KEY TERMS AND TOPICS

FINAL EXAM REVIEW

The people and institutions with authority to make and enforce laws and manage disputes about lawsSocial institutionsGovernmentSovereigntyDemocracy

Power of a nation-state (country) to govern itselfGovernmentDemocracySocial contractSovereignty

Agreement that the government will protect the citizens and the citizens will support the governmentSocial contractDivine rightSovereigntyDemocracy

The belief that rulers derive their authority directly from God and are accountable only to himDivine rightSovereigntyMonarchyCommunism

A form of government in which governmental powers are divided between a central authority and a number of regional subdivisionsParliamentary governmentPresidential governmentFederal governmentConfederate government

A political system in which a weak central government has limited authority and the states have ultimate powerFederalismDirect democracyDictatorshipConfederation

A form of government in which the executive leaders are chosen by and responsible to the legislatureParliamentary governmentPresidential governmentDirect democracyRepresentative democracy

Government ruled by king/queen. Ruler’s power is hereditary.DictatorshipDemocracyRepublicMonarchy

A form of government in which an absolute ruler controls the power, often through fear or force and ignores the will of the peopleMonarchyRepublicDictatorshipCommunism

A system of government in which the state controls the means of productionCommunismDictatorshipParliamentary governmentFederalism

A system of government by the people, exercised either directly or through elected representativesDirect democracyDemocracyRepresentative democracyRepublic

A democratic system of government in which all citizens participate in politics and decision-making, such as town meetingsRepublicRepresentative democracyDemocracyDirect democracy

A democratic system of government in which policies are made by officials accountable to the people who elected them (United States form of government)Republic Representative democracyDemocracyDirect democracy

A democracy in which the supreme power lies with the citizens who vote for officials and representatives responsible to them (Rome’s form of government)RepublicRepresentative democracyDemocracyDirect democracy

1215 – the first document to limit the power of the kingMagna CartaEnglish Bill of RightsConstitutionArticles of Confederation

Sets of ideas that people have about relationships, obligations, roles and functions in society. Human groups developed to respond to human needs, structure society and influence behavior. Economic systems InterdependentSocial interactionsSocial institutions

What a government is allowed to do; they may be limited by a constitutionSeparation of powers Powers of governmentFederalismChecks and balances

John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, the Greeks, the Romans, the British and the Iroquois ConfederacyPowers of government Forms of governmentGovernment influencesEconomic systems

State control of business, labor unions, church and political partiesDemocracyRepublicMonarchyTotalitarianism

rule of law, limited government, consent of the governed, individual rights, and representative government functions of governmentdemocratic principlestypes of governmentsocial institutions

making a distinction in favor of or against a person, based on the group, class, or category to which that person belongs rather than on individual merit discriminationsegregationperception intolerance

an introductory statement to any writing or document such as the Declaration of Independence or Constitution conclusionepiloguebeginningpreamble

the right to vote - which women met at Seneca Falls for and finally earned in 1920Bill of Rightsaffirmative actionsuffragevoting amendments

the practice or policy of creating separate facilities within the same society for the use of a minority discrimination segregation intoleranceperception

government and private policies designed to provide equal opportunity for minority groups that have suffered from discrimination in the past discriminationdesegregation immigrationaffirmative action

Positives/negatives – before/afterPre/post – pro/conCon/pro – post/prePro/con – pre/postPrimary/secondary source

Before Christ/Anno DominiSecondary source/primary sourcePrimary source/secondary sourceAD/BC timelineBC/AD timeline

Account from someone who was there/account from someone who heard about it, but wasn’t thereSecondary source/primary sourcePrimary source/secondary sourceAD/BC timelineBC/AD timeline

Measures distance north/south of the equator and east/west of the prime meridianLongitude/latitudeLatitude/longitudeAD/BC timelinePro/con

Natural (come from the earth); human (labor/work); capital (man-made goods)HemispheresLatitude/longitudePrimary/secondaryResources

