form_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitespace_characterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newlinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heredochttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_signhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHTML
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    a nativeBoolean type that is similar to the native Boolean types inJava andC++. Using the

    Boolean type conversion rules, non-zero values are interpreted as true and zero as false, as

    inPerl and C++. The null data type represents a variable that has no value. The only value in the

    null data type is NULL. Variables of the "resource" type represent references to resources from

    external sources. These are typically created by functions from a particular extension, and can

    only be processed by functions from the same extension; examples include file, image, and

    database resources. Arrays can contain elements of any type that PHP can handle, including

    resources, objects, and even other arrays. Order is preserved in lists of values and in hashes with

    both keys and values, and the two can be intermingled. PHP also supportsstrings,which can be

    used with single quotes, double quotes, nowdoc orheredoc syntax.

    The Standard PHP Library (SPL) attempts to solve standard problems and implements efficient

    data access interfaces and classes.

    2.1.2.2 Functions:

    PHP has hundreds of base functions and thousands more via extensions. These functions are well

    documented on the PHP site; however, the built-in library has a wide variety of naming

    conventions and inconsistencies. PHP currently has no functions forthreadprogramming,

    although it does support multi process programming onPOSIX systems. Additional functions

    can be defined by a developer.

    In PHP 5.2 and earlier, functions are notfirst-class functions and can only be referenced by their

    name, directly or dynamically by a variable containing the name of the function. User-defined

    functions can be created at any time without beingprototyped.Functions can be defined inside

    code blocks, permitting arun-time decision as to whether or not a function should be defined.

    Function calls must use parentheses, with the exception of zero argument

    classconstructor functions called with the PHP new operator, where parentheses are optional.

    PHP supports quasi-anonymous functions through the create_function() function, although they

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_datatypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heredochttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_prototypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_dispatchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructor_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructor_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_dispatchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_prototypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heredochttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_datatype
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    are not true anonymous functions because anonymous functions are nameless, but functions can

    only be referenced by name, or indirectly through a variable $function_name();, in PHP.

    PHP gained support forclosures in PHP 5.3.

    2.1.2.3 Objects:

    Basicobject-oriented programming functionality was added in PHP 3 and improved in PHP

    4. Object handling was completely rewritten for PHP 5, expanding the feature set and enhancing

    performance. In previous versions of PHP, objects were handled likevalue types.The drawback

    of this method was that the whole object was copied when a variable was assigned or passed as a

    parameter to a method. In the new approach, objects are referenced byhandle,and not by value.

    PHP 5 introduced private and protectedmember variables and methods, along with abstract,final

    classes,abstract methods, andfinal methods. It also introduced a standard way of

    declaringconstructors anddestructors, similar to that of other object-oriented languages such

    asC++, and a standardexception handling model. Furthermore, PHP 5 addedinterfaces and

    allowed for multiple interfaces to be implemented. There are special interfaces that allow objects

    to interact with the runtime system.Objects implementing Array Access can be used

    witharray syntax and objects implementingIterator orIterator Aggregate can be used with

    therefore, achlanguage construct. There is novirtual table feature in the engine, sostatic

    variables are bound with a name instead of a reference at compile time.

    If the developer creates a copy of an object using the reserved word clone, the Zend engine will

    check if a __clone() method has been defined or not. If not, it will call a default __clone()which

    will copy the object's properties. If a __clone() method is defined, then it will be responsible for

    setting the necessary properties in the created object. For convenience, the engine will supply a

    function that imports the properties of the source object, so that the programmer can start with a

    by-valuereplica of the source object and only override properties that need to be changed.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closure_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handle_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_variablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructor_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructor_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exception_handlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array_data_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iteratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IteratorAggregatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_constructhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_variablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_variablehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/replicahttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/replicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_variablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_variablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_constructhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IteratorAggregatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iteratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array_data_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exception_handlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructor_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructor_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_variablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handle_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closure_(computer_science)
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    2.1.3 Implementation

    The PHP language was originally implemented as aninterpreter,and this is still the most popular

    implementation. Several compilers have been developed which decouple the PHP language from

    the interpreter. Advantages of compilation include better execution speed, static analysis, and

    improved interoperability with code written in other languages. PHP compilers of note include

    Phalanger,which compiles PHP intoCommon Intermediate Language (CIL) byte code, andHip

    Hop,developed at Facebook and now available as open source, which transforms the PHP Script

    intoC++,then compiles it, reducing server load up to 50% .

