final livelihood baseline study for river nyando, 8 2012
TRANSCRIPT
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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BASELINE SURVEY REPORT
WATER AND SANITATION RENEWABLE ENERGY ANDAQUACULTURE
Nyando River Basin ie Lower Nyando (Awach and Kabodho East Sub-locations)
and Middle Nyando (Koru and Nyando sub-locations)
Submitted to
Sustainable Environmental Development Watch (Suswatch Kenya) Kisumu Milimani
PO Box 1207-00100 Nairobi
Prepared By
Emerald Environmental Consultancy Firm
Ngong Hills Hotel Building Ngong Road 3rd Floor
Tel +254 20 3559598 +254 20 250 95 44 Fax +254 20 355 9558 Mobile 0722849936 E-mail
infoconsultemeraldorg consultemeraldgmailcom
August 2012
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Executive Summary
Introduction The overall objective of the consultancy was to establish baseline data on the
Livelihood Intervention areas of Water Supply and Sanitation Renewable Energy Supply
and Aquaculture in Nyando River Basin The baseline study focused on the 3 livelihood
intervention components (water and sanitation renewable energy supply and aquaculture)
within Nyando River Basin Basin ie Lower Nyando (Awach and Kabodho East sub-
locations) and Middle Nyando (Koru and Nyando sub-locations) The study team utilized a
comprehensive participatory evaluation approach This was a cross-sectional survey
conducted in 4 Sub locations distributed over middle Nyando namely Koru sub location and
Nyando sub location and Lower Nyando Kabodho East and Awach sub location
Results and Discussions In all the study areas the major significant livelihood activities or
a group of activities in the study area is mainly farming lower Nyando (main source of
income is farming at 64 ) is predominated by subsistence farming with maize and
sorghum dominating crop production Majority of the homesteads also keep livestock which
include cattle goats and chicken While in Middle Nyando (farming as main source of
income is at 317) with the average monthly income being less than Ksh 7000 per month
(528) The average household size in both lower and middle Nyando is 6 people with the
highest recorded household size being 20 people in lower Nyando
Water Resources Supply Availability Access and Usage the main water sources is dry
season is riversstreams (middle Nyando 426 lower Nyando 53) this is also the case in
the wet season (middle Nyando 492 Lower Nyando 541) The average distance to
water source in both the study areas is less than a kilometre and it takes on average less than
an hour for residents in both areas to access water for household use Majority of the
households in middle Nyando (421) use between 80-100 litres of water per day while inLower Nyando 40 of the households surveyed used between 20 and 60 litres of water per
day with an equivalent number using between 80 and 100 litres of water for domestic use
In middle Nyando 54 of household interviewed perceive their water to be safe to drink
729 good to taste and 608 perceive the water to be clearnot turbid In lower Nyando
84 of household perceive their water to be god to taste 48 to be safe to drink and 77 to
be clearnot turbid
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481 of households interviewed in middle Nyando reported to have had cases of typhoid
infections among family members during the past 6months 135 had cases of diarrhoea in
the family In lower Nyando 155 of interviewed households had recorded cases of
diarrheal among family members during the past for 6 months while 50 had recorded
cases of typhoid
Sanitation latrine coverage in middle Nyando is at 894 and 87 in Lower Nyando The
most common type of toilet facility in Middle Nyando and Lower Nyando is the pit latrine
with no Ventilation pipe at 705 and 744 respectively
Energy source and use The main energy source for cooking is biomass (firewood and
charcoal) 100 and 99 of the respondents in Lower Nyando and Middle Nyando
respectively use biomass The main source of energy for lighting is (fossil fuel) kerosene
(884 in middle Nyando and 838 in lower Nyando) Only 66 of households surveyed
in Middle Nyando and 20 in lower Nyando use solar energy for lighting Electricity
usage for lighting was recorded in 33 of households in middle Nyando and 141 in
lower Nyando Rural electrification in the area is very low as compared to the national
average
Only 175 of the respondentsrsquo households in middle Nyando and 74 in lower Nyando
indicated that they use renewable energy in their homes The most common type of
renewable energy used was solar energy for lighting (16 households n =123) in middle
Nyando and 4 households (N= 100) in lower Nyando The main reason given for low
adoption of renewable energy technology is the high cost of start-up This means that if low
cost technologies are promoted the uptake can increase The other reasons given were on
over reliance on non renewable energy sources and poor knowledge on the available
Renewable energy technologies The study revealed that among the households that have
adopted renewable energy use on average 20 had been assisted (technologically and or
subsidised)
Aquaculture information from the KIIs including the fisheries offices estimates the total
fishponds in Nyando District to be 1100 Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds
Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish
ponds and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA area as you go towards the lake Fisheries
projects in that area are mostly due to interventions from the Economic stimulus package
Generally farmers are still sceptical on adoption of fish farming Other challenges facing fish
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farming is inadequate access water supply for fish ponds flooding limited extension
services and low levels of technological awareness
Conclusions and Recommendations Future intervention measures in this area of Water
and Sanitation should focus on promotion of well constructed VIP latrines and Hygiene
practices to reduce the incidences of water borne diseases and also improve access to
protected water sources Interventions on renewable energy should focus on technology
transfer especially of low cost technologies such as solar lanterns Biogas production can
also be promoted through training of artisans in that field Farmers should also be
encouraged to plant woodlots in their farms to supplement their source of wood fuel and
also ensure soil conservation On aquaculture there is need to focus on changing the
perception of people on fish farming to encourage more farmers to adopt fish farming inlight of the dwindling stocks in lake Victoria Interventions should focus on availing
technical support to farmers engaged in fish farming as well as investment in value addition
processes
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Contents
Executive Summary 2
1 Background 8
11 About SusWatch II 8
12 Brief Introduction of LVEMP II 8
13 LVEMP II Interventions in the Project Area 9
14 About the study area 9
141 Lower Nyando 10
142 Middle Nyando 10
15 Purpose of the LVEMP II CS 11
16 Overall Objective of the Consultancy 12
17 Scope of work 13
2 Methodology 14
21 Timeframe 14
22 The Baseline survey process 14
23 Study design 14
24 Data collection tools 14
25 Sample Selection 15
26 Data Processing Analysis and Presentation 15
Chapter Three 16
3 Study Findings 16
31 General conditions in the study areas 16
32 Socio Demographic Characteristics of the Study Respondents 16
33 WATER Availability Access and Usage of Water Resources 18
331 Main Water Supply Sources 18332 Distance to drinking water sources 19
333 Quantity of Water Used Per household per day 20
334 Water Safety ndash quality and use of safe water drinking products 20
335 Payment for water supply 22
34 SANITATION 23
341 Latrine coverage 23
35 ENERGY SOURCE AND USE 24
351 House hold Energy Needs 24
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352 Main House Hold Sources of Energy 24
353 Availability of energy 26
354 Potential for renewable energy uses 26
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting 26
356 Challenges facing renewable energy 27
36 AQUACULTURE 28
4 Conclusions and Recommendations 29
References 31
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets 32
I Water and Sanitation 32
II Energy Renewable Energy 33
III Aqua cultural Interventions 35
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites 36
List of Tables
Table 1 Sampling Frame 15
Table 2 Summary of Household Socio-demographic Characteristics 16
Table 3 Main Income source amp Average Household Size 17
Table 4 The respondentrsquos main water sources in the dry and wet season 18Table 5 Distance to Drinking Water Source 19
Table 6 The respondents water quality perception method of treatment and incidences of
water borne diseases 21
Table 7 Household Incidences of Water Related Illnesses 22
Table 9 Cost of Water 22
Table 10 Sanitation Situation 23
Table 11 Reasons for Lack Of Sanitation Facilities 23
Table 12 Energy Source and Use 25
Table 13 Renewable Energy Use 26
Table 14 Data on Fish Farming 28
List of Figures
Figure 1map of lower Nyando 10
Figure 2 map of middle Nyando 11
Figure 3 Quantity of Water Used per Household per Day 20
Figure 4 Household water treatment methods a Middle Nyando b Lower Nyando 21
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Chapter 1
1 Background
11 About SusWatch II
The East Africa Sustainability Watch (EA SusWatch) Network is a network of NGOs from
Kenya Uganda and Tanzania spearheaded by Uganda Coalition for Sustainable
Development (UCSD) Sustainable Environmental Development Watch Network (SusWatch
Kenya) and Tanzania Coalition for Sustainable Development (TCSD) EA SusWatch
Regional Secretariat is hosted by UCSD in Kampala Uganda
The EA Suswatch Network is currently implementing LVEMP II Civil Society (CS) Watch
project which is a three-year initiative to be implemented from November 2011 to October
2014 with support from the Government of Sweden LVEMP II CS watch project is being
implemented in partnership between Uganda Coalition for Sustainable Development
(UCSD) Tanzania Coalition for Sustainable Development (TCSD) and Sustainable
Environmental Development Watch Network (SusWatch Kenya)
12 Brief Introduction of LVEMP II
Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project Phase Two (LVEMP II) is an 8 years (2009- 2017) regional project implemented in the 5 East Africa Community partner states of the
Republics of Kenya Burundi Rwanda Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania
Kenya is currently implementing the 1st phase of LVEMP II Adjustable Program Lending
(APL 1) APL 1 will be implemented in Nyando River Basin and along the lake shore in the
former Nyanza Western and Rift Valley provinces
The project contributes to broad-based poverty alleviation and improvement of livelihoods
of people by supporting sustainable management of shared natural resources of the Lake
Victoria Basin which many communities depend on To achieve this the project supports
among other interventions (a) Institutional capacity building and harmonization of policy
legislations and regulatory frameworks (b) Community-Driven Development (CDD)
subprojects investments in participatory watershed management and (c) point sources
pollution control and prevention
APL 1 through the CDD sub-projects component intends to support community-driven
investments in rehabilitating the Nyando River catchment area and lake shore districts The
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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component has a Natural resource Conservation component and a Livelihood improvement
component
The natural resource conservation component focuses on soil and water conservation
rainwater harvesting and growing of greenery treescrops The livelihood Improvementcomponent will focus on reducing harvesting pressure on fisheries and wetlands resources
and intensifying natural resource use to increase adoption of sustainable land management
practices The interventions will largely be household-based and are aimed at intensifying
natural resources use and reducing harvesting pressure on the fisheries and wetlands
resources
13
LVEMP II Interventions in the Project Area
LVEMP II has been engaged in various livelihood intervention programmes in the larger
Nyando district (currently Muhoroni Nyando and Nyakach districts) LVEMP II is currently
undertaking four existing projects in Kabodho location and Upper North Kabodho sub-
location in Nyakach district The four projects deal with intervention in areas of
1 Natural resource conservation
2 Roof catchment activities
3
Livestock improvement and
4 Nursery establishment
However LVEMP II programme is still underway to enhance the 4 project areas but
including components of water and sanitation as well as aquaculture development with
greater emphasis in Nyando District Currently the project is at the proposal receiving stage
from various community groups The proposals are submitted to the district project
coordinating team in charge of such projects Their offices are located at the respective
district headquarters The district project coordinating team are mandated to vet the
proposals provide technical backstopping and forward refined proposals to the national
offices and thereafter monitor the implementation of projects So far no projects on
renewable energy and aquaculture have been funded by LVEMP II in the study areas
14 About the study area
The Nyando River basin covers an area of 3517 km2 of Western Kenya The river basin
drains into the Winam Gulf in Lake Victoria The main river Nyando rises from the western
Mau hills and traverses a distance of approximately 170Km Its drainage basin consists of
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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five main sub-catchment areas namely Nyando-Nandi Nyando-Kericho Awach-Kano
Nyaidho-Kano and Nyando-Kano The Nyando and its tributaries supply water both for
domestic and livestock use and for irrigation in the sugar belt (Nyando Atlas) The
population in the Nyando basin is approximately 1100000 people (KNBS 2009)
141 Lower Nyando
The Lower Nyando block is located in the lake plain (Kano Plains) of Lake Victoria The
block is characterized by low productivity erratic rainfall and severe erosion Within the
block are two divisions Upper and Lower Nyando and 16 sub-locations The specific areas
of studies are Kabodho East sub location of Pap Onditi Location Nyando District Kabodho
East sub location has a total population of 6009 comprising of 2916 males and 3093females (KNBS 2009) Awach sub location lies in NE Nyakach location of Nyando district
Awach sub location has a total population of 2495 comprising of 1277 males and 2763
females (KNBS 2009)
142 Middle Nyando
The Middle Nyando block lies in Kericho and Nyando Districts both in Muhoroni division
Within the block are ten sub- locations The block is characterized by sugar cane production
on larger farms located on the plains and gentle slopes and subsisting farming or the steeper
slopes and hill tops
Figure 1map of lower Nyando
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Figure 2 map of middle Nyando
The specific areas of study were Koru Sub location and Nyando sub location Both Koru
and Nyando sub locations lies within Koru Location of Nyando district The total population
in Koru Sub location is 5407 while in Nyando sub location is 2495 (KNBS 2009)
15 Purpose of the LVEMP II CS
LVEMP II CS watch project intends to produce several advocacy and IEC materials to
inform the general public on the progress of implementation of LVEMP II including
bull Evidence-based assessment and documentation of LVEMP II progress in the
respective countries in form of alternative reports (packaged in form of SusWatch
briefs)
bull Field-based information generation and packaging in form of Community Demand
Driven Sub-projects Watch
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bull SusWatch Livelihood Case Studies from the sub-catchments in Nyando River Basin
ie Lower Nyando (Awach and Kabodho East sub-locations) and Middle Nyando
(Koru and Nyando sub-locations)
bull Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) Climate Change Readiness brief to highlight lsquolevel of
readinessrsquo to face up to climate change development challenges in the LVB (for water
supply and sanitation agriculture and food security rural energy supply) as per the
2010 East African Climate Change Policy (EACCP) annually
The above documents and reports will be produced periodically during the project
implementation The baseline survey is therefore intended to provide benchmarks against
which the improvement in the community livelihood as a result of the CDD Sub-project
interventions will be measured
16 Overall Objective of the Consultancy
The overall objective of the consultancy is to establish baseline data on the Livelihood
Intervention areas of Water Supply and Sanitation Renewable Energy Supply and
Aquaculture in Nyando River Basin
The specific objectives of the baseline study include to
1
Conduct a coordinated baseline survey to establish baseline indicators for the
community livelihood that will imply Impact Evaluation of the CDD Sub-projects in
relation to water and sanitation renewable energy and aquaculture
2
Establish baseline for water and sanitation renewable energy supply and
aquaculture using quantitative and qualitative measures
3 Recommend targets for the indicators
4
Document appropriate and user friendly data collection and monitoring tools for
subsequent monitoring surveys
5 Prepare a baseline survey report using appropriate qualitative and quantitative
methods covering community livelihoods aspects including poverty food and
income security marketing processing and the institutional context of development
as well as on the cross cutting issues of gender and HIVAIDS while relating them to
the 3 intervention areas of water and sanitation renewable energy and aquaculture
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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17 Scope of work
The baseline study will focus on the 3 livelihood intervention areas (water and sanitation
renewable energy supply and aquaculture) within Nyando River Basin ie Lower Nyando
(Awach and Kabodho East sub-locations) and Middle Nyando (Koru and Nyando sub-locations)
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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CHAPTER TWO
2 Methodology
21 Timeframe
The evaluation took place on the month of July 2012 August 2012 The field work was done
in the month of July and covered both Lower Nyando and Middle Nyando
22 The Baseline survey process
The data collection was a participatory process that involved the external consultant
(Emerald Environmental Consultancy Firm) Suswach II officials and the community
members from the study locations Also involved in the process was the district fisheries
officer from Nyando the District development office Lake Basin development AuthorityLake Victoria South Water Services Board and community groups involved in
environmental and livelihoods project It also involved review and analysis of literature
project implementation documents and baseline survey reports The supervisors and
enumerators went through a rigorous training which involved an understanding of the
project reviewing and refining all data collection instruments
23 Study design
The evaluation team used a comprehensive mixed-methods evaluation design This was a
cross-sectional survey conducted in 4 Sub locations distributed over middle Nyando namely
Koru sub location and Nyando sub location and Lower Nyando Kabodho East and Awach
sub locations
An interviewer administered questionnaire was designed and used to conduct a total of 230
interviews In addition semi-structured Interviews including Focus Group
Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were done with beneficiaries
and other stakeholders respectively Field visits were done at key projects sites to make
observations on the projects visible outputs
24 Data collection tools
Overall the following data collection tools were developed
bull Household Survey Questionnaire ndash to facilitate Quantitative data collection
bull
Key Informant Interviews guidelines ndash A semi-structured interview guide was
developed to facilitate interviews with key stakeholders such as government officials
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from the line ministries such as Ministries of Water Public Health and Ministry of
Fisheries Other respondents included local administration NGO and CBOs
bull Focus Group Discussion guidelines ndash to facilitate interviews with potential project
beneficiaries and their representative groups including Women and youth groups
bull Observation Checklist for field visits to observe project infrastructure development
25 Sample Selection
Several approaches were used during the baseline survey documentary reviews
quantitative and qualitative data collection including checklists Using these approaches
allowed the research team to triangulate data as a measure of countering the shortcomings
from any particular data collection tool The survey was designed to collect information
from households within the project area A multistage sampling technique was used First
purposive sampling was used to identify project beneficiaries at location level then a
random sampling technique for identifying the sub locations and the households to be
interviewed The Sample size was calculated using the fischers equation
The formula yielded a total of about 200 households to be surveyed The sample size was
adjusted upwards to 223 households to cater for none responses There after considering the
cluster group proportionality in the division the household interviewed was distributed asfollows
Table 1 Sampling Frame
Area Sub location House hold
Lower Nyando Awach 123
Kabodho east
Middle Nyando Koru 100
Nyando
Total 223
26 Data Processing Analysis and Presentation
Quantitative data was entered using access based data base software and later converted to
SPSS which was used for analysis The results are presented in the form of frequencies and
ages Qualitative data was triangulated and analyzed based on the thematic areas and
were mainly used in this report for detailed explanation of the quantitative aspects of the
project
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Chapter Three
3 Study Findings
31 General conditions in the study areas
In all the study areas the most identifiable significant livelihood activities or groups of
activities found within the study area is mainly farming in lower Nyando the predominant
livelihood source is subsistence farming with maize and sorghum dominating crop
production Majority of the homesteads also keep livestock which include cattle goats and
chicken
In middle Nyando the predominant livelihood source is also farming The agricultural
activities in this block are mainly small scale sugar cane and maize production The area is inthe western Kenya sugar belt and has a sugar company and the factories nuclear large scale
sugar plantations which might account for the high number of salaried employment
Majority over 50 of the households have farm sizes of 4 acres or less Only 25 of the
farms have farm sizes larger than 10 acres
32 Socio Demographic Characteristics of the Study Respondents
Average household size in both middle and lower Nyando is 6 people with the maximum
recorded household size being 14 people in middle Nyando and 20 people in lower Nyando
In lower Nyando the majority of the households interviewed were headed by females
(52) About 53 of the household heads had primary level of education while 28 had
attained secondary level of education with 7 having university level of education
In Middle Nyando majority of the households are male headed (61) About 39 of the
household heads had primary level of education while 34 had attained secondary level of
education with only 49 having university level of education
Table 2 Summary of Household Socio-demographic Characteristics
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Household head Male 75 61 48 480
Female 48 39 52 520
Marital Status Married 86 699 74 740
Widowed 28 228 15 150
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Highest level of education for
household head
No formal
education10 81 7 70
Primary 48 390 53 530
Secondary 42 341 28 280
Tertiary 17 138 5 50
University 6 49 7 70
The main source of income in Middle Nyando is farming at 317 followed trading at
228 and salaried employment at 203 with the average monthly income being less than
Ksh 7000 per month (528) In Lower Nyando the main source of income in the area is
farming at 64 followed by wage employment at 14 and salaried employment at 13
The average monthly income is less than Ksh 7000 per month (54)
Table 3 Main Income source amp Average Household Size
Main Source of Income Farming 39 317 64 640
Livestock keeping 11 89 1 10
Wage employment 13 106 14 140
Artisanblacksmith 5 41 1 10
Salaried
Employment25 203 13 130
Trading 28 228 6 60
Others Specify 2 16 1 10
Average Monthly Income Less than 7000 65 528 54 540
7000-20000 44 358 38 380
20000-50000 13 106 6 60
Over 50000 1 8 2 20
Average House hold Size Mean 602 645
Minimum 2 1
Maximum 14 20
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33 WATER Availability Access and Usage of Water Resources
331 Main Water Supply Sources
The main water source for households during both dry and wet seasons is mainly
unprotected water sources- 709 amp 646during dry season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively and 542 and 561 during wet season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively The major single source of water for the households during both dry
and wet seasons is riversstreams at 426 (dry season) and 492 (wet season) in Middle
Nyando and In lower Nyando 53 and 541 during both dry and wet season respectively
About 20 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando had access to piped water in their
houses within their compounds while 66 had invested in rain water storage tanks Other
sources of water included hand dug wells (74) and communal water points While in
Lower Nyando 13 of households surveyed had invested in rain water tanks and only 4
of the households surveyed had access to piped water
Table 4 The respondentrsquos main water sources in the dry and wet season
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Dry season Wet Season Dry Season Wet Season
Frequen
cy
Frequenc
y
Frequenc
y
Freque
ncy
Piped tap water in
dwelling14 115 10 85 4 40 4 41
Piped tap water on
site11 90 8 68 8 81 4 41
Borehole on site
water kiosk5 41 4 34 8 81 6 61
Rainwater tank on
site8 66 24 203 12 121 13 133
Publiccommunal
tap water kiosk less
than 200 meters away
2 16 2 17 1 10 1 10
Publiccommunal
tap more than 200
meters away
4 33 3 25 3 30 2 20
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Hand dug wells 9 74 3 25 4 40 1 10
Neighbor 3 25 2 17 1 10
Mobile Water tanker
(bowser)1 8
riverstream Wells
amp springs52 426 58 492 60 606 53 541
Water Pansearth
dams ponds13 107 3 25 1 10
Therefore the result shows that majority of households (over 50) in this areas rely on
unprotected water sources This is below the National average According KDH report
20089 63 of households in Kenya get drinking water from an improved source However
disparities exist by residence with a higher proportion of urban households (91 ) having
an improved source of drinking water compared with rural households 54
Increasing access to improved drinking water is one of the Millennium Development Goals
that Kenya along with other nations worldwide has adopted (United Nations General
Assembly 2001) The indicators that are useful in monitoring household access to improved
drinking water (WHO and UNICEF 2005) include sources that are likely to provide water
suitable for drinking Lack of ready access to a water source may limit the quantity of
suitable drinking water that must be fetched from a source that is not immediately
accessible to the household (distance to source) water quality among others as discussed
below
332 Distance to drinking water sources
In middle Nyando area the average distance to the householdsrsquo main water source is less
than a kilometre (537) 248 of the households surveyed have water within their
compounds On average it takes less than an hour (775) for households to fetch water for
their domestic use while 192 of the households take between 1-2 hours to collect water
Table 5 Distance to Drinking Water Source
983117983145983140983140983148983141 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983090983091 983116983151983159983141983154 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983088983088
983118983151 983118983151
983108983145983155983156983137983150983139983141 983156983151 983159983137983156983141983154
983155983151983157983154983139983141
983127983145983156983144983145983150 983156983144983141 983139983151983149983152983151983157983150983140 30 248 19 190
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983115983149 65 537 69 690
1983147983149983155 983085 2 983115983149 21 174 12 120
2 983085 5 983115983149 5 41
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
983124983145983149983141 983156983137983147983141983150 983156983151 983139983151983148983148983141983139983156
983159983137983156983141983154
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983144983154 93 775 91 910
1983144983154 983085 2 983144983154983155 23 192 9 90
983119983158983141983154 2 983144983154983155 4 33
In lower Nyando area 19 of households surveyed had water within their compounds
while 69 walked less than a kilometre to access water for domestic use It takes less than anhour for households to collect water for domestic use (91) while the rest spend between
an hour and two
333 Quantity of Water Used Per household per day
Majority of the households in
middle Nyando (421) use
between 80-100 litres of water
per day while 355 use
between 20-60 litres per day and
14 of the surveyed households
reported to be using over 100
litres of water per day
In Lower Nyando 40 of the households surveyed used between 20 and 60 litres of water
per day with an equivalent number using between 80 and 100 litres of water for domestic
use 18 of the residents used over 100 litres of water per day for domestic use
Considering the average household sizes in the study areas (6 people in middle Nyando
and 7 in lower Nyando) this translates to a per capita water consumption of 17 litres per
person per day which is still below the recommended 20 litres per capita by WHO
754 of respondents in middle Nyando and 495 in lower Nyando use water for other
purposes other than household use Water is also used for irrigating crops (935 middle
Nyando 596 lower Nyando) and for animal use
334 Water Safety ndash quality and use of safe water drinking products
The general perception on water safety was assessed in terms of safety to drink clarity taste
and odour In middle Nyando 54 of household interviewed perceive their water to be safe
to drink 729 good to taste and 608 perceive the water to be clearnot turbid In lower
Figure 3 Quantity of Water Used per Household per Day
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983089 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Nyando 84 of household perceive their water to be god to taste 48 to be safe to drink
and 77 to be clearnot turbid
Table 6 The respondents water quality perception method of treatment and incidences
of water borne diseases
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Perception on Water
Quality
Safe to drink 541 480
Clear 608 770
Good to taste 729 840
Free from odour 788 730
About 883 of households in middle Nyando treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment (891) being the use of chlorine based chemicals like water guard In
lower Nyando 85 of households surveyed treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment being chemical treatment (682) 481 of households interviewed in
middle Nyando reported to have had cases of typhoid infections among a family during the
past 6months 135 had cases of diarrhoea in the family Scabiesskin diseases were
recorded in 173 of the households
Figure 4 Household water treatment methods a Middle Nyando b Lower Nyando
In lower Nyando 155 of interviewed households had recorded cases of diarrheal among
family members during the past for 6 months while 50 had recorded cases of typhoid The
high number of recorded cases of water bornewater washed diseasesconditions can be
attributed to the man water source in the study areas which was found to be riverssprings
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 7 Household Incidences of Water Related Illnesses
Incidences of Water
BorneWater Washed
illnessesconditions
diarrhea 7 135 9 155
Typhoid 25 481 29 500
Scabies (skin diseases) 9 173 2 34
Trachoma 1 19
Others (specify) 10 192 18 310
The majority of the households also treat their drinking water despite the surveying
showing that cases of water borne diseases were many This could mean that household
water handling measures are poor leading to recontamination of drinking water either
during storage or during use It could also mean that the treatment methods which is
mainly chlorine based is not being administered correctly leading to under dosing
335
Payment for water supply
The average amount of money spent on water is Ksh 200-500 per month with 455 of
households in middle Nyando and 433 in lower Nyando falling in this group
Table 8 Cost of Water
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Amount Spent on Water
per month
Do not pay 9 205 8 267
Less than 200 5 114 1 33
Between Ksh 200-500 20 455 13 433
Between Ksh 500-1000 10 227 2 67
Between Ksh 1000-2000 3 100
Over Ksh 2000 3 100
To whom Water is paid Municipality 2 61 1 48
Businesswater vendor 17 515 16 762
CBONGO 2 61
Other specify 12 364 4 190
Those who pay for water mostly do so to water vendors (515) in middle Nyando and
762 in lower Nyando
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
34 SANITATION
341 Latrine coverage
Latrine coverage is 894 in middle Nyando and 87in Lower Nyando The most common
type of toilet facility is pit latrine with no Ventilation pipe (705) in Middle Nyando and
744 in Lower Nyando followed by VIP latrine at 268 and 20 in Middle and Lower
Nyando respectively The figures are above the national latrine coverage averages
Table 9 Sanitation Situation
Study Area Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Availability of Toilet Yes 110 894 87 870
No 13 106 13 130
No of Toilet facilities One 96 857 64 736
Two 10 89 16 184
Three and Above 3 27 7 70
Not Applicable 3 27
Type of toilet Facility Flush toilet
connected to a
septic tank
2 18 2 22
Pit latrine with
ventilation pipe30 268 18 200
Pit latrine without
ventilation pipe79 705 67 744
The main reason given for lack of latrines in the area was high cost of construction at 727
in middle Nyando and 692 in lower Nyando The household without latrines either
relieve themselves in the bush (364) for middle Nyando and 538 for lower Nyando or
in the Neighbours latrines (636) middle Nyando and 385 in lower Nyando
Table 10 Reasons for Lack Of Sanitation Facilities
Reasons for No latrine Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Cost of construction is high 727 692
Do not see the need to have one 91 0
Poor soil formationcollapsible soil 33 50
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983090983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Not provided by land lord 08 30
Others 0 10
Where people relieve themselves
(those without latrines)
Frequency
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Bush Outside 4 364 7 538
Neighborrsquos Latrine 7 636 5 385
Ensuring adequate sanitation facilities is a Millennium Development Goal that Kenya shares
with other countries A household is classified as having an improved toilet if the toilet is
used only by members of one household (ie it is not shared) and if the facility used by the
household separates the waste from human contact (WHOUNICEF Joint MonitoringProgramme for Water Supply and Sanitation 2004) According to KDH report 20082009 the
national figures show that less 60 of households uses an improved toilet facility that is not
shared with other households Urban households are only slightly more likely than rural
households to have an improved toilet facility (30 and 20 respectively) Overall 12 of
households have no toilet facility at all they are almost exclusively rural accounting for 16
of rural households
35 ENERGY SOURCE AND USE
351 House hold Energy Needs
Energy demand patterns of the study areas largely revolve around household energy end
uses such as cooking and lighting Respondents ranked cooking lighting and heating as the
three most important energy needs
352
Main House Hold Sources of Energy
The main sources of energy at household levels are wood paraffin and charcoal The table
below lists the age of farmers using the various fuel sources listed in the questionnaire
The study established that the most preferred source of household cooking energy among
the respondents is mainly firewood (at 100 in lower Nyando and 99 in middle Nyando)
This indicates overreliance on biomass and an indicator of a real challenge of forest and
vegetation degradation
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983090983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 11 Energy Source and Use
Lighting Cooking
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Biomass 08 0 1000 990
Kerosene 884 838
Biogas 08 0
Solar 66 20
Electricity 33 141 0 10
Recent National studies also Estimates of household energy use indicate that over 95 of
Kenyan population rely on wood or charcoal for energy needs Traditionally these energy
resources have been ldquofreerdquo goods however the Kenyan wood fuel supply has been rapidlydepleted by deforestation an activity also closely associated with land clearing for
agriculture and global warming via reduction of biomass to sequestrate CO 2
Consequently an energy policy that is designed to meet the needs of the majority of the
population must devote considerable attention to mainstreaming a sustainable yield of
biomass as well efficient energy technology to maximise on the biomass energy sources
The main source of energy for lighting in the area is kerosene (884 in middle Nyando and
838 in lower Nyando 66 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando and 20 in lower
Nyando use solar energy for lighting Hydro electric usage for lighting was recorded in 33
of households in middle Nyando and 141 in lower Nyando Biomass energy which
includes firewood charcoal and livestock waste burnt directly accounts for 100 of cooking
energy source in middle Nyando and 99 in lower Nyando Other renewable energy such
as biogas is not common in the area with only less than 1 of households in Nyando
utilising biogas
From the focused group discussions Initial capital cost was established as the utmost
challenge for household access to alterative and sustainable energy sources like biogas or
grid power It was further established among the biomass users 80 2 settled for firewood
as the main source of energy because of affordability lack of capacity to include other
alternatives and convenience
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983090983094 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
353 Availability of energy
Qualitative data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews corroborated
the finding that most households in the two study areas are energy stressed and that the
majority still used wood fuel and charcoal as the main source of energy The distancetravelled and time used to collect fuel wood has been increasing due to the declining tree
cover In parts of KORU people are cutting down trees to sell to Homaline Company as an
additional source of income A different study carried out by ICRAF in the lower and
middle Nyando areas in 2009 showed that More than 90 of the households are not self
sufficient with fuel
354 Potential for renewable energy uses
During the field studies it was observed that almost all households kept livestock A similar
study undertaken by ICRAF also showed that all households in the area keep livestock
This shows that there is a potential for use of biogas as source energy for cooking and even
lighting This would in turn reduce the existing pressure on wood products which are the
main source of energy for cooking in the area
In some farms people had also adopted tree planting especially in middle Nyando area to
supplement their energy sources This shows that agro-forestry practices at farm level can
play a key role in meeting the growing energy demand in the area with multiple benefits
such as additional income sources and soil conservation
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting
The study established that the main reason for choosing energy source either for cooking or
lighting is mainly based on availability (cooking 728 and lighting 732) This indicates that
probably the households will go for the most cost effective and readily available source of
energy
Table 12 Renewable Energy Use
Middle Nyando N=40 Lower Nyando N=19
No No
Type of Renewable
energy
Solar energy for lighting 16 400 4 211
Solar cookers 4 100 1 53
Do not know 19 475 10 526
Other 1 25 2 105
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Total 40 1000 19 1000
Middle Nyando N= 84 Lower Nyando N= 82
Challenges to
Accessing RE
High cost of start up 47 560 47 573
Not reliable 17 202 3 37
Do not know about the
technologies20 238 30 366
Other specify 2 24
Total 84 1000 82 1000
Only 175 of households in middle Nyando and 74 in lower Nyando said they use
renewable energy in their homes The most common type of renewable energy used was
solar energy for lighting (16 households n =123) in middle Nyando and 4 households (N=
100) in lower Nyando
Main source of information on renewable energy in the area is from the media (66) in both
areas The results show that there is inadequate sustained and comprehensive awareness
creation on the use of renewable energy sources in the region There is need to do as
sustained awareness creation in the area to educate the people that despite the high start-up
cost studies shows a reduction on the cost of household energy once the families start using
renewable energy because the operational recurrent costs are relatively lower when
compared with other sources of energy
356 Challenges facing renewable energy
The major challenge to accessing renewable energy technologies was the high cost of start-
up (56 middle Nyando and 57 lower Nyando) The other reasons given were on
reliability of renewable energy sources and poor knowledge on the available Renewable
energy technologies (366 in lower Nyando and 238) in middle Nyando The study
shows that among the households that have adopted renewable energy use on average 20
had been assisted (technologically and or subsidised)
Biogas and solar energy sources are considered fairly inefficient implying that more
research and development work needs to be done to improve on the efficiency The high
cost of adopting renewable energy sources makes it prohibitive for a significant portion of
the population The results is that the population still heavily relay on traditional energy
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983090983096 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
sources (biomass) yet the technologies used to extract the energy not only significantly
affect the health of women and children but is also damage to the environment
During the FGD it also emerged that the Despite availability of programmes such as the
biogas installation subsidy programme by KEBDIP people were generally unaware of it
Also during the FGDs with some of the community groups it emerged that knowledge on
renewable energy sources especially biogas production was very low This is supported by
various qualitative data that shows that knowledge on funding sources for renewable
energy technologies was generally low However the people showed interest in adopting
the use of biogas energy if the technology can be made available and affordable to them
36
AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture practices in the area gained prominence after the introduction of the Economic
Stimulus Package Through this programmes every location was supposed to be allocated
14 fishponds
Data from the fisheries offices estimates the total fishponds in Nyando District to be 1100
Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds
Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish ponds and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA
area as you go towards the lake
The ministry of fisheries has also constructed a dam along river Awasi to provide water for
fish farming in the area as well as water for domestic use
Aquaculture has been introduced in the area to try and reduce the pressure on fisheries
resources in the lake as well as provide an alternative livelihood source to the people
Table 13 Data on Fish Farming
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Households Practicing
Aquaculture
Yes 5 42 9 92
No 114 958 89 908
Total 119 1000 98 1000
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983090983097 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
The major challenge facing fish farming in the area was availability of water as most of the
river sources being perennial rivers
During the FGD and KII the reasons given for low adoption of aquaculture were listed as
Negative attitude towards fish farming as people believe that fish is found in the lake Over
reliance on lake fish Perception that fish from fish pond is not sweet perceptions on
palatability Security issues as fish are stolen from the ponds thus discouraging potential
farmers cases of pond poisoning has thus discouraging farmers High cost of start-up and
high cost of inputs Water scarcity caused by limited permanent water sources Low levels of
awareness on fish farming Poor pond management skills and High hydraulic conductivity
of soils thus low water retention capabilities Flooding was also reported to be a big
challenge in the lower Nyando area as flood waters wash away the fish ponds during rainseasons Proximity to the lake was also a major deterrence to fish farming as the people close
to the lake thought it was easier to fish in the lake
However it also emerged during this discussions that farmers who were successful in the
fish farming business were expanding and increasing the number of their ponds The
success stories of such farmers have also encouraged other people with favourable land
conditions to adopt aquaculture
This shows that with availability of water sources the potential for aquaculture is very huge
especially in lower Nyando
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
This baseline report presents the results of the data collected from the combination of field
and household surveys in two project areas as well as through review of various literatures
on interventions carried out in the area Interpretation and management recommendations
are based solely on the data
Several Livelihood intervention measures focusing on Water and sanitation aquaculture
and soil and water conservation have been put in place by different actors (both state and
non state) to try and improve the living standards of people in lower and middle Nyando
The most observable intervention measures recorded during the survey was Promotion of
Rain water harvesting at household level promotion of tree farming investment in water
storage through construction of water pans and also fish farming
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Generally access to sanitation facilities is above 85 in both areas However the prevalence
of water borne diseases is still high and therefore need to increase interventions aimed
towards improving hygiene measures such as hand washing
Majority of the households also rely on unprotected water sources for their household water
needs Future interventions should therefore focus more on increasing access to protected
water sources and also increasing the quantity of water available per capita in both the
lower and Nyando river area
Uptake of Fish farming in the area is low due to both human and non human factors as
discussed in the report Future interventions should focus more on ensuring adequate
technical support to farmers who have adopted fish farming Interventions should also focus
on creating favourable environment for new farmers to adopt aquaculture through
provision of water by investing in water storage such as earth dams and pans and also
provision of piped water
Renewable energy uptake has also been low due to low levels of awareness as well as the
perceived high start-up cost Intervention measures in this area should focus on raising
awareness on available low cost renewable energy options such as solar lanterns for
lighting The potential for biogas production is also high and therefore intervention should
focus on development of affordable biogas production technologies Tree cover is quite low
in Lower Nyando Only 34 of household plots had any trees in the vicinity (Verchot et al
2008
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References
ICRAF and MOARD (2000) ldquoImproved land management in the Lake Victoria basin Final
Technical Report Start-up Phase July 1999 to June 2000rdquo ICRAF and MOARD Nairobi
Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 2006 Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem
Management Project (WKIEMP) Strategies for Integrated Land and Water Management for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Katuk-Odeyo Sub-Watershed Nyando River Basin Lake Victoria Basin
KENYA
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2009) The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing
Census lsquo Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030) Volume 1 A Ministry of
Water Resources and Regional Development (2004) Land resources Development and
Irrigation in Nyanza Province South Kano Government Printers
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L and Njui A (eds) 2004 Proceedings of aWorkshop on
Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin December 9 ndash
11 2002 Imperial Hotel Kisumu Kenya
Muriithi S Okono NA and Swallow B (eds) 2006b Developing an action plan for the Awach
watershed Western Kenya Proceedings of a workshop co-hosted by the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (NALEP
ndash National Agriculture Livestock Extension Programme 23rd May 2001 St Anna Guest House
Kisumu ICRAF Discussion Paper 2001-3
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L amp Njui A eds 2004 Proceedings of a
Workshop on Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin
Nairobi ICRAF NEMA the Water Quality Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
Management Programme (LVEMP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Environmental Authority [NEMA] (2004) Strategy for Flood Management in Lake
Victoria Basin Kenya
Verchot et al (2008) Baseline Report Nyando River Basin Western Kenya Integrated
Ecosystem Management Project Findings from the Baseline Surveys International Centre forResearch in Agroforestry Nairobi Kenya
World Agroforestry Centre (2006) Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin Final
Report of the TransVic Project World Agroforerstry Centre Occasional Paper No 7 World
Agroforestry Centre Nairobi Kenya
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets
I Water and Sanitation
Middle Nyando Lower Nya
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Target Baseline st
Water
Improved Water sources
bull Piped water intodwelling
bull plot or yard
bull Public tapstandpipe
bull Tubewellborehole
bull Protected dug well
bull
Protected spring
bull Rainwater collection
Unimproved Water sources
bull Unprotected dug well
bull Unprotected spring
bull Cart with small tankdrum
bull Bottled water a
bull Tanker-truck
bull Surface water (river dam
bull lake pond stream canal
bull irrigation channels)
of house hold using water fromProtected Sources
393 439
Reduce average Distance tohousehold Water source to lessthan a km
Within compound 248 Within com
lt 1km =537 lt 1km =690
gt2km = 41 gt2km = 0
Household water treatment 883 85
Average time taken to collect waterfor domestic use
lt 1 an hour =775
1-2hrs=192
gt2hrs =335
Reliability of Water supplyavailability of water
Household per-capita Water Use) lt 4 l per capita = 83 gt20lpppd
lt 4 l per ca
4- 10 l per capita =355 4- 10 l per c
10-20 l per capita =421 10-20 l per c
gt20 litres= 14 gt20L =18
Reduce water bornewashed Diarrhoeal incidences Diarrhoeal
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983091983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Executive Summary
Introduction The overall objective of the consultancy was to establish baseline data on the
Livelihood Intervention areas of Water Supply and Sanitation Renewable Energy Supply
and Aquaculture in Nyando River Basin The baseline study focused on the 3 livelihood
intervention components (water and sanitation renewable energy supply and aquaculture)
within Nyando River Basin Basin ie Lower Nyando (Awach and Kabodho East sub-
locations) and Middle Nyando (Koru and Nyando sub-locations) The study team utilized a
comprehensive participatory evaluation approach This was a cross-sectional survey
conducted in 4 Sub locations distributed over middle Nyando namely Koru sub location and
Nyando sub location and Lower Nyando Kabodho East and Awach sub location
Results and Discussions In all the study areas the major significant livelihood activities or
a group of activities in the study area is mainly farming lower Nyando (main source of
income is farming at 64 ) is predominated by subsistence farming with maize and
sorghum dominating crop production Majority of the homesteads also keep livestock which
include cattle goats and chicken While in Middle Nyando (farming as main source of
income is at 317) with the average monthly income being less than Ksh 7000 per month
(528) The average household size in both lower and middle Nyando is 6 people with the
highest recorded household size being 20 people in lower Nyando
Water Resources Supply Availability Access and Usage the main water sources is dry
season is riversstreams (middle Nyando 426 lower Nyando 53) this is also the case in
the wet season (middle Nyando 492 Lower Nyando 541) The average distance to
water source in both the study areas is less than a kilometre and it takes on average less than
an hour for residents in both areas to access water for household use Majority of the
households in middle Nyando (421) use between 80-100 litres of water per day while inLower Nyando 40 of the households surveyed used between 20 and 60 litres of water per
day with an equivalent number using between 80 and 100 litres of water for domestic use
In middle Nyando 54 of household interviewed perceive their water to be safe to drink
729 good to taste and 608 perceive the water to be clearnot turbid In lower Nyando
84 of household perceive their water to be god to taste 48 to be safe to drink and 77 to
be clearnot turbid
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481 of households interviewed in middle Nyando reported to have had cases of typhoid
infections among family members during the past 6months 135 had cases of diarrhoea in
the family In lower Nyando 155 of interviewed households had recorded cases of
diarrheal among family members during the past for 6 months while 50 had recorded
cases of typhoid
Sanitation latrine coverage in middle Nyando is at 894 and 87 in Lower Nyando The
most common type of toilet facility in Middle Nyando and Lower Nyando is the pit latrine
with no Ventilation pipe at 705 and 744 respectively
Energy source and use The main energy source for cooking is biomass (firewood and
charcoal) 100 and 99 of the respondents in Lower Nyando and Middle Nyando
respectively use biomass The main source of energy for lighting is (fossil fuel) kerosene
(884 in middle Nyando and 838 in lower Nyando) Only 66 of households surveyed
in Middle Nyando and 20 in lower Nyando use solar energy for lighting Electricity
usage for lighting was recorded in 33 of households in middle Nyando and 141 in
lower Nyando Rural electrification in the area is very low as compared to the national
average
Only 175 of the respondentsrsquo households in middle Nyando and 74 in lower Nyando
indicated that they use renewable energy in their homes The most common type of
renewable energy used was solar energy for lighting (16 households n =123) in middle
Nyando and 4 households (N= 100) in lower Nyando The main reason given for low
adoption of renewable energy technology is the high cost of start-up This means that if low
cost technologies are promoted the uptake can increase The other reasons given were on
over reliance on non renewable energy sources and poor knowledge on the available
Renewable energy technologies The study revealed that among the households that have
adopted renewable energy use on average 20 had been assisted (technologically and or
subsidised)
Aquaculture information from the KIIs including the fisheries offices estimates the total
fishponds in Nyando District to be 1100 Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds
Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish
ponds and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA area as you go towards the lake Fisheries
projects in that area are mostly due to interventions from the Economic stimulus package
Generally farmers are still sceptical on adoption of fish farming Other challenges facing fish
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farming is inadequate access water supply for fish ponds flooding limited extension
services and low levels of technological awareness
Conclusions and Recommendations Future intervention measures in this area of Water
and Sanitation should focus on promotion of well constructed VIP latrines and Hygiene
practices to reduce the incidences of water borne diseases and also improve access to
protected water sources Interventions on renewable energy should focus on technology
transfer especially of low cost technologies such as solar lanterns Biogas production can
also be promoted through training of artisans in that field Farmers should also be
encouraged to plant woodlots in their farms to supplement their source of wood fuel and
also ensure soil conservation On aquaculture there is need to focus on changing the
perception of people on fish farming to encourage more farmers to adopt fish farming inlight of the dwindling stocks in lake Victoria Interventions should focus on availing
technical support to farmers engaged in fish farming as well as investment in value addition
processes
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Contents
Executive Summary 2
1 Background 8
11 About SusWatch II 8
12 Brief Introduction of LVEMP II 8
13 LVEMP II Interventions in the Project Area 9
14 About the study area 9
141 Lower Nyando 10
142 Middle Nyando 10
15 Purpose of the LVEMP II CS 11
16 Overall Objective of the Consultancy 12
17 Scope of work 13
2 Methodology 14
21 Timeframe 14
22 The Baseline survey process 14
23 Study design 14
24 Data collection tools 14
25 Sample Selection 15
26 Data Processing Analysis and Presentation 15
Chapter Three 16
3 Study Findings 16
31 General conditions in the study areas 16
32 Socio Demographic Characteristics of the Study Respondents 16
33 WATER Availability Access and Usage of Water Resources 18
331 Main Water Supply Sources 18332 Distance to drinking water sources 19
333 Quantity of Water Used Per household per day 20
334 Water Safety ndash quality and use of safe water drinking products 20
335 Payment for water supply 22
34 SANITATION 23
341 Latrine coverage 23
35 ENERGY SOURCE AND USE 24
351 House hold Energy Needs 24
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352 Main House Hold Sources of Energy 24
353 Availability of energy 26
354 Potential for renewable energy uses 26
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting 26
356 Challenges facing renewable energy 27
36 AQUACULTURE 28
4 Conclusions and Recommendations 29
References 31
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets 32
I Water and Sanitation 32
II Energy Renewable Energy 33
III Aqua cultural Interventions 35
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites 36
List of Tables
Table 1 Sampling Frame 15
Table 2 Summary of Household Socio-demographic Characteristics 16
Table 3 Main Income source amp Average Household Size 17
Table 4 The respondentrsquos main water sources in the dry and wet season 18Table 5 Distance to Drinking Water Source 19
Table 6 The respondents water quality perception method of treatment and incidences of
water borne diseases 21
Table 7 Household Incidences of Water Related Illnesses 22
Table 9 Cost of Water 22
Table 10 Sanitation Situation 23
Table 11 Reasons for Lack Of Sanitation Facilities 23
Table 12 Energy Source and Use 25
Table 13 Renewable Energy Use 26
Table 14 Data on Fish Farming 28
List of Figures
Figure 1map of lower Nyando 10
Figure 2 map of middle Nyando 11
Figure 3 Quantity of Water Used per Household per Day 20
Figure 4 Household water treatment methods a Middle Nyando b Lower Nyando 21
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Chapter 1
1 Background
11 About SusWatch II
The East Africa Sustainability Watch (EA SusWatch) Network is a network of NGOs from
Kenya Uganda and Tanzania spearheaded by Uganda Coalition for Sustainable
Development (UCSD) Sustainable Environmental Development Watch Network (SusWatch
Kenya) and Tanzania Coalition for Sustainable Development (TCSD) EA SusWatch
Regional Secretariat is hosted by UCSD in Kampala Uganda
The EA Suswatch Network is currently implementing LVEMP II Civil Society (CS) Watch
project which is a three-year initiative to be implemented from November 2011 to October
2014 with support from the Government of Sweden LVEMP II CS watch project is being
implemented in partnership between Uganda Coalition for Sustainable Development
(UCSD) Tanzania Coalition for Sustainable Development (TCSD) and Sustainable
Environmental Development Watch Network (SusWatch Kenya)
12 Brief Introduction of LVEMP II
Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project Phase Two (LVEMP II) is an 8 years (2009- 2017) regional project implemented in the 5 East Africa Community partner states of the
Republics of Kenya Burundi Rwanda Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania
Kenya is currently implementing the 1st phase of LVEMP II Adjustable Program Lending
(APL 1) APL 1 will be implemented in Nyando River Basin and along the lake shore in the
former Nyanza Western and Rift Valley provinces
The project contributes to broad-based poverty alleviation and improvement of livelihoods
of people by supporting sustainable management of shared natural resources of the Lake
Victoria Basin which many communities depend on To achieve this the project supports
among other interventions (a) Institutional capacity building and harmonization of policy
legislations and regulatory frameworks (b) Community-Driven Development (CDD)
subprojects investments in participatory watershed management and (c) point sources
pollution control and prevention
APL 1 through the CDD sub-projects component intends to support community-driven
investments in rehabilitating the Nyando River catchment area and lake shore districts The
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component has a Natural resource Conservation component and a Livelihood improvement
component
The natural resource conservation component focuses on soil and water conservation
rainwater harvesting and growing of greenery treescrops The livelihood Improvementcomponent will focus on reducing harvesting pressure on fisheries and wetlands resources
and intensifying natural resource use to increase adoption of sustainable land management
practices The interventions will largely be household-based and are aimed at intensifying
natural resources use and reducing harvesting pressure on the fisheries and wetlands
resources
13
LVEMP II Interventions in the Project Area
LVEMP II has been engaged in various livelihood intervention programmes in the larger
Nyando district (currently Muhoroni Nyando and Nyakach districts) LVEMP II is currently
undertaking four existing projects in Kabodho location and Upper North Kabodho sub-
location in Nyakach district The four projects deal with intervention in areas of
1 Natural resource conservation
2 Roof catchment activities
3
Livestock improvement and
4 Nursery establishment
However LVEMP II programme is still underway to enhance the 4 project areas but
including components of water and sanitation as well as aquaculture development with
greater emphasis in Nyando District Currently the project is at the proposal receiving stage
from various community groups The proposals are submitted to the district project
coordinating team in charge of such projects Their offices are located at the respective
district headquarters The district project coordinating team are mandated to vet the
proposals provide technical backstopping and forward refined proposals to the national
offices and thereafter monitor the implementation of projects So far no projects on
renewable energy and aquaculture have been funded by LVEMP II in the study areas
14 About the study area
The Nyando River basin covers an area of 3517 km2 of Western Kenya The river basin
drains into the Winam Gulf in Lake Victoria The main river Nyando rises from the western
Mau hills and traverses a distance of approximately 170Km Its drainage basin consists of
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five main sub-catchment areas namely Nyando-Nandi Nyando-Kericho Awach-Kano
Nyaidho-Kano and Nyando-Kano The Nyando and its tributaries supply water both for
domestic and livestock use and for irrigation in the sugar belt (Nyando Atlas) The
population in the Nyando basin is approximately 1100000 people (KNBS 2009)
141 Lower Nyando
The Lower Nyando block is located in the lake plain (Kano Plains) of Lake Victoria The
block is characterized by low productivity erratic rainfall and severe erosion Within the
block are two divisions Upper and Lower Nyando and 16 sub-locations The specific areas
of studies are Kabodho East sub location of Pap Onditi Location Nyando District Kabodho
East sub location has a total population of 6009 comprising of 2916 males and 3093females (KNBS 2009) Awach sub location lies in NE Nyakach location of Nyando district
Awach sub location has a total population of 2495 comprising of 1277 males and 2763
females (KNBS 2009)
142 Middle Nyando
The Middle Nyando block lies in Kericho and Nyando Districts both in Muhoroni division
Within the block are ten sub- locations The block is characterized by sugar cane production
on larger farms located on the plains and gentle slopes and subsisting farming or the steeper
slopes and hill tops
Figure 1map of lower Nyando
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Figure 2 map of middle Nyando
The specific areas of study were Koru Sub location and Nyando sub location Both Koru
and Nyando sub locations lies within Koru Location of Nyando district The total population
in Koru Sub location is 5407 while in Nyando sub location is 2495 (KNBS 2009)
15 Purpose of the LVEMP II CS
LVEMP II CS watch project intends to produce several advocacy and IEC materials to
inform the general public on the progress of implementation of LVEMP II including
bull Evidence-based assessment and documentation of LVEMP II progress in the
respective countries in form of alternative reports (packaged in form of SusWatch
briefs)
bull Field-based information generation and packaging in form of Community Demand
Driven Sub-projects Watch
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bull SusWatch Livelihood Case Studies from the sub-catchments in Nyando River Basin
ie Lower Nyando (Awach and Kabodho East sub-locations) and Middle Nyando
(Koru and Nyando sub-locations)
bull Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) Climate Change Readiness brief to highlight lsquolevel of
readinessrsquo to face up to climate change development challenges in the LVB (for water
supply and sanitation agriculture and food security rural energy supply) as per the
2010 East African Climate Change Policy (EACCP) annually
The above documents and reports will be produced periodically during the project
implementation The baseline survey is therefore intended to provide benchmarks against
which the improvement in the community livelihood as a result of the CDD Sub-project
interventions will be measured
16 Overall Objective of the Consultancy
The overall objective of the consultancy is to establish baseline data on the Livelihood
Intervention areas of Water Supply and Sanitation Renewable Energy Supply and
Aquaculture in Nyando River Basin
The specific objectives of the baseline study include to
1
Conduct a coordinated baseline survey to establish baseline indicators for the
community livelihood that will imply Impact Evaluation of the CDD Sub-projects in
relation to water and sanitation renewable energy and aquaculture
2
Establish baseline for water and sanitation renewable energy supply and
aquaculture using quantitative and qualitative measures
3 Recommend targets for the indicators
4
Document appropriate and user friendly data collection and monitoring tools for
subsequent monitoring surveys
5 Prepare a baseline survey report using appropriate qualitative and quantitative
methods covering community livelihoods aspects including poverty food and
income security marketing processing and the institutional context of development
as well as on the cross cutting issues of gender and HIVAIDS while relating them to
the 3 intervention areas of water and sanitation renewable energy and aquaculture
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17 Scope of work
The baseline study will focus on the 3 livelihood intervention areas (water and sanitation
renewable energy supply and aquaculture) within Nyando River Basin ie Lower Nyando
(Awach and Kabodho East sub-locations) and Middle Nyando (Koru and Nyando sub-locations)
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CHAPTER TWO
2 Methodology
21 Timeframe
The evaluation took place on the month of July 2012 August 2012 The field work was done
in the month of July and covered both Lower Nyando and Middle Nyando
22 The Baseline survey process
The data collection was a participatory process that involved the external consultant
(Emerald Environmental Consultancy Firm) Suswach II officials and the community
members from the study locations Also involved in the process was the district fisheries
officer from Nyando the District development office Lake Basin development AuthorityLake Victoria South Water Services Board and community groups involved in
environmental and livelihoods project It also involved review and analysis of literature
project implementation documents and baseline survey reports The supervisors and
enumerators went through a rigorous training which involved an understanding of the
project reviewing and refining all data collection instruments
23 Study design
The evaluation team used a comprehensive mixed-methods evaluation design This was a
cross-sectional survey conducted in 4 Sub locations distributed over middle Nyando namely
Koru sub location and Nyando sub location and Lower Nyando Kabodho East and Awach
sub locations
An interviewer administered questionnaire was designed and used to conduct a total of 230
interviews In addition semi-structured Interviews including Focus Group
Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were done with beneficiaries
and other stakeholders respectively Field visits were done at key projects sites to make
observations on the projects visible outputs
24 Data collection tools
Overall the following data collection tools were developed
bull Household Survey Questionnaire ndash to facilitate Quantitative data collection
bull
Key Informant Interviews guidelines ndash A semi-structured interview guide was
developed to facilitate interviews with key stakeholders such as government officials
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from the line ministries such as Ministries of Water Public Health and Ministry of
Fisheries Other respondents included local administration NGO and CBOs
bull Focus Group Discussion guidelines ndash to facilitate interviews with potential project
beneficiaries and their representative groups including Women and youth groups
bull Observation Checklist for field visits to observe project infrastructure development
25 Sample Selection
Several approaches were used during the baseline survey documentary reviews
quantitative and qualitative data collection including checklists Using these approaches
allowed the research team to triangulate data as a measure of countering the shortcomings
from any particular data collection tool The survey was designed to collect information
from households within the project area A multistage sampling technique was used First
purposive sampling was used to identify project beneficiaries at location level then a
random sampling technique for identifying the sub locations and the households to be
interviewed The Sample size was calculated using the fischers equation
The formula yielded a total of about 200 households to be surveyed The sample size was
adjusted upwards to 223 households to cater for none responses There after considering the
cluster group proportionality in the division the household interviewed was distributed asfollows
Table 1 Sampling Frame
Area Sub location House hold
Lower Nyando Awach 123
Kabodho east
Middle Nyando Koru 100
Nyando
Total 223
26 Data Processing Analysis and Presentation
Quantitative data was entered using access based data base software and later converted to
SPSS which was used for analysis The results are presented in the form of frequencies and
ages Qualitative data was triangulated and analyzed based on the thematic areas and
were mainly used in this report for detailed explanation of the quantitative aspects of the
project
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Chapter Three
3 Study Findings
31 General conditions in the study areas
In all the study areas the most identifiable significant livelihood activities or groups of
activities found within the study area is mainly farming in lower Nyando the predominant
livelihood source is subsistence farming with maize and sorghum dominating crop
production Majority of the homesteads also keep livestock which include cattle goats and
chicken
In middle Nyando the predominant livelihood source is also farming The agricultural
activities in this block are mainly small scale sugar cane and maize production The area is inthe western Kenya sugar belt and has a sugar company and the factories nuclear large scale
sugar plantations which might account for the high number of salaried employment
Majority over 50 of the households have farm sizes of 4 acres or less Only 25 of the
farms have farm sizes larger than 10 acres
32 Socio Demographic Characteristics of the Study Respondents
Average household size in both middle and lower Nyando is 6 people with the maximum
recorded household size being 14 people in middle Nyando and 20 people in lower Nyando
In lower Nyando the majority of the households interviewed were headed by females
(52) About 53 of the household heads had primary level of education while 28 had
attained secondary level of education with 7 having university level of education
In Middle Nyando majority of the households are male headed (61) About 39 of the
household heads had primary level of education while 34 had attained secondary level of
education with only 49 having university level of education
Table 2 Summary of Household Socio-demographic Characteristics
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Household head Male 75 61 48 480
Female 48 39 52 520
Marital Status Married 86 699 74 740
Widowed 28 228 15 150
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Highest level of education for
household head
No formal
education10 81 7 70
Primary 48 390 53 530
Secondary 42 341 28 280
Tertiary 17 138 5 50
University 6 49 7 70
The main source of income in Middle Nyando is farming at 317 followed trading at
228 and salaried employment at 203 with the average monthly income being less than
Ksh 7000 per month (528) In Lower Nyando the main source of income in the area is
farming at 64 followed by wage employment at 14 and salaried employment at 13
The average monthly income is less than Ksh 7000 per month (54)
Table 3 Main Income source amp Average Household Size
Main Source of Income Farming 39 317 64 640
Livestock keeping 11 89 1 10
Wage employment 13 106 14 140
Artisanblacksmith 5 41 1 10
Salaried
Employment25 203 13 130
Trading 28 228 6 60
Others Specify 2 16 1 10
Average Monthly Income Less than 7000 65 528 54 540
7000-20000 44 358 38 380
20000-50000 13 106 6 60
Over 50000 1 8 2 20
Average House hold Size Mean 602 645
Minimum 2 1
Maximum 14 20
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33 WATER Availability Access and Usage of Water Resources
331 Main Water Supply Sources
The main water source for households during both dry and wet seasons is mainly
unprotected water sources- 709 amp 646during dry season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively and 542 and 561 during wet season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively The major single source of water for the households during both dry
and wet seasons is riversstreams at 426 (dry season) and 492 (wet season) in Middle
Nyando and In lower Nyando 53 and 541 during both dry and wet season respectively
About 20 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando had access to piped water in their
houses within their compounds while 66 had invested in rain water storage tanks Other
sources of water included hand dug wells (74) and communal water points While in
Lower Nyando 13 of households surveyed had invested in rain water tanks and only 4
of the households surveyed had access to piped water
Table 4 The respondentrsquos main water sources in the dry and wet season
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Dry season Wet Season Dry Season Wet Season
Frequen
cy
Frequenc
y
Frequenc
y
Freque
ncy
Piped tap water in
dwelling14 115 10 85 4 40 4 41
Piped tap water on
site11 90 8 68 8 81 4 41
Borehole on site
water kiosk5 41 4 34 8 81 6 61
Rainwater tank on
site8 66 24 203 12 121 13 133
Publiccommunal
tap water kiosk less
than 200 meters away
2 16 2 17 1 10 1 10
Publiccommunal
tap more than 200
meters away
4 33 3 25 3 30 2 20
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Hand dug wells 9 74 3 25 4 40 1 10
Neighbor 3 25 2 17 1 10
Mobile Water tanker
(bowser)1 8
riverstream Wells
amp springs52 426 58 492 60 606 53 541
Water Pansearth
dams ponds13 107 3 25 1 10
Therefore the result shows that majority of households (over 50) in this areas rely on
unprotected water sources This is below the National average According KDH report
20089 63 of households in Kenya get drinking water from an improved source However
disparities exist by residence with a higher proportion of urban households (91 ) having
an improved source of drinking water compared with rural households 54
Increasing access to improved drinking water is one of the Millennium Development Goals
that Kenya along with other nations worldwide has adopted (United Nations General
Assembly 2001) The indicators that are useful in monitoring household access to improved
drinking water (WHO and UNICEF 2005) include sources that are likely to provide water
suitable for drinking Lack of ready access to a water source may limit the quantity of
suitable drinking water that must be fetched from a source that is not immediately
accessible to the household (distance to source) water quality among others as discussed
below
332 Distance to drinking water sources
In middle Nyando area the average distance to the householdsrsquo main water source is less
than a kilometre (537) 248 of the households surveyed have water within their
compounds On average it takes less than an hour (775) for households to fetch water for
their domestic use while 192 of the households take between 1-2 hours to collect water
Table 5 Distance to Drinking Water Source
983117983145983140983140983148983141 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983090983091 983116983151983159983141983154 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983088983088
983118983151 983118983151
983108983145983155983156983137983150983139983141 983156983151 983159983137983156983141983154
983155983151983157983154983139983141
983127983145983156983144983145983150 983156983144983141 983139983151983149983152983151983157983150983140 30 248 19 190
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983115983149 65 537 69 690
1983147983149983155 983085 2 983115983149 21 174 12 120
2 983085 5 983115983149 5 41
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983090983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
983124983145983149983141 983156983137983147983141983150 983156983151 983139983151983148983148983141983139983156
983159983137983156983141983154
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983144983154 93 775 91 910
1983144983154 983085 2 983144983154983155 23 192 9 90
983119983158983141983154 2 983144983154983155 4 33
In lower Nyando area 19 of households surveyed had water within their compounds
while 69 walked less than a kilometre to access water for domestic use It takes less than anhour for households to collect water for domestic use (91) while the rest spend between
an hour and two
333 Quantity of Water Used Per household per day
Majority of the households in
middle Nyando (421) use
between 80-100 litres of water
per day while 355 use
between 20-60 litres per day and
14 of the surveyed households
reported to be using over 100
litres of water per day
In Lower Nyando 40 of the households surveyed used between 20 and 60 litres of water
per day with an equivalent number using between 80 and 100 litres of water for domestic
use 18 of the residents used over 100 litres of water per day for domestic use
Considering the average household sizes in the study areas (6 people in middle Nyando
and 7 in lower Nyando) this translates to a per capita water consumption of 17 litres per
person per day which is still below the recommended 20 litres per capita by WHO
754 of respondents in middle Nyando and 495 in lower Nyando use water for other
purposes other than household use Water is also used for irrigating crops (935 middle
Nyando 596 lower Nyando) and for animal use
334 Water Safety ndash quality and use of safe water drinking products
The general perception on water safety was assessed in terms of safety to drink clarity taste
and odour In middle Nyando 54 of household interviewed perceive their water to be safe
to drink 729 good to taste and 608 perceive the water to be clearnot turbid In lower
Figure 3 Quantity of Water Used per Household per Day
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983090983089 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Nyando 84 of household perceive their water to be god to taste 48 to be safe to drink
and 77 to be clearnot turbid
Table 6 The respondents water quality perception method of treatment and incidences
of water borne diseases
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Perception on Water
Quality
Safe to drink 541 480
Clear 608 770
Good to taste 729 840
Free from odour 788 730
About 883 of households in middle Nyando treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment (891) being the use of chlorine based chemicals like water guard In
lower Nyando 85 of households surveyed treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment being chemical treatment (682) 481 of households interviewed in
middle Nyando reported to have had cases of typhoid infections among a family during the
past 6months 135 had cases of diarrhoea in the family Scabiesskin diseases were
recorded in 173 of the households
Figure 4 Household water treatment methods a Middle Nyando b Lower Nyando
In lower Nyando 155 of interviewed households had recorded cases of diarrheal among
family members during the past for 6 months while 50 had recorded cases of typhoid The
high number of recorded cases of water bornewater washed diseasesconditions can be
attributed to the man water source in the study areas which was found to be riverssprings
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 7 Household Incidences of Water Related Illnesses
Incidences of Water
BorneWater Washed
illnessesconditions
diarrhea 7 135 9 155
Typhoid 25 481 29 500
Scabies (skin diseases) 9 173 2 34
Trachoma 1 19
Others (specify) 10 192 18 310
The majority of the households also treat their drinking water despite the surveying
showing that cases of water borne diseases were many This could mean that household
water handling measures are poor leading to recontamination of drinking water either
during storage or during use It could also mean that the treatment methods which is
mainly chlorine based is not being administered correctly leading to under dosing
335
Payment for water supply
The average amount of money spent on water is Ksh 200-500 per month with 455 of
households in middle Nyando and 433 in lower Nyando falling in this group
Table 8 Cost of Water
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Amount Spent on Water
per month
Do not pay 9 205 8 267
Less than 200 5 114 1 33
Between Ksh 200-500 20 455 13 433
Between Ksh 500-1000 10 227 2 67
Between Ksh 1000-2000 3 100
Over Ksh 2000 3 100
To whom Water is paid Municipality 2 61 1 48
Businesswater vendor 17 515 16 762
CBONGO 2 61
Other specify 12 364 4 190
Those who pay for water mostly do so to water vendors (515) in middle Nyando and
762 in lower Nyando
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
34 SANITATION
341 Latrine coverage
Latrine coverage is 894 in middle Nyando and 87in Lower Nyando The most common
type of toilet facility is pit latrine with no Ventilation pipe (705) in Middle Nyando and
744 in Lower Nyando followed by VIP latrine at 268 and 20 in Middle and Lower
Nyando respectively The figures are above the national latrine coverage averages
Table 9 Sanitation Situation
Study Area Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Availability of Toilet Yes 110 894 87 870
No 13 106 13 130
No of Toilet facilities One 96 857 64 736
Two 10 89 16 184
Three and Above 3 27 7 70
Not Applicable 3 27
Type of toilet Facility Flush toilet
connected to a
septic tank
2 18 2 22
Pit latrine with
ventilation pipe30 268 18 200
Pit latrine without
ventilation pipe79 705 67 744
The main reason given for lack of latrines in the area was high cost of construction at 727
in middle Nyando and 692 in lower Nyando The household without latrines either
relieve themselves in the bush (364) for middle Nyando and 538 for lower Nyando or
in the Neighbours latrines (636) middle Nyando and 385 in lower Nyando
Table 10 Reasons for Lack Of Sanitation Facilities
Reasons for No latrine Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Cost of construction is high 727 692
Do not see the need to have one 91 0
Poor soil formationcollapsible soil 33 50
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983090983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Not provided by land lord 08 30
Others 0 10
Where people relieve themselves
(those without latrines)
Frequency
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Bush Outside 4 364 7 538
Neighborrsquos Latrine 7 636 5 385
Ensuring adequate sanitation facilities is a Millennium Development Goal that Kenya shares
with other countries A household is classified as having an improved toilet if the toilet is
used only by members of one household (ie it is not shared) and if the facility used by the
household separates the waste from human contact (WHOUNICEF Joint MonitoringProgramme for Water Supply and Sanitation 2004) According to KDH report 20082009 the
national figures show that less 60 of households uses an improved toilet facility that is not
shared with other households Urban households are only slightly more likely than rural
households to have an improved toilet facility (30 and 20 respectively) Overall 12 of
households have no toilet facility at all they are almost exclusively rural accounting for 16
of rural households
35 ENERGY SOURCE AND USE
351 House hold Energy Needs
Energy demand patterns of the study areas largely revolve around household energy end
uses such as cooking and lighting Respondents ranked cooking lighting and heating as the
three most important energy needs
352
Main House Hold Sources of Energy
The main sources of energy at household levels are wood paraffin and charcoal The table
below lists the age of farmers using the various fuel sources listed in the questionnaire
The study established that the most preferred source of household cooking energy among
the respondents is mainly firewood (at 100 in lower Nyando and 99 in middle Nyando)
This indicates overreliance on biomass and an indicator of a real challenge of forest and
vegetation degradation
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983090983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 11 Energy Source and Use
Lighting Cooking
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Biomass 08 0 1000 990
Kerosene 884 838
Biogas 08 0
Solar 66 20
Electricity 33 141 0 10
Recent National studies also Estimates of household energy use indicate that over 95 of
Kenyan population rely on wood or charcoal for energy needs Traditionally these energy
resources have been ldquofreerdquo goods however the Kenyan wood fuel supply has been rapidlydepleted by deforestation an activity also closely associated with land clearing for
agriculture and global warming via reduction of biomass to sequestrate CO 2
Consequently an energy policy that is designed to meet the needs of the majority of the
population must devote considerable attention to mainstreaming a sustainable yield of
biomass as well efficient energy technology to maximise on the biomass energy sources
The main source of energy for lighting in the area is kerosene (884 in middle Nyando and
838 in lower Nyando 66 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando and 20 in lower
Nyando use solar energy for lighting Hydro electric usage for lighting was recorded in 33
of households in middle Nyando and 141 in lower Nyando Biomass energy which
includes firewood charcoal and livestock waste burnt directly accounts for 100 of cooking
energy source in middle Nyando and 99 in lower Nyando Other renewable energy such
as biogas is not common in the area with only less than 1 of households in Nyando
utilising biogas
From the focused group discussions Initial capital cost was established as the utmost
challenge for household access to alterative and sustainable energy sources like biogas or
grid power It was further established among the biomass users 80 2 settled for firewood
as the main source of energy because of affordability lack of capacity to include other
alternatives and convenience
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983090983094 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
353 Availability of energy
Qualitative data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews corroborated
the finding that most households in the two study areas are energy stressed and that the
majority still used wood fuel and charcoal as the main source of energy The distancetravelled and time used to collect fuel wood has been increasing due to the declining tree
cover In parts of KORU people are cutting down trees to sell to Homaline Company as an
additional source of income A different study carried out by ICRAF in the lower and
middle Nyando areas in 2009 showed that More than 90 of the households are not self
sufficient with fuel
354 Potential for renewable energy uses
During the field studies it was observed that almost all households kept livestock A similar
study undertaken by ICRAF also showed that all households in the area keep livestock
This shows that there is a potential for use of biogas as source energy for cooking and even
lighting This would in turn reduce the existing pressure on wood products which are the
main source of energy for cooking in the area
In some farms people had also adopted tree planting especially in middle Nyando area to
supplement their energy sources This shows that agro-forestry practices at farm level can
play a key role in meeting the growing energy demand in the area with multiple benefits
such as additional income sources and soil conservation
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting
The study established that the main reason for choosing energy source either for cooking or
lighting is mainly based on availability (cooking 728 and lighting 732) This indicates that
probably the households will go for the most cost effective and readily available source of
energy
Table 12 Renewable Energy Use
Middle Nyando N=40 Lower Nyando N=19
No No
Type of Renewable
energy
Solar energy for lighting 16 400 4 211
Solar cookers 4 100 1 53
Do not know 19 475 10 526
Other 1 25 2 105
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983090983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Total 40 1000 19 1000
Middle Nyando N= 84 Lower Nyando N= 82
Challenges to
Accessing RE
High cost of start up 47 560 47 573
Not reliable 17 202 3 37
Do not know about the
technologies20 238 30 366
Other specify 2 24
Total 84 1000 82 1000
Only 175 of households in middle Nyando and 74 in lower Nyando said they use
renewable energy in their homes The most common type of renewable energy used was
solar energy for lighting (16 households n =123) in middle Nyando and 4 households (N=
100) in lower Nyando
Main source of information on renewable energy in the area is from the media (66) in both
areas The results show that there is inadequate sustained and comprehensive awareness
creation on the use of renewable energy sources in the region There is need to do as
sustained awareness creation in the area to educate the people that despite the high start-up
cost studies shows a reduction on the cost of household energy once the families start using
renewable energy because the operational recurrent costs are relatively lower when
compared with other sources of energy
356 Challenges facing renewable energy
The major challenge to accessing renewable energy technologies was the high cost of start-
up (56 middle Nyando and 57 lower Nyando) The other reasons given were on
reliability of renewable energy sources and poor knowledge on the available Renewable
energy technologies (366 in lower Nyando and 238) in middle Nyando The study
shows that among the households that have adopted renewable energy use on average 20
had been assisted (technologically and or subsidised)
Biogas and solar energy sources are considered fairly inefficient implying that more
research and development work needs to be done to improve on the efficiency The high
cost of adopting renewable energy sources makes it prohibitive for a significant portion of
the population The results is that the population still heavily relay on traditional energy
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983090983096 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
sources (biomass) yet the technologies used to extract the energy not only significantly
affect the health of women and children but is also damage to the environment
During the FGD it also emerged that the Despite availability of programmes such as the
biogas installation subsidy programme by KEBDIP people were generally unaware of it
Also during the FGDs with some of the community groups it emerged that knowledge on
renewable energy sources especially biogas production was very low This is supported by
various qualitative data that shows that knowledge on funding sources for renewable
energy technologies was generally low However the people showed interest in adopting
the use of biogas energy if the technology can be made available and affordable to them
36
AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture practices in the area gained prominence after the introduction of the Economic
Stimulus Package Through this programmes every location was supposed to be allocated
14 fishponds
Data from the fisheries offices estimates the total fishponds in Nyando District to be 1100
Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds
Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish ponds and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA
area as you go towards the lake
The ministry of fisheries has also constructed a dam along river Awasi to provide water for
fish farming in the area as well as water for domestic use
Aquaculture has been introduced in the area to try and reduce the pressure on fisheries
resources in the lake as well as provide an alternative livelihood source to the people
Table 13 Data on Fish Farming
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Households Practicing
Aquaculture
Yes 5 42 9 92
No 114 958 89 908
Total 119 1000 98 1000
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983090983097 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
The major challenge facing fish farming in the area was availability of water as most of the
river sources being perennial rivers
During the FGD and KII the reasons given for low adoption of aquaculture were listed as
Negative attitude towards fish farming as people believe that fish is found in the lake Over
reliance on lake fish Perception that fish from fish pond is not sweet perceptions on
palatability Security issues as fish are stolen from the ponds thus discouraging potential
farmers cases of pond poisoning has thus discouraging farmers High cost of start-up and
high cost of inputs Water scarcity caused by limited permanent water sources Low levels of
awareness on fish farming Poor pond management skills and High hydraulic conductivity
of soils thus low water retention capabilities Flooding was also reported to be a big
challenge in the lower Nyando area as flood waters wash away the fish ponds during rainseasons Proximity to the lake was also a major deterrence to fish farming as the people close
to the lake thought it was easier to fish in the lake
However it also emerged during this discussions that farmers who were successful in the
fish farming business were expanding and increasing the number of their ponds The
success stories of such farmers have also encouraged other people with favourable land
conditions to adopt aquaculture
This shows that with availability of water sources the potential for aquaculture is very huge
especially in lower Nyando
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
This baseline report presents the results of the data collected from the combination of field
and household surveys in two project areas as well as through review of various literatures
on interventions carried out in the area Interpretation and management recommendations
are based solely on the data
Several Livelihood intervention measures focusing on Water and sanitation aquaculture
and soil and water conservation have been put in place by different actors (both state and
non state) to try and improve the living standards of people in lower and middle Nyando
The most observable intervention measures recorded during the survey was Promotion of
Rain water harvesting at household level promotion of tree farming investment in water
storage through construction of water pans and also fish farming
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Generally access to sanitation facilities is above 85 in both areas However the prevalence
of water borne diseases is still high and therefore need to increase interventions aimed
towards improving hygiene measures such as hand washing
Majority of the households also rely on unprotected water sources for their household water
needs Future interventions should therefore focus more on increasing access to protected
water sources and also increasing the quantity of water available per capita in both the
lower and Nyando river area
Uptake of Fish farming in the area is low due to both human and non human factors as
discussed in the report Future interventions should focus more on ensuring adequate
technical support to farmers who have adopted fish farming Interventions should also focus
on creating favourable environment for new farmers to adopt aquaculture through
provision of water by investing in water storage such as earth dams and pans and also
provision of piped water
Renewable energy uptake has also been low due to low levels of awareness as well as the
perceived high start-up cost Intervention measures in this area should focus on raising
awareness on available low cost renewable energy options such as solar lanterns for
lighting The potential for biogas production is also high and therefore intervention should
focus on development of affordable biogas production technologies Tree cover is quite low
in Lower Nyando Only 34 of household plots had any trees in the vicinity (Verchot et al
2008
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References
ICRAF and MOARD (2000) ldquoImproved land management in the Lake Victoria basin Final
Technical Report Start-up Phase July 1999 to June 2000rdquo ICRAF and MOARD Nairobi
Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 2006 Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem
Management Project (WKIEMP) Strategies for Integrated Land and Water Management for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Katuk-Odeyo Sub-Watershed Nyando River Basin Lake Victoria Basin
KENYA
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2009) The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing
Census lsquo Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030) Volume 1 A Ministry of
Water Resources and Regional Development (2004) Land resources Development and
Irrigation in Nyanza Province South Kano Government Printers
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L and Njui A (eds) 2004 Proceedings of aWorkshop on
Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin December 9 ndash
11 2002 Imperial Hotel Kisumu Kenya
Muriithi S Okono NA and Swallow B (eds) 2006b Developing an action plan for the Awach
watershed Western Kenya Proceedings of a workshop co-hosted by the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (NALEP
ndash National Agriculture Livestock Extension Programme 23rd May 2001 St Anna Guest House
Kisumu ICRAF Discussion Paper 2001-3
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L amp Njui A eds 2004 Proceedings of a
Workshop on Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin
Nairobi ICRAF NEMA the Water Quality Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
Management Programme (LVEMP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Environmental Authority [NEMA] (2004) Strategy for Flood Management in Lake
Victoria Basin Kenya
Verchot et al (2008) Baseline Report Nyando River Basin Western Kenya Integrated
Ecosystem Management Project Findings from the Baseline Surveys International Centre forResearch in Agroforestry Nairobi Kenya
World Agroforestry Centre (2006) Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin Final
Report of the TransVic Project World Agroforerstry Centre Occasional Paper No 7 World
Agroforestry Centre Nairobi Kenya
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets
I Water and Sanitation
Middle Nyando Lower Nya
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Target Baseline st
Water
Improved Water sources
bull Piped water intodwelling
bull plot or yard
bull Public tapstandpipe
bull Tubewellborehole
bull Protected dug well
bull
Protected spring
bull Rainwater collection
Unimproved Water sources
bull Unprotected dug well
bull Unprotected spring
bull Cart with small tankdrum
bull Bottled water a
bull Tanker-truck
bull Surface water (river dam
bull lake pond stream canal
bull irrigation channels)
of house hold using water fromProtected Sources
393 439
Reduce average Distance tohousehold Water source to lessthan a km
Within compound 248 Within com
lt 1km =537 lt 1km =690
gt2km = 41 gt2km = 0
Household water treatment 883 85
Average time taken to collect waterfor domestic use
lt 1 an hour =775
1-2hrs=192
gt2hrs =335
Reliability of Water supplyavailability of water
Household per-capita Water Use) lt 4 l per capita = 83 gt20lpppd
lt 4 l per ca
4- 10 l per capita =355 4- 10 l per c
10-20 l per capita =421 10-20 l per c
gt20 litres= 14 gt20L =18
Reduce water bornewashed Diarrhoeal incidences Diarrhoeal
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983091983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
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983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Executive Summary
Introduction The overall objective of the consultancy was to establish baseline data on the
Livelihood Intervention areas of Water Supply and Sanitation Renewable Energy Supply
and Aquaculture in Nyando River Basin The baseline study focused on the 3 livelihood
intervention components (water and sanitation renewable energy supply and aquaculture)
within Nyando River Basin Basin ie Lower Nyando (Awach and Kabodho East sub-
locations) and Middle Nyando (Koru and Nyando sub-locations) The study team utilized a
comprehensive participatory evaluation approach This was a cross-sectional survey
conducted in 4 Sub locations distributed over middle Nyando namely Koru sub location and
Nyando sub location and Lower Nyando Kabodho East and Awach sub location
Results and Discussions In all the study areas the major significant livelihood activities or
a group of activities in the study area is mainly farming lower Nyando (main source of
income is farming at 64 ) is predominated by subsistence farming with maize and
sorghum dominating crop production Majority of the homesteads also keep livestock which
include cattle goats and chicken While in Middle Nyando (farming as main source of
income is at 317) with the average monthly income being less than Ksh 7000 per month
(528) The average household size in both lower and middle Nyando is 6 people with the
highest recorded household size being 20 people in lower Nyando
Water Resources Supply Availability Access and Usage the main water sources is dry
season is riversstreams (middle Nyando 426 lower Nyando 53) this is also the case in
the wet season (middle Nyando 492 Lower Nyando 541) The average distance to
water source in both the study areas is less than a kilometre and it takes on average less than
an hour for residents in both areas to access water for household use Majority of the
households in middle Nyando (421) use between 80-100 litres of water per day while inLower Nyando 40 of the households surveyed used between 20 and 60 litres of water per
day with an equivalent number using between 80 and 100 litres of water for domestic use
In middle Nyando 54 of household interviewed perceive their water to be safe to drink
729 good to taste and 608 perceive the water to be clearnot turbid In lower Nyando
84 of household perceive their water to be god to taste 48 to be safe to drink and 77 to
be clearnot turbid
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983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
481 of households interviewed in middle Nyando reported to have had cases of typhoid
infections among family members during the past 6months 135 had cases of diarrhoea in
the family In lower Nyando 155 of interviewed households had recorded cases of
diarrheal among family members during the past for 6 months while 50 had recorded
cases of typhoid
Sanitation latrine coverage in middle Nyando is at 894 and 87 in Lower Nyando The
most common type of toilet facility in Middle Nyando and Lower Nyando is the pit latrine
with no Ventilation pipe at 705 and 744 respectively
Energy source and use The main energy source for cooking is biomass (firewood and
charcoal) 100 and 99 of the respondents in Lower Nyando and Middle Nyando
respectively use biomass The main source of energy for lighting is (fossil fuel) kerosene
(884 in middle Nyando and 838 in lower Nyando) Only 66 of households surveyed
in Middle Nyando and 20 in lower Nyando use solar energy for lighting Electricity
usage for lighting was recorded in 33 of households in middle Nyando and 141 in
lower Nyando Rural electrification in the area is very low as compared to the national
average
Only 175 of the respondentsrsquo households in middle Nyando and 74 in lower Nyando
indicated that they use renewable energy in their homes The most common type of
renewable energy used was solar energy for lighting (16 households n =123) in middle
Nyando and 4 households (N= 100) in lower Nyando The main reason given for low
adoption of renewable energy technology is the high cost of start-up This means that if low
cost technologies are promoted the uptake can increase The other reasons given were on
over reliance on non renewable energy sources and poor knowledge on the available
Renewable energy technologies The study revealed that among the households that have
adopted renewable energy use on average 20 had been assisted (technologically and or
subsidised)
Aquaculture information from the KIIs including the fisheries offices estimates the total
fishponds in Nyando District to be 1100 Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds
Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish
ponds and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA area as you go towards the lake Fisheries
projects in that area are mostly due to interventions from the Economic stimulus package
Generally farmers are still sceptical on adoption of fish farming Other challenges facing fish
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farming is inadequate access water supply for fish ponds flooding limited extension
services and low levels of technological awareness
Conclusions and Recommendations Future intervention measures in this area of Water
and Sanitation should focus on promotion of well constructed VIP latrines and Hygiene
practices to reduce the incidences of water borne diseases and also improve access to
protected water sources Interventions on renewable energy should focus on technology
transfer especially of low cost technologies such as solar lanterns Biogas production can
also be promoted through training of artisans in that field Farmers should also be
encouraged to plant woodlots in their farms to supplement their source of wood fuel and
also ensure soil conservation On aquaculture there is need to focus on changing the
perception of people on fish farming to encourage more farmers to adopt fish farming inlight of the dwindling stocks in lake Victoria Interventions should focus on availing
technical support to farmers engaged in fish farming as well as investment in value addition
processes
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Contents
Executive Summary 2
1 Background 8
11 About SusWatch II 8
12 Brief Introduction of LVEMP II 8
13 LVEMP II Interventions in the Project Area 9
14 About the study area 9
141 Lower Nyando 10
142 Middle Nyando 10
15 Purpose of the LVEMP II CS 11
16 Overall Objective of the Consultancy 12
17 Scope of work 13
2 Methodology 14
21 Timeframe 14
22 The Baseline survey process 14
23 Study design 14
24 Data collection tools 14
25 Sample Selection 15
26 Data Processing Analysis and Presentation 15
Chapter Three 16
3 Study Findings 16
31 General conditions in the study areas 16
32 Socio Demographic Characteristics of the Study Respondents 16
33 WATER Availability Access and Usage of Water Resources 18
331 Main Water Supply Sources 18332 Distance to drinking water sources 19
333 Quantity of Water Used Per household per day 20
334 Water Safety ndash quality and use of safe water drinking products 20
335 Payment for water supply 22
34 SANITATION 23
341 Latrine coverage 23
35 ENERGY SOURCE AND USE 24
351 House hold Energy Needs 24
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352 Main House Hold Sources of Energy 24
353 Availability of energy 26
354 Potential for renewable energy uses 26
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting 26
356 Challenges facing renewable energy 27
36 AQUACULTURE 28
4 Conclusions and Recommendations 29
References 31
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets 32
I Water and Sanitation 32
II Energy Renewable Energy 33
III Aqua cultural Interventions 35
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites 36
List of Tables
Table 1 Sampling Frame 15
Table 2 Summary of Household Socio-demographic Characteristics 16
Table 3 Main Income source amp Average Household Size 17
Table 4 The respondentrsquos main water sources in the dry and wet season 18Table 5 Distance to Drinking Water Source 19
Table 6 The respondents water quality perception method of treatment and incidences of
water borne diseases 21
Table 7 Household Incidences of Water Related Illnesses 22
Table 9 Cost of Water 22
Table 10 Sanitation Situation 23
Table 11 Reasons for Lack Of Sanitation Facilities 23
Table 12 Energy Source and Use 25
Table 13 Renewable Energy Use 26
Table 14 Data on Fish Farming 28
List of Figures
Figure 1map of lower Nyando 10
Figure 2 map of middle Nyando 11
Figure 3 Quantity of Water Used per Household per Day 20
Figure 4 Household water treatment methods a Middle Nyando b Lower Nyando 21
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Chapter 1
1 Background
11 About SusWatch II
The East Africa Sustainability Watch (EA SusWatch) Network is a network of NGOs from
Kenya Uganda and Tanzania spearheaded by Uganda Coalition for Sustainable
Development (UCSD) Sustainable Environmental Development Watch Network (SusWatch
Kenya) and Tanzania Coalition for Sustainable Development (TCSD) EA SusWatch
Regional Secretariat is hosted by UCSD in Kampala Uganda
The EA Suswatch Network is currently implementing LVEMP II Civil Society (CS) Watch
project which is a three-year initiative to be implemented from November 2011 to October
2014 with support from the Government of Sweden LVEMP II CS watch project is being
implemented in partnership between Uganda Coalition for Sustainable Development
(UCSD) Tanzania Coalition for Sustainable Development (TCSD) and Sustainable
Environmental Development Watch Network (SusWatch Kenya)
12 Brief Introduction of LVEMP II
Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project Phase Two (LVEMP II) is an 8 years (2009- 2017) regional project implemented in the 5 East Africa Community partner states of the
Republics of Kenya Burundi Rwanda Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania
Kenya is currently implementing the 1st phase of LVEMP II Adjustable Program Lending
(APL 1) APL 1 will be implemented in Nyando River Basin and along the lake shore in the
former Nyanza Western and Rift Valley provinces
The project contributes to broad-based poverty alleviation and improvement of livelihoods
of people by supporting sustainable management of shared natural resources of the Lake
Victoria Basin which many communities depend on To achieve this the project supports
among other interventions (a) Institutional capacity building and harmonization of policy
legislations and regulatory frameworks (b) Community-Driven Development (CDD)
subprojects investments in participatory watershed management and (c) point sources
pollution control and prevention
APL 1 through the CDD sub-projects component intends to support community-driven
investments in rehabilitating the Nyando River catchment area and lake shore districts The
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component has a Natural resource Conservation component and a Livelihood improvement
component
The natural resource conservation component focuses on soil and water conservation
rainwater harvesting and growing of greenery treescrops The livelihood Improvementcomponent will focus on reducing harvesting pressure on fisheries and wetlands resources
and intensifying natural resource use to increase adoption of sustainable land management
practices The interventions will largely be household-based and are aimed at intensifying
natural resources use and reducing harvesting pressure on the fisheries and wetlands
resources
13
LVEMP II Interventions in the Project Area
LVEMP II has been engaged in various livelihood intervention programmes in the larger
Nyando district (currently Muhoroni Nyando and Nyakach districts) LVEMP II is currently
undertaking four existing projects in Kabodho location and Upper North Kabodho sub-
location in Nyakach district The four projects deal with intervention in areas of
1 Natural resource conservation
2 Roof catchment activities
3
Livestock improvement and
4 Nursery establishment
However LVEMP II programme is still underway to enhance the 4 project areas but
including components of water and sanitation as well as aquaculture development with
greater emphasis in Nyando District Currently the project is at the proposal receiving stage
from various community groups The proposals are submitted to the district project
coordinating team in charge of such projects Their offices are located at the respective
district headquarters The district project coordinating team are mandated to vet the
proposals provide technical backstopping and forward refined proposals to the national
offices and thereafter monitor the implementation of projects So far no projects on
renewable energy and aquaculture have been funded by LVEMP II in the study areas
14 About the study area
The Nyando River basin covers an area of 3517 km2 of Western Kenya The river basin
drains into the Winam Gulf in Lake Victoria The main river Nyando rises from the western
Mau hills and traverses a distance of approximately 170Km Its drainage basin consists of
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five main sub-catchment areas namely Nyando-Nandi Nyando-Kericho Awach-Kano
Nyaidho-Kano and Nyando-Kano The Nyando and its tributaries supply water both for
domestic and livestock use and for irrigation in the sugar belt (Nyando Atlas) The
population in the Nyando basin is approximately 1100000 people (KNBS 2009)
141 Lower Nyando
The Lower Nyando block is located in the lake plain (Kano Plains) of Lake Victoria The
block is characterized by low productivity erratic rainfall and severe erosion Within the
block are two divisions Upper and Lower Nyando and 16 sub-locations The specific areas
of studies are Kabodho East sub location of Pap Onditi Location Nyando District Kabodho
East sub location has a total population of 6009 comprising of 2916 males and 3093females (KNBS 2009) Awach sub location lies in NE Nyakach location of Nyando district
Awach sub location has a total population of 2495 comprising of 1277 males and 2763
females (KNBS 2009)
142 Middle Nyando
The Middle Nyando block lies in Kericho and Nyando Districts both in Muhoroni division
Within the block are ten sub- locations The block is characterized by sugar cane production
on larger farms located on the plains and gentle slopes and subsisting farming or the steeper
slopes and hill tops
Figure 1map of lower Nyando
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Figure 2 map of middle Nyando
The specific areas of study were Koru Sub location and Nyando sub location Both Koru
and Nyando sub locations lies within Koru Location of Nyando district The total population
in Koru Sub location is 5407 while in Nyando sub location is 2495 (KNBS 2009)
15 Purpose of the LVEMP II CS
LVEMP II CS watch project intends to produce several advocacy and IEC materials to
inform the general public on the progress of implementation of LVEMP II including
bull Evidence-based assessment and documentation of LVEMP II progress in the
respective countries in form of alternative reports (packaged in form of SusWatch
briefs)
bull Field-based information generation and packaging in form of Community Demand
Driven Sub-projects Watch
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bull SusWatch Livelihood Case Studies from the sub-catchments in Nyando River Basin
ie Lower Nyando (Awach and Kabodho East sub-locations) and Middle Nyando
(Koru and Nyando sub-locations)
bull Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) Climate Change Readiness brief to highlight lsquolevel of
readinessrsquo to face up to climate change development challenges in the LVB (for water
supply and sanitation agriculture and food security rural energy supply) as per the
2010 East African Climate Change Policy (EACCP) annually
The above documents and reports will be produced periodically during the project
implementation The baseline survey is therefore intended to provide benchmarks against
which the improvement in the community livelihood as a result of the CDD Sub-project
interventions will be measured
16 Overall Objective of the Consultancy
The overall objective of the consultancy is to establish baseline data on the Livelihood
Intervention areas of Water Supply and Sanitation Renewable Energy Supply and
Aquaculture in Nyando River Basin
The specific objectives of the baseline study include to
1
Conduct a coordinated baseline survey to establish baseline indicators for the
community livelihood that will imply Impact Evaluation of the CDD Sub-projects in
relation to water and sanitation renewable energy and aquaculture
2
Establish baseline for water and sanitation renewable energy supply and
aquaculture using quantitative and qualitative measures
3 Recommend targets for the indicators
4
Document appropriate and user friendly data collection and monitoring tools for
subsequent monitoring surveys
5 Prepare a baseline survey report using appropriate qualitative and quantitative
methods covering community livelihoods aspects including poverty food and
income security marketing processing and the institutional context of development
as well as on the cross cutting issues of gender and HIVAIDS while relating them to
the 3 intervention areas of water and sanitation renewable energy and aquaculture
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17 Scope of work
The baseline study will focus on the 3 livelihood intervention areas (water and sanitation
renewable energy supply and aquaculture) within Nyando River Basin ie Lower Nyando
(Awach and Kabodho East sub-locations) and Middle Nyando (Koru and Nyando sub-locations)
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CHAPTER TWO
2 Methodology
21 Timeframe
The evaluation took place on the month of July 2012 August 2012 The field work was done
in the month of July and covered both Lower Nyando and Middle Nyando
22 The Baseline survey process
The data collection was a participatory process that involved the external consultant
(Emerald Environmental Consultancy Firm) Suswach II officials and the community
members from the study locations Also involved in the process was the district fisheries
officer from Nyando the District development office Lake Basin development AuthorityLake Victoria South Water Services Board and community groups involved in
environmental and livelihoods project It also involved review and analysis of literature
project implementation documents and baseline survey reports The supervisors and
enumerators went through a rigorous training which involved an understanding of the
project reviewing and refining all data collection instruments
23 Study design
The evaluation team used a comprehensive mixed-methods evaluation design This was a
cross-sectional survey conducted in 4 Sub locations distributed over middle Nyando namely
Koru sub location and Nyando sub location and Lower Nyando Kabodho East and Awach
sub locations
An interviewer administered questionnaire was designed and used to conduct a total of 230
interviews In addition semi-structured Interviews including Focus Group
Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were done with beneficiaries
and other stakeholders respectively Field visits were done at key projects sites to make
observations on the projects visible outputs
24 Data collection tools
Overall the following data collection tools were developed
bull Household Survey Questionnaire ndash to facilitate Quantitative data collection
bull
Key Informant Interviews guidelines ndash A semi-structured interview guide was
developed to facilitate interviews with key stakeholders such as government officials
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from the line ministries such as Ministries of Water Public Health and Ministry of
Fisheries Other respondents included local administration NGO and CBOs
bull Focus Group Discussion guidelines ndash to facilitate interviews with potential project
beneficiaries and their representative groups including Women and youth groups
bull Observation Checklist for field visits to observe project infrastructure development
25 Sample Selection
Several approaches were used during the baseline survey documentary reviews
quantitative and qualitative data collection including checklists Using these approaches
allowed the research team to triangulate data as a measure of countering the shortcomings
from any particular data collection tool The survey was designed to collect information
from households within the project area A multistage sampling technique was used First
purposive sampling was used to identify project beneficiaries at location level then a
random sampling technique for identifying the sub locations and the households to be
interviewed The Sample size was calculated using the fischers equation
The formula yielded a total of about 200 households to be surveyed The sample size was
adjusted upwards to 223 households to cater for none responses There after considering the
cluster group proportionality in the division the household interviewed was distributed asfollows
Table 1 Sampling Frame
Area Sub location House hold
Lower Nyando Awach 123
Kabodho east
Middle Nyando Koru 100
Nyando
Total 223
26 Data Processing Analysis and Presentation
Quantitative data was entered using access based data base software and later converted to
SPSS which was used for analysis The results are presented in the form of frequencies and
ages Qualitative data was triangulated and analyzed based on the thematic areas and
were mainly used in this report for detailed explanation of the quantitative aspects of the
project
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Chapter Three
3 Study Findings
31 General conditions in the study areas
In all the study areas the most identifiable significant livelihood activities or groups of
activities found within the study area is mainly farming in lower Nyando the predominant
livelihood source is subsistence farming with maize and sorghum dominating crop
production Majority of the homesteads also keep livestock which include cattle goats and
chicken
In middle Nyando the predominant livelihood source is also farming The agricultural
activities in this block are mainly small scale sugar cane and maize production The area is inthe western Kenya sugar belt and has a sugar company and the factories nuclear large scale
sugar plantations which might account for the high number of salaried employment
Majority over 50 of the households have farm sizes of 4 acres or less Only 25 of the
farms have farm sizes larger than 10 acres
32 Socio Demographic Characteristics of the Study Respondents
Average household size in both middle and lower Nyando is 6 people with the maximum
recorded household size being 14 people in middle Nyando and 20 people in lower Nyando
In lower Nyando the majority of the households interviewed were headed by females
(52) About 53 of the household heads had primary level of education while 28 had
attained secondary level of education with 7 having university level of education
In Middle Nyando majority of the households are male headed (61) About 39 of the
household heads had primary level of education while 34 had attained secondary level of
education with only 49 having university level of education
Table 2 Summary of Household Socio-demographic Characteristics
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Household head Male 75 61 48 480
Female 48 39 52 520
Marital Status Married 86 699 74 740
Widowed 28 228 15 150
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Highest level of education for
household head
No formal
education10 81 7 70
Primary 48 390 53 530
Secondary 42 341 28 280
Tertiary 17 138 5 50
University 6 49 7 70
The main source of income in Middle Nyando is farming at 317 followed trading at
228 and salaried employment at 203 with the average monthly income being less than
Ksh 7000 per month (528) In Lower Nyando the main source of income in the area is
farming at 64 followed by wage employment at 14 and salaried employment at 13
The average monthly income is less than Ksh 7000 per month (54)
Table 3 Main Income source amp Average Household Size
Main Source of Income Farming 39 317 64 640
Livestock keeping 11 89 1 10
Wage employment 13 106 14 140
Artisanblacksmith 5 41 1 10
Salaried
Employment25 203 13 130
Trading 28 228 6 60
Others Specify 2 16 1 10
Average Monthly Income Less than 7000 65 528 54 540
7000-20000 44 358 38 380
20000-50000 13 106 6 60
Over 50000 1 8 2 20
Average House hold Size Mean 602 645
Minimum 2 1
Maximum 14 20
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33 WATER Availability Access and Usage of Water Resources
331 Main Water Supply Sources
The main water source for households during both dry and wet seasons is mainly
unprotected water sources- 709 amp 646during dry season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively and 542 and 561 during wet season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively The major single source of water for the households during both dry
and wet seasons is riversstreams at 426 (dry season) and 492 (wet season) in Middle
Nyando and In lower Nyando 53 and 541 during both dry and wet season respectively
About 20 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando had access to piped water in their
houses within their compounds while 66 had invested in rain water storage tanks Other
sources of water included hand dug wells (74) and communal water points While in
Lower Nyando 13 of households surveyed had invested in rain water tanks and only 4
of the households surveyed had access to piped water
Table 4 The respondentrsquos main water sources in the dry and wet season
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Dry season Wet Season Dry Season Wet Season
Frequen
cy
Frequenc
y
Frequenc
y
Freque
ncy
Piped tap water in
dwelling14 115 10 85 4 40 4 41
Piped tap water on
site11 90 8 68 8 81 4 41
Borehole on site
water kiosk5 41 4 34 8 81 6 61
Rainwater tank on
site8 66 24 203 12 121 13 133
Publiccommunal
tap water kiosk less
than 200 meters away
2 16 2 17 1 10 1 10
Publiccommunal
tap more than 200
meters away
4 33 3 25 3 30 2 20
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Hand dug wells 9 74 3 25 4 40 1 10
Neighbor 3 25 2 17 1 10
Mobile Water tanker
(bowser)1 8
riverstream Wells
amp springs52 426 58 492 60 606 53 541
Water Pansearth
dams ponds13 107 3 25 1 10
Therefore the result shows that majority of households (over 50) in this areas rely on
unprotected water sources This is below the National average According KDH report
20089 63 of households in Kenya get drinking water from an improved source However
disparities exist by residence with a higher proportion of urban households (91 ) having
an improved source of drinking water compared with rural households 54
Increasing access to improved drinking water is one of the Millennium Development Goals
that Kenya along with other nations worldwide has adopted (United Nations General
Assembly 2001) The indicators that are useful in monitoring household access to improved
drinking water (WHO and UNICEF 2005) include sources that are likely to provide water
suitable for drinking Lack of ready access to a water source may limit the quantity of
suitable drinking water that must be fetched from a source that is not immediately
accessible to the household (distance to source) water quality among others as discussed
below
332 Distance to drinking water sources
In middle Nyando area the average distance to the householdsrsquo main water source is less
than a kilometre (537) 248 of the households surveyed have water within their
compounds On average it takes less than an hour (775) for households to fetch water for
their domestic use while 192 of the households take between 1-2 hours to collect water
Table 5 Distance to Drinking Water Source
983117983145983140983140983148983141 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983090983091 983116983151983159983141983154 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983088983088
983118983151 983118983151
983108983145983155983156983137983150983139983141 983156983151 983159983137983156983141983154
983155983151983157983154983139983141
983127983145983156983144983145983150 983156983144983141 983139983151983149983152983151983157983150983140 30 248 19 190
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983115983149 65 537 69 690
1983147983149983155 983085 2 983115983149 21 174 12 120
2 983085 5 983115983149 5 41
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983124983145983149983141 983156983137983147983141983150 983156983151 983139983151983148983148983141983139983156
983159983137983156983141983154
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983144983154 93 775 91 910
1983144983154 983085 2 983144983154983155 23 192 9 90
983119983158983141983154 2 983144983154983155 4 33
In lower Nyando area 19 of households surveyed had water within their compounds
while 69 walked less than a kilometre to access water for domestic use It takes less than anhour for households to collect water for domestic use (91) while the rest spend between
an hour and two
333 Quantity of Water Used Per household per day
Majority of the households in
middle Nyando (421) use
between 80-100 litres of water
per day while 355 use
between 20-60 litres per day and
14 of the surveyed households
reported to be using over 100
litres of water per day
In Lower Nyando 40 of the households surveyed used between 20 and 60 litres of water
per day with an equivalent number using between 80 and 100 litres of water for domestic
use 18 of the residents used over 100 litres of water per day for domestic use
Considering the average household sizes in the study areas (6 people in middle Nyando
and 7 in lower Nyando) this translates to a per capita water consumption of 17 litres per
person per day which is still below the recommended 20 litres per capita by WHO
754 of respondents in middle Nyando and 495 in lower Nyando use water for other
purposes other than household use Water is also used for irrigating crops (935 middle
Nyando 596 lower Nyando) and for animal use
334 Water Safety ndash quality and use of safe water drinking products
The general perception on water safety was assessed in terms of safety to drink clarity taste
and odour In middle Nyando 54 of household interviewed perceive their water to be safe
to drink 729 good to taste and 608 perceive the water to be clearnot turbid In lower
Figure 3 Quantity of Water Used per Household per Day
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Nyando 84 of household perceive their water to be god to taste 48 to be safe to drink
and 77 to be clearnot turbid
Table 6 The respondents water quality perception method of treatment and incidences
of water borne diseases
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Perception on Water
Quality
Safe to drink 541 480
Clear 608 770
Good to taste 729 840
Free from odour 788 730
About 883 of households in middle Nyando treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment (891) being the use of chlorine based chemicals like water guard In
lower Nyando 85 of households surveyed treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment being chemical treatment (682) 481 of households interviewed in
middle Nyando reported to have had cases of typhoid infections among a family during the
past 6months 135 had cases of diarrhoea in the family Scabiesskin diseases were
recorded in 173 of the households
Figure 4 Household water treatment methods a Middle Nyando b Lower Nyando
In lower Nyando 155 of interviewed households had recorded cases of diarrheal among
family members during the past for 6 months while 50 had recorded cases of typhoid The
high number of recorded cases of water bornewater washed diseasesconditions can be
attributed to the man water source in the study areas which was found to be riverssprings
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 7 Household Incidences of Water Related Illnesses
Incidences of Water
BorneWater Washed
illnessesconditions
diarrhea 7 135 9 155
Typhoid 25 481 29 500
Scabies (skin diseases) 9 173 2 34
Trachoma 1 19
Others (specify) 10 192 18 310
The majority of the households also treat their drinking water despite the surveying
showing that cases of water borne diseases were many This could mean that household
water handling measures are poor leading to recontamination of drinking water either
during storage or during use It could also mean that the treatment methods which is
mainly chlorine based is not being administered correctly leading to under dosing
335
Payment for water supply
The average amount of money spent on water is Ksh 200-500 per month with 455 of
households in middle Nyando and 433 in lower Nyando falling in this group
Table 8 Cost of Water
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Amount Spent on Water
per month
Do not pay 9 205 8 267
Less than 200 5 114 1 33
Between Ksh 200-500 20 455 13 433
Between Ksh 500-1000 10 227 2 67
Between Ksh 1000-2000 3 100
Over Ksh 2000 3 100
To whom Water is paid Municipality 2 61 1 48
Businesswater vendor 17 515 16 762
CBONGO 2 61
Other specify 12 364 4 190
Those who pay for water mostly do so to water vendors (515) in middle Nyando and
762 in lower Nyando
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
34 SANITATION
341 Latrine coverage
Latrine coverage is 894 in middle Nyando and 87in Lower Nyando The most common
type of toilet facility is pit latrine with no Ventilation pipe (705) in Middle Nyando and
744 in Lower Nyando followed by VIP latrine at 268 and 20 in Middle and Lower
Nyando respectively The figures are above the national latrine coverage averages
Table 9 Sanitation Situation
Study Area Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Availability of Toilet Yes 110 894 87 870
No 13 106 13 130
No of Toilet facilities One 96 857 64 736
Two 10 89 16 184
Three and Above 3 27 7 70
Not Applicable 3 27
Type of toilet Facility Flush toilet
connected to a
septic tank
2 18 2 22
Pit latrine with
ventilation pipe30 268 18 200
Pit latrine without
ventilation pipe79 705 67 744
The main reason given for lack of latrines in the area was high cost of construction at 727
in middle Nyando and 692 in lower Nyando The household without latrines either
relieve themselves in the bush (364) for middle Nyando and 538 for lower Nyando or
in the Neighbours latrines (636) middle Nyando and 385 in lower Nyando
Table 10 Reasons for Lack Of Sanitation Facilities
Reasons for No latrine Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Cost of construction is high 727 692
Do not see the need to have one 91 0
Poor soil formationcollapsible soil 33 50
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983090983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Not provided by land lord 08 30
Others 0 10
Where people relieve themselves
(those without latrines)
Frequency
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Bush Outside 4 364 7 538
Neighborrsquos Latrine 7 636 5 385
Ensuring adequate sanitation facilities is a Millennium Development Goal that Kenya shares
with other countries A household is classified as having an improved toilet if the toilet is
used only by members of one household (ie it is not shared) and if the facility used by the
household separates the waste from human contact (WHOUNICEF Joint MonitoringProgramme for Water Supply and Sanitation 2004) According to KDH report 20082009 the
national figures show that less 60 of households uses an improved toilet facility that is not
shared with other households Urban households are only slightly more likely than rural
households to have an improved toilet facility (30 and 20 respectively) Overall 12 of
households have no toilet facility at all they are almost exclusively rural accounting for 16
of rural households
35 ENERGY SOURCE AND USE
351 House hold Energy Needs
Energy demand patterns of the study areas largely revolve around household energy end
uses such as cooking and lighting Respondents ranked cooking lighting and heating as the
three most important energy needs
352
Main House Hold Sources of Energy
The main sources of energy at household levels are wood paraffin and charcoal The table
below lists the age of farmers using the various fuel sources listed in the questionnaire
The study established that the most preferred source of household cooking energy among
the respondents is mainly firewood (at 100 in lower Nyando and 99 in middle Nyando)
This indicates overreliance on biomass and an indicator of a real challenge of forest and
vegetation degradation
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983090983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 11 Energy Source and Use
Lighting Cooking
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Biomass 08 0 1000 990
Kerosene 884 838
Biogas 08 0
Solar 66 20
Electricity 33 141 0 10
Recent National studies also Estimates of household energy use indicate that over 95 of
Kenyan population rely on wood or charcoal for energy needs Traditionally these energy
resources have been ldquofreerdquo goods however the Kenyan wood fuel supply has been rapidlydepleted by deforestation an activity also closely associated with land clearing for
agriculture and global warming via reduction of biomass to sequestrate CO 2
Consequently an energy policy that is designed to meet the needs of the majority of the
population must devote considerable attention to mainstreaming a sustainable yield of
biomass as well efficient energy technology to maximise on the biomass energy sources
The main source of energy for lighting in the area is kerosene (884 in middle Nyando and
838 in lower Nyando 66 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando and 20 in lower
Nyando use solar energy for lighting Hydro electric usage for lighting was recorded in 33
of households in middle Nyando and 141 in lower Nyando Biomass energy which
includes firewood charcoal and livestock waste burnt directly accounts for 100 of cooking
energy source in middle Nyando and 99 in lower Nyando Other renewable energy such
as biogas is not common in the area with only less than 1 of households in Nyando
utilising biogas
From the focused group discussions Initial capital cost was established as the utmost
challenge for household access to alterative and sustainable energy sources like biogas or
grid power It was further established among the biomass users 80 2 settled for firewood
as the main source of energy because of affordability lack of capacity to include other
alternatives and convenience
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983090983094 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
353 Availability of energy
Qualitative data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews corroborated
the finding that most households in the two study areas are energy stressed and that the
majority still used wood fuel and charcoal as the main source of energy The distancetravelled and time used to collect fuel wood has been increasing due to the declining tree
cover In parts of KORU people are cutting down trees to sell to Homaline Company as an
additional source of income A different study carried out by ICRAF in the lower and
middle Nyando areas in 2009 showed that More than 90 of the households are not self
sufficient with fuel
354 Potential for renewable energy uses
During the field studies it was observed that almost all households kept livestock A similar
study undertaken by ICRAF also showed that all households in the area keep livestock
This shows that there is a potential for use of biogas as source energy for cooking and even
lighting This would in turn reduce the existing pressure on wood products which are the
main source of energy for cooking in the area
In some farms people had also adopted tree planting especially in middle Nyando area to
supplement their energy sources This shows that agro-forestry practices at farm level can
play a key role in meeting the growing energy demand in the area with multiple benefits
such as additional income sources and soil conservation
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting
The study established that the main reason for choosing energy source either for cooking or
lighting is mainly based on availability (cooking 728 and lighting 732) This indicates that
probably the households will go for the most cost effective and readily available source of
energy
Table 12 Renewable Energy Use
Middle Nyando N=40 Lower Nyando N=19
No No
Type of Renewable
energy
Solar energy for lighting 16 400 4 211
Solar cookers 4 100 1 53
Do not know 19 475 10 526
Other 1 25 2 105
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Total 40 1000 19 1000
Middle Nyando N= 84 Lower Nyando N= 82
Challenges to
Accessing RE
High cost of start up 47 560 47 573
Not reliable 17 202 3 37
Do not know about the
technologies20 238 30 366
Other specify 2 24
Total 84 1000 82 1000
Only 175 of households in middle Nyando and 74 in lower Nyando said they use
renewable energy in their homes The most common type of renewable energy used was
solar energy for lighting (16 households n =123) in middle Nyando and 4 households (N=
100) in lower Nyando
Main source of information on renewable energy in the area is from the media (66) in both
areas The results show that there is inadequate sustained and comprehensive awareness
creation on the use of renewable energy sources in the region There is need to do as
sustained awareness creation in the area to educate the people that despite the high start-up
cost studies shows a reduction on the cost of household energy once the families start using
renewable energy because the operational recurrent costs are relatively lower when
compared with other sources of energy
356 Challenges facing renewable energy
The major challenge to accessing renewable energy technologies was the high cost of start-
up (56 middle Nyando and 57 lower Nyando) The other reasons given were on
reliability of renewable energy sources and poor knowledge on the available Renewable
energy technologies (366 in lower Nyando and 238) in middle Nyando The study
shows that among the households that have adopted renewable energy use on average 20
had been assisted (technologically and or subsidised)
Biogas and solar energy sources are considered fairly inefficient implying that more
research and development work needs to be done to improve on the efficiency The high
cost of adopting renewable energy sources makes it prohibitive for a significant portion of
the population The results is that the population still heavily relay on traditional energy
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983090983096 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
sources (biomass) yet the technologies used to extract the energy not only significantly
affect the health of women and children but is also damage to the environment
During the FGD it also emerged that the Despite availability of programmes such as the
biogas installation subsidy programme by KEBDIP people were generally unaware of it
Also during the FGDs with some of the community groups it emerged that knowledge on
renewable energy sources especially biogas production was very low This is supported by
various qualitative data that shows that knowledge on funding sources for renewable
energy technologies was generally low However the people showed interest in adopting
the use of biogas energy if the technology can be made available and affordable to them
36
AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture practices in the area gained prominence after the introduction of the Economic
Stimulus Package Through this programmes every location was supposed to be allocated
14 fishponds
Data from the fisheries offices estimates the total fishponds in Nyando District to be 1100
Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds
Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish ponds and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA
area as you go towards the lake
The ministry of fisheries has also constructed a dam along river Awasi to provide water for
fish farming in the area as well as water for domestic use
Aquaculture has been introduced in the area to try and reduce the pressure on fisheries
resources in the lake as well as provide an alternative livelihood source to the people
Table 13 Data on Fish Farming
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Households Practicing
Aquaculture
Yes 5 42 9 92
No 114 958 89 908
Total 119 1000 98 1000
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983090983097 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
The major challenge facing fish farming in the area was availability of water as most of the
river sources being perennial rivers
During the FGD and KII the reasons given for low adoption of aquaculture were listed as
Negative attitude towards fish farming as people believe that fish is found in the lake Over
reliance on lake fish Perception that fish from fish pond is not sweet perceptions on
palatability Security issues as fish are stolen from the ponds thus discouraging potential
farmers cases of pond poisoning has thus discouraging farmers High cost of start-up and
high cost of inputs Water scarcity caused by limited permanent water sources Low levels of
awareness on fish farming Poor pond management skills and High hydraulic conductivity
of soils thus low water retention capabilities Flooding was also reported to be a big
challenge in the lower Nyando area as flood waters wash away the fish ponds during rainseasons Proximity to the lake was also a major deterrence to fish farming as the people close
to the lake thought it was easier to fish in the lake
However it also emerged during this discussions that farmers who were successful in the
fish farming business were expanding and increasing the number of their ponds The
success stories of such farmers have also encouraged other people with favourable land
conditions to adopt aquaculture
This shows that with availability of water sources the potential for aquaculture is very huge
especially in lower Nyando
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
This baseline report presents the results of the data collected from the combination of field
and household surveys in two project areas as well as through review of various literatures
on interventions carried out in the area Interpretation and management recommendations
are based solely on the data
Several Livelihood intervention measures focusing on Water and sanitation aquaculture
and soil and water conservation have been put in place by different actors (both state and
non state) to try and improve the living standards of people in lower and middle Nyando
The most observable intervention measures recorded during the survey was Promotion of
Rain water harvesting at household level promotion of tree farming investment in water
storage through construction of water pans and also fish farming
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983091983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Generally access to sanitation facilities is above 85 in both areas However the prevalence
of water borne diseases is still high and therefore need to increase interventions aimed
towards improving hygiene measures such as hand washing
Majority of the households also rely on unprotected water sources for their household water
needs Future interventions should therefore focus more on increasing access to protected
water sources and also increasing the quantity of water available per capita in both the
lower and Nyando river area
Uptake of Fish farming in the area is low due to both human and non human factors as
discussed in the report Future interventions should focus more on ensuring adequate
technical support to farmers who have adopted fish farming Interventions should also focus
on creating favourable environment for new farmers to adopt aquaculture through
provision of water by investing in water storage such as earth dams and pans and also
provision of piped water
Renewable energy uptake has also been low due to low levels of awareness as well as the
perceived high start-up cost Intervention measures in this area should focus on raising
awareness on available low cost renewable energy options such as solar lanterns for
lighting The potential for biogas production is also high and therefore intervention should
focus on development of affordable biogas production technologies Tree cover is quite low
in Lower Nyando Only 34 of household plots had any trees in the vicinity (Verchot et al
2008
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References
ICRAF and MOARD (2000) ldquoImproved land management in the Lake Victoria basin Final
Technical Report Start-up Phase July 1999 to June 2000rdquo ICRAF and MOARD Nairobi
Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 2006 Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem
Management Project (WKIEMP) Strategies for Integrated Land and Water Management for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Katuk-Odeyo Sub-Watershed Nyando River Basin Lake Victoria Basin
KENYA
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2009) The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing
Census lsquo Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030) Volume 1 A Ministry of
Water Resources and Regional Development (2004) Land resources Development and
Irrigation in Nyanza Province South Kano Government Printers
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L and Njui A (eds) 2004 Proceedings of aWorkshop on
Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin December 9 ndash
11 2002 Imperial Hotel Kisumu Kenya
Muriithi S Okono NA and Swallow B (eds) 2006b Developing an action plan for the Awach
watershed Western Kenya Proceedings of a workshop co-hosted by the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (NALEP
ndash National Agriculture Livestock Extension Programme 23rd May 2001 St Anna Guest House
Kisumu ICRAF Discussion Paper 2001-3
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L amp Njui A eds 2004 Proceedings of a
Workshop on Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin
Nairobi ICRAF NEMA the Water Quality Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
Management Programme (LVEMP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Environmental Authority [NEMA] (2004) Strategy for Flood Management in Lake
Victoria Basin Kenya
Verchot et al (2008) Baseline Report Nyando River Basin Western Kenya Integrated
Ecosystem Management Project Findings from the Baseline Surveys International Centre forResearch in Agroforestry Nairobi Kenya
World Agroforestry Centre (2006) Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin Final
Report of the TransVic Project World Agroforerstry Centre Occasional Paper No 7 World
Agroforestry Centre Nairobi Kenya
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets
I Water and Sanitation
Middle Nyando Lower Nya
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Target Baseline st
Water
Improved Water sources
bull Piped water intodwelling
bull plot or yard
bull Public tapstandpipe
bull Tubewellborehole
bull Protected dug well
bull
Protected spring
bull Rainwater collection
Unimproved Water sources
bull Unprotected dug well
bull Unprotected spring
bull Cart with small tankdrum
bull Bottled water a
bull Tanker-truck
bull Surface water (river dam
bull lake pond stream canal
bull irrigation channels)
of house hold using water fromProtected Sources
393 439
Reduce average Distance tohousehold Water source to lessthan a km
Within compound 248 Within com
lt 1km =537 lt 1km =690
gt2km = 41 gt2km = 0
Household water treatment 883 85
Average time taken to collect waterfor domestic use
lt 1 an hour =775
1-2hrs=192
gt2hrs =335
Reliability of Water supplyavailability of water
Household per-capita Water Use) lt 4 l per capita = 83 gt20lpppd
lt 4 l per ca
4- 10 l per capita =355 4- 10 l per c
10-20 l per capita =421 10-20 l per c
gt20 litres= 14 gt20L =18
Reduce water bornewashed Diarrhoeal incidences Diarrhoeal
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
481 of households interviewed in middle Nyando reported to have had cases of typhoid
infections among family members during the past 6months 135 had cases of diarrhoea in
the family In lower Nyando 155 of interviewed households had recorded cases of
diarrheal among family members during the past for 6 months while 50 had recorded
cases of typhoid
Sanitation latrine coverage in middle Nyando is at 894 and 87 in Lower Nyando The
most common type of toilet facility in Middle Nyando and Lower Nyando is the pit latrine
with no Ventilation pipe at 705 and 744 respectively
Energy source and use The main energy source for cooking is biomass (firewood and
charcoal) 100 and 99 of the respondents in Lower Nyando and Middle Nyando
respectively use biomass The main source of energy for lighting is (fossil fuel) kerosene
(884 in middle Nyando and 838 in lower Nyando) Only 66 of households surveyed
in Middle Nyando and 20 in lower Nyando use solar energy for lighting Electricity
usage for lighting was recorded in 33 of households in middle Nyando and 141 in
lower Nyando Rural electrification in the area is very low as compared to the national
average
Only 175 of the respondentsrsquo households in middle Nyando and 74 in lower Nyando
indicated that they use renewable energy in their homes The most common type of
renewable energy used was solar energy for lighting (16 households n =123) in middle
Nyando and 4 households (N= 100) in lower Nyando The main reason given for low
adoption of renewable energy technology is the high cost of start-up This means that if low
cost technologies are promoted the uptake can increase The other reasons given were on
over reliance on non renewable energy sources and poor knowledge on the available
Renewable energy technologies The study revealed that among the households that have
adopted renewable energy use on average 20 had been assisted (technologically and or
subsidised)
Aquaculture information from the KIIs including the fisheries offices estimates the total
fishponds in Nyando District to be 1100 Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds
Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish
ponds and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA area as you go towards the lake Fisheries
projects in that area are mostly due to interventions from the Economic stimulus package
Generally farmers are still sceptical on adoption of fish farming Other challenges facing fish
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
farming is inadequate access water supply for fish ponds flooding limited extension
services and low levels of technological awareness
Conclusions and Recommendations Future intervention measures in this area of Water
and Sanitation should focus on promotion of well constructed VIP latrines and Hygiene
practices to reduce the incidences of water borne diseases and also improve access to
protected water sources Interventions on renewable energy should focus on technology
transfer especially of low cost technologies such as solar lanterns Biogas production can
also be promoted through training of artisans in that field Farmers should also be
encouraged to plant woodlots in their farms to supplement their source of wood fuel and
also ensure soil conservation On aquaculture there is need to focus on changing the
perception of people on fish farming to encourage more farmers to adopt fish farming inlight of the dwindling stocks in lake Victoria Interventions should focus on availing
technical support to farmers engaged in fish farming as well as investment in value addition
processes
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983094 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Contents
Executive Summary 2
1 Background 8
11 About SusWatch II 8
12 Brief Introduction of LVEMP II 8
13 LVEMP II Interventions in the Project Area 9
14 About the study area 9
141 Lower Nyando 10
142 Middle Nyando 10
15 Purpose of the LVEMP II CS 11
16 Overall Objective of the Consultancy 12
17 Scope of work 13
2 Methodology 14
21 Timeframe 14
22 The Baseline survey process 14
23 Study design 14
24 Data collection tools 14
25 Sample Selection 15
26 Data Processing Analysis and Presentation 15
Chapter Three 16
3 Study Findings 16
31 General conditions in the study areas 16
32 Socio Demographic Characteristics of the Study Respondents 16
33 WATER Availability Access and Usage of Water Resources 18
331 Main Water Supply Sources 18332 Distance to drinking water sources 19
333 Quantity of Water Used Per household per day 20
334 Water Safety ndash quality and use of safe water drinking products 20
335 Payment for water supply 22
34 SANITATION 23
341 Latrine coverage 23
35 ENERGY SOURCE AND USE 24
351 House hold Energy Needs 24
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
352 Main House Hold Sources of Energy 24
353 Availability of energy 26
354 Potential for renewable energy uses 26
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting 26
356 Challenges facing renewable energy 27
36 AQUACULTURE 28
4 Conclusions and Recommendations 29
References 31
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets 32
I Water and Sanitation 32
II Energy Renewable Energy 33
III Aqua cultural Interventions 35
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites 36
List of Tables
Table 1 Sampling Frame 15
Table 2 Summary of Household Socio-demographic Characteristics 16
Table 3 Main Income source amp Average Household Size 17
Table 4 The respondentrsquos main water sources in the dry and wet season 18Table 5 Distance to Drinking Water Source 19
Table 6 The respondents water quality perception method of treatment and incidences of
water borne diseases 21
Table 7 Household Incidences of Water Related Illnesses 22
Table 9 Cost of Water 22
Table 10 Sanitation Situation 23
Table 11 Reasons for Lack Of Sanitation Facilities 23
Table 12 Energy Source and Use 25
Table 13 Renewable Energy Use 26
Table 14 Data on Fish Farming 28
List of Figures
Figure 1map of lower Nyando 10
Figure 2 map of middle Nyando 11
Figure 3 Quantity of Water Used per Household per Day 20
Figure 4 Household water treatment methods a Middle Nyando b Lower Nyando 21
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
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Chapter 1
1 Background
11 About SusWatch II
The East Africa Sustainability Watch (EA SusWatch) Network is a network of NGOs from
Kenya Uganda and Tanzania spearheaded by Uganda Coalition for Sustainable
Development (UCSD) Sustainable Environmental Development Watch Network (SusWatch
Kenya) and Tanzania Coalition for Sustainable Development (TCSD) EA SusWatch
Regional Secretariat is hosted by UCSD in Kampala Uganda
The EA Suswatch Network is currently implementing LVEMP II Civil Society (CS) Watch
project which is a three-year initiative to be implemented from November 2011 to October
2014 with support from the Government of Sweden LVEMP II CS watch project is being
implemented in partnership between Uganda Coalition for Sustainable Development
(UCSD) Tanzania Coalition for Sustainable Development (TCSD) and Sustainable
Environmental Development Watch Network (SusWatch Kenya)
12 Brief Introduction of LVEMP II
Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project Phase Two (LVEMP II) is an 8 years (2009- 2017) regional project implemented in the 5 East Africa Community partner states of the
Republics of Kenya Burundi Rwanda Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania
Kenya is currently implementing the 1st phase of LVEMP II Adjustable Program Lending
(APL 1) APL 1 will be implemented in Nyando River Basin and along the lake shore in the
former Nyanza Western and Rift Valley provinces
The project contributes to broad-based poverty alleviation and improvement of livelihoods
of people by supporting sustainable management of shared natural resources of the Lake
Victoria Basin which many communities depend on To achieve this the project supports
among other interventions (a) Institutional capacity building and harmonization of policy
legislations and regulatory frameworks (b) Community-Driven Development (CDD)
subprojects investments in participatory watershed management and (c) point sources
pollution control and prevention
APL 1 through the CDD sub-projects component intends to support community-driven
investments in rehabilitating the Nyando River catchment area and lake shore districts The
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
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component has a Natural resource Conservation component and a Livelihood improvement
component
The natural resource conservation component focuses on soil and water conservation
rainwater harvesting and growing of greenery treescrops The livelihood Improvementcomponent will focus on reducing harvesting pressure on fisheries and wetlands resources
and intensifying natural resource use to increase adoption of sustainable land management
practices The interventions will largely be household-based and are aimed at intensifying
natural resources use and reducing harvesting pressure on the fisheries and wetlands
resources
13
LVEMP II Interventions in the Project Area
LVEMP II has been engaged in various livelihood intervention programmes in the larger
Nyando district (currently Muhoroni Nyando and Nyakach districts) LVEMP II is currently
undertaking four existing projects in Kabodho location and Upper North Kabodho sub-
location in Nyakach district The four projects deal with intervention in areas of
1 Natural resource conservation
2 Roof catchment activities
3
Livestock improvement and
4 Nursery establishment
However LVEMP II programme is still underway to enhance the 4 project areas but
including components of water and sanitation as well as aquaculture development with
greater emphasis in Nyando District Currently the project is at the proposal receiving stage
from various community groups The proposals are submitted to the district project
coordinating team in charge of such projects Their offices are located at the respective
district headquarters The district project coordinating team are mandated to vet the
proposals provide technical backstopping and forward refined proposals to the national
offices and thereafter monitor the implementation of projects So far no projects on
renewable energy and aquaculture have been funded by LVEMP II in the study areas
14 About the study area
The Nyando River basin covers an area of 3517 km2 of Western Kenya The river basin
drains into the Winam Gulf in Lake Victoria The main river Nyando rises from the western
Mau hills and traverses a distance of approximately 170Km Its drainage basin consists of
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983089983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
five main sub-catchment areas namely Nyando-Nandi Nyando-Kericho Awach-Kano
Nyaidho-Kano and Nyando-Kano The Nyando and its tributaries supply water both for
domestic and livestock use and for irrigation in the sugar belt (Nyando Atlas) The
population in the Nyando basin is approximately 1100000 people (KNBS 2009)
141 Lower Nyando
The Lower Nyando block is located in the lake plain (Kano Plains) of Lake Victoria The
block is characterized by low productivity erratic rainfall and severe erosion Within the
block are two divisions Upper and Lower Nyando and 16 sub-locations The specific areas
of studies are Kabodho East sub location of Pap Onditi Location Nyando District Kabodho
East sub location has a total population of 6009 comprising of 2916 males and 3093females (KNBS 2009) Awach sub location lies in NE Nyakach location of Nyando district
Awach sub location has a total population of 2495 comprising of 1277 males and 2763
females (KNBS 2009)
142 Middle Nyando
The Middle Nyando block lies in Kericho and Nyando Districts both in Muhoroni division
Within the block are ten sub- locations The block is characterized by sugar cane production
on larger farms located on the plains and gentle slopes and subsisting farming or the steeper
slopes and hill tops
Figure 1map of lower Nyando
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Figure 2 map of middle Nyando
The specific areas of study were Koru Sub location and Nyando sub location Both Koru
and Nyando sub locations lies within Koru Location of Nyando district The total population
in Koru Sub location is 5407 while in Nyando sub location is 2495 (KNBS 2009)
15 Purpose of the LVEMP II CS
LVEMP II CS watch project intends to produce several advocacy and IEC materials to
inform the general public on the progress of implementation of LVEMP II including
bull Evidence-based assessment and documentation of LVEMP II progress in the
respective countries in form of alternative reports (packaged in form of SusWatch
briefs)
bull Field-based information generation and packaging in form of Community Demand
Driven Sub-projects Watch
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bull SusWatch Livelihood Case Studies from the sub-catchments in Nyando River Basin
ie Lower Nyando (Awach and Kabodho East sub-locations) and Middle Nyando
(Koru and Nyando sub-locations)
bull Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) Climate Change Readiness brief to highlight lsquolevel of
readinessrsquo to face up to climate change development challenges in the LVB (for water
supply and sanitation agriculture and food security rural energy supply) as per the
2010 East African Climate Change Policy (EACCP) annually
The above documents and reports will be produced periodically during the project
implementation The baseline survey is therefore intended to provide benchmarks against
which the improvement in the community livelihood as a result of the CDD Sub-project
interventions will be measured
16 Overall Objective of the Consultancy
The overall objective of the consultancy is to establish baseline data on the Livelihood
Intervention areas of Water Supply and Sanitation Renewable Energy Supply and
Aquaculture in Nyando River Basin
The specific objectives of the baseline study include to
1
Conduct a coordinated baseline survey to establish baseline indicators for the
community livelihood that will imply Impact Evaluation of the CDD Sub-projects in
relation to water and sanitation renewable energy and aquaculture
2
Establish baseline for water and sanitation renewable energy supply and
aquaculture using quantitative and qualitative measures
3 Recommend targets for the indicators
4
Document appropriate and user friendly data collection and monitoring tools for
subsequent monitoring surveys
5 Prepare a baseline survey report using appropriate qualitative and quantitative
methods covering community livelihoods aspects including poverty food and
income security marketing processing and the institutional context of development
as well as on the cross cutting issues of gender and HIVAIDS while relating them to
the 3 intervention areas of water and sanitation renewable energy and aquaculture
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17 Scope of work
The baseline study will focus on the 3 livelihood intervention areas (water and sanitation
renewable energy supply and aquaculture) within Nyando River Basin ie Lower Nyando
(Awach and Kabodho East sub-locations) and Middle Nyando (Koru and Nyando sub-locations)
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CHAPTER TWO
2 Methodology
21 Timeframe
The evaluation took place on the month of July 2012 August 2012 The field work was done
in the month of July and covered both Lower Nyando and Middle Nyando
22 The Baseline survey process
The data collection was a participatory process that involved the external consultant
(Emerald Environmental Consultancy Firm) Suswach II officials and the community
members from the study locations Also involved in the process was the district fisheries
officer from Nyando the District development office Lake Basin development AuthorityLake Victoria South Water Services Board and community groups involved in
environmental and livelihoods project It also involved review and analysis of literature
project implementation documents and baseline survey reports The supervisors and
enumerators went through a rigorous training which involved an understanding of the
project reviewing and refining all data collection instruments
23 Study design
The evaluation team used a comprehensive mixed-methods evaluation design This was a
cross-sectional survey conducted in 4 Sub locations distributed over middle Nyando namely
Koru sub location and Nyando sub location and Lower Nyando Kabodho East and Awach
sub locations
An interviewer administered questionnaire was designed and used to conduct a total of 230
interviews In addition semi-structured Interviews including Focus Group
Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were done with beneficiaries
and other stakeholders respectively Field visits were done at key projects sites to make
observations on the projects visible outputs
24 Data collection tools
Overall the following data collection tools were developed
bull Household Survey Questionnaire ndash to facilitate Quantitative data collection
bull
Key Informant Interviews guidelines ndash A semi-structured interview guide was
developed to facilitate interviews with key stakeholders such as government officials
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from the line ministries such as Ministries of Water Public Health and Ministry of
Fisheries Other respondents included local administration NGO and CBOs
bull Focus Group Discussion guidelines ndash to facilitate interviews with potential project
beneficiaries and their representative groups including Women and youth groups
bull Observation Checklist for field visits to observe project infrastructure development
25 Sample Selection
Several approaches were used during the baseline survey documentary reviews
quantitative and qualitative data collection including checklists Using these approaches
allowed the research team to triangulate data as a measure of countering the shortcomings
from any particular data collection tool The survey was designed to collect information
from households within the project area A multistage sampling technique was used First
purposive sampling was used to identify project beneficiaries at location level then a
random sampling technique for identifying the sub locations and the households to be
interviewed The Sample size was calculated using the fischers equation
The formula yielded a total of about 200 households to be surveyed The sample size was
adjusted upwards to 223 households to cater for none responses There after considering the
cluster group proportionality in the division the household interviewed was distributed asfollows
Table 1 Sampling Frame
Area Sub location House hold
Lower Nyando Awach 123
Kabodho east
Middle Nyando Koru 100
Nyando
Total 223
26 Data Processing Analysis and Presentation
Quantitative data was entered using access based data base software and later converted to
SPSS which was used for analysis The results are presented in the form of frequencies and
ages Qualitative data was triangulated and analyzed based on the thematic areas and
were mainly used in this report for detailed explanation of the quantitative aspects of the
project
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Chapter Three
3 Study Findings
31 General conditions in the study areas
In all the study areas the most identifiable significant livelihood activities or groups of
activities found within the study area is mainly farming in lower Nyando the predominant
livelihood source is subsistence farming with maize and sorghum dominating crop
production Majority of the homesteads also keep livestock which include cattle goats and
chicken
In middle Nyando the predominant livelihood source is also farming The agricultural
activities in this block are mainly small scale sugar cane and maize production The area is inthe western Kenya sugar belt and has a sugar company and the factories nuclear large scale
sugar plantations which might account for the high number of salaried employment
Majority over 50 of the households have farm sizes of 4 acres or less Only 25 of the
farms have farm sizes larger than 10 acres
32 Socio Demographic Characteristics of the Study Respondents
Average household size in both middle and lower Nyando is 6 people with the maximum
recorded household size being 14 people in middle Nyando and 20 people in lower Nyando
In lower Nyando the majority of the households interviewed were headed by females
(52) About 53 of the household heads had primary level of education while 28 had
attained secondary level of education with 7 having university level of education
In Middle Nyando majority of the households are male headed (61) About 39 of the
household heads had primary level of education while 34 had attained secondary level of
education with only 49 having university level of education
Table 2 Summary of Household Socio-demographic Characteristics
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Household head Male 75 61 48 480
Female 48 39 52 520
Marital Status Married 86 699 74 740
Widowed 28 228 15 150
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Highest level of education for
household head
No formal
education10 81 7 70
Primary 48 390 53 530
Secondary 42 341 28 280
Tertiary 17 138 5 50
University 6 49 7 70
The main source of income in Middle Nyando is farming at 317 followed trading at
228 and salaried employment at 203 with the average monthly income being less than
Ksh 7000 per month (528) In Lower Nyando the main source of income in the area is
farming at 64 followed by wage employment at 14 and salaried employment at 13
The average monthly income is less than Ksh 7000 per month (54)
Table 3 Main Income source amp Average Household Size
Main Source of Income Farming 39 317 64 640
Livestock keeping 11 89 1 10
Wage employment 13 106 14 140
Artisanblacksmith 5 41 1 10
Salaried
Employment25 203 13 130
Trading 28 228 6 60
Others Specify 2 16 1 10
Average Monthly Income Less than 7000 65 528 54 540
7000-20000 44 358 38 380
20000-50000 13 106 6 60
Over 50000 1 8 2 20
Average House hold Size Mean 602 645
Minimum 2 1
Maximum 14 20
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33 WATER Availability Access and Usage of Water Resources
331 Main Water Supply Sources
The main water source for households during both dry and wet seasons is mainly
unprotected water sources- 709 amp 646during dry season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively and 542 and 561 during wet season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively The major single source of water for the households during both dry
and wet seasons is riversstreams at 426 (dry season) and 492 (wet season) in Middle
Nyando and In lower Nyando 53 and 541 during both dry and wet season respectively
About 20 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando had access to piped water in their
houses within their compounds while 66 had invested in rain water storage tanks Other
sources of water included hand dug wells (74) and communal water points While in
Lower Nyando 13 of households surveyed had invested in rain water tanks and only 4
of the households surveyed had access to piped water
Table 4 The respondentrsquos main water sources in the dry and wet season
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Dry season Wet Season Dry Season Wet Season
Frequen
cy
Frequenc
y
Frequenc
y
Freque
ncy
Piped tap water in
dwelling14 115 10 85 4 40 4 41
Piped tap water on
site11 90 8 68 8 81 4 41
Borehole on site
water kiosk5 41 4 34 8 81 6 61
Rainwater tank on
site8 66 24 203 12 121 13 133
Publiccommunal
tap water kiosk less
than 200 meters away
2 16 2 17 1 10 1 10
Publiccommunal
tap more than 200
meters away
4 33 3 25 3 30 2 20
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Hand dug wells 9 74 3 25 4 40 1 10
Neighbor 3 25 2 17 1 10
Mobile Water tanker
(bowser)1 8
riverstream Wells
amp springs52 426 58 492 60 606 53 541
Water Pansearth
dams ponds13 107 3 25 1 10
Therefore the result shows that majority of households (over 50) in this areas rely on
unprotected water sources This is below the National average According KDH report
20089 63 of households in Kenya get drinking water from an improved source However
disparities exist by residence with a higher proportion of urban households (91 ) having
an improved source of drinking water compared with rural households 54
Increasing access to improved drinking water is one of the Millennium Development Goals
that Kenya along with other nations worldwide has adopted (United Nations General
Assembly 2001) The indicators that are useful in monitoring household access to improved
drinking water (WHO and UNICEF 2005) include sources that are likely to provide water
suitable for drinking Lack of ready access to a water source may limit the quantity of
suitable drinking water that must be fetched from a source that is not immediately
accessible to the household (distance to source) water quality among others as discussed
below
332 Distance to drinking water sources
In middle Nyando area the average distance to the householdsrsquo main water source is less
than a kilometre (537) 248 of the households surveyed have water within their
compounds On average it takes less than an hour (775) for households to fetch water for
their domestic use while 192 of the households take between 1-2 hours to collect water
Table 5 Distance to Drinking Water Source
983117983145983140983140983148983141 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983090983091 983116983151983159983141983154 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983088983088
983118983151 983118983151
983108983145983155983156983137983150983139983141 983156983151 983159983137983156983141983154
983155983151983157983154983139983141
983127983145983156983144983145983150 983156983144983141 983139983151983149983152983151983157983150983140 30 248 19 190
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983115983149 65 537 69 690
1983147983149983155 983085 2 983115983149 21 174 12 120
2 983085 5 983115983149 5 41
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983090983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
983124983145983149983141 983156983137983147983141983150 983156983151 983139983151983148983148983141983139983156
983159983137983156983141983154
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983144983154 93 775 91 910
1983144983154 983085 2 983144983154983155 23 192 9 90
983119983158983141983154 2 983144983154983155 4 33
In lower Nyando area 19 of households surveyed had water within their compounds
while 69 walked less than a kilometre to access water for domestic use It takes less than anhour for households to collect water for domestic use (91) while the rest spend between
an hour and two
333 Quantity of Water Used Per household per day
Majority of the households in
middle Nyando (421) use
between 80-100 litres of water
per day while 355 use
between 20-60 litres per day and
14 of the surveyed households
reported to be using over 100
litres of water per day
In Lower Nyando 40 of the households surveyed used between 20 and 60 litres of water
per day with an equivalent number using between 80 and 100 litres of water for domestic
use 18 of the residents used over 100 litres of water per day for domestic use
Considering the average household sizes in the study areas (6 people in middle Nyando
and 7 in lower Nyando) this translates to a per capita water consumption of 17 litres per
person per day which is still below the recommended 20 litres per capita by WHO
754 of respondents in middle Nyando and 495 in lower Nyando use water for other
purposes other than household use Water is also used for irrigating crops (935 middle
Nyando 596 lower Nyando) and for animal use
334 Water Safety ndash quality and use of safe water drinking products
The general perception on water safety was assessed in terms of safety to drink clarity taste
and odour In middle Nyando 54 of household interviewed perceive their water to be safe
to drink 729 good to taste and 608 perceive the water to be clearnot turbid In lower
Figure 3 Quantity of Water Used per Household per Day
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Nyando 84 of household perceive their water to be god to taste 48 to be safe to drink
and 77 to be clearnot turbid
Table 6 The respondents water quality perception method of treatment and incidences
of water borne diseases
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Perception on Water
Quality
Safe to drink 541 480
Clear 608 770
Good to taste 729 840
Free from odour 788 730
About 883 of households in middle Nyando treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment (891) being the use of chlorine based chemicals like water guard In
lower Nyando 85 of households surveyed treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment being chemical treatment (682) 481 of households interviewed in
middle Nyando reported to have had cases of typhoid infections among a family during the
past 6months 135 had cases of diarrhoea in the family Scabiesskin diseases were
recorded in 173 of the households
Figure 4 Household water treatment methods a Middle Nyando b Lower Nyando
In lower Nyando 155 of interviewed households had recorded cases of diarrheal among
family members during the past for 6 months while 50 had recorded cases of typhoid The
high number of recorded cases of water bornewater washed diseasesconditions can be
attributed to the man water source in the study areas which was found to be riverssprings
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Table 7 Household Incidences of Water Related Illnesses
Incidences of Water
BorneWater Washed
illnessesconditions
diarrhea 7 135 9 155
Typhoid 25 481 29 500
Scabies (skin diseases) 9 173 2 34
Trachoma 1 19
Others (specify) 10 192 18 310
The majority of the households also treat their drinking water despite the surveying
showing that cases of water borne diseases were many This could mean that household
water handling measures are poor leading to recontamination of drinking water either
during storage or during use It could also mean that the treatment methods which is
mainly chlorine based is not being administered correctly leading to under dosing
335
Payment for water supply
The average amount of money spent on water is Ksh 200-500 per month with 455 of
households in middle Nyando and 433 in lower Nyando falling in this group
Table 8 Cost of Water
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Amount Spent on Water
per month
Do not pay 9 205 8 267
Less than 200 5 114 1 33
Between Ksh 200-500 20 455 13 433
Between Ksh 500-1000 10 227 2 67
Between Ksh 1000-2000 3 100
Over Ksh 2000 3 100
To whom Water is paid Municipality 2 61 1 48
Businesswater vendor 17 515 16 762
CBONGO 2 61
Other specify 12 364 4 190
Those who pay for water mostly do so to water vendors (515) in middle Nyando and
762 in lower Nyando
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34 SANITATION
341 Latrine coverage
Latrine coverage is 894 in middle Nyando and 87in Lower Nyando The most common
type of toilet facility is pit latrine with no Ventilation pipe (705) in Middle Nyando and
744 in Lower Nyando followed by VIP latrine at 268 and 20 in Middle and Lower
Nyando respectively The figures are above the national latrine coverage averages
Table 9 Sanitation Situation
Study Area Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Availability of Toilet Yes 110 894 87 870
No 13 106 13 130
No of Toilet facilities One 96 857 64 736
Two 10 89 16 184
Three and Above 3 27 7 70
Not Applicable 3 27
Type of toilet Facility Flush toilet
connected to a
septic tank
2 18 2 22
Pit latrine with
ventilation pipe30 268 18 200
Pit latrine without
ventilation pipe79 705 67 744
The main reason given for lack of latrines in the area was high cost of construction at 727
in middle Nyando and 692 in lower Nyando The household without latrines either
relieve themselves in the bush (364) for middle Nyando and 538 for lower Nyando or
in the Neighbours latrines (636) middle Nyando and 385 in lower Nyando
Table 10 Reasons for Lack Of Sanitation Facilities
Reasons for No latrine Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Cost of construction is high 727 692
Do not see the need to have one 91 0
Poor soil formationcollapsible soil 33 50
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Not provided by land lord 08 30
Others 0 10
Where people relieve themselves
(those without latrines)
Frequency
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Bush Outside 4 364 7 538
Neighborrsquos Latrine 7 636 5 385
Ensuring adequate sanitation facilities is a Millennium Development Goal that Kenya shares
with other countries A household is classified as having an improved toilet if the toilet is
used only by members of one household (ie it is not shared) and if the facility used by the
household separates the waste from human contact (WHOUNICEF Joint MonitoringProgramme for Water Supply and Sanitation 2004) According to KDH report 20082009 the
national figures show that less 60 of households uses an improved toilet facility that is not
shared with other households Urban households are only slightly more likely than rural
households to have an improved toilet facility (30 and 20 respectively) Overall 12 of
households have no toilet facility at all they are almost exclusively rural accounting for 16
of rural households
35 ENERGY SOURCE AND USE
351 House hold Energy Needs
Energy demand patterns of the study areas largely revolve around household energy end
uses such as cooking and lighting Respondents ranked cooking lighting and heating as the
three most important energy needs
352
Main House Hold Sources of Energy
The main sources of energy at household levels are wood paraffin and charcoal The table
below lists the age of farmers using the various fuel sources listed in the questionnaire
The study established that the most preferred source of household cooking energy among
the respondents is mainly firewood (at 100 in lower Nyando and 99 in middle Nyando)
This indicates overreliance on biomass and an indicator of a real challenge of forest and
vegetation degradation
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983090983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 11 Energy Source and Use
Lighting Cooking
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Biomass 08 0 1000 990
Kerosene 884 838
Biogas 08 0
Solar 66 20
Electricity 33 141 0 10
Recent National studies also Estimates of household energy use indicate that over 95 of
Kenyan population rely on wood or charcoal for energy needs Traditionally these energy
resources have been ldquofreerdquo goods however the Kenyan wood fuel supply has been rapidlydepleted by deforestation an activity also closely associated with land clearing for
agriculture and global warming via reduction of biomass to sequestrate CO 2
Consequently an energy policy that is designed to meet the needs of the majority of the
population must devote considerable attention to mainstreaming a sustainable yield of
biomass as well efficient energy technology to maximise on the biomass energy sources
The main source of energy for lighting in the area is kerosene (884 in middle Nyando and
838 in lower Nyando 66 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando and 20 in lower
Nyando use solar energy for lighting Hydro electric usage for lighting was recorded in 33
of households in middle Nyando and 141 in lower Nyando Biomass energy which
includes firewood charcoal and livestock waste burnt directly accounts for 100 of cooking
energy source in middle Nyando and 99 in lower Nyando Other renewable energy such
as biogas is not common in the area with only less than 1 of households in Nyando
utilising biogas
From the focused group discussions Initial capital cost was established as the utmost
challenge for household access to alterative and sustainable energy sources like biogas or
grid power It was further established among the biomass users 80 2 settled for firewood
as the main source of energy because of affordability lack of capacity to include other
alternatives and convenience
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983090983094 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
353 Availability of energy
Qualitative data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews corroborated
the finding that most households in the two study areas are energy stressed and that the
majority still used wood fuel and charcoal as the main source of energy The distancetravelled and time used to collect fuel wood has been increasing due to the declining tree
cover In parts of KORU people are cutting down trees to sell to Homaline Company as an
additional source of income A different study carried out by ICRAF in the lower and
middle Nyando areas in 2009 showed that More than 90 of the households are not self
sufficient with fuel
354 Potential for renewable energy uses
During the field studies it was observed that almost all households kept livestock A similar
study undertaken by ICRAF also showed that all households in the area keep livestock
This shows that there is a potential for use of biogas as source energy for cooking and even
lighting This would in turn reduce the existing pressure on wood products which are the
main source of energy for cooking in the area
In some farms people had also adopted tree planting especially in middle Nyando area to
supplement their energy sources This shows that agro-forestry practices at farm level can
play a key role in meeting the growing energy demand in the area with multiple benefits
such as additional income sources and soil conservation
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting
The study established that the main reason for choosing energy source either for cooking or
lighting is mainly based on availability (cooking 728 and lighting 732) This indicates that
probably the households will go for the most cost effective and readily available source of
energy
Table 12 Renewable Energy Use
Middle Nyando N=40 Lower Nyando N=19
No No
Type of Renewable
energy
Solar energy for lighting 16 400 4 211
Solar cookers 4 100 1 53
Do not know 19 475 10 526
Other 1 25 2 105
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983090983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Total 40 1000 19 1000
Middle Nyando N= 84 Lower Nyando N= 82
Challenges to
Accessing RE
High cost of start up 47 560 47 573
Not reliable 17 202 3 37
Do not know about the
technologies20 238 30 366
Other specify 2 24
Total 84 1000 82 1000
Only 175 of households in middle Nyando and 74 in lower Nyando said they use
renewable energy in their homes The most common type of renewable energy used was
solar energy for lighting (16 households n =123) in middle Nyando and 4 households (N=
100) in lower Nyando
Main source of information on renewable energy in the area is from the media (66) in both
areas The results show that there is inadequate sustained and comprehensive awareness
creation on the use of renewable energy sources in the region There is need to do as
sustained awareness creation in the area to educate the people that despite the high start-up
cost studies shows a reduction on the cost of household energy once the families start using
renewable energy because the operational recurrent costs are relatively lower when
compared with other sources of energy
356 Challenges facing renewable energy
The major challenge to accessing renewable energy technologies was the high cost of start-
up (56 middle Nyando and 57 lower Nyando) The other reasons given were on
reliability of renewable energy sources and poor knowledge on the available Renewable
energy technologies (366 in lower Nyando and 238) in middle Nyando The study
shows that among the households that have adopted renewable energy use on average 20
had been assisted (technologically and or subsidised)
Biogas and solar energy sources are considered fairly inefficient implying that more
research and development work needs to be done to improve on the efficiency The high
cost of adopting renewable energy sources makes it prohibitive for a significant portion of
the population The results is that the population still heavily relay on traditional energy
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sources (biomass) yet the technologies used to extract the energy not only significantly
affect the health of women and children but is also damage to the environment
During the FGD it also emerged that the Despite availability of programmes such as the
biogas installation subsidy programme by KEBDIP people were generally unaware of it
Also during the FGDs with some of the community groups it emerged that knowledge on
renewable energy sources especially biogas production was very low This is supported by
various qualitative data that shows that knowledge on funding sources for renewable
energy technologies was generally low However the people showed interest in adopting
the use of biogas energy if the technology can be made available and affordable to them
36
AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture practices in the area gained prominence after the introduction of the Economic
Stimulus Package Through this programmes every location was supposed to be allocated
14 fishponds
Data from the fisheries offices estimates the total fishponds in Nyando District to be 1100
Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds
Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish ponds and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA
area as you go towards the lake
The ministry of fisheries has also constructed a dam along river Awasi to provide water for
fish farming in the area as well as water for domestic use
Aquaculture has been introduced in the area to try and reduce the pressure on fisheries
resources in the lake as well as provide an alternative livelihood source to the people
Table 13 Data on Fish Farming
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Households Practicing
Aquaculture
Yes 5 42 9 92
No 114 958 89 908
Total 119 1000 98 1000
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The major challenge facing fish farming in the area was availability of water as most of the
river sources being perennial rivers
During the FGD and KII the reasons given for low adoption of aquaculture were listed as
Negative attitude towards fish farming as people believe that fish is found in the lake Over
reliance on lake fish Perception that fish from fish pond is not sweet perceptions on
palatability Security issues as fish are stolen from the ponds thus discouraging potential
farmers cases of pond poisoning has thus discouraging farmers High cost of start-up and
high cost of inputs Water scarcity caused by limited permanent water sources Low levels of
awareness on fish farming Poor pond management skills and High hydraulic conductivity
of soils thus low water retention capabilities Flooding was also reported to be a big
challenge in the lower Nyando area as flood waters wash away the fish ponds during rainseasons Proximity to the lake was also a major deterrence to fish farming as the people close
to the lake thought it was easier to fish in the lake
However it also emerged during this discussions that farmers who were successful in the
fish farming business were expanding and increasing the number of their ponds The
success stories of such farmers have also encouraged other people with favourable land
conditions to adopt aquaculture
This shows that with availability of water sources the potential for aquaculture is very huge
especially in lower Nyando
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
This baseline report presents the results of the data collected from the combination of field
and household surveys in two project areas as well as through review of various literatures
on interventions carried out in the area Interpretation and management recommendations
are based solely on the data
Several Livelihood intervention measures focusing on Water and sanitation aquaculture
and soil and water conservation have been put in place by different actors (both state and
non state) to try and improve the living standards of people in lower and middle Nyando
The most observable intervention measures recorded during the survey was Promotion of
Rain water harvesting at household level promotion of tree farming investment in water
storage through construction of water pans and also fish farming
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Generally access to sanitation facilities is above 85 in both areas However the prevalence
of water borne diseases is still high and therefore need to increase interventions aimed
towards improving hygiene measures such as hand washing
Majority of the households also rely on unprotected water sources for their household water
needs Future interventions should therefore focus more on increasing access to protected
water sources and also increasing the quantity of water available per capita in both the
lower and Nyando river area
Uptake of Fish farming in the area is low due to both human and non human factors as
discussed in the report Future interventions should focus more on ensuring adequate
technical support to farmers who have adopted fish farming Interventions should also focus
on creating favourable environment for new farmers to adopt aquaculture through
provision of water by investing in water storage such as earth dams and pans and also
provision of piped water
Renewable energy uptake has also been low due to low levels of awareness as well as the
perceived high start-up cost Intervention measures in this area should focus on raising
awareness on available low cost renewable energy options such as solar lanterns for
lighting The potential for biogas production is also high and therefore intervention should
focus on development of affordable biogas production technologies Tree cover is quite low
in Lower Nyando Only 34 of household plots had any trees in the vicinity (Verchot et al
2008
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References
ICRAF and MOARD (2000) ldquoImproved land management in the Lake Victoria basin Final
Technical Report Start-up Phase July 1999 to June 2000rdquo ICRAF and MOARD Nairobi
Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 2006 Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem
Management Project (WKIEMP) Strategies for Integrated Land and Water Management for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Katuk-Odeyo Sub-Watershed Nyando River Basin Lake Victoria Basin
KENYA
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2009) The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing
Census lsquo Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030) Volume 1 A Ministry of
Water Resources and Regional Development (2004) Land resources Development and
Irrigation in Nyanza Province South Kano Government Printers
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L and Njui A (eds) 2004 Proceedings of aWorkshop on
Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin December 9 ndash
11 2002 Imperial Hotel Kisumu Kenya
Muriithi S Okono NA and Swallow B (eds) 2006b Developing an action plan for the Awach
watershed Western Kenya Proceedings of a workshop co-hosted by the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (NALEP
ndash National Agriculture Livestock Extension Programme 23rd May 2001 St Anna Guest House
Kisumu ICRAF Discussion Paper 2001-3
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L amp Njui A eds 2004 Proceedings of a
Workshop on Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin
Nairobi ICRAF NEMA the Water Quality Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
Management Programme (LVEMP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Environmental Authority [NEMA] (2004) Strategy for Flood Management in Lake
Victoria Basin Kenya
Verchot et al (2008) Baseline Report Nyando River Basin Western Kenya Integrated
Ecosystem Management Project Findings from the Baseline Surveys International Centre forResearch in Agroforestry Nairobi Kenya
World Agroforestry Centre (2006) Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin Final
Report of the TransVic Project World Agroforerstry Centre Occasional Paper No 7 World
Agroforestry Centre Nairobi Kenya
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ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets
I Water and Sanitation
Middle Nyando Lower Nya
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Target Baseline st
Water
Improved Water sources
bull Piped water intodwelling
bull plot or yard
bull Public tapstandpipe
bull Tubewellborehole
bull Protected dug well
bull
Protected spring
bull Rainwater collection
Unimproved Water sources
bull Unprotected dug well
bull Unprotected spring
bull Cart with small tankdrum
bull Bottled water a
bull Tanker-truck
bull Surface water (river dam
bull lake pond stream canal
bull irrigation channels)
of house hold using water fromProtected Sources
393 439
Reduce average Distance tohousehold Water source to lessthan a km
Within compound 248 Within com
lt 1km =537 lt 1km =690
gt2km = 41 gt2km = 0
Household water treatment 883 85
Average time taken to collect waterfor domestic use
lt 1 an hour =775
1-2hrs=192
gt2hrs =335
Reliability of Water supplyavailability of water
Household per-capita Water Use) lt 4 l per capita = 83 gt20lpppd
lt 4 l per ca
4- 10 l per capita =355 4- 10 l per c
10-20 l per capita =421 10-20 l per c
gt20 litres= 14 gt20L =18
Reduce water bornewashed Diarrhoeal incidences Diarrhoeal
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983091983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
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983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
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III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
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farming is inadequate access water supply for fish ponds flooding limited extension
services and low levels of technological awareness
Conclusions and Recommendations Future intervention measures in this area of Water
and Sanitation should focus on promotion of well constructed VIP latrines and Hygiene
practices to reduce the incidences of water borne diseases and also improve access to
protected water sources Interventions on renewable energy should focus on technology
transfer especially of low cost technologies such as solar lanterns Biogas production can
also be promoted through training of artisans in that field Farmers should also be
encouraged to plant woodlots in their farms to supplement their source of wood fuel and
also ensure soil conservation On aquaculture there is need to focus on changing the
perception of people on fish farming to encourage more farmers to adopt fish farming inlight of the dwindling stocks in lake Victoria Interventions should focus on availing
technical support to farmers engaged in fish farming as well as investment in value addition
processes
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Contents
Executive Summary 2
1 Background 8
11 About SusWatch II 8
12 Brief Introduction of LVEMP II 8
13 LVEMP II Interventions in the Project Area 9
14 About the study area 9
141 Lower Nyando 10
142 Middle Nyando 10
15 Purpose of the LVEMP II CS 11
16 Overall Objective of the Consultancy 12
17 Scope of work 13
2 Methodology 14
21 Timeframe 14
22 The Baseline survey process 14
23 Study design 14
24 Data collection tools 14
25 Sample Selection 15
26 Data Processing Analysis and Presentation 15
Chapter Three 16
3 Study Findings 16
31 General conditions in the study areas 16
32 Socio Demographic Characteristics of the Study Respondents 16
33 WATER Availability Access and Usage of Water Resources 18
331 Main Water Supply Sources 18332 Distance to drinking water sources 19
333 Quantity of Water Used Per household per day 20
334 Water Safety ndash quality and use of safe water drinking products 20
335 Payment for water supply 22
34 SANITATION 23
341 Latrine coverage 23
35 ENERGY SOURCE AND USE 24
351 House hold Energy Needs 24
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983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
352 Main House Hold Sources of Energy 24
353 Availability of energy 26
354 Potential for renewable energy uses 26
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting 26
356 Challenges facing renewable energy 27
36 AQUACULTURE 28
4 Conclusions and Recommendations 29
References 31
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets 32
I Water and Sanitation 32
II Energy Renewable Energy 33
III Aqua cultural Interventions 35
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites 36
List of Tables
Table 1 Sampling Frame 15
Table 2 Summary of Household Socio-demographic Characteristics 16
Table 3 Main Income source amp Average Household Size 17
Table 4 The respondentrsquos main water sources in the dry and wet season 18Table 5 Distance to Drinking Water Source 19
Table 6 The respondents water quality perception method of treatment and incidences of
water borne diseases 21
Table 7 Household Incidences of Water Related Illnesses 22
Table 9 Cost of Water 22
Table 10 Sanitation Situation 23
Table 11 Reasons for Lack Of Sanitation Facilities 23
Table 12 Energy Source and Use 25
Table 13 Renewable Energy Use 26
Table 14 Data on Fish Farming 28
List of Figures
Figure 1map of lower Nyando 10
Figure 2 map of middle Nyando 11
Figure 3 Quantity of Water Used per Household per Day 20
Figure 4 Household water treatment methods a Middle Nyando b Lower Nyando 21
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Chapter 1
1 Background
11 About SusWatch II
The East Africa Sustainability Watch (EA SusWatch) Network is a network of NGOs from
Kenya Uganda and Tanzania spearheaded by Uganda Coalition for Sustainable
Development (UCSD) Sustainable Environmental Development Watch Network (SusWatch
Kenya) and Tanzania Coalition for Sustainable Development (TCSD) EA SusWatch
Regional Secretariat is hosted by UCSD in Kampala Uganda
The EA Suswatch Network is currently implementing LVEMP II Civil Society (CS) Watch
project which is a three-year initiative to be implemented from November 2011 to October
2014 with support from the Government of Sweden LVEMP II CS watch project is being
implemented in partnership between Uganda Coalition for Sustainable Development
(UCSD) Tanzania Coalition for Sustainable Development (TCSD) and Sustainable
Environmental Development Watch Network (SusWatch Kenya)
12 Brief Introduction of LVEMP II
Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project Phase Two (LVEMP II) is an 8 years (2009- 2017) regional project implemented in the 5 East Africa Community partner states of the
Republics of Kenya Burundi Rwanda Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania
Kenya is currently implementing the 1st phase of LVEMP II Adjustable Program Lending
(APL 1) APL 1 will be implemented in Nyando River Basin and along the lake shore in the
former Nyanza Western and Rift Valley provinces
The project contributes to broad-based poverty alleviation and improvement of livelihoods
of people by supporting sustainable management of shared natural resources of the Lake
Victoria Basin which many communities depend on To achieve this the project supports
among other interventions (a) Institutional capacity building and harmonization of policy
legislations and regulatory frameworks (b) Community-Driven Development (CDD)
subprojects investments in participatory watershed management and (c) point sources
pollution control and prevention
APL 1 through the CDD sub-projects component intends to support community-driven
investments in rehabilitating the Nyando River catchment area and lake shore districts The
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component has a Natural resource Conservation component and a Livelihood improvement
component
The natural resource conservation component focuses on soil and water conservation
rainwater harvesting and growing of greenery treescrops The livelihood Improvementcomponent will focus on reducing harvesting pressure on fisheries and wetlands resources
and intensifying natural resource use to increase adoption of sustainable land management
practices The interventions will largely be household-based and are aimed at intensifying
natural resources use and reducing harvesting pressure on the fisheries and wetlands
resources
13
LVEMP II Interventions in the Project Area
LVEMP II has been engaged in various livelihood intervention programmes in the larger
Nyando district (currently Muhoroni Nyando and Nyakach districts) LVEMP II is currently
undertaking four existing projects in Kabodho location and Upper North Kabodho sub-
location in Nyakach district The four projects deal with intervention in areas of
1 Natural resource conservation
2 Roof catchment activities
3
Livestock improvement and
4 Nursery establishment
However LVEMP II programme is still underway to enhance the 4 project areas but
including components of water and sanitation as well as aquaculture development with
greater emphasis in Nyando District Currently the project is at the proposal receiving stage
from various community groups The proposals are submitted to the district project
coordinating team in charge of such projects Their offices are located at the respective
district headquarters The district project coordinating team are mandated to vet the
proposals provide technical backstopping and forward refined proposals to the national
offices and thereafter monitor the implementation of projects So far no projects on
renewable energy and aquaculture have been funded by LVEMP II in the study areas
14 About the study area
The Nyando River basin covers an area of 3517 km2 of Western Kenya The river basin
drains into the Winam Gulf in Lake Victoria The main river Nyando rises from the western
Mau hills and traverses a distance of approximately 170Km Its drainage basin consists of
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five main sub-catchment areas namely Nyando-Nandi Nyando-Kericho Awach-Kano
Nyaidho-Kano and Nyando-Kano The Nyando and its tributaries supply water both for
domestic and livestock use and for irrigation in the sugar belt (Nyando Atlas) The
population in the Nyando basin is approximately 1100000 people (KNBS 2009)
141 Lower Nyando
The Lower Nyando block is located in the lake plain (Kano Plains) of Lake Victoria The
block is characterized by low productivity erratic rainfall and severe erosion Within the
block are two divisions Upper and Lower Nyando and 16 sub-locations The specific areas
of studies are Kabodho East sub location of Pap Onditi Location Nyando District Kabodho
East sub location has a total population of 6009 comprising of 2916 males and 3093females (KNBS 2009) Awach sub location lies in NE Nyakach location of Nyando district
Awach sub location has a total population of 2495 comprising of 1277 males and 2763
females (KNBS 2009)
142 Middle Nyando
The Middle Nyando block lies in Kericho and Nyando Districts both in Muhoroni division
Within the block are ten sub- locations The block is characterized by sugar cane production
on larger farms located on the plains and gentle slopes and subsisting farming or the steeper
slopes and hill tops
Figure 1map of lower Nyando
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983089983089 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Figure 2 map of middle Nyando
The specific areas of study were Koru Sub location and Nyando sub location Both Koru
and Nyando sub locations lies within Koru Location of Nyando district The total population
in Koru Sub location is 5407 while in Nyando sub location is 2495 (KNBS 2009)
15 Purpose of the LVEMP II CS
LVEMP II CS watch project intends to produce several advocacy and IEC materials to
inform the general public on the progress of implementation of LVEMP II including
bull Evidence-based assessment and documentation of LVEMP II progress in the
respective countries in form of alternative reports (packaged in form of SusWatch
briefs)
bull Field-based information generation and packaging in form of Community Demand
Driven Sub-projects Watch
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bull SusWatch Livelihood Case Studies from the sub-catchments in Nyando River Basin
ie Lower Nyando (Awach and Kabodho East sub-locations) and Middle Nyando
(Koru and Nyando sub-locations)
bull Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) Climate Change Readiness brief to highlight lsquolevel of
readinessrsquo to face up to climate change development challenges in the LVB (for water
supply and sanitation agriculture and food security rural energy supply) as per the
2010 East African Climate Change Policy (EACCP) annually
The above documents and reports will be produced periodically during the project
implementation The baseline survey is therefore intended to provide benchmarks against
which the improvement in the community livelihood as a result of the CDD Sub-project
interventions will be measured
16 Overall Objective of the Consultancy
The overall objective of the consultancy is to establish baseline data on the Livelihood
Intervention areas of Water Supply and Sanitation Renewable Energy Supply and
Aquaculture in Nyando River Basin
The specific objectives of the baseline study include to
1
Conduct a coordinated baseline survey to establish baseline indicators for the
community livelihood that will imply Impact Evaluation of the CDD Sub-projects in
relation to water and sanitation renewable energy and aquaculture
2
Establish baseline for water and sanitation renewable energy supply and
aquaculture using quantitative and qualitative measures
3 Recommend targets for the indicators
4
Document appropriate and user friendly data collection and monitoring tools for
subsequent monitoring surveys
5 Prepare a baseline survey report using appropriate qualitative and quantitative
methods covering community livelihoods aspects including poverty food and
income security marketing processing and the institutional context of development
as well as on the cross cutting issues of gender and HIVAIDS while relating them to
the 3 intervention areas of water and sanitation renewable energy and aquaculture
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983089983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
17 Scope of work
The baseline study will focus on the 3 livelihood intervention areas (water and sanitation
renewable energy supply and aquaculture) within Nyando River Basin ie Lower Nyando
(Awach and Kabodho East sub-locations) and Middle Nyando (Koru and Nyando sub-locations)
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983089983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
CHAPTER TWO
2 Methodology
21 Timeframe
The evaluation took place on the month of July 2012 August 2012 The field work was done
in the month of July and covered both Lower Nyando and Middle Nyando
22 The Baseline survey process
The data collection was a participatory process that involved the external consultant
(Emerald Environmental Consultancy Firm) Suswach II officials and the community
members from the study locations Also involved in the process was the district fisheries
officer from Nyando the District development office Lake Basin development AuthorityLake Victoria South Water Services Board and community groups involved in
environmental and livelihoods project It also involved review and analysis of literature
project implementation documents and baseline survey reports The supervisors and
enumerators went through a rigorous training which involved an understanding of the
project reviewing and refining all data collection instruments
23 Study design
The evaluation team used a comprehensive mixed-methods evaluation design This was a
cross-sectional survey conducted in 4 Sub locations distributed over middle Nyando namely
Koru sub location and Nyando sub location and Lower Nyando Kabodho East and Awach
sub locations
An interviewer administered questionnaire was designed and used to conduct a total of 230
interviews In addition semi-structured Interviews including Focus Group
Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were done with beneficiaries
and other stakeholders respectively Field visits were done at key projects sites to make
observations on the projects visible outputs
24 Data collection tools
Overall the following data collection tools were developed
bull Household Survey Questionnaire ndash to facilitate Quantitative data collection
bull
Key Informant Interviews guidelines ndash A semi-structured interview guide was
developed to facilitate interviews with key stakeholders such as government officials
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983089983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
from the line ministries such as Ministries of Water Public Health and Ministry of
Fisheries Other respondents included local administration NGO and CBOs
bull Focus Group Discussion guidelines ndash to facilitate interviews with potential project
beneficiaries and their representative groups including Women and youth groups
bull Observation Checklist for field visits to observe project infrastructure development
25 Sample Selection
Several approaches were used during the baseline survey documentary reviews
quantitative and qualitative data collection including checklists Using these approaches
allowed the research team to triangulate data as a measure of countering the shortcomings
from any particular data collection tool The survey was designed to collect information
from households within the project area A multistage sampling technique was used First
purposive sampling was used to identify project beneficiaries at location level then a
random sampling technique for identifying the sub locations and the households to be
interviewed The Sample size was calculated using the fischers equation
The formula yielded a total of about 200 households to be surveyed The sample size was
adjusted upwards to 223 households to cater for none responses There after considering the
cluster group proportionality in the division the household interviewed was distributed asfollows
Table 1 Sampling Frame
Area Sub location House hold
Lower Nyando Awach 123
Kabodho east
Middle Nyando Koru 100
Nyando
Total 223
26 Data Processing Analysis and Presentation
Quantitative data was entered using access based data base software and later converted to
SPSS which was used for analysis The results are presented in the form of frequencies and
ages Qualitative data was triangulated and analyzed based on the thematic areas and
were mainly used in this report for detailed explanation of the quantitative aspects of the
project
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Chapter Three
3 Study Findings
31 General conditions in the study areas
In all the study areas the most identifiable significant livelihood activities or groups of
activities found within the study area is mainly farming in lower Nyando the predominant
livelihood source is subsistence farming with maize and sorghum dominating crop
production Majority of the homesteads also keep livestock which include cattle goats and
chicken
In middle Nyando the predominant livelihood source is also farming The agricultural
activities in this block are mainly small scale sugar cane and maize production The area is inthe western Kenya sugar belt and has a sugar company and the factories nuclear large scale
sugar plantations which might account for the high number of salaried employment
Majority over 50 of the households have farm sizes of 4 acres or less Only 25 of the
farms have farm sizes larger than 10 acres
32 Socio Demographic Characteristics of the Study Respondents
Average household size in both middle and lower Nyando is 6 people with the maximum
recorded household size being 14 people in middle Nyando and 20 people in lower Nyando
In lower Nyando the majority of the households interviewed were headed by females
(52) About 53 of the household heads had primary level of education while 28 had
attained secondary level of education with 7 having university level of education
In Middle Nyando majority of the households are male headed (61) About 39 of the
household heads had primary level of education while 34 had attained secondary level of
education with only 49 having university level of education
Table 2 Summary of Household Socio-demographic Characteristics
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Household head Male 75 61 48 480
Female 48 39 52 520
Marital Status Married 86 699 74 740
Widowed 28 228 15 150
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983089983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Highest level of education for
household head
No formal
education10 81 7 70
Primary 48 390 53 530
Secondary 42 341 28 280
Tertiary 17 138 5 50
University 6 49 7 70
The main source of income in Middle Nyando is farming at 317 followed trading at
228 and salaried employment at 203 with the average monthly income being less than
Ksh 7000 per month (528) In Lower Nyando the main source of income in the area is
farming at 64 followed by wage employment at 14 and salaried employment at 13
The average monthly income is less than Ksh 7000 per month (54)
Table 3 Main Income source amp Average Household Size
Main Source of Income Farming 39 317 64 640
Livestock keeping 11 89 1 10
Wage employment 13 106 14 140
Artisanblacksmith 5 41 1 10
Salaried
Employment25 203 13 130
Trading 28 228 6 60
Others Specify 2 16 1 10
Average Monthly Income Less than 7000 65 528 54 540
7000-20000 44 358 38 380
20000-50000 13 106 6 60
Over 50000 1 8 2 20
Average House hold Size Mean 602 645
Minimum 2 1
Maximum 14 20
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33 WATER Availability Access and Usage of Water Resources
331 Main Water Supply Sources
The main water source for households during both dry and wet seasons is mainly
unprotected water sources- 709 amp 646during dry season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively and 542 and 561 during wet season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively The major single source of water for the households during both dry
and wet seasons is riversstreams at 426 (dry season) and 492 (wet season) in Middle
Nyando and In lower Nyando 53 and 541 during both dry and wet season respectively
About 20 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando had access to piped water in their
houses within their compounds while 66 had invested in rain water storage tanks Other
sources of water included hand dug wells (74) and communal water points While in
Lower Nyando 13 of households surveyed had invested in rain water tanks and only 4
of the households surveyed had access to piped water
Table 4 The respondentrsquos main water sources in the dry and wet season
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Dry season Wet Season Dry Season Wet Season
Frequen
cy
Frequenc
y
Frequenc
y
Freque
ncy
Piped tap water in
dwelling14 115 10 85 4 40 4 41
Piped tap water on
site11 90 8 68 8 81 4 41
Borehole on site
water kiosk5 41 4 34 8 81 6 61
Rainwater tank on
site8 66 24 203 12 121 13 133
Publiccommunal
tap water kiosk less
than 200 meters away
2 16 2 17 1 10 1 10
Publiccommunal
tap more than 200
meters away
4 33 3 25 3 30 2 20
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Hand dug wells 9 74 3 25 4 40 1 10
Neighbor 3 25 2 17 1 10
Mobile Water tanker
(bowser)1 8
riverstream Wells
amp springs52 426 58 492 60 606 53 541
Water Pansearth
dams ponds13 107 3 25 1 10
Therefore the result shows that majority of households (over 50) in this areas rely on
unprotected water sources This is below the National average According KDH report
20089 63 of households in Kenya get drinking water from an improved source However
disparities exist by residence with a higher proportion of urban households (91 ) having
an improved source of drinking water compared with rural households 54
Increasing access to improved drinking water is one of the Millennium Development Goals
that Kenya along with other nations worldwide has adopted (United Nations General
Assembly 2001) The indicators that are useful in monitoring household access to improved
drinking water (WHO and UNICEF 2005) include sources that are likely to provide water
suitable for drinking Lack of ready access to a water source may limit the quantity of
suitable drinking water that must be fetched from a source that is not immediately
accessible to the household (distance to source) water quality among others as discussed
below
332 Distance to drinking water sources
In middle Nyando area the average distance to the householdsrsquo main water source is less
than a kilometre (537) 248 of the households surveyed have water within their
compounds On average it takes less than an hour (775) for households to fetch water for
their domestic use while 192 of the households take between 1-2 hours to collect water
Table 5 Distance to Drinking Water Source
983117983145983140983140983148983141 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983090983091 983116983151983159983141983154 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983088983088
983118983151 983118983151
983108983145983155983156983137983150983139983141 983156983151 983159983137983156983141983154
983155983151983157983154983139983141
983127983145983156983144983145983150 983156983144983141 983139983151983149983152983151983157983150983140 30 248 19 190
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983115983149 65 537 69 690
1983147983149983155 983085 2 983115983149 21 174 12 120
2 983085 5 983115983149 5 41
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983090983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
983124983145983149983141 983156983137983147983141983150 983156983151 983139983151983148983148983141983139983156
983159983137983156983141983154
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983144983154 93 775 91 910
1983144983154 983085 2 983144983154983155 23 192 9 90
983119983158983141983154 2 983144983154983155 4 33
In lower Nyando area 19 of households surveyed had water within their compounds
while 69 walked less than a kilometre to access water for domestic use It takes less than anhour for households to collect water for domestic use (91) while the rest spend between
an hour and two
333 Quantity of Water Used Per household per day
Majority of the households in
middle Nyando (421) use
between 80-100 litres of water
per day while 355 use
between 20-60 litres per day and
14 of the surveyed households
reported to be using over 100
litres of water per day
In Lower Nyando 40 of the households surveyed used between 20 and 60 litres of water
per day with an equivalent number using between 80 and 100 litres of water for domestic
use 18 of the residents used over 100 litres of water per day for domestic use
Considering the average household sizes in the study areas (6 people in middle Nyando
and 7 in lower Nyando) this translates to a per capita water consumption of 17 litres per
person per day which is still below the recommended 20 litres per capita by WHO
754 of respondents in middle Nyando and 495 in lower Nyando use water for other
purposes other than household use Water is also used for irrigating crops (935 middle
Nyando 596 lower Nyando) and for animal use
334 Water Safety ndash quality and use of safe water drinking products
The general perception on water safety was assessed in terms of safety to drink clarity taste
and odour In middle Nyando 54 of household interviewed perceive their water to be safe
to drink 729 good to taste and 608 perceive the water to be clearnot turbid In lower
Figure 3 Quantity of Water Used per Household per Day
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Nyando 84 of household perceive their water to be god to taste 48 to be safe to drink
and 77 to be clearnot turbid
Table 6 The respondents water quality perception method of treatment and incidences
of water borne diseases
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Perception on Water
Quality
Safe to drink 541 480
Clear 608 770
Good to taste 729 840
Free from odour 788 730
About 883 of households in middle Nyando treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment (891) being the use of chlorine based chemicals like water guard In
lower Nyando 85 of households surveyed treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment being chemical treatment (682) 481 of households interviewed in
middle Nyando reported to have had cases of typhoid infections among a family during the
past 6months 135 had cases of diarrhoea in the family Scabiesskin diseases were
recorded in 173 of the households
Figure 4 Household water treatment methods a Middle Nyando b Lower Nyando
In lower Nyando 155 of interviewed households had recorded cases of diarrheal among
family members during the past for 6 months while 50 had recorded cases of typhoid The
high number of recorded cases of water bornewater washed diseasesconditions can be
attributed to the man water source in the study areas which was found to be riverssprings
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Table 7 Household Incidences of Water Related Illnesses
Incidences of Water
BorneWater Washed
illnessesconditions
diarrhea 7 135 9 155
Typhoid 25 481 29 500
Scabies (skin diseases) 9 173 2 34
Trachoma 1 19
Others (specify) 10 192 18 310
The majority of the households also treat their drinking water despite the surveying
showing that cases of water borne diseases were many This could mean that household
water handling measures are poor leading to recontamination of drinking water either
during storage or during use It could also mean that the treatment methods which is
mainly chlorine based is not being administered correctly leading to under dosing
335
Payment for water supply
The average amount of money spent on water is Ksh 200-500 per month with 455 of
households in middle Nyando and 433 in lower Nyando falling in this group
Table 8 Cost of Water
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Amount Spent on Water
per month
Do not pay 9 205 8 267
Less than 200 5 114 1 33
Between Ksh 200-500 20 455 13 433
Between Ksh 500-1000 10 227 2 67
Between Ksh 1000-2000 3 100
Over Ksh 2000 3 100
To whom Water is paid Municipality 2 61 1 48
Businesswater vendor 17 515 16 762
CBONGO 2 61
Other specify 12 364 4 190
Those who pay for water mostly do so to water vendors (515) in middle Nyando and
762 in lower Nyando
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34 SANITATION
341 Latrine coverage
Latrine coverage is 894 in middle Nyando and 87in Lower Nyando The most common
type of toilet facility is pit latrine with no Ventilation pipe (705) in Middle Nyando and
744 in Lower Nyando followed by VIP latrine at 268 and 20 in Middle and Lower
Nyando respectively The figures are above the national latrine coverage averages
Table 9 Sanitation Situation
Study Area Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Availability of Toilet Yes 110 894 87 870
No 13 106 13 130
No of Toilet facilities One 96 857 64 736
Two 10 89 16 184
Three and Above 3 27 7 70
Not Applicable 3 27
Type of toilet Facility Flush toilet
connected to a
septic tank
2 18 2 22
Pit latrine with
ventilation pipe30 268 18 200
Pit latrine without
ventilation pipe79 705 67 744
The main reason given for lack of latrines in the area was high cost of construction at 727
in middle Nyando and 692 in lower Nyando The household without latrines either
relieve themselves in the bush (364) for middle Nyando and 538 for lower Nyando or
in the Neighbours latrines (636) middle Nyando and 385 in lower Nyando
Table 10 Reasons for Lack Of Sanitation Facilities
Reasons for No latrine Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Cost of construction is high 727 692
Do not see the need to have one 91 0
Poor soil formationcollapsible soil 33 50
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Not provided by land lord 08 30
Others 0 10
Where people relieve themselves
(those without latrines)
Frequency
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Bush Outside 4 364 7 538
Neighborrsquos Latrine 7 636 5 385
Ensuring adequate sanitation facilities is a Millennium Development Goal that Kenya shares
with other countries A household is classified as having an improved toilet if the toilet is
used only by members of one household (ie it is not shared) and if the facility used by the
household separates the waste from human contact (WHOUNICEF Joint MonitoringProgramme for Water Supply and Sanitation 2004) According to KDH report 20082009 the
national figures show that less 60 of households uses an improved toilet facility that is not
shared with other households Urban households are only slightly more likely than rural
households to have an improved toilet facility (30 and 20 respectively) Overall 12 of
households have no toilet facility at all they are almost exclusively rural accounting for 16
of rural households
35 ENERGY SOURCE AND USE
351 House hold Energy Needs
Energy demand patterns of the study areas largely revolve around household energy end
uses such as cooking and lighting Respondents ranked cooking lighting and heating as the
three most important energy needs
352
Main House Hold Sources of Energy
The main sources of energy at household levels are wood paraffin and charcoal The table
below lists the age of farmers using the various fuel sources listed in the questionnaire
The study established that the most preferred source of household cooking energy among
the respondents is mainly firewood (at 100 in lower Nyando and 99 in middle Nyando)
This indicates overreliance on biomass and an indicator of a real challenge of forest and
vegetation degradation
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Table 11 Energy Source and Use
Lighting Cooking
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Biomass 08 0 1000 990
Kerosene 884 838
Biogas 08 0
Solar 66 20
Electricity 33 141 0 10
Recent National studies also Estimates of household energy use indicate that over 95 of
Kenyan population rely on wood or charcoal for energy needs Traditionally these energy
resources have been ldquofreerdquo goods however the Kenyan wood fuel supply has been rapidlydepleted by deforestation an activity also closely associated with land clearing for
agriculture and global warming via reduction of biomass to sequestrate CO 2
Consequently an energy policy that is designed to meet the needs of the majority of the
population must devote considerable attention to mainstreaming a sustainable yield of
biomass as well efficient energy technology to maximise on the biomass energy sources
The main source of energy for lighting in the area is kerosene (884 in middle Nyando and
838 in lower Nyando 66 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando and 20 in lower
Nyando use solar energy for lighting Hydro electric usage for lighting was recorded in 33
of households in middle Nyando and 141 in lower Nyando Biomass energy which
includes firewood charcoal and livestock waste burnt directly accounts for 100 of cooking
energy source in middle Nyando and 99 in lower Nyando Other renewable energy such
as biogas is not common in the area with only less than 1 of households in Nyando
utilising biogas
From the focused group discussions Initial capital cost was established as the utmost
challenge for household access to alterative and sustainable energy sources like biogas or
grid power It was further established among the biomass users 80 2 settled for firewood
as the main source of energy because of affordability lack of capacity to include other
alternatives and convenience
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353 Availability of energy
Qualitative data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews corroborated
the finding that most households in the two study areas are energy stressed and that the
majority still used wood fuel and charcoal as the main source of energy The distancetravelled and time used to collect fuel wood has been increasing due to the declining tree
cover In parts of KORU people are cutting down trees to sell to Homaline Company as an
additional source of income A different study carried out by ICRAF in the lower and
middle Nyando areas in 2009 showed that More than 90 of the households are not self
sufficient with fuel
354 Potential for renewable energy uses
During the field studies it was observed that almost all households kept livestock A similar
study undertaken by ICRAF also showed that all households in the area keep livestock
This shows that there is a potential for use of biogas as source energy for cooking and even
lighting This would in turn reduce the existing pressure on wood products which are the
main source of energy for cooking in the area
In some farms people had also adopted tree planting especially in middle Nyando area to
supplement their energy sources This shows that agro-forestry practices at farm level can
play a key role in meeting the growing energy demand in the area with multiple benefits
such as additional income sources and soil conservation
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting
The study established that the main reason for choosing energy source either for cooking or
lighting is mainly based on availability (cooking 728 and lighting 732) This indicates that
probably the households will go for the most cost effective and readily available source of
energy
Table 12 Renewable Energy Use
Middle Nyando N=40 Lower Nyando N=19
No No
Type of Renewable
energy
Solar energy for lighting 16 400 4 211
Solar cookers 4 100 1 53
Do not know 19 475 10 526
Other 1 25 2 105
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Total 40 1000 19 1000
Middle Nyando N= 84 Lower Nyando N= 82
Challenges to
Accessing RE
High cost of start up 47 560 47 573
Not reliable 17 202 3 37
Do not know about the
technologies20 238 30 366
Other specify 2 24
Total 84 1000 82 1000
Only 175 of households in middle Nyando and 74 in lower Nyando said they use
renewable energy in their homes The most common type of renewable energy used was
solar energy for lighting (16 households n =123) in middle Nyando and 4 households (N=
100) in lower Nyando
Main source of information on renewable energy in the area is from the media (66) in both
areas The results show that there is inadequate sustained and comprehensive awareness
creation on the use of renewable energy sources in the region There is need to do as
sustained awareness creation in the area to educate the people that despite the high start-up
cost studies shows a reduction on the cost of household energy once the families start using
renewable energy because the operational recurrent costs are relatively lower when
compared with other sources of energy
356 Challenges facing renewable energy
The major challenge to accessing renewable energy technologies was the high cost of start-
up (56 middle Nyando and 57 lower Nyando) The other reasons given were on
reliability of renewable energy sources and poor knowledge on the available Renewable
energy technologies (366 in lower Nyando and 238) in middle Nyando The study
shows that among the households that have adopted renewable energy use on average 20
had been assisted (technologically and or subsidised)
Biogas and solar energy sources are considered fairly inefficient implying that more
research and development work needs to be done to improve on the efficiency The high
cost of adopting renewable energy sources makes it prohibitive for a significant portion of
the population The results is that the population still heavily relay on traditional energy
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sources (biomass) yet the technologies used to extract the energy not only significantly
affect the health of women and children but is also damage to the environment
During the FGD it also emerged that the Despite availability of programmes such as the
biogas installation subsidy programme by KEBDIP people were generally unaware of it
Also during the FGDs with some of the community groups it emerged that knowledge on
renewable energy sources especially biogas production was very low This is supported by
various qualitative data that shows that knowledge on funding sources for renewable
energy technologies was generally low However the people showed interest in adopting
the use of biogas energy if the technology can be made available and affordable to them
36
AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture practices in the area gained prominence after the introduction of the Economic
Stimulus Package Through this programmes every location was supposed to be allocated
14 fishponds
Data from the fisheries offices estimates the total fishponds in Nyando District to be 1100
Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds
Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish ponds and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA
area as you go towards the lake
The ministry of fisheries has also constructed a dam along river Awasi to provide water for
fish farming in the area as well as water for domestic use
Aquaculture has been introduced in the area to try and reduce the pressure on fisheries
resources in the lake as well as provide an alternative livelihood source to the people
Table 13 Data on Fish Farming
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Households Practicing
Aquaculture
Yes 5 42 9 92
No 114 958 89 908
Total 119 1000 98 1000
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The major challenge facing fish farming in the area was availability of water as most of the
river sources being perennial rivers
During the FGD and KII the reasons given for low adoption of aquaculture were listed as
Negative attitude towards fish farming as people believe that fish is found in the lake Over
reliance on lake fish Perception that fish from fish pond is not sweet perceptions on
palatability Security issues as fish are stolen from the ponds thus discouraging potential
farmers cases of pond poisoning has thus discouraging farmers High cost of start-up and
high cost of inputs Water scarcity caused by limited permanent water sources Low levels of
awareness on fish farming Poor pond management skills and High hydraulic conductivity
of soils thus low water retention capabilities Flooding was also reported to be a big
challenge in the lower Nyando area as flood waters wash away the fish ponds during rainseasons Proximity to the lake was also a major deterrence to fish farming as the people close
to the lake thought it was easier to fish in the lake
However it also emerged during this discussions that farmers who were successful in the
fish farming business were expanding and increasing the number of their ponds The
success stories of such farmers have also encouraged other people with favourable land
conditions to adopt aquaculture
This shows that with availability of water sources the potential for aquaculture is very huge
especially in lower Nyando
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
This baseline report presents the results of the data collected from the combination of field
and household surveys in two project areas as well as through review of various literatures
on interventions carried out in the area Interpretation and management recommendations
are based solely on the data
Several Livelihood intervention measures focusing on Water and sanitation aquaculture
and soil and water conservation have been put in place by different actors (both state and
non state) to try and improve the living standards of people in lower and middle Nyando
The most observable intervention measures recorded during the survey was Promotion of
Rain water harvesting at household level promotion of tree farming investment in water
storage through construction of water pans and also fish farming
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Generally access to sanitation facilities is above 85 in both areas However the prevalence
of water borne diseases is still high and therefore need to increase interventions aimed
towards improving hygiene measures such as hand washing
Majority of the households also rely on unprotected water sources for their household water
needs Future interventions should therefore focus more on increasing access to protected
water sources and also increasing the quantity of water available per capita in both the
lower and Nyando river area
Uptake of Fish farming in the area is low due to both human and non human factors as
discussed in the report Future interventions should focus more on ensuring adequate
technical support to farmers who have adopted fish farming Interventions should also focus
on creating favourable environment for new farmers to adopt aquaculture through
provision of water by investing in water storage such as earth dams and pans and also
provision of piped water
Renewable energy uptake has also been low due to low levels of awareness as well as the
perceived high start-up cost Intervention measures in this area should focus on raising
awareness on available low cost renewable energy options such as solar lanterns for
lighting The potential for biogas production is also high and therefore intervention should
focus on development of affordable biogas production technologies Tree cover is quite low
in Lower Nyando Only 34 of household plots had any trees in the vicinity (Verchot et al
2008
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References
ICRAF and MOARD (2000) ldquoImproved land management in the Lake Victoria basin Final
Technical Report Start-up Phase July 1999 to June 2000rdquo ICRAF and MOARD Nairobi
Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 2006 Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem
Management Project (WKIEMP) Strategies for Integrated Land and Water Management for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Katuk-Odeyo Sub-Watershed Nyando River Basin Lake Victoria Basin
KENYA
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2009) The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing
Census lsquo Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030) Volume 1 A Ministry of
Water Resources and Regional Development (2004) Land resources Development and
Irrigation in Nyanza Province South Kano Government Printers
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L and Njui A (eds) 2004 Proceedings of aWorkshop on
Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin December 9 ndash
11 2002 Imperial Hotel Kisumu Kenya
Muriithi S Okono NA and Swallow B (eds) 2006b Developing an action plan for the Awach
watershed Western Kenya Proceedings of a workshop co-hosted by the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (NALEP
ndash National Agriculture Livestock Extension Programme 23rd May 2001 St Anna Guest House
Kisumu ICRAF Discussion Paper 2001-3
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L amp Njui A eds 2004 Proceedings of a
Workshop on Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin
Nairobi ICRAF NEMA the Water Quality Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
Management Programme (LVEMP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Environmental Authority [NEMA] (2004) Strategy for Flood Management in Lake
Victoria Basin Kenya
Verchot et al (2008) Baseline Report Nyando River Basin Western Kenya Integrated
Ecosystem Management Project Findings from the Baseline Surveys International Centre forResearch in Agroforestry Nairobi Kenya
World Agroforestry Centre (2006) Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin Final
Report of the TransVic Project World Agroforerstry Centre Occasional Paper No 7 World
Agroforestry Centre Nairobi Kenya
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ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets
I Water and Sanitation
Middle Nyando Lower Nya
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Target Baseline st
Water
Improved Water sources
bull Piped water intodwelling
bull plot or yard
bull Public tapstandpipe
bull Tubewellborehole
bull Protected dug well
bull
Protected spring
bull Rainwater collection
Unimproved Water sources
bull Unprotected dug well
bull Unprotected spring
bull Cart with small tankdrum
bull Bottled water a
bull Tanker-truck
bull Surface water (river dam
bull lake pond stream canal
bull irrigation channels)
of house hold using water fromProtected Sources
393 439
Reduce average Distance tohousehold Water source to lessthan a km
Within compound 248 Within com
lt 1km =537 lt 1km =690
gt2km = 41 gt2km = 0
Household water treatment 883 85
Average time taken to collect waterfor domestic use
lt 1 an hour =775
1-2hrs=192
gt2hrs =335
Reliability of Water supplyavailability of water
Household per-capita Water Use) lt 4 l per capita = 83 gt20lpppd
lt 4 l per ca
4- 10 l per capita =355 4- 10 l per c
10-20 l per capita =421 10-20 l per c
gt20 litres= 14 gt20L =18
Reduce water bornewashed Diarrhoeal incidences Diarrhoeal
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diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
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983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
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III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
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Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
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Contents
Executive Summary 2
1 Background 8
11 About SusWatch II 8
12 Brief Introduction of LVEMP II 8
13 LVEMP II Interventions in the Project Area 9
14 About the study area 9
141 Lower Nyando 10
142 Middle Nyando 10
15 Purpose of the LVEMP II CS 11
16 Overall Objective of the Consultancy 12
17 Scope of work 13
2 Methodology 14
21 Timeframe 14
22 The Baseline survey process 14
23 Study design 14
24 Data collection tools 14
25 Sample Selection 15
26 Data Processing Analysis and Presentation 15
Chapter Three 16
3 Study Findings 16
31 General conditions in the study areas 16
32 Socio Demographic Characteristics of the Study Respondents 16
33 WATER Availability Access and Usage of Water Resources 18
331 Main Water Supply Sources 18332 Distance to drinking water sources 19
333 Quantity of Water Used Per household per day 20
334 Water Safety ndash quality and use of safe water drinking products 20
335 Payment for water supply 22
34 SANITATION 23
341 Latrine coverage 23
35 ENERGY SOURCE AND USE 24
351 House hold Energy Needs 24
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352 Main House Hold Sources of Energy 24
353 Availability of energy 26
354 Potential for renewable energy uses 26
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting 26
356 Challenges facing renewable energy 27
36 AQUACULTURE 28
4 Conclusions and Recommendations 29
References 31
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets 32
I Water and Sanitation 32
II Energy Renewable Energy 33
III Aqua cultural Interventions 35
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites 36
List of Tables
Table 1 Sampling Frame 15
Table 2 Summary of Household Socio-demographic Characteristics 16
Table 3 Main Income source amp Average Household Size 17
Table 4 The respondentrsquos main water sources in the dry and wet season 18Table 5 Distance to Drinking Water Source 19
Table 6 The respondents water quality perception method of treatment and incidences of
water borne diseases 21
Table 7 Household Incidences of Water Related Illnesses 22
Table 9 Cost of Water 22
Table 10 Sanitation Situation 23
Table 11 Reasons for Lack Of Sanitation Facilities 23
Table 12 Energy Source and Use 25
Table 13 Renewable Energy Use 26
Table 14 Data on Fish Farming 28
List of Figures
Figure 1map of lower Nyando 10
Figure 2 map of middle Nyando 11
Figure 3 Quantity of Water Used per Household per Day 20
Figure 4 Household water treatment methods a Middle Nyando b Lower Nyando 21
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Chapter 1
1 Background
11 About SusWatch II
The East Africa Sustainability Watch (EA SusWatch) Network is a network of NGOs from
Kenya Uganda and Tanzania spearheaded by Uganda Coalition for Sustainable
Development (UCSD) Sustainable Environmental Development Watch Network (SusWatch
Kenya) and Tanzania Coalition for Sustainable Development (TCSD) EA SusWatch
Regional Secretariat is hosted by UCSD in Kampala Uganda
The EA Suswatch Network is currently implementing LVEMP II Civil Society (CS) Watch
project which is a three-year initiative to be implemented from November 2011 to October
2014 with support from the Government of Sweden LVEMP II CS watch project is being
implemented in partnership between Uganda Coalition for Sustainable Development
(UCSD) Tanzania Coalition for Sustainable Development (TCSD) and Sustainable
Environmental Development Watch Network (SusWatch Kenya)
12 Brief Introduction of LVEMP II
Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project Phase Two (LVEMP II) is an 8 years (2009- 2017) regional project implemented in the 5 East Africa Community partner states of the
Republics of Kenya Burundi Rwanda Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania
Kenya is currently implementing the 1st phase of LVEMP II Adjustable Program Lending
(APL 1) APL 1 will be implemented in Nyando River Basin and along the lake shore in the
former Nyanza Western and Rift Valley provinces
The project contributes to broad-based poverty alleviation and improvement of livelihoods
of people by supporting sustainable management of shared natural resources of the Lake
Victoria Basin which many communities depend on To achieve this the project supports
among other interventions (a) Institutional capacity building and harmonization of policy
legislations and regulatory frameworks (b) Community-Driven Development (CDD)
subprojects investments in participatory watershed management and (c) point sources
pollution control and prevention
APL 1 through the CDD sub-projects component intends to support community-driven
investments in rehabilitating the Nyando River catchment area and lake shore districts The
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component has a Natural resource Conservation component and a Livelihood improvement
component
The natural resource conservation component focuses on soil and water conservation
rainwater harvesting and growing of greenery treescrops The livelihood Improvementcomponent will focus on reducing harvesting pressure on fisheries and wetlands resources
and intensifying natural resource use to increase adoption of sustainable land management
practices The interventions will largely be household-based and are aimed at intensifying
natural resources use and reducing harvesting pressure on the fisheries and wetlands
resources
13
LVEMP II Interventions in the Project Area
LVEMP II has been engaged in various livelihood intervention programmes in the larger
Nyando district (currently Muhoroni Nyando and Nyakach districts) LVEMP II is currently
undertaking four existing projects in Kabodho location and Upper North Kabodho sub-
location in Nyakach district The four projects deal with intervention in areas of
1 Natural resource conservation
2 Roof catchment activities
3
Livestock improvement and
4 Nursery establishment
However LVEMP II programme is still underway to enhance the 4 project areas but
including components of water and sanitation as well as aquaculture development with
greater emphasis in Nyando District Currently the project is at the proposal receiving stage
from various community groups The proposals are submitted to the district project
coordinating team in charge of such projects Their offices are located at the respective
district headquarters The district project coordinating team are mandated to vet the
proposals provide technical backstopping and forward refined proposals to the national
offices and thereafter monitor the implementation of projects So far no projects on
renewable energy and aquaculture have been funded by LVEMP II in the study areas
14 About the study area
The Nyando River basin covers an area of 3517 km2 of Western Kenya The river basin
drains into the Winam Gulf in Lake Victoria The main river Nyando rises from the western
Mau hills and traverses a distance of approximately 170Km Its drainage basin consists of
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five main sub-catchment areas namely Nyando-Nandi Nyando-Kericho Awach-Kano
Nyaidho-Kano and Nyando-Kano The Nyando and its tributaries supply water both for
domestic and livestock use and for irrigation in the sugar belt (Nyando Atlas) The
population in the Nyando basin is approximately 1100000 people (KNBS 2009)
141 Lower Nyando
The Lower Nyando block is located in the lake plain (Kano Plains) of Lake Victoria The
block is characterized by low productivity erratic rainfall and severe erosion Within the
block are two divisions Upper and Lower Nyando and 16 sub-locations The specific areas
of studies are Kabodho East sub location of Pap Onditi Location Nyando District Kabodho
East sub location has a total population of 6009 comprising of 2916 males and 3093females (KNBS 2009) Awach sub location lies in NE Nyakach location of Nyando district
Awach sub location has a total population of 2495 comprising of 1277 males and 2763
females (KNBS 2009)
142 Middle Nyando
The Middle Nyando block lies in Kericho and Nyando Districts both in Muhoroni division
Within the block are ten sub- locations The block is characterized by sugar cane production
on larger farms located on the plains and gentle slopes and subsisting farming or the steeper
slopes and hill tops
Figure 1map of lower Nyando
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Figure 2 map of middle Nyando
The specific areas of study were Koru Sub location and Nyando sub location Both Koru
and Nyando sub locations lies within Koru Location of Nyando district The total population
in Koru Sub location is 5407 while in Nyando sub location is 2495 (KNBS 2009)
15 Purpose of the LVEMP II CS
LVEMP II CS watch project intends to produce several advocacy and IEC materials to
inform the general public on the progress of implementation of LVEMP II including
bull Evidence-based assessment and documentation of LVEMP II progress in the
respective countries in form of alternative reports (packaged in form of SusWatch
briefs)
bull Field-based information generation and packaging in form of Community Demand
Driven Sub-projects Watch
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bull SusWatch Livelihood Case Studies from the sub-catchments in Nyando River Basin
ie Lower Nyando (Awach and Kabodho East sub-locations) and Middle Nyando
(Koru and Nyando sub-locations)
bull Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) Climate Change Readiness brief to highlight lsquolevel of
readinessrsquo to face up to climate change development challenges in the LVB (for water
supply and sanitation agriculture and food security rural energy supply) as per the
2010 East African Climate Change Policy (EACCP) annually
The above documents and reports will be produced periodically during the project
implementation The baseline survey is therefore intended to provide benchmarks against
which the improvement in the community livelihood as a result of the CDD Sub-project
interventions will be measured
16 Overall Objective of the Consultancy
The overall objective of the consultancy is to establish baseline data on the Livelihood
Intervention areas of Water Supply and Sanitation Renewable Energy Supply and
Aquaculture in Nyando River Basin
The specific objectives of the baseline study include to
1
Conduct a coordinated baseline survey to establish baseline indicators for the
community livelihood that will imply Impact Evaluation of the CDD Sub-projects in
relation to water and sanitation renewable energy and aquaculture
2
Establish baseline for water and sanitation renewable energy supply and
aquaculture using quantitative and qualitative measures
3 Recommend targets for the indicators
4
Document appropriate and user friendly data collection and monitoring tools for
subsequent monitoring surveys
5 Prepare a baseline survey report using appropriate qualitative and quantitative
methods covering community livelihoods aspects including poverty food and
income security marketing processing and the institutional context of development
as well as on the cross cutting issues of gender and HIVAIDS while relating them to
the 3 intervention areas of water and sanitation renewable energy and aquaculture
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17 Scope of work
The baseline study will focus on the 3 livelihood intervention areas (water and sanitation
renewable energy supply and aquaculture) within Nyando River Basin ie Lower Nyando
(Awach and Kabodho East sub-locations) and Middle Nyando (Koru and Nyando sub-locations)
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CHAPTER TWO
2 Methodology
21 Timeframe
The evaluation took place on the month of July 2012 August 2012 The field work was done
in the month of July and covered both Lower Nyando and Middle Nyando
22 The Baseline survey process
The data collection was a participatory process that involved the external consultant
(Emerald Environmental Consultancy Firm) Suswach II officials and the community
members from the study locations Also involved in the process was the district fisheries
officer from Nyando the District development office Lake Basin development AuthorityLake Victoria South Water Services Board and community groups involved in
environmental and livelihoods project It also involved review and analysis of literature
project implementation documents and baseline survey reports The supervisors and
enumerators went through a rigorous training which involved an understanding of the
project reviewing and refining all data collection instruments
23 Study design
The evaluation team used a comprehensive mixed-methods evaluation design This was a
cross-sectional survey conducted in 4 Sub locations distributed over middle Nyando namely
Koru sub location and Nyando sub location and Lower Nyando Kabodho East and Awach
sub locations
An interviewer administered questionnaire was designed and used to conduct a total of 230
interviews In addition semi-structured Interviews including Focus Group
Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were done with beneficiaries
and other stakeholders respectively Field visits were done at key projects sites to make
observations on the projects visible outputs
24 Data collection tools
Overall the following data collection tools were developed
bull Household Survey Questionnaire ndash to facilitate Quantitative data collection
bull
Key Informant Interviews guidelines ndash A semi-structured interview guide was
developed to facilitate interviews with key stakeholders such as government officials
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from the line ministries such as Ministries of Water Public Health and Ministry of
Fisheries Other respondents included local administration NGO and CBOs
bull Focus Group Discussion guidelines ndash to facilitate interviews with potential project
beneficiaries and their representative groups including Women and youth groups
bull Observation Checklist for field visits to observe project infrastructure development
25 Sample Selection
Several approaches were used during the baseline survey documentary reviews
quantitative and qualitative data collection including checklists Using these approaches
allowed the research team to triangulate data as a measure of countering the shortcomings
from any particular data collection tool The survey was designed to collect information
from households within the project area A multistage sampling technique was used First
purposive sampling was used to identify project beneficiaries at location level then a
random sampling technique for identifying the sub locations and the households to be
interviewed The Sample size was calculated using the fischers equation
The formula yielded a total of about 200 households to be surveyed The sample size was
adjusted upwards to 223 households to cater for none responses There after considering the
cluster group proportionality in the division the household interviewed was distributed asfollows
Table 1 Sampling Frame
Area Sub location House hold
Lower Nyando Awach 123
Kabodho east
Middle Nyando Koru 100
Nyando
Total 223
26 Data Processing Analysis and Presentation
Quantitative data was entered using access based data base software and later converted to
SPSS which was used for analysis The results are presented in the form of frequencies and
ages Qualitative data was triangulated and analyzed based on the thematic areas and
were mainly used in this report for detailed explanation of the quantitative aspects of the
project
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
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Chapter Three
3 Study Findings
31 General conditions in the study areas
In all the study areas the most identifiable significant livelihood activities or groups of
activities found within the study area is mainly farming in lower Nyando the predominant
livelihood source is subsistence farming with maize and sorghum dominating crop
production Majority of the homesteads also keep livestock which include cattle goats and
chicken
In middle Nyando the predominant livelihood source is also farming The agricultural
activities in this block are mainly small scale sugar cane and maize production The area is inthe western Kenya sugar belt and has a sugar company and the factories nuclear large scale
sugar plantations which might account for the high number of salaried employment
Majority over 50 of the households have farm sizes of 4 acres or less Only 25 of the
farms have farm sizes larger than 10 acres
32 Socio Demographic Characteristics of the Study Respondents
Average household size in both middle and lower Nyando is 6 people with the maximum
recorded household size being 14 people in middle Nyando and 20 people in lower Nyando
In lower Nyando the majority of the households interviewed were headed by females
(52) About 53 of the household heads had primary level of education while 28 had
attained secondary level of education with 7 having university level of education
In Middle Nyando majority of the households are male headed (61) About 39 of the
household heads had primary level of education while 34 had attained secondary level of
education with only 49 having university level of education
Table 2 Summary of Household Socio-demographic Characteristics
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Household head Male 75 61 48 480
Female 48 39 52 520
Marital Status Married 86 699 74 740
Widowed 28 228 15 150
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983089983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Highest level of education for
household head
No formal
education10 81 7 70
Primary 48 390 53 530
Secondary 42 341 28 280
Tertiary 17 138 5 50
University 6 49 7 70
The main source of income in Middle Nyando is farming at 317 followed trading at
228 and salaried employment at 203 with the average monthly income being less than
Ksh 7000 per month (528) In Lower Nyando the main source of income in the area is
farming at 64 followed by wage employment at 14 and salaried employment at 13
The average monthly income is less than Ksh 7000 per month (54)
Table 3 Main Income source amp Average Household Size
Main Source of Income Farming 39 317 64 640
Livestock keeping 11 89 1 10
Wage employment 13 106 14 140
Artisanblacksmith 5 41 1 10
Salaried
Employment25 203 13 130
Trading 28 228 6 60
Others Specify 2 16 1 10
Average Monthly Income Less than 7000 65 528 54 540
7000-20000 44 358 38 380
20000-50000 13 106 6 60
Over 50000 1 8 2 20
Average House hold Size Mean 602 645
Minimum 2 1
Maximum 14 20
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983089983096 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
33 WATER Availability Access and Usage of Water Resources
331 Main Water Supply Sources
The main water source for households during both dry and wet seasons is mainly
unprotected water sources- 709 amp 646during dry season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively and 542 and 561 during wet season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively The major single source of water for the households during both dry
and wet seasons is riversstreams at 426 (dry season) and 492 (wet season) in Middle
Nyando and In lower Nyando 53 and 541 during both dry and wet season respectively
About 20 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando had access to piped water in their
houses within their compounds while 66 had invested in rain water storage tanks Other
sources of water included hand dug wells (74) and communal water points While in
Lower Nyando 13 of households surveyed had invested in rain water tanks and only 4
of the households surveyed had access to piped water
Table 4 The respondentrsquos main water sources in the dry and wet season
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Dry season Wet Season Dry Season Wet Season
Frequen
cy
Frequenc
y
Frequenc
y
Freque
ncy
Piped tap water in
dwelling14 115 10 85 4 40 4 41
Piped tap water on
site11 90 8 68 8 81 4 41
Borehole on site
water kiosk5 41 4 34 8 81 6 61
Rainwater tank on
site8 66 24 203 12 121 13 133
Publiccommunal
tap water kiosk less
than 200 meters away
2 16 2 17 1 10 1 10
Publiccommunal
tap more than 200
meters away
4 33 3 25 3 30 2 20
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983089983097 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Hand dug wells 9 74 3 25 4 40 1 10
Neighbor 3 25 2 17 1 10
Mobile Water tanker
(bowser)1 8
riverstream Wells
amp springs52 426 58 492 60 606 53 541
Water Pansearth
dams ponds13 107 3 25 1 10
Therefore the result shows that majority of households (over 50) in this areas rely on
unprotected water sources This is below the National average According KDH report
20089 63 of households in Kenya get drinking water from an improved source However
disparities exist by residence with a higher proportion of urban households (91 ) having
an improved source of drinking water compared with rural households 54
Increasing access to improved drinking water is one of the Millennium Development Goals
that Kenya along with other nations worldwide has adopted (United Nations General
Assembly 2001) The indicators that are useful in monitoring household access to improved
drinking water (WHO and UNICEF 2005) include sources that are likely to provide water
suitable for drinking Lack of ready access to a water source may limit the quantity of
suitable drinking water that must be fetched from a source that is not immediately
accessible to the household (distance to source) water quality among others as discussed
below
332 Distance to drinking water sources
In middle Nyando area the average distance to the householdsrsquo main water source is less
than a kilometre (537) 248 of the households surveyed have water within their
compounds On average it takes less than an hour (775) for households to fetch water for
their domestic use while 192 of the households take between 1-2 hours to collect water
Table 5 Distance to Drinking Water Source
983117983145983140983140983148983141 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983090983091 983116983151983159983141983154 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983088983088
983118983151 983118983151
983108983145983155983156983137983150983139983141 983156983151 983159983137983156983141983154
983155983151983157983154983139983141
983127983145983156983144983145983150 983156983144983141 983139983151983149983152983151983157983150983140 30 248 19 190
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983115983149 65 537 69 690
1983147983149983155 983085 2 983115983149 21 174 12 120
2 983085 5 983115983149 5 41
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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2036
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
983124983145983149983141 983156983137983147983141983150 983156983151 983139983151983148983148983141983139983156
983159983137983156983141983154
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983144983154 93 775 91 910
1983144983154 983085 2 983144983154983155 23 192 9 90
983119983158983141983154 2 983144983154983155 4 33
In lower Nyando area 19 of households surveyed had water within their compounds
while 69 walked less than a kilometre to access water for domestic use It takes less than anhour for households to collect water for domestic use (91) while the rest spend between
an hour and two
333 Quantity of Water Used Per household per day
Majority of the households in
middle Nyando (421) use
between 80-100 litres of water
per day while 355 use
between 20-60 litres per day and
14 of the surveyed households
reported to be using over 100
litres of water per day
In Lower Nyando 40 of the households surveyed used between 20 and 60 litres of water
per day with an equivalent number using between 80 and 100 litres of water for domestic
use 18 of the residents used over 100 litres of water per day for domestic use
Considering the average household sizes in the study areas (6 people in middle Nyando
and 7 in lower Nyando) this translates to a per capita water consumption of 17 litres per
person per day which is still below the recommended 20 litres per capita by WHO
754 of respondents in middle Nyando and 495 in lower Nyando use water for other
purposes other than household use Water is also used for irrigating crops (935 middle
Nyando 596 lower Nyando) and for animal use
334 Water Safety ndash quality and use of safe water drinking products
The general perception on water safety was assessed in terms of safety to drink clarity taste
and odour In middle Nyando 54 of household interviewed perceive their water to be safe
to drink 729 good to taste and 608 perceive the water to be clearnot turbid In lower
Figure 3 Quantity of Water Used per Household per Day
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983089 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Nyando 84 of household perceive their water to be god to taste 48 to be safe to drink
and 77 to be clearnot turbid
Table 6 The respondents water quality perception method of treatment and incidences
of water borne diseases
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Perception on Water
Quality
Safe to drink 541 480
Clear 608 770
Good to taste 729 840
Free from odour 788 730
About 883 of households in middle Nyando treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment (891) being the use of chlorine based chemicals like water guard In
lower Nyando 85 of households surveyed treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment being chemical treatment (682) 481 of households interviewed in
middle Nyando reported to have had cases of typhoid infections among a family during the
past 6months 135 had cases of diarrhoea in the family Scabiesskin diseases were
recorded in 173 of the households
Figure 4 Household water treatment methods a Middle Nyando b Lower Nyando
In lower Nyando 155 of interviewed households had recorded cases of diarrheal among
family members during the past for 6 months while 50 had recorded cases of typhoid The
high number of recorded cases of water bornewater washed diseasesconditions can be
attributed to the man water source in the study areas which was found to be riverssprings
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2236
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 7 Household Incidences of Water Related Illnesses
Incidences of Water
BorneWater Washed
illnessesconditions
diarrhea 7 135 9 155
Typhoid 25 481 29 500
Scabies (skin diseases) 9 173 2 34
Trachoma 1 19
Others (specify) 10 192 18 310
The majority of the households also treat their drinking water despite the surveying
showing that cases of water borne diseases were many This could mean that household
water handling measures are poor leading to recontamination of drinking water either
during storage or during use It could also mean that the treatment methods which is
mainly chlorine based is not being administered correctly leading to under dosing
335
Payment for water supply
The average amount of money spent on water is Ksh 200-500 per month with 455 of
households in middle Nyando and 433 in lower Nyando falling in this group
Table 8 Cost of Water
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Amount Spent on Water
per month
Do not pay 9 205 8 267
Less than 200 5 114 1 33
Between Ksh 200-500 20 455 13 433
Between Ksh 500-1000 10 227 2 67
Between Ksh 1000-2000 3 100
Over Ksh 2000 3 100
To whom Water is paid Municipality 2 61 1 48
Businesswater vendor 17 515 16 762
CBONGO 2 61
Other specify 12 364 4 190
Those who pay for water mostly do so to water vendors (515) in middle Nyando and
762 in lower Nyando
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
34 SANITATION
341 Latrine coverage
Latrine coverage is 894 in middle Nyando and 87in Lower Nyando The most common
type of toilet facility is pit latrine with no Ventilation pipe (705) in Middle Nyando and
744 in Lower Nyando followed by VIP latrine at 268 and 20 in Middle and Lower
Nyando respectively The figures are above the national latrine coverage averages
Table 9 Sanitation Situation
Study Area Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Availability of Toilet Yes 110 894 87 870
No 13 106 13 130
No of Toilet facilities One 96 857 64 736
Two 10 89 16 184
Three and Above 3 27 7 70
Not Applicable 3 27
Type of toilet Facility Flush toilet
connected to a
septic tank
2 18 2 22
Pit latrine with
ventilation pipe30 268 18 200
Pit latrine without
ventilation pipe79 705 67 744
The main reason given for lack of latrines in the area was high cost of construction at 727
in middle Nyando and 692 in lower Nyando The household without latrines either
relieve themselves in the bush (364) for middle Nyando and 538 for lower Nyando or
in the Neighbours latrines (636) middle Nyando and 385 in lower Nyando
Table 10 Reasons for Lack Of Sanitation Facilities
Reasons for No latrine Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Cost of construction is high 727 692
Do not see the need to have one 91 0
Poor soil formationcollapsible soil 33 50
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Not provided by land lord 08 30
Others 0 10
Where people relieve themselves
(those without latrines)
Frequency
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Bush Outside 4 364 7 538
Neighborrsquos Latrine 7 636 5 385
Ensuring adequate sanitation facilities is a Millennium Development Goal that Kenya shares
with other countries A household is classified as having an improved toilet if the toilet is
used only by members of one household (ie it is not shared) and if the facility used by the
household separates the waste from human contact (WHOUNICEF Joint MonitoringProgramme for Water Supply and Sanitation 2004) According to KDH report 20082009 the
national figures show that less 60 of households uses an improved toilet facility that is not
shared with other households Urban households are only slightly more likely than rural
households to have an improved toilet facility (30 and 20 respectively) Overall 12 of
households have no toilet facility at all they are almost exclusively rural accounting for 16
of rural households
35 ENERGY SOURCE AND USE
351 House hold Energy Needs
Energy demand patterns of the study areas largely revolve around household energy end
uses such as cooking and lighting Respondents ranked cooking lighting and heating as the
three most important energy needs
352
Main House Hold Sources of Energy
The main sources of energy at household levels are wood paraffin and charcoal The table
below lists the age of farmers using the various fuel sources listed in the questionnaire
The study established that the most preferred source of household cooking energy among
the respondents is mainly firewood (at 100 in lower Nyando and 99 in middle Nyando)
This indicates overreliance on biomass and an indicator of a real challenge of forest and
vegetation degradation
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 11 Energy Source and Use
Lighting Cooking
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Biomass 08 0 1000 990
Kerosene 884 838
Biogas 08 0
Solar 66 20
Electricity 33 141 0 10
Recent National studies also Estimates of household energy use indicate that over 95 of
Kenyan population rely on wood or charcoal for energy needs Traditionally these energy
resources have been ldquofreerdquo goods however the Kenyan wood fuel supply has been rapidlydepleted by deforestation an activity also closely associated with land clearing for
agriculture and global warming via reduction of biomass to sequestrate CO 2
Consequently an energy policy that is designed to meet the needs of the majority of the
population must devote considerable attention to mainstreaming a sustainable yield of
biomass as well efficient energy technology to maximise on the biomass energy sources
The main source of energy for lighting in the area is kerosene (884 in middle Nyando and
838 in lower Nyando 66 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando and 20 in lower
Nyando use solar energy for lighting Hydro electric usage for lighting was recorded in 33
of households in middle Nyando and 141 in lower Nyando Biomass energy which
includes firewood charcoal and livestock waste burnt directly accounts for 100 of cooking
energy source in middle Nyando and 99 in lower Nyando Other renewable energy such
as biogas is not common in the area with only less than 1 of households in Nyando
utilising biogas
From the focused group discussions Initial capital cost was established as the utmost
challenge for household access to alterative and sustainable energy sources like biogas or
grid power It was further established among the biomass users 80 2 settled for firewood
as the main source of energy because of affordability lack of capacity to include other
alternatives and convenience
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983090983094 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
353 Availability of energy
Qualitative data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews corroborated
the finding that most households in the two study areas are energy stressed and that the
majority still used wood fuel and charcoal as the main source of energy The distancetravelled and time used to collect fuel wood has been increasing due to the declining tree
cover In parts of KORU people are cutting down trees to sell to Homaline Company as an
additional source of income A different study carried out by ICRAF in the lower and
middle Nyando areas in 2009 showed that More than 90 of the households are not self
sufficient with fuel
354 Potential for renewable energy uses
During the field studies it was observed that almost all households kept livestock A similar
study undertaken by ICRAF also showed that all households in the area keep livestock
This shows that there is a potential for use of biogas as source energy for cooking and even
lighting This would in turn reduce the existing pressure on wood products which are the
main source of energy for cooking in the area
In some farms people had also adopted tree planting especially in middle Nyando area to
supplement their energy sources This shows that agro-forestry practices at farm level can
play a key role in meeting the growing energy demand in the area with multiple benefits
such as additional income sources and soil conservation
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting
The study established that the main reason for choosing energy source either for cooking or
lighting is mainly based on availability (cooking 728 and lighting 732) This indicates that
probably the households will go for the most cost effective and readily available source of
energy
Table 12 Renewable Energy Use
Middle Nyando N=40 Lower Nyando N=19
No No
Type of Renewable
energy
Solar energy for lighting 16 400 4 211
Solar cookers 4 100 1 53
Do not know 19 475 10 526
Other 1 25 2 105
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Total 40 1000 19 1000
Middle Nyando N= 84 Lower Nyando N= 82
Challenges to
Accessing RE
High cost of start up 47 560 47 573
Not reliable 17 202 3 37
Do not know about the
technologies20 238 30 366
Other specify 2 24
Total 84 1000 82 1000
Only 175 of households in middle Nyando and 74 in lower Nyando said they use
renewable energy in their homes The most common type of renewable energy used was
solar energy for lighting (16 households n =123) in middle Nyando and 4 households (N=
100) in lower Nyando
Main source of information on renewable energy in the area is from the media (66) in both
areas The results show that there is inadequate sustained and comprehensive awareness
creation on the use of renewable energy sources in the region There is need to do as
sustained awareness creation in the area to educate the people that despite the high start-up
cost studies shows a reduction on the cost of household energy once the families start using
renewable energy because the operational recurrent costs are relatively lower when
compared with other sources of energy
356 Challenges facing renewable energy
The major challenge to accessing renewable energy technologies was the high cost of start-
up (56 middle Nyando and 57 lower Nyando) The other reasons given were on
reliability of renewable energy sources and poor knowledge on the available Renewable
energy technologies (366 in lower Nyando and 238) in middle Nyando The study
shows that among the households that have adopted renewable energy use on average 20
had been assisted (technologically and or subsidised)
Biogas and solar energy sources are considered fairly inefficient implying that more
research and development work needs to be done to improve on the efficiency The high
cost of adopting renewable energy sources makes it prohibitive for a significant portion of
the population The results is that the population still heavily relay on traditional energy
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983090983096 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
sources (biomass) yet the technologies used to extract the energy not only significantly
affect the health of women and children but is also damage to the environment
During the FGD it also emerged that the Despite availability of programmes such as the
biogas installation subsidy programme by KEBDIP people were generally unaware of it
Also during the FGDs with some of the community groups it emerged that knowledge on
renewable energy sources especially biogas production was very low This is supported by
various qualitative data that shows that knowledge on funding sources for renewable
energy technologies was generally low However the people showed interest in adopting
the use of biogas energy if the technology can be made available and affordable to them
36
AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture practices in the area gained prominence after the introduction of the Economic
Stimulus Package Through this programmes every location was supposed to be allocated
14 fishponds
Data from the fisheries offices estimates the total fishponds in Nyando District to be 1100
Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds
Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish ponds and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA
area as you go towards the lake
The ministry of fisheries has also constructed a dam along river Awasi to provide water for
fish farming in the area as well as water for domestic use
Aquaculture has been introduced in the area to try and reduce the pressure on fisheries
resources in the lake as well as provide an alternative livelihood source to the people
Table 13 Data on Fish Farming
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Households Practicing
Aquaculture
Yes 5 42 9 92
No 114 958 89 908
Total 119 1000 98 1000
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983090983097 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
The major challenge facing fish farming in the area was availability of water as most of the
river sources being perennial rivers
During the FGD and KII the reasons given for low adoption of aquaculture were listed as
Negative attitude towards fish farming as people believe that fish is found in the lake Over
reliance on lake fish Perception that fish from fish pond is not sweet perceptions on
palatability Security issues as fish are stolen from the ponds thus discouraging potential
farmers cases of pond poisoning has thus discouraging farmers High cost of start-up and
high cost of inputs Water scarcity caused by limited permanent water sources Low levels of
awareness on fish farming Poor pond management skills and High hydraulic conductivity
of soils thus low water retention capabilities Flooding was also reported to be a big
challenge in the lower Nyando area as flood waters wash away the fish ponds during rainseasons Proximity to the lake was also a major deterrence to fish farming as the people close
to the lake thought it was easier to fish in the lake
However it also emerged during this discussions that farmers who were successful in the
fish farming business were expanding and increasing the number of their ponds The
success stories of such farmers have also encouraged other people with favourable land
conditions to adopt aquaculture
This shows that with availability of water sources the potential for aquaculture is very huge
especially in lower Nyando
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
This baseline report presents the results of the data collected from the combination of field
and household surveys in two project areas as well as through review of various literatures
on interventions carried out in the area Interpretation and management recommendations
are based solely on the data
Several Livelihood intervention measures focusing on Water and sanitation aquaculture
and soil and water conservation have been put in place by different actors (both state and
non state) to try and improve the living standards of people in lower and middle Nyando
The most observable intervention measures recorded during the survey was Promotion of
Rain water harvesting at household level promotion of tree farming investment in water
storage through construction of water pans and also fish farming
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Generally access to sanitation facilities is above 85 in both areas However the prevalence
of water borne diseases is still high and therefore need to increase interventions aimed
towards improving hygiene measures such as hand washing
Majority of the households also rely on unprotected water sources for their household water
needs Future interventions should therefore focus more on increasing access to protected
water sources and also increasing the quantity of water available per capita in both the
lower and Nyando river area
Uptake of Fish farming in the area is low due to both human and non human factors as
discussed in the report Future interventions should focus more on ensuring adequate
technical support to farmers who have adopted fish farming Interventions should also focus
on creating favourable environment for