final exam review

ACCELERATED BIOLOGYSECOND SEMESTER

Final Exam Review

Unit 6 – BIOTECHNOLOGY

Define the following terms:

Biotechnology: using living organisms to produce something useful for humans

Restriction Enzymes: recognize specific DNA sequences and cut the DNA between specific nucleotides

Sticky Ends: pieces of DNA with short single stands on each end that are complimentary to each other



Plasmid: small circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria

Vector: carrier of the DNAEx) virus, yeast, plasmid

Recombinant DNA: formed when DNA is combined from different organisms



Ligase: Enzyme that pastes the sticky ends of a gene and plasmid together

Reverse Transcriptase: Enzyme that uses mRNA to make DNA. (It is the reverse of transcription!)


Electrophoresis: Method of separating

DNA fragments based on size

DNA fingerprint is formed

Can identify a person or find a certain gene


How can we benefit from a human gene that has been placed into a bacterium? Human genes that produce human proteins can be

added to bacteria or yeast to mass produce the proteins (insulin, human growth hormone)

What is the process of making an organism with another organism’s DNA included called? Recombinant DNA


Explain the process of gel electrophoresis and the movement of DNA based on size and charge. DNA fragments put into a gel Tracks have a positive charge at one

end and negative at the other The negatively–charged DNA moves

toward the positive end Smallest fragments move the

furthest Fragments are dyed to get visible

bands DNA fingerprint is formed Can ID person or find a certain gene


Explain a genetically modified crop (GMO). can add favorable characteristics to a plant by manipulating

the plant’s genes

What are the benefits? you can engineer crops that . . .

have an improved nutritional value (added genes to rice) are resistant to drought produce their own insecticides

Drawbacks? uncertain long term effects of eating GMOs GMO crops can cross breed with other crops (wind pollination)


Looking at the gel above, which is most likely the father? Father #1 or Father #2? (circle one) Explain what lead you to this conclusion.

If the mother does not have the band in common with the offspring, the father must have it!

Unit 7 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

For each of the following, give an example of animal groups (fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals) that uses it generally (there are exceptions of course) and at least one advantage and disadvantage of each.


Fill in the chart below that shows characteristics of sexual and asexual reproduction:


Label the following diagram:

urinary bladder

urethra

prostrate

penisseminal vesicle

epididymis

vas deferens

testis

If the vas deferens is cut,

then . . .


For each part below, describe its function:

Testis – where sperm is produced

Epididymis – where sperm mature and are stored

Vas Deferens – long tube that connects the epididymis to the urethra. If cut (vasectomy) sperm will no longer be released from the male’s body

Urethra – common passageway for urine and semen to exit the body



Prostate – secretes an alkaline (basic) fluid that neutralizes the acids in the female reproductive system

Seminal vesicle – produces a fluid rich in sugars that sperm use for energy

Penis – deposits sperm in the female reproductive system during sexual intercourse

Scrotum – external skin sac that regulates temperature for sperm production (scrotum is 3˚C cooler and ideal temperature for sperm development)


On the diagram in number 8, draw the path sperm would take from the place it is made to where it leaves the body.


Label the following 2 diagrams:

ovary

cervix

vagina

Vaginal opening

Fallopian tube (oviduct)

uterus


On the diagrams in number 11, draw the path an egg would take from the place it is made to where it leaves the body. Put a star where fertilization takes place. Put a circle where implantation takes place.

Fallopian tube (oviduct)

vagina

ovary

uterus

If the fallopian

tube is cut, then . . .



Ovary – produce eggs and sex hormones Oviduct – passageway that leads ovum from the ovary to

the uterus. smooth muscle contractions move ovum towards the uterus and is the site of fertilization. If cut (tubal ligation) then sperm can not reach the egg.

Uterus – if ovum is fertilized, implants in wall of uterus – pregnancy results

Vagina – birth canal through which infants pass when born

Cervix – narrow portion at the bottom of uterus that provides opening to uterus from vagina


How are egg cells and sperm cells the same?

Both contain 23 chromosomes (haploid)


How are they different? Why are they different.

Sperm Motile – propelled by

flagellum Much smaller than egg Males begin to produce

sperm during puberty Males release millions of

sperm at one time Consist of a head,

midpiece, and a tail

Ovum Nonmotile – smooth

muscle contractions of the fallopian tube move ovum towards the uterus

Much larger than sperm; can be seen by the unaided eye

Females are born with all the eggs they will ever have ~ 2 million

Females usually release one egg a month


Sketch a sperm cell and label the parts and their functions.

head – contains an enzyme that can penetrate the unfertilized egg (called the acrosome)

Midpiece – contains mitochondria to supply energy for sperm movement

tail – flagella propels the sperm forward


What is the function of a hormone? How do they get around the body?