    PHPsource code iscompiled on-the-fly to an internal format that can be executed by the PHPengine. In order to speed up execution time and not have to compile the PHP source code every

    time the web page is accessed , PHP scripts can also be deployed in executable format using

    aPHP compiler.

    Code optimizers aim to enhance the performance of the compiled code by reducing its size ,

    merging redundant instructions and making other changes that can reduce the execution time.

    With PHP, there are often opportunities forcode optimization.An example of a code optimizer

    is theeAccelerator PHP extension.

    Another approach for reducing compilation overhead for PHP servers is using an opcode cache.

    Opcode caches work bycaching the compiled form of a PHP script (opcodes) inshared

    memory to avoid the overhead ofparsing andcompiling the code every time the script runs. An

    opcode cache,APC,is planned to be built into an upcoming release of PHP.

    Opcode caching and code optimization can be combined for best efficiency, as the modifications

    do not depend on each other (they happen in distinct stages of the compilation).

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanger_(compiler)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Intermediate_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HipHop_for_PHPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HipHop_for_PHPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP#Compilershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimization_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAcceleratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP_acceleratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opcodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_PHP_Cachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_PHP_Cachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opcodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP_acceleratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAcceleratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimization_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP#Compilershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HipHop_for_PHPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HipHop_for_PHPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Intermediate_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanger_(compiler)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)
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    2.1.4 What is a PHP File?

    PHP files can contain text, HTML, JavaScript code, and PHP code PHP code are executed on the server, and the result is returned to the browser as plain

    HTML

    PHP files have a default file extension of ".php"

    2.1.5 What can PHP do?

    PHP can generate dynamic page content PHP can create, open, read, write, and close files on the server PHP can collect form data PHP can send and receive cookies PHP can add, delete, modify data in your database PHP can restrict users to access some pages on your website PHP can encrypt data

    With PHP you are not limited to output HTML. You can output images, PDF files, and even

    Flash movies. You can also output any text, such as XHTML and XML.

    2.1.6 Use

    PHP is a general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited toserver-sideweb

    development where PHP generally runs on aweb server. Any PHP code in a requested file

    isexecutedby the PHP runtime, usually to createdynamic web page content or dynamic images

    used on websites or elsewhere. It can also be used forcommand-line scripting andclient-

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server-side_scriptinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_web_pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client-sidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client-sidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_web_pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server-side_scripting
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    sidegraphical user interface (GUI) applications. PHP can be deployed on most web servers,

    manyoperating systems andplatforms, and can be used with manyrelational database

    management systems (RDBMS). Mostweb hostingproviders support PHP for use by their

    clients. It is available free of charge, and the PHP Group provides the complete source code for

    users to build, customize and extend for their own use.

    PHP acts primarily as afilter, taking input from a file or stream containing text and/or PHP

    instructions and outputting another stream of data; most commonly the output will be HTML.

    Since PHP 4, the PHPparsercompiles input to producebytecode for processing by theZend

    Engine,giving improved performance over itsinterpreterpredecessor.

    Originally designed to create dynamic web pages, PHP now focuses mainly onserver-side

    scripting,and it is similar to other server-side scripting languages that provide dynamic content

    from a web server to aclient, such asMicrosoft'sASP.NET,Sun Microsystems'JavaServer

    Pages,andmod_perl.PHP has also attracted the development of manysoftware frameworks that

    provide building blocks and a design structure to promoterapid application development (RAD).

    Some of these includeCakePHP,Symfony,CodeIgniter,Yii Framework,andZend Framework,

    offering features similar to otherweb application frameworks.

    TheLAMP architecture has become popular in the web industry as a way of deploying web

    applications. PHP is commonly used as the in this bundle alongsideLinux,Apache andMySQL,

    although the P may also refer toPython,Perl,or some mix of the three. Similar packages are also

    available forWindows andOS X, then calledWAMP andMAMP,with the first letter standing

    for the respective operating system. Although both PHP and Apache are provided as part of the

    Mac OS X base install, users of these packages seek a simpler installation mechanism that can be

    more easily kept up to date.

