FINAL EXAM REVIEW

JEOPARDY SHOWDOWN

10th Grade BiologyMr. Sparaco

GOAL:Assess your understanding about Ecology,

Evolution and Human Anatomy

STANDARD 4—ECOLOGY THE STUDENT WILL EXPLAIN THAT STABILITY IN AN ECOSYSTEM IS A BALANCE BETWEEN COMPETING EFFECTS.

4.1 Define biodiversity as the sum total of different kinds of organisms and is affected by alterations of habitats.

4.2 Analyze changes in an ecosystem resulting from changes in climate, human activity, introduction of nonnative species, or changes in population size.

4.3 Explain how birth, death, immigration, and emigration influence population size in an ecosystem.

4.4 Explain how water, carbon, and nitrogen cycle between abiotic resources and organic matter in the ecosystem and how oxygen cycles through photosynthesis and respiration.

4.5 Use a food web to identify and distinguish producers, consumers, and decomposers, and explain the transfer of energy through trophic levels. Describe how relationships among organisms (predation, parasitism, competition, commensalism, mutualism) add to the complexity of biological communities.

4.6 Distinguish between the accommodation of an individual organism to its environment and the gradual adaptation of a lineage of organisms through genetic change.

STANDARD 5—EVOLUTION THE STUDENT WILL DEMONSTRATE AN UNDERSTANDING OF BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION AND THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE.

5.1 Summarize the process of natural selection. why natural selection acts on the phenotype rather than the

genotype of an organism why alleles that are lethal in a homozygous individual may be

carried in a heterozygote and thus maintained in a gene pool new mutations are constantly being generated in a gene pool how natural selection determines the differential survival of groups

of organisms

5.2 Explain how variation within a species increases the likelihood that at least some members of a species will survive under changed environmental conditions.

5.3 Explain how a great diversity of species increases the chance that at least some organisms survive major changes in the environment.

5.4 Trace the relationship between environmental changes and changes in the gene pool, such as genetic drift and isolation of sub-populations.

STANDARD 6—HUMAN ANATOMY THE STUDENT WILL DEMONSTRATE AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE COORDINATED STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF ORGAN SYSTEMS THAT RESULT IN THE RELATIVE STABILITY OF THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE HUMAN BODY, DESPITE CHANGES IN THE OUTSIDE ENVIRONMENT.

6.1 Explain how the complementary activity of major body systems provides cells with oxygen and nutrients and removes toxic waste products such as carbon dioxide.

6.2 Explain how the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, sensory neurons, motor neurons) mediates communication among different parts of the body and mediates the body’s interactions with the environment. Identify the basic unit of the nervous system, the neuron, and explain generally how it worksthe role of neurons in transmitting electrochemical impulsesthe roles of sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons in sensation, thought, and response

6.3 Explain how feedback loops in the nervous and endocrine systems regulate conditions in the body.

6.4Explain the individual functions and sites of secretion of digestive enzymes (amylases, proteases, nucleases, and lipases), stomach acid, and bile salts.

6.5 Describe the homeostatic role of the kidneys in the removal of nitrogenous wastes and the role of the liver in blood detoxification and glucose balance.

6.6 Explain the cellular and molecular basis of muscle contraction, including the roles of actin, myosin, Ca+2, and ATP.

6.7 Explain how hormones (including digestive, reproductive, and osmoregulatory) provide internal feedback mechanisms for homeostasis at the cellular level and in whole organisms

6.8 Explain the role of the skin and of antibodies in the body's response to infection. 6.9 Explain how vaccination protects an individual from infectious diseases. 6.10 Compare and contrast bacteria and viruses with respect to their requirements for growth

and replication, the body's primary defenses against bacterial and viral infections, and effective treatments of these infections.

6.11 Explain the roles of phagocytes, B-lymphocytes, and T-lymphocytes in the immune system

FINAL EXAM REVIEW4.1 – 4.4

4.5 - 4.6

5.1 5.2 - 5.4

6.1 – 6.3

6.4 & 6.7

6.5 6.6 6.8 –

6.11

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 23 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 34 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 45 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 56 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 67 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 78 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 89 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 910 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Tie Breaker 1Tie Breaker 2

4.1 – 4.4

Biodiversity is…

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4.1 – 4.4

Name at least 2 threats to

biodiversityHome

4.1 – 4.4

What is a carrying capacity?