The northern and southern halves of the world divided by the equator and the eastern and western halves of the world divided by the prime meridianHemispheresLatitude/longitudePrimary/secondaryResources

Location, place, region, movement, human/environment interactionThemes of GeographyTypes of GovernmentCultureEconomic Systems

Traditional (Native Americans); Command (China); Market; Mixes (United States)Themes of GeographyTypes of GovernmentCultureEconomic Systems

Not enough of something/what we give up when we make choicesScarcity/opportunity costCosts/benefitsSupply/demandPro/con

Promotes well being; advantagesCosts BenefitsSupplyDemand

Train in one particular areaAssembly lineMass mediaSpecializationResponsibilities

Losses or penalties incurred in gaining somethingCosts BenefitsSupplyDemand

How much there is/how much people want; affects priceScarcity/opportunity costCosts/benefitsSupply/demandPro/con

The management of the resources of a community or country; expenditures and consumption of goods and servicesBudgetCostsBenefitsEconomy

Newspapers, magazines, books, pamphlets which reach a large number of people (today it would include radio, TV and the Internet)Peaceful protestMass MediaSocial InteractionSocial Institutions

The way people/groups in society treat one another – cooperation, conflict and compromiseSocial interactionSocial institutionsCultureEconomy

A society’s way of life – religion, literature, arts, customs, beliefs, etc.EconomyGovernmentSpecializationCulture

Bluegrass, knobs, Jackson Purchase, pennyroyal, western coal fields, eastern mountains/coal fieldsCultural regionsEconomic areasRegions of KentuckyRegions of the mid-west

a plan, often written, that details the rules, functions, and principles of a government preambleconstitutiondeclarationbill

form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty goals of the Constitution functions of governmentgovernment influencesdemocratic principles

written by Thomas Jefferson; used traditional English political rights to call for independence for the colonies (unalienable rights, social contract, rule of law) Articles of ConfederationBill of RightsConstitutionDeclaration of Independence

added to the Constitution in 1791; the first 10 amendments to the Constitution which protect our civil libertiesunalienable rightsDeclaration of IndependenceBill of Rightsvoting amendments

guarantees freedoms essential to American democracy (speech, religion, assembly, etc)1st AmendmentBill of Rightssuffragepreamble

number 15 (Minority Men); Number 19 (women); Number 23 (people in D.C.); Number 26 (18 year olds)Bill of Rightssuffrageaffirmative actionvoting amendments

in exercising your own rights you cannot infringe on the rights of another person (ex. shouting “fire” in a crowded theatre or using hate speech) natural rights limits to rightsunalienable rightsrights of the accused

amendments four through eight which, among other things, guarantee citizens due process of law and protect them from cruel and unusual punishmentrights of the accused limits to rightsBill of Rightssuffrage

“life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness” natural rightsBill of Rightsunalienable rightsstate of nature

Makes laws; has two parts (Senate and House of Representatives)Supreme CourtCongressCabinetParliament

Legislative, Executive, JudicialParts of Congress3 Branches of GovernmentFederal SystemRepresentative Government

Branch of government responsible for carrying out or executing the lawsExecutive Branch Judicial BranchLegislative Branch3 Branches of Government

Also known as Congress, branch of government that makes lawsExecutive Branch Judicial BranchLegislative Branch3 Branches of Government

Studies and interprets the Constitution and determines if laws/actions are ConstitutionalExecutive Branch Judicial BranchLegislative Branch3 Branches of Government

Each branch of government has some power over the other; prevents any one branch from becoming all powerful or abusing their powerSeparation of Powers3 Branches of GovernmentArticles of ConfederationChecks and Balances

Governments’ powers are divided among three branches to prevent the concentration of power in the hands of any one person of group of peopleSeparation of Powers3 Branches of GovernmentArticles of Confederation Checks and Balances

Power of the President to reject a bill and attempt to keep it from becoming a lawOverrideDeclare Unconstitutional ImpeachVeto

2/3rds vote of Congress to pass a bill into law even though the President refused to sign it.OverrideDeclare Unconstitutional ImpeachVeto

Accuse a political official of misconduct while in office (House of Representatives has the power to start this process)OverrideDeclare Unconstitutional ImpeachVeto

Number of people per square mile. Urban areas are high and rural areas are low. Determines how many representatives each state gets in the House of Representatives.CensusPopulation DensityTariffsBudget

Population count done every 10 years. Can change the number of representatives each state gets in the House of Representatives & number of electoral votes for each state is worth.CensusPopulation DensityTariffsBudget

Plan for making and spending money. Congress is responsible for it. CensusPopulation DensityTariffsBudget

When two or more groups need each other in order for something to workLevels of governmentElastic clauseGrantsInterdependent

National, State & LocalLevels of governmentFederalism InterdependentConcurrent powers

Federal funds given to a state or local governmentMandatesFederalismGrantsElastic Clause

The division of governmental power between the national government and the fifty states InterdependentFederalismLevels of governmentConcurrent powers

The powers that both national and state governments haveDelegated/enumerated/expressed powersReserved powers Inherent powersConcurrent powers

The powers that the states keep for themselvesDelegated/enumerated/expressed powersReserved powers Inherent powersConcurrent powers

Powers that are specifically granted to the federal government by the ConstitutionDelegated/enumerated/expressed powersReserved powers Inherent powersConcurrent powers

Allows Congress to pass laws as necessary to carry out its authorized powers Implied powersMandateGrantsElastic clause

English legislative body; has two parts – House of Commons and House of LordsParliamentCongressCabinetSupreme Court

First Constitution of the new country, had a weak national governmentDeclaration of IndependenceArticles of ConfederationConstitution Magna Carta

15 experts who advise the president in different areas. Examples – Secretary of Defense, Secretary of the Treasury, etc. CongressSupreme CourtCabinetParliament

The Supreme Court’s power to declare a law unconstitutional Judicial reviewVetoOverride Impeach

9 Justices who interpret the laws and Constitution and decide whether things are constitutional or notCongressCabinetParliamentSupreme Court

A formal change to the Constitution. It is a difficult process. There have only been 27 additions or changes to the Constitution in over 200 yearsSuffrageAmendmentBill of RightsVoting amendments

Things U.S. citizens HAVE to do. For examples – pay taxes, obey laws and serve on a juryWantsDuties RightsResponsibilities

Legal process by which immigrants become U.S. citizensNaturalizationCitizenship ImmigrationEmigration

A group of people named by each state legislature to select the President and Vice-president. There are 538 members. CongressCabinetSupreme CourtElectoral College

Things as a U.S. citizen you SHOULD do. For example – votingWantsDuties RightsResponsibilities

A community member who owes loyalty to the government and is entitled to protection from it ImmigrantEmigrantSlaveCitizen

1862 document that freed all slaves in the ConfederacyGettysburg Address Inaugural AddressEmancipation ProclamationCivil Rights Proclamation

An expression exclaiming the importance of the crop to the south“corn is king”“tobacco is king”“polyester is king”“cotton is king”

Given by President Lincoln, one of the greatest speeches in American history; said human equality was greater cause than state’s rightsGettysburg Address Inaugural AddressEmancipation ProclamationCivil Rights Proclamation

Fighting on home soil, only had to defend, motivated because they were fighting for their way of lifeAdvantages of the North in the Civil WarAdvantages of the South in the Civil WarAdvantages of the British in the Civil WarAdvantages of the British in the War of

1812

Larger population, more industry, more abundant resources, more ships, larger navy, larger railroad system, Abraham LincolnAdvantages of the North in the Civil WarAdvantages of the South in the Civil WarAdvantages of the British in the

Revolutionary WarAdvantages of the Rebels/Patriots in the

Revolutionary War

People who strongly favored doing away with slaveryNorthernersConfederatesAbolitionistsCitizens

Plants such as cotton or tobacco, raise to be sold for moneySustenance farming Cash Crop“cotton is king”Culture

Abolished slavery, guaranteed all citizens equal protection of the law, and prohibited restricting the right to vote based on race or colorCivil War AmendmentsCivil Rights AmendmentsSuffrage AmendmentsRights of the accused

War fought between the Union (North) and the Confederacy (South) over slavery and state’s rights Revolutionary WarWar of 1812French and Indian WarCivil War

Personal liberties established by the 13th and 14th amendments and congressional acts, applied to an individual or a minority group. Full legal, social and economic equality regardless of race. SuffrageAmendmentsBill of RightsCivil Rights

Social goal of leveling barriers to association, creating equal opportunity regardless of race, and the developing of a culture that draws on diversitySegregation IntegrationAffirmative actionDiscrimination

Includes boycotts, strikes, picket lines, resolutions, and the circulation of grievances (petitions)NaturalizationAffirmative actionPeaceful protestSpecialization

This law prohibited discrimination in public facilities, employment, education and voter registration. It banned discrimination based on race, gender, religion or national originBrown v. Board of EducationAffirmative ActionVoting AmendmentsCivil Rights Act of 1964

“land between the rivers” – modern day IraqEgyptMesopotamiaGreeceBrazil

Civilization defined by the Nile RiverEgyptMesopotamiaGreeceBrazil

Islamic holy bookTorahKoranBibleCommon Sense

Jewish holy bookTorahKoranBibleCommon Sense

Pictographic script of the ancient Egyptians, recognizable pictures of the things representedCuneiformTerracingMercantilismHieroglyphics

Wedge-shaped characters employed in the writing of several ancient languages of Mesopotamia/Sumerians. First form of written language.CuneiformTerracingMercantilismHieroglyphics

The Incas did this (creating flat surfaces) in order to farm in the mountainsMigration TerracingMercantilismIrrigation

The artificial application of water to assist in the production of cropsMigrationTerracingMercantilismIrrigation

First set of written laws dealing with criminal and civil mattersMagna CartaMayflower CompactConstitutionCode of Hammurabi

The legal and social system in Europe in the 8th and 9th centuries, in which vassals were protected by their lords, usually through the granting of fiefs, and were required to serve under them in warFeudalismFederalismTotalitarianismCommunism

Military expeditions undertaken by the Christians of Europe in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries for the recovery of the Holy Land from the MuslimsGuildsCrusadesTariffsExploration

What causes people to leave an area and choose to move to anotherMigration ImmigrationPush/pull factorsImports/exports

Country/cityUrban/ruralFast-paced/slow-paced Industry/agricultureRural/urban

Increase in productivity and improvements in farming technologyAge of ExplorationAgricultural Revolution Industrial RevolutionCivil Rights Movement

Association of people with same interest (medieval times – merchants and artisans) formed for mutual aid and protectionGuildsTown meetingsUnionsColonies

15th-17th century. The period is characterized as a time when Europeans went by sea in search of trading partners, new goods, and new trade routesAge of ExplorationAgricultural Revolution Industrial RevolutionCivil Rights Movement

The movement of non-native people to a country in order to settle thereEmigrationMigrationPush/pull factorsImmigration

The movement of a population from one area to anotherEmigrationMigrationPush/pull factorsImmigration

A person who is the property of another Indentured servantSlaveCitizenSoldier

A person who was given freedom after fulfilling a work contract Indentured servantSlaveCitizenSoldier

A route that exchanged goods between the West Indies, the American Colonies, Britain and/or West AfricaColombian ExchangeGreat ConvergenceMercantilismTriangular Trade

The mixing of European, African and Native American people beginning in the late 15th centuryColombian ExchangeGreat ConvergenceMercantilismTriangular Trade

Wealth of a nation depends on its possession of land and precious metalsNaturalizationMercantilismBudgetSpecialization

Goods bought from foreign markets and brought into a country ImportsExportsGoodsServices

A settlement in a new land that keeps close ties to its homelandGuildUnionColonyTown

Goods sold to foreign markets and shipped out of a country ImportsExportsGoodsServices

British tax that required paying for a stamp on all paper documentsTea Act Intolerable ActsQuartering ActStamp Act

A form of direct democratic rule in which most or all the members of a community comes together to legislate policy and budgets for local governmentMandatesTown meetingsGuildsFeudalism

Colonists who remained loyal to King George III and Great Britain during the RevolutionLoyalistPatriotCitizenCongressman

Taxes on imports and exports; angered the colonists and fueled rebellionBudgetCostsBoycottTariffs

Colonists who rebelled against the king and supported independence during the RevolutionLoyalistPatriotCitizenCongressman

To refuse to buy products from a certain countryProtestStrikeBoycott Patriot

Series of laws sponsored by British Prime Minister Lord North and enacted in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea PartyTea Act Intolerable ActsQuartering ActStamp Act

Colonists antagonized British soldiers who then shot and killed five BostoniansBoston MassacreBoston Tea PartyShay’s RebellionPhiladelphia Convention

In protest of Tea Act, colonists dressed as natives and dumped tea overboard into Boston HarborBoston MassacreBoston Tea PartyShay’s RebellionPhiladelphia Convention

An uprising by farmers in Massachusetts against the new central governmentBoston MassacreBoston Tea PartyShay’s RebellionPhiladelphia Convention

1787 meeting at which the Constitution was writtenBoston MassacreBoston Tea PartyShay’s RebellionPhiladelphia Convention

Favored by large states, it created a strong national government with 3 branches and a Congress based on populationGreat CompromiseNew Jersey PlanVirginia PlanThree-Fifths Compromise

Congress with 2 parts; House of Representatives with representation based on population and Senate with equal representation Great CompromiseNew Jersey PlanVirginia PlanThree-Fifths Compromise

Favored by the small states, it wanted a weak national government and a Congress with equal representationGreat CompromiseNew Jersey PlanVirginia PlanThree-Fifths Compromise

The addition of the territory west of the Mississippi River, east of the Rocky Mountains, north of New Spain and south of Canada. Land was acquired through a deal with Napoleon/FranceLouisiana PurchaseGadsden PurchaseHomestead ActMissouri Compromise/Compromise of

1850

Present-day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico that was purchased by the U.S. in the last major territorial acquisitionLouisiana PurchaseGadsden PurchaseHomestead ActMissouri Compromise/Compromise of

1850

A law giving 160 free acres of land to any settler who would pay the filing fee and live on the land for 5 years Louisiana PurchaseGadsden PurchaseHomestead ActMissouri Compromise/Compromise of

1850

The missing together of people from many ethnic backgrounds and from many countries in the United StatesSalad bowlSoupMelting potCast iron skillet

The war between the United States and Great Britain from 1812 to 1815Revolutionary WarWar of 1812Civil WarWorld War I

The route along which the U.S. government forced several tribes of Native Americans to migrate to reservations west of the Mississippi River in the mid 1800’sAssembly lineEmancipation ProclamationTrail of TearManifest Destiny

People who went to California during the gold rushChineseMormonsHomesteadersForty-niners

The change from an agrarian society to one based on urban industry that began in Great Britain and spread to the U.S. around 1800 Industrial RevolutionAmerican RevolutionAgricultural RevolutionManifest Destiny

Henry Clay instrumental in compromises involving free and slave states3/5ths CompromiseGreat CompromiseNew Jersey CompromiseMissouri Compromise/Compromise of

1850

Organizations of workers to improve pay and working conditionsGuildsLabor UnionsTariffsCongress

A manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are added to a product in a sequential manner to create a finished product much faster than with handcrafting methods. Developed by Ford Motor CompanyAssembly line Industrial revolutionMill processEconomics

The populating (by Europeans) of the land within the continental boundaries of the mainland U.S.Manifest DestinyWestward MovementExplorationMigration

The idea popular in the U.S. during the 1800’s that the country must expand its boundaries to the west coast. It was a “God-given right.”Manifest DestinyWestward MovementExplorationMigration

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