    As of April 2007, over 20 million Internet domains had web services hosted on servers with PHP

    installed and mod_php was recorded as the most popularApache HTTP Server module. PHP is

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_hostinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_(software)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytecodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zend_Enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zend_Enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server-side_scriptinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server-side_scriptinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASP.NEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaServer_Pageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaServer_Pageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_perlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_frameworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_application_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CakePHPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symfonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CodeIgniterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yii_Frameworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zend_Frameworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_web_application_frameworkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAMP_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAMPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAMPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAMPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAMPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAMP_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_web_application_frameworkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zend_Frameworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yii_Frameworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CodeIgniterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symfonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CakePHPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_application_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_frameworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_perlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaServer_Pageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaServer_Pageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASP.NEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server-side_scriptinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server-side_scriptinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zend_Enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zend_Enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytecodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_(software)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_hostinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface
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    used as the server-side programming language on 75% of all websites whose server-side

    programming language is known, and PHP is the most-used open source software within

    enterprises.web content management systems written in PHP includeMediaWiki,Joomla,eZ

    Publish,SilverStripe, WordPress,Drupal ,Moodle, the user-facing portion

    ofFacebook,andDigg.

    2.2 MySQL

    MySQL is the world's most popular open source database software, with over 100 million copies

    of its software downloaded or distributed throughout it's history. With its superior speed,

    reliability, and ease of use, MySQL has become the preferred choice for Web, Web 2.0, SaaS,

    ISV, Telecom companies and forward-thinking corporate IT Managers because it eliminates the

    major problems associated with downtime, maintenance and administration for modern, online

    applications.

    Many of the world's largest and fastest-growing organizations use MySQL to save time and

    money powering their high-volume Web sites, critical business systems, and packaged software

    including industry leaders such as Yahoo!, Alcatel-Lucent, Google, Nokia, YouTube,

    Wikipedia, and Booking.com.

    The flagship MySQL offering is MySQL Enterprise, a comprehensive set of production-tested

    software, proactive monitoring tools, and premium support services available in an affordable

    annual subscription.

    MySQL is a key part of LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP / Perl / Python), the fast-growing

    open source enterprise software stack. More and more companies are using LAMP as an

    alternative to expensive proprietary software stacks because of its lower cost and freedom from

    platform lock-in.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_content_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWikihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joomlahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EZ_Publishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EZ_Publishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SilverStripehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordPresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moodlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moodlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordPresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SilverStripehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EZ_Publishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EZ_Publishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joomlahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWikihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_content_management_system
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    MySQL was originally founded and developed in Sweden by two Swedes and a Finn: David

    Axmark, Allan Larsson and Michael "Monty" Widenius, who had worked together since the

    1980's.

    2.2.1 What is MySQL?

    MySQL, the most popular Open Source SQL database management system, is developed,

    distributed, and supported by Oracle Corporation.

    The MySQL Web site (http://www.mysql.com/) provides the latest information about MySQL

    software.

    MySQL is a database management system.

    A database is a structured collection of data. It may be anything from a simple shopping list

    to a picture gallery or the vast amounts of information in a corporate network. To add,

    access, and process data stored in a computer database, you need a database management

    system such as MySQL Server. Since computers are very good at handling large amounts of

    data, database management systems play a central role in computing, as standalone utilities,

    or as parts of other applications.

    MySQL databases are relational.

    A relational database stores data in separate tables rather than putting all the data in one big

    storeroom. The database structures are organized into physical files optimized for speed.

    The logical model, with objects such as databases, tables, views, rows, and columns, offers a

    flexible programming environment. You set up rules governing the relationships between

    different data fields, such as one-to-one, one-to-many, unique, required or optional,

    and pointers between different tables. The database enforces these rules, so that with a

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    well-designed database, your application never sees inconsistent, duplicate, orphan, out-of-

    date, or missing data.

    The SQL part of MySQLstands for Structured Query Language. SQL is the most

    common standardized language used to access databases. Depending on your programming

    environment, you might enter SQL directly (for example, to generate reports), embed SQL

    statements into code written in another language, or use a language-specific API that hides

    the SQL syntax.

