FINAL EXAM REVIEW

Methods

• Oral History/ Storytelling– Criticized • Dependent on memory• Storyteller has different purposes for story

Iroquoian

• Family of North American Indian languages of the eastern part of Canada and the US– Includes Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga,

Seneca, Huron etc

People of The Plains

• Resided in the Interior Plains• Depended on bison for food and shelter– Often ate “pemmican” • Dried bison meat

– Teepee has their main form of housing– Sun Dance was main festival• Festival was about bravery• Festival of “fasting” and dancing

– No drink or water

Plateau People

• Resided in present day area of BC• Semi nomadic• Lived in “pit houses”• Salmon was important source of food• Wore mocasins

Northwest Coast Indians

• Present day Oregon to Alaska Coast• Lived in “Big Houses”• Arts very important to culture– Totem poles used for their oral history

Theories

• Beringia– Refers to the land bridge of ice– Joined present day Alaska and Siberia

• DNA Theory• Coastal Route Theory

Contact

• Archaeological Evidence– St Brendan

• series of stories, no physical evidence– Vikings

• First recorded visited– Vinland

– John Cabot (1487)– Jacques Cartier (1534)

• Coined the term Canada– Champlain

• Known as the “father of New France”

Contact

• Europeans views of Native peoples– Uncivilized and savage– Uneducated– dirty

• Native views of Europeans– strange

Beothuk

• Aboriginal of Newfoundland• Formed relationships with European

fishermen• Extinct– Reduced availability of resources to maintain

cultural practices• Much of what we know comes from

Shawnadithit

Company of 100

• Chartered by French government to capitalize on N.A free trade

• Fur trading company

Missionaries

• Jesuits– Lived among the “Huron”– Aimed to civilize and save– Catholic

• Ursuline Nuns– Marie Martin• Became Marie de l’Incarnation• Believed it was her destiny to convert “Natives”• Established convents for girls

New France

• Government Structure– King– Governor

• Top official in New France– Intendant

• Jean Talon• Did day to day work of government

– Responsible for finance and justice

– Bishop• Had task of organizing Catholic Church’s work in New France

New France

• Divine Right of Kings– Political doctrine of New France– Monarch is not subject to any earthly authority• Only subject to the will of God

New France• Terms/ Concepts– Carignan-Salieres

• French soldiers who stayed in New France after military service over

• Defend against Native attacks– Coureurs des bois

• Traders who left the colony to trade directly with trappers– Seigneurs

• Men who had won King’s favour• Rewarded with land

– Farm families (habitants) settled on seignurie (10km x 5km land)

– Fille du Roi• Single women imported to New France

Fall of New France

• 7 Years War– Led to the end of France’s colonies in N.A.

• Pontiac– Led American Indian struggle against British

military occupation of Great Lakes region– After 7 Years War– Wanted to drive colonials out of region

Immigration

• Immigration after Fall of New France– Mainly Ireland– Caused the spread of cholera epidemic in early

1800s– Gross Ille

War of 1812

• Causes– British not surrendering Western forts– Kidnapping of American soldiers– Impressment

• Loyalists• Black Loyalists– Mainly settled in Nova Scotia

Confederation• John A. MacDonald

– “I shall live and die a British subject”• Conferences led to agreement

– London (1864)• Maritime Union

– Quebec• Led to terms of union and 72 resolution

– Charlottetown• Constitution Act (1867) or BNA Act

– Gave government power to enact Indian Act, 1876• Statute concerning what is status and non status Indian and creation of

reserves

Red River Rebellion• Led by Metis– Mixed French and Aboriginal– Spoke a language which combined Cree/ French

• Led to creation of “provisional government” – Louis Riel leader

• Ordered Thomas Scott to be hanged• Riel Exiled• Elected to government 3 times while in exile

– Manitoba• 1870• Postage stamp province• Promise of amnesty for rebellion leaders

Manitoba Schools Question

• Laurier– Large issue in 1896 election campaign– Eliminated funding for French language Catholic

Schools

Boer War

• Laurier asked to send support for British in South African war with Boers

• French Canadians not supportive• Compromise– Send a group of 1000 Canadian volunteers

Last Best West

• Laurier asked Minister of Interior Clifford Sifton to attract immigrants to Western Canada– Ads promoting: • Opportunity• religious tolerance• free land• Political freedom

Last Best West

• “Desirable Immigrants”– Europe

• “Undesirable Immigrants”– Asian countries– Head tax used to discourage Chinese immigrants

Alaska Boundary Dispute

• Americans were infringing on important territory– Britain favoured the U.S. in the dispute

1911 Election

• Reciprocity Agreement– Free trade proposal with United States

World War I

• Ross Rifle– Produced and used by Canadian forces– ineffective

• War Measure Act– Suppress rights of “enemy aliens” during time of war

• Vimy Ridge is Canada’s most important battle– Signified Canada evolving to independent nation

• Conscription issue and Borden– French Canadians felt their rights not being respected– British war?

Winnipeg General Strike

• Civic workers wanted wage increase• Led to strike led by the “one big union”– Combination of all unions in Winnipeg together– Focus moved from wages to right to strike

Residential Schools

– Est. as far back as 1840s by the government– Policy of assimilation for Native peoples only– Compulsory attendance stopped in 1948

Stock Market Crash

• 1929• Causes – High debt and credit– Overproduction– Farmer debt– Environmental conditions (contributed)

Relief Camps

• Government solution for unemployment– Hard labour camps for men– Federal projects– Low pay– Meaningless work– On To Ottawa Trek organized because of poor

conditions• Stopped in Regina by RCMP

– Regina Riot

Confederation

– Fathers of Confederation• Sir John A MacDonald• Georges Cartier• Georges Brown• Joseph Howe

– Important to note that Confederation had a long history in coming together, but it also had a substantial impact in creating divisions• French/ English• Regional

World War II

– We do not get to World War II content. One of the major issues is the Conscription Crisis.

– Mackenzie King is known for being tied his pledge “Conscription if necessary, but not necessarily conscription.”• Delay tactic done because he did not want to anger

French Canadians who believed it was an imperial war. • Eventually, he finds ways to get around the pledge to

bring more support to the war effort.

UNITED STATES, BRITAIN and WWII• United States and Britain had inherited the role of protectors of

democracy prior to WWII.• Britain had a major challenge fighting the war against Germany in

WWII– Manpower– Concern about the strength of Germany– Sought appeasement policies

• The United States was very hesitant about joining WWII against Germany. They were called an “isolationalist” state- wanted to stay out of international affairs.

• US was able to do this for the most part, and only joined the war effort after the bombing of Pearl Harbour (because of alliance system.

LOUIS RIEL

• The Louis Riel affair was one of the more controversial issues that PM Sir John A MacDonald had to deal with.

• MacDonald had to figure out what to do with Riel after NW Rebellion. He had to be concerned about French and English influences and the impact of Riel’s actions themselves.

Political Cartoon Analysis

• In political cartoon, you are going to be asked to:– Identify issue- use your own ideas of who, what

and where is being addressed in image– Describe issue (use imagery and symbolism to

describe issue- emphasize the illustration)– Explain the controversy (why it is important)

Essay• Nation building

– Canadian identity refers to the set of characteristics and symbols that many Canadians regard as expressing their unique place and role in the world.

– Identity is an important component shaped by the political events of country

– In your discussion of political events and identity, you can focus on events from the following:• Indigenous Peoples and its influence• The “French Struggle” and its influence• Multicultural influences• Britain and its influence• United States and its influence• Social Policy

Essay

• The Immigrant Experience– Find examples (3 each) of positive and negative

immigration stories.• How does each shape Canadian identity?