Substances secreted by cells that act to regulate the activity of other cells in the body. They act as chemical messengers and are released into the bloodstream.

To which biomolecule groups can they belong?

Proteins


For each of the hormones, state the general function in the female and where each is produced.

FSH – stimulates development of the follicle LH – spike in LH triggers ovulation on day 14 Estrogen – causes uterine wall to thicken

(endometrium – bloody uterine lining) Progesterone – maintains the uterine lining HCG – human chorionic gonadotropin sustains the corpus

luteum. Corpus luteum will continue to produce estrogen and progesterone to maintain the endometrium. Without HCG menstruation begins and embryo is aborted. Pregnancy tests check for presence of HCG in urine


For each of the following hormones, state the general function in the male and where each is produced.

FSH – stimulate sperm production

LH – released by the pituitary gland, stimulates the secretion of testosterone

Testosterone – stimulate sperm production


Describe negative feedback.

A change in one direction stimulates a counteraction in the other direction. High levels of a hormone, inhibit the production of more

hormone Low levels of the hormone stimulate the production of more

hormone Most hormone release is regulated through negative

feedback.

Give an example of it in the male reproductive system and an example in the female reproductive system.


Give an example of it in the male reproductive system and an example in the female reproductive system

HIGH levels of testosterone INHIBIT the release of LH.


Describe positive feedback.

HIGH levels of a hormone stimulate the output of even MORE hormone

Give an example of it in the female reproductive system.

An infant suckling stimulates milk production

Unit 8 – CIRCULATION & RESPIRATION

Label the diagram of the heart below. Include all blood vessels, valves, and chambers.

On the diagram above, shade in the side of the heart that contains oxygen poor blood.


List all the structures a molecule of O2 would pass traveling through the heart.

left atrium bicuspid (mitral) valve left ventricle aortic valve aorta


Distinguish between each of the 3 types of blood vessels.

Which vessels are the thickest? The thinnest? Arteries are the thickest since they have the highest

pressure Capillaries are the thinnest (1 cell thick)

The direction of flow? Arteries – away from the heart Veins – back to the heart

Which vessels have valves? Veins


What is the major function of the capillaries?

Where gas exchange takes place


In which vessels is the oxygen content of the blood reversed? The pulmonary arteries

and veins

Explain why. Blood is going to the lungs

to pick up the O2 that was just inhaled and drop off CO2 to be exhaled


What is the most muscular chamber of the heart? The left ventricle

Explain why? It has to pump blood to

the entire body. Up to your head and down to your toes!


What are the 4 components of whole blood? Describe and give the function of each component. Plasma – liquid portion that

carries dissolved nutrients (90% water)

Red blood cells – Transports oxygen (hemoglobin protein binds to the oxygen; biconcave shape increases the surface area)

White blood cells – defend the body against disease

Platelets – clotting


Explain the 3 disorders/diseases below associated with the circulatory system.

Anemia – the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood cells is reduced. Can result from a loss of blood or nutritional deficiencies. Symptoms include fatigue, loss of energy, leg cramps. Organs are not getting the oxygen they need

Hemophilia – a disease where the blood fails to clot. Caused by a mutation in the gene that codes for one of the blood clotting factor proteins

Leukemia – cancer of the blood. The bone marrow starts to make a lot of abnormal white blood cells, called leukemia cells


Explain the difference between diastolic and systolic blood pressure.

It is measured as a ratio in mm of Hg (Mercury)Systolicdiastolic

Systolic is the pressure exerted when the ventricles contract and blood is pushed into the arteries

Diastolic is the pressure exerted when the ventricles relax


Explain the difference between diastolic and systolic blood pressure.

An average BP reading is 120/80


diaphragm – controls breathing oral cavity – nasal cavity – filters, warms, moistens inhaled air bronchi – two branches of the trachea that lead to each

lung pharynx – common passage way (oral and nasal cavity

meet) larynx – contains the vocal chords epiglottis – prevents food from entering the trachea bronchioles – smaller branches of the bronchi trachea – wind pipe with cartilaginous rings intercostals – Muscles between ribs that aid in breathing aveoli – air sacs in lungs where gas exchange occurs

(increase surface area)


Describe the sequence of events that occurs in order to breathe. Include the action of the diaphragm, rib cage, and the change in pressure between the lungs and the outside environment.

Inhalation Intercostals and diaphragm contract Diaphragm flattens and pulls downward Rib cage is pushed up and out causing a decrease in

the air pressure in the lungs (air pressure in lungs is now lower than atmospheric pressure)

Air is sucked into lungs


Describe the sequence of events that occurs in order to breathe. Include the action of the diaphragm, rib cage, and the change in pressure between the lungs and the outside environment.


What is pneumonia? Infection in the lungs caused by a bacteria or a virus

that makes breathing difficult.

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