    SQL is defined by the ANSI/ISO SQL Standard. The SQL standard has been evolving since

    1986 and several versions exist. In this manual, SQL-92refers to the standard released in

    1992, SQL:1999 refers to the standard released in 1999, and SQL:2003 refers to the

    current version of the standard. We use the phrase theSQL standardto mean the current

    version of the SQL Standard at any time.

    The MySQL Database Server is very fast, reliable, scalable, and easy to use.

    If that is what you are looking for, you should give it a try. MySQL Server can run

    comfortably on a desktop or laptop, alongside your other applications, web servers, and so

    on, requiring little or no attention. If you dedicate an entire machine to MySQL, you can

    adjust the settings to take advantage of all the memory, CPU power, and I/O capacity

    available. MySQL can also scale up to clusters of machines, networked together.

    You can find a performance comparison of MySQL Server with other database managers on

    our benchmark page. SeeSection 7.1.3, TheMySQL Benchmark Suite.

    MySQL Server was originally developed to handle large databases much faster than existing

    solutions and has been successfully used in highly demanding production environments for

    several years. Although under constant development, MySQL Server today offers a rich and

    http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/4.1/en/mysql-benchmarks.htmlhttp://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/4.1/en/mysql-benchmarks.htmlhttp://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/4.1/en/mysql-benchmarks.htmlhttp://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/4.1/en/mysql-benchmarks.htmlhttp://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/4.1/en/mysql-benchmarks.htmlhttp://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/4.1/en/mysql-benchmarks.html
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    useful set of functions. Its connectivity, speed, and security make MySQL Server highly

    suited for accessing databases on the Internet.

    MySQL Server works in client/server or embedded systems.

    The MySQL Database Software is a client/server system that consists of a multi-threaded

    SQL server that supports different backends, several different client programs and libraries,

    administrative tools, and a wide range of application programming interfaces (APIs).

    We also provide MySQL Server as an embedded multi-threaded library that you can link

    into your application to get a smaller, faster, easier-to-manage standalone product

    .

    A large amount of contributed MySQL software is available.

    MySQL Server has a practical set of features developed in close cooperation with our users.

    It is very likely that your favorite application or language supports the MySQL Database

    Server.

    The official way to pronounce MySQLis MyEss Que Ell(not mysequel), but we do not

    mind if you pronounce it as mysequelor in some other localized way.

    2.2.2 Interface

    MySQL is arelational database management system (RDBMS), and ships with noGUI tools to

    administer MySQL databases or manage data contained within the databases. Users may use the

    includedcommand line tools, or use MySQL "front-ends", desktop software and web

    applications that create and manage MySQL databases, build database structures, back up data,

    inspect status, and work with data records. The official set of MySQL front-end tools,MySQL

    Workbench is actively developed by Oracle, and is freely available for use.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL_Workbenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL_Workbenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL_Workbenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL_Workbenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database_management_system
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    2.2.2.1 Graphical

    The officialMySQL Workbench is a free integrated environment developed by MySQL AB, thatenables users to graphically administer MySQL databases and visually design database

    structures. MySQL Workbench replaces the previous package of software,MySQL GUI Tools.

    Similar to other third-party packages, but still considered the authoritative MySQL front end,

    MySQL Workbench lets users manage database design & modeling, SQL development

    (replacing MySQL Query Browser) and Database administration (replacing MySQL

    Administrator).

    MySQL Workbench is available in two editions, the regular free and open source Community

    Edition which may be downloaded from the MySQL website, and the proprietary Standard

    Edition which extends and improves the feature set of the Community Edition.

    Third-party proprietary and free graphical administration applications (or "front ends") are

    available that integrate with MySQL and enable users to work with database structure and data

    visually. Some well-known front ends, in alphabetical order, are:

    Adminer a free MySQL front end written in one PHP script, capable of managingmultiple databases, with manyCSS skins available.

    DaDaBIKa customizableCRUD front-end to MySQL. Written in PHP. Commercial. DBEdita free front end for MySQL and other databases. dbForge GUI Tools a set of tools for database management that includes separate

    applications for schema comparison and synchronization, data comparison andsynchronization, and building queries.