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4.1 – 4.4

Rabbits introduced into Australia over 100 years ago have become a serious pest to farmers. Rabbit populations increased so much that they displaced many native species of plant eaters. What is the most logical explanation for their increased numbers?

A. Rabbits have a high death rate.B. There are few effective predators.C. Additional rabbit species have been introduced. D. There is an increase in rabbit competitors.

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4.1 – 4.4 Which of the following processes

allows the cells of an organism to use carbon from the environment?

A. mitosisB. fertilizationC. transpirationD. Photosynthesis

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4.1 – 4.4

What 2 advancements caused the human population to increase exponentially since the early 1900’s?

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4.1 – 4.4 Describe the carbon cycle:

Key words:

respiration and photosynthesis

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4.1 – 4.4

Complete burning of plant material returns carbon primarily to the

A. herbivores.B. water.C. vegetation.D. atmosphere.

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4.1 – 4.4

Based on the graph, which of the following is a possible explanation for the stabilization of the caribou population?

A. an equal number of deaths and births B. an unequal number of deaths and births C. an equal number of immigrants and births D. an unequal number of immigrants and deaths

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4.1 – 4.4 If several species of Producers are removed

from an ecosystem, the most likely effect on the ecosystem will be (4.3)

A. A decrease in the number of abiotic factors

B. An increase in the kinds of autotrophs

C. A decrease in stability among populations

D. An increase in the rate of successionHome

4.5 - 4.6 If additional wrens are

introduced into this ecosystem, there will most likely be an immediate decrease in the

A. frog population.B. snake population.C. falcon population.D. grasshopper

population.

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4.5 - 4.6

In what direction does the impulse

travel in aneuron?

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4.5 - 4.6

For the food chain shown, which of the following changes would have the most severe consequences?

A. a drastic decrease in rainfall, causing drought B. the poaching of predatory hawks by game

hunters C. the introduction of a second predator that eats

field mice D. a parasitic infestation that reduces the cricket

populationHome

4.5 - 4.6

Which of these organisms would most likely be found at the bottom of a biomass pyramid?

A. giant squidsB. sand sharksC. sea cucumbersD. green algae

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4.5 - 4.6

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What is the purpose of the arrows? Or asked another way, why does the amount of energy decrease toward the top?

4.5 - 4.6

What type of relationship is this? Support your answer.

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4.5 - 4.6

Fungi are an important part of a terrestrial ecosystem because they

A. store energyB. bond oxygen to sulfur.C. function as producersD. recycle organic matter.

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4.5 - 4.6

What type of relationship is this? Support your answer.

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4.5- 4.6

What would happen if all the krill we’re destroyed in an oil

spill?Home

4.5 - 4.6 In a pond, the primary producer is a green alga,

Spirogyra; the primary consumer is the crustacean, Daphnia; the secondary consumer is a small fish, the bluegill; and the tertiary consumer is a larger fish, the smallmouth bass. What changes can be expected in the pond if the Daphnia are killed with pesticides?

 A. The Spirogyra population will probably die. B. The bluegill population will probably increase. C. The Daphnia population will eat something else. D. The smallmouth bass population will die.

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5.1  A population of termites initially consists of darkly colored

and brightly colored members. After several generations, the termite population consists almost entirely of darkly colored members because the brightly colored termites are easier for a predatory species of insectivores to locate. This situation is an example of

A. the evolution of a new species.B. natural selection.C. artificial selection.D. adaptive radiation.

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5.1 How is natural selection in the evolution of long

necks in giraffes best explained?   Shorter-necked giraffes were killed by long-

necked giraffes. Giraffe necks grew longer because of the bone

structure of the animals. Giraffes with longer necks survived because they

were better suited to the environment. Long-necked giraffes mated only with other long-

necked giraffes.