    HeidiSQLa full featured free front end that runs onWindows,and can connect to localor remote MySQL servers to manage databases, tables, column structure, and individual

    data records. Also supports specialized GUI features for date/time fields and enumerated

    multiple-value fields.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL_Workbenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL_GUI_Toolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open_source_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adminerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DaDaBIKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Create,_read,_update_and_deletehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBEdithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devart#Database_tools_for_MySQLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeidiSQLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeidiSQLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devart#Database_tools_for_MySQLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBEdithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Create,_read,_update_and_deletehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DaDaBIKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adminerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open_source_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL_GUI_Toolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL_Workbench
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    Libre Office BaseLibre Office Base allows the creation and management of databases,preparation of forms and reports that provide end users easy access to data.

    LikeMicrosoft Access, it can be used as a front-end for various database systems,

    including Access databases (JET), ODBC data sources, and MySQL orPostgreSQL.

    Navicata series of proprietary graphical database management applications, developedfor Windows, Macintosh and Linux.

    OpenOffice.orgOpenOffice.org Base can manage MySQL databases if the entire suiteis installed. Free and open-source.

    phpMyAdmin a free Web-based front end widely installed byweb hosts, since it isdeveloped in PHP and is included in the LAMP

    stack,MAMP,XAMPP andWAMP software bundle installers.

    SQLBuddy - a free Web-based front end, developed in PHP. Sequel Pro - a free, open-source front end forMac OS X. SQLYog - a free community-developed UI for MySQL. Toad for MySQL a free development and administration front end for MySQL

    fromQuest Software

    Other available proprietary MySQL front ends includedbForge Studio for MySQL, DB

    Studio,Epictetus,Microsoft Access,Oracle SQL Developer, Schema Bank,SQLPro SQL

    Client,Toad Data Modeler.

    2.2.2.2 Command line

    MySQL ships with manycommand line tools, from which the main interface is 'mysql'

    client. Third-parties have also developed tools to manage, optimize, monitor and backup a

    MySQL server, some listed below. All these tools work on *NIX type operating systems, and

    some of them also on Windows.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreOfficehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostgreSQLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navicathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice.org_Basehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhpMyAdminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_hosting_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAMPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XAMPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAMPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLBuddyhttp://www.sequelpro.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_Xhttp://code.google.com/p/sqlyog/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOAD_(software)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DbForge_Studio_for_MySQLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epictetus_Database_Clienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_SQL_Developerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLPro_SQL_Clienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLPro_SQL_Clienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toad_Data_Modelerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toad_Data_Modelerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLPro_SQL_Clienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLPro_SQL_Clienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_SQL_Developerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epictetus_Database_Clienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DbForge_Studio_for_MySQLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOAD_(software)http://code.google.com/p/sqlyog/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_Xhttp://www.sequelpro.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLBuddyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAMPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XAMPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAMPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_hosting_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhpMyAdminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice.org_Basehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navicathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostgreSQLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreOffice
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    Maatkit - a cross-platform toolkit for MySQL,PostgreSQL andMemcached, developedinPerl.Maatkit can be used to prove replication is working correctly, fix corrupted data,

    automate repetitive tasks, and speed up servers. Maatkit is included with

    severalGNU/Linux distributions such asCentOS andDebian and packages are available

    forFedora andUbuntu as well. As of late 2011, Maatkit is no longer developed,

    butPercona has continued development under the Percona Toolkit brand.

    XtraBackup - Open Source MySQL hot backup software. Some notable features includehot, non-locking backups for InnoDB storage, incremental backups, streaming, parallel-

    compressed backups, throttling based on the number of IO operations per second, etc.

    MySQL::Replication - a replacement for MySQL's built-in replication, developed inPerl.MySQL::Replication can be used to create a peer-to-peer, multi-master MySQL

    replication network.

    2.2.2.3 Programming

    MySQL works on many differentsystem platforms, includingAIX,BSDi,FreeBSD,HP-

    UX,eComStation,i5/OS,IRIX, Linux,Mac OS X,Microsoft Windows,NetBSD,Novell

    NetWare,OpenBSD,OpenSolaris,OS/2 Warp,QNX,Solaris,Symbian,SunOS,SCO

    OpenServer,SCOUnixWare,Sanos andTru64.A port of MySQL toOpenVMS also exists.

    MySQL is written inC andC++. Its SQL parser is written inyacc,and a home-brewedlexical

    analyzer. Manyprogramming languages with language-specificAPIs includelibraries for

    accessing MySQL databases. These include MySQL Connector/Net for integration with

    Microsoft'sVisual Studio (languages such asC# andVB are most commonly used) and the

    JDBC driver for Java. In addition, anODBC interface calledMyODBC allows additional

    programming languages that support the ODBC interface to communicate with a MySQL

    database, such asASP orColdFusion.TheHTSQL -URL-based query method also ships with a

    MySQL adapter, allowing direct interaction between a MySQL database and any web client via

    structured URLs.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostgreSQLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memcachedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU/Linuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CentOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedora_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perconahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_platformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIX_operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD/OShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EComStationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_i5/OShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRIXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novell_NetWarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novell_NetWarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSolarishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QNXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SunOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO_OpenServerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO_OpenServerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UnixWarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tru64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenVMShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Studiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ODBChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyODBChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Server_Pageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_ColdFusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTSQLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_resource_locatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_resource_locatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTSQLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_ColdFusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Server_Pageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyODBChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ODBChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Studiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenVMShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tru64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UnixWarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO_OpenServerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO_OpenServerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SunOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QNXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSolarishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novell_NetWarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novell_NetWarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRIXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_i5/OShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EComStationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD/OShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIX_operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_platformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perconahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedora_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CentOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU/Linuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memcachedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostgreSQL
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    2.2.3 Features of MySQL:

    Relational Database System. Client/Server Architecture. SQL compatibility. SubSELECTs. Stored procedures. Triggers. Platform independence

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    CHAPTER-3

    PROBLEM

    IDENTIFICATION

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    3. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

    3.1 Existing System

    The site provides information about the college like:-

    History of the college College campus Faculty information Hostle facilities Staff information Contacts of the college Branch informations

    3.2 Problem Analysis

    In our project we analyses the problem as follows:

    Sometimes due to some reasons students have to take leaves from the college and therebymissing their important lectures and the notes delivered.

    Problems are faced when any important notices and news has to be urgently brought intoknowledge of students and teachers

    Its difficult for the administrative authority to have a feedback and response from theSTAFF and the STUDENTS in the college hours.

    3.3 Purpose of the Project

    The main goal of this portal is the notes and other study materials provided by thefaculties of the college that will help the students in a greater extent

    Students have the facility of online exams for testing their skills.

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    3.4 Advantage of the Project :

    The website provides a brief about the college and college history. The website can be viewed at leisure from anywhere where there is the availability of

    internet.

    The website can be viewed 24 X 7. The attractive and user friendly interface will attract the users to join it and use its

    attractive features.

    The faculties and the H.O.D.s have the facility to upload the notes and other studymaterials.

    Videos of important classes can also be uploaded or downloaded from the site. The site will help the students to have study materials for their reference. The users have the facility of online test of different type and categories.

    3.5 Disadvantages of the Project: The features provided can only be viewed by the college members only. Students can become lenient for their classes. Interaction with Professors is limited.

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    CHAPTER-4

    METHODOLOGY

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    4. METHODOLOGY

    4.1Requirement Analysis

    4.1.1 Hardware Requirements-

    Personal Computer : PC/XT/AT

    Memory : 128 MB RAM or higher

    Hard Disk : 5 GB

    Processor : Pentium III or above

    Disk Space : 80 GB or higherKeyboard : Standard 101 keys

    Mouse : PC Mouse

    Monitor : SVGA Monitor or VGA

    Printer : 80 or 132 Column DMP

    4.1.2 Software Requirements-

    Operating system : WINDOWS XP and above.

    Front end : PHP 5.

    Back end : MySQL .

    Editor : Adobe Dreamweaver.

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    4.2 Model Used (Evolutionary Prototyping Model)

    It refers to the activity of creating prototypes of software applications, for example, incomplete

    versions of the software program being developed. It is an activity that can occur in software

    development. It used to visualize some component of the software to limit the gap of

    misunderstanding the customer requirements by the development team. This also will reduce the

    iterations may occur in waterfall approach and hard to be implemented due to inflexibility of the

    waterfall approach. So, when the final prototype is developed, the requirement is considered to

    be frozen.

    It has some types, such as:

    Throwaway prototyping: Prototypes that are eventually discarded rather than becoming apart of the finally delivered software

    Evolutionary prototyping: prototypes that evolve into the final system through iterativeincorporation of user feedback.

    Incremental prototyping: The final product is built as separate prototypes. At the end theseparate prototypes are merged in an overall design.

    Extreme prototyping: used at web applications mainly. Basically, it breaks down webdevelopment into three phases, each one based on the preceding one. The first phase is a

    static prototype that consists mainly of HTML pages. In the second phase, the screens are

    programmed and fully functional using a simulated services layer. In the third phase the

    services are implemented.

    The idea behind this is that an initial prototype is presented to the user. They provide feedback

    and suggestions for improvements.

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    These are actioned by the developer who then presents a more refined prototype. The user once

    more provides feedback. The process is repeated.

    So at each stage the prototype 'evolves' towards the final system.

    Fig: 4.1: Evolutionary Prototyping Model

    4.2.1 Features:

    Developers build a prototype during the requirements phase. Prototype is evaluated by end users. Users give corrective feedback. Developers further refine the prototype. When the user is satisfied, the prototype code is brought up to the standards needed for a

    final product.

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    4.2.2 Steps:

    A preliminary project plan is developed. A partial high-level paper model is created. The model is source for a partial requirements specification. A prototype is built with basic and critical attributes. The designer builds

    the database user interface algorithmic functions

    The designer demonstrates the prototype; the user evaluates for problems and suggestsimprove.

    This loop continues until the user is satisfied.

    4.2.3 Advantage:

    Customers can see the system requirements as they are being gathered. Developers learn from customers. A more accurate end product. Unexpected requirements accommodated. Steady, visible signs of progress produced. Interaction with the prototype stimulates awareness of additional needed functionality.

    4.2.4 Disadvantage:

    Tendency to abandon structured program development for code-and-fix development. Bad reputation for quick-and-dirty methods. Overall maintainability may be overlooked. The customer may want the prototype delivered.

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    Process may continue forever (scope creep)

    4.3 Data Flow Diagram:

    4.3.1 Notations:

    Data-Flows show the movement of data in a specific direction from the source to thedestination. It represents a packet of data.

    Processes show the operations performed on the data, which transform it frominput to output.

    Sources and Destinations of data are the external sources and destinations of data, whichmay be people, programs, organizations or other entities interacting with the system, but

    are outside its boundary.

    Data Stores are places where data are s tored such as files and tables.

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    Context Level Dfd:

    Level 0:

    Fig.:4.2 level 0 data flow diagram.

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    Level 1:

    Fig.:4.3 level 1 data flow diagram.

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    Level 1.1:

    Fig.:4.4 level 1.1 data flow diagram.

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    Level 1.2:

    Fig.:4.5 level 1.2 data flow diagram.

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    Level 1.3:

    Fig.:4.6 level 1.3 data flow diagram.

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    CHAPTER-5

    RESULT AND DISCUSSION

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    5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

    5.1 Snapshots of the Project:

    Fig: 5.1 User select & login Window

    Fig:5.2 Admins Dashboard Window

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    Fig:5.3 HOD information Window

    Fig: 5.4 Student Information Windows

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    Fig:5.5 Faculty Information

    Fig: 5.6 Notes uploaded

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    5.2 Structure of the Database Table:-

    The tables shown below are the ones used in the database of the project. There are a total of 11

    tables used in this project.

    Table 5.1: admin table structure

    Field no Field name Type Size Constraint

    1 username varchar 10 Not null

    2 password varchar 10 Not null

    Table 5.2: faculty table structure

    Field no Field name Type Size Constraint

    1 name varchar 10 Not null

    2 last name varchar 10 Not null

    3 username varchar 20 Not null

    4 password varchar 15 Not null

    5 reentered-passdword varchar 15 Not null

    6 department varchar 12 Not null7 faculty-id varchar 20 Not null

    8 contact no. decimal 10,0 Not null

    9 email-id varchar 20 Not null

    10 address varchar 100 Not null

    Table 5.3: student table structure

    Field no Field name Type Size Constraint1 name varchar 15 Not null

    2 last name varchar 10 Not null

    3 username varchar 20 Not null

    4 password varchar 20 Not null

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    5 re-entered password varchar 20 Not null

    6 roll_number decimal 10,0 Not null

    7 email_id varchar 25 Not null

    8 contact no. decimal 10,0 Not null

    9 branch Varchar 5 Not null

    10 semester Varchar 10 Not null

    11 address varchar 30 Not null

    Table 5.4: notes table structure

    Field no Field name Type Size Constraint

    1 Bname varchar 10 Not null

    2 Sem varchar 10 Not null

    3 Fname varchar 30 Not null

    4 note_id int 11 Not null

    5 flag int 1 Not null

    Table 5.5: hod table structure

    Field no Field name Type Size Constraint

    1 department varchar 15 Not null

    2 username Varchar 20 Not null

    3 password Varchar 20 Not null

    4 name varchar 25 Not null

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    Table 5.6: faculty_id table structure

    Field no Field name Type Size Constraint

    1 s_no. int 2 Not null

    2 faculty_id varchar 10 Not null

    Table 5.7: feedback table structure

    Field no Field name Type Size Constraint

    1 fdb varchar 50 Not null

    2 s_no. int 2 Not null

    Table 5.8: mst question table structure

    Field no Field name Type Size Constraint

    1 ques_id int 3 Not null

    2 test_id int 3 Not null

    3 ques_desc varchar 150 Not null

    4 ans1 varchar 75 Not null

    5 ans2 varchar 75 Not null

    6 ans3 varchar 75 Not null

    7 ans4 varchar 75 Not null

    8 true_ans int 1 Not null

    9 Flag int 1 Not null

    Table 5.9: mst subject table structureField no Field name Type Size Constraint

    1 sub_id int 5 Not null

    2 sub_name varchar 25 Not null

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    Table 5.10: mst test table structure

    Field no Field name Type Size Constraint

    1 test_id int 5 Not null

    2 sub_id int 5 Not null

    3 test_name varchar 30 Not null

    4 total_que varchar 15 Not null

    Table 5.11: mst useranswer table structure

    Field no Field name Type Size Constraint

    1 sess_id varchar 80 -

    2 test_id int 11 -

    3 ques_desc varchar 200 -

    4 ans1 varchar 50 -

    5 ans2 varchar 50 -

    6 ans3 varchar 50 -

    7 ans4 varchar 50 -

    8 true_ans int 11 -

    9 your_ans int 11 -

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    CHAPTER-6

    CONCLUSION AND SCOPE OF

    FURTHER WORK

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    6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK

    6.1 Conclusion

    This project is successful in developing the software based on an existing system and we learned

    how to create our dash boards using PHP and how can it improvise new methods to make it more

    convenient for the user to handle the activities to be performed on the site. The Student Portal

    provides a number of features that can be useful for both the students as well as the faculties.This project provides the teaching staff with the facility of uploading notes and other study

    materials and the students those who are registered can download the notes which are approved

    by the admin, which will help the students in a greater extent. The key feature of the project is

    the online test facility. The user can test their ability by timely appearing for the test which

    consists of different categories of questions.

    6.2 Scope of Further Work:

    We have tried to achieve our project goals but there are some enhancements too. They are:

    We would like to add a new module for notifications which will help our collegestudents to get a notification message regarding the assignments given in the class,

    campus drives and any other events through email or message on their mobile phones

    such that even if they dont havean internet connection or they are not available to

    open the site, they can see the news feeds and be informed about what is going on in

    the college.

    Secondly we would like to add the flash news and the events corner which displaysthe latest developments, announcements and events associated with the college.

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    REFERENCES

    Intrusion Detection with SNORT: Advanced IDS Techniques Using SNORT,Apache, MySQL, PHP, and ACID

    Rafeeq Ur Rehman

    http://www.informit.com/onlinebooks PHP 5 Power Programming Lynda.com.PHP.With.MySQL.Essential.Training W3 SCHOOLS

    http://www.informit.com/onlinebookshttp://www.informit.com/onlinebooks