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5.1

Which of these best illustrates natural selection?   An organism with favorable genetic variations

will tend to survive and breed successfully. A population monopolizes all of the resources in

its habitat, forcing other species to migrate. A community whose members work together

utilizes all existing resources and migratory routes.

The largest organisms in a species receive the only breeding opportunities.

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5.1 Which of the following explains why natural

selection acts on the phenotype of an organism instead of its genotype?

  Phenotypes directly influence the interaction of an

organism with its environment. Genotypes do not change except by the process of

transcription. Genotypes change in direct response to habitat

changes. Phenotypes can be inherited by offspring.

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5.1Any variation that can help an

organism survive in its environment is called a(n):

A. adaptation

B. characteristic

C. competition

D. vestigial structure

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5.1The finches on the Galapagos island

were similar in form except for variations of their beaks. Darwin observed that these variations were useful for:

A. attracting a matB. defending territoryC. building nestsD. gathering food

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5.1Which of the following is most

characteristic of a dominant gene?

A. It masks the effects of other alleles

B. Its effects are masked by other alleles

C. It always produces only one phenotypic effect

D. It is always the most prevalent in the gene pool

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5.1Darwin believed that evolution occurred:

A. in quick, random bursts of new species

B. gradually over long periods of time as variations were retained through successive generations

C. only in birds

D. gradually, after all the weak members of populations were eliminated

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5.1Natural selection: A. only applies to humans.

B. always eliminates organisms which are physically weaker.

C. works on variation that is passed from parent to offspring by a kind of "blending" effect.

D. none of the above.Home

5.1Darwin's Theory of Evolution by

Natural Selection states that _____ who are better suited to their particular environment will be more likely to reproduce successfully.

A. PacksB. individuals C. populations D. species

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5.2 - 5.4Blood proteins in horses are chemically

similar to blood proteins in monkeys. This similarity suggests that horses and monkeys 

A. can interbreed  B. evolved at the same time C. live in the same habitat  D. have a common ancestor

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5.2 - 5.4The diagram represents a species of beethat helps one type of orchid plant reproduce

bycarrying pollen on structure X from one

orchidflower to another. Pollination by this species

ofBee is the only way the orchid can

reproduce.

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If this bee species dies out, this orchid species would most likely

A. cease to existB. find another animal to carry the pollenC. flower at a different time of yearD. develop another way to reproduce

5.2 - 5.4 If an ecosystem is changed through a

natural disaster, organisms will have the best chance of survival if

A. their environment has few abiotic factors

B. the organisms are physically strongC. humans help by artificial selectionD. their species exhibits genetic

variationHome

5.2 - 5.4

Which statement concerning this pattern of evolution is correct?

A. Evolution always results in favorable traits.B. Evolution does not always result in a species that will survive to present time.C. Evolution leads to less complex organisms.D. Evolution results in the same changes in all species. Hom

e

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5.2 - 5.4How could you explain

the variation among these

finches?

5.2 - 5.4 A population of termites initially consists of

darkly colored and brightly colored members. After several generations, the termite population consists almost entirely of darkly colored members because the brightly colored termites are easier for a predatory species of insectivores to locate. This situation is an example of

A. the evolution of a new species.B. natural selection.C. artificial selection.D. adaptive radiation.

Home

5.2 - 5.4 A species of finch has been studied on one of

the geographically isolated Galapagos Islands for many years. Since the island is small, the lineage of every bird for several generations is known. This allows a family tree of each bird to be developed. Some family groups have survived and others have died out. The groups that survive probably have

A. interbred with other species.B. inherited some advantageous variations.C. found new places on the island to live.D. been attacked by more predators. Hom

e

5.2 - 5.4

Which of the following is a source of genetic variation within a species?

A. CloningB. mutationC. selective breedingD. natural selection

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5.2 - 5.4

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A small population of chimpanzees lives in a habitat that undergoes no changes for a long period. How will genetic drift probably affect this population?

A. It will accelerate the appearance of new traits.

B. It will promote the survival of chimpanzees with beneficial traits.

C. It will increase the number of alleles for specific traits.

D. It will reduce genetic diversity.

5.2 - 5.4 A single species of squirrel evolved

over time into two species, each on opposite sides of the Grand Canyon. This change was most likely due to

A. higher mutation rates on one side.

B. low genetic diversity in the initial population.

C. the isolation of the two groups.D. differences in reproductive rates.

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6.1– 6.3

As a person exercises, carbon dioxide (CO2 )

levels in the blood increase. This causes the nervous system to signal which of these systems to respond?

A digestive and immuneB immune and respiratoryC respiratory and circulatoryD circulatory and endocrine

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6.1– 6.3 photosynthesis : oxygen as

A. oxygen : carbon dioxideB. cellular respiration : carbon

dioxideC. cellular respiration : oxygenD. cellular respiration : enzymes

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6.1– 6.3

The PNS is composed of how

many pairs of nerves?

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6.1– 6.3

The junction between two communicating neurons is called the

___________

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6.1– 6.3

Acetylcholine, serotonin and

endorphins are all forms of ______

.Home

6.1– 6.3

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The junction between two communicating neurons is called the

6.1– 6.3

Which correctly identifies the letters?

A. 1. axon, 2. dendrite 3. axon terminal

B. 1. dendrite 2. axon, 3. axon terminal

C. 1. axon terminal, 2. dendrite 3. axon

D. 1. synapse, 2. dendrite 3. axon terminal

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1.2.

3.

6.1– 6.3

What are the two main

components of the CNS?

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6.1– 6.3

How is the nerve signal is transmitted across the synaptic cleft?

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6.1– 6.3

What is the purpose of c?

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6.4 & 6.7 How do nutrients, absorbed by the small intestine, travel to the

individual cells of the human body?

A. A The nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine into the blood and move through the circulatory system to the body cells.

B. B The nutrients move from the small intestine directly to the liver and then move through the lymphatic system to the body cells.

C. C The small intestine forces the nutrients into the kidneys, where the nutrients are then dissolved in fluids used by the body cells.

D. D The body cells send nerve impulses indicating a lack of nutrients to the small intestine, and the small intestine sends the nutrients back to the cells.

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6.4 & 6.7

Blockage of the bile duct would most likely

A. decrease bile productionB. affect the digestion of fatsC. raise the pH of the duodenumD. decrease the quantity of feces

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6.4 & 6.7

When may peristalsis not occur?

A. When upside downB. In spaceC. When jumpingD. Anytime

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6.4 & 6.7

The function of saliva is to

A. digest fats & proteinsB. lubricate food and digest starchC. stop the trachea from drying outD. kill bacteria by acidic medium in

mouthHome

6.4 & 6.7

What part of the digestive system secretes hydrochloric acid?

A. mouthB. stomachC. colonD. small intestine

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6.4 & 6.7

What is the name of the substance which helps to neutralize stomach acid in the

duodenum?Home

6.4 & 6.7

How is the small intestine different

from the large intestine? (other than

diameter)Home

6.4 & 6.7 Trypsin and pepsin both act upon

A. fatsB. carbohydratesC. proteinsD. disaccharides

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6.4 & 6.7

Hydrochloric Acid is produced in the

stomach wit a pH of 2. Why does this acid not put holes in your gut?

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6.4 & 6.7

What are the purposes of

amylase, protease and

lipase? Home

6.5 Which of the following is NOT a function of

the Excretory system

A. Body Fluid Regulation (Osmotic)

B. Plasma Proteins Regulation

C. Toxic (Nitrogenous) Waste Removal

D. Electrolyte Balance

E. Osmotic Regulation Back

6.5

Back

Insulin and glucagon are both types of _________ produced in the ___________.

6.5 In the Kidney the ________ is the functional unit.

Back

6.5 The filtration from the Glomerulus into Bowmans capsule is powered by what?

Back

6.5 The hormone glucagon increases blood sugar levels while the hormone insulin reduces blood sugar levels. When blood sugar becomes too high, what is most likely to happen to insulin and glucagon levels for the body to maintain homeostasis? Back

6.5 If salt concentrations are low in the body, negative feedback mechanisms would most likely

a) Decrease the amount of salts removed

b) Increase the amount of salt removed

c) Slow down overall kidney functiond) Increase the rate of kidney function Back

6.5 The kidneys perform two major functions. They

_____________.

A. excrete waste products of metabolism and regulate elimination from the digestive tract.

B. manufacture urine and control blood sugar levels.

C. control the concentration of most constituents of the body fluids and excrete waste products of metabolism.

D. excrete waste products of metabolism and the substances used in the digestive process.

Back

6.5

“Water, water, everywhere Nor any drop to drink.”

— Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1798)

Briefly describe how this famous quote from a ship wreaked sailor applies to excretion? Back

6.5 How does the liver help in the process of homeostasis?

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6.5 1 Bonus Point

Back

6.6

Skeletal muscle is made of

microscopic fibers called ______.

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6.6

The sliding filament theory can explain how

muscles contract. What two filaments are

involved?Home

6.6

Troponin blocks binding sites with ____________. To

unlock them, the _________ ions must

be present. Home

6.6

What is a sarcomere?

Home

6.6

To contract a muscle the ________

____________ dumps calcium ions into T-

tublulesHome

6.6Muscle contractions begin in the brain. Action potentials propigate along neurons until they arrive at

the motor end plate.

What neurotransmitter (most common in the human body) is

sent from the neuron to the motor end plate triggering contraction?

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6.6

If a poison blocked the release of calcium ions from the

sarcoplasmic reticulum, what would happen?

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6.6

1 point bonus

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6.6

What do myosin heads do?

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6.6

If you we’re give a drug that mimicked the effect of

acetylcholine, you would still be able to perform muscle contractions.

True or False?Home

TIE BREAKERTrue or False:

The temporal lobe is called temporal because it only

exists when we are babies.

Home

TIE BREAKER

Which lobe is still developing in the

adolescent stage? Hom

e

6.8 – 6.11 Sweat and skin secretions contain a mixture

of molecules that kills or limits the growth of many types of microbes. This control of microbes is an example of

A. a nonspecific defense against infection.B. an enzyme-catalyzed biochemical

reaction.C. a feedback loop to maintain

homeostasis.D. a specific immune response to infection

by microbes. Home

6.8 – 6.11 Antibodies defend the body by neutralization.

Which is the best description of this process?

A. T-cells bind to a single pathogen receptors

B. Antibodies induce an inflammatory response.

C. B-cells promote production of antibodies.

D. antibodies bind all pathogen receptors Home

6.8 – 6.11 Injecting a person with a killed-bacteria vaccine

can protect that individual from a disease because the proteins of the killed bacteria

A. remain in the body, and live bacteria later prey on them instead of live tissues.

B. bind with receptors in the body, so that live bacteria cannot bind with them later.

C. stimulate the production of antibodies which can be manufactured later in response to infection.

D. give the person a mild form of the disease, which conditions the body not to respond to later infection. Home

6.8 – 6.11 Which of the following is NOT an

example of an antigen that might be recognized by the immune system of an individual?

A. a viral proteinB. pollen moleculeC. bacterial envelope D. phagocyte Home

6.8 – 6.11People who are vaccinated against a disease are

extremely unlikely to be infected by it. What is the best explanation for why this happens?

They have memory cells that recognize the disease.

They have had the disease before.

Their immune system has no sensitivity to the disease.

Their white blood cells are pre-adapted to the disease. Home

6.8 – 6.11Which are the 2

hormones produced by the female gonads?

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6.8 – 6.11 AIDS is a virus that hides inside and

simultaneously infects T-cells. Why might this be of concern?

A. T-cells are not able to make antibodies

B. T-cells will now destroy healthy body cells.

C. Antibodies will attack t-cells

D. Antibodies only fight extracellular pathogens Home

6.8 – 6.11

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Which of the following statements best describes the maximum antibody level of a person’s body after a flu vaccination?

A. It occurs immediately.B. It is never achieved.C. It is achieved on day

15.D.It is achieved on day

18.

6.8 – 6.11How is the skin one of

the toughest barries for pathogens?

Is the skin part of the innate or adaptive immune system? Home

6.8 – 6.11a.What is the function of lysosome enzyme?(aka lysozyme)

b.What type cell is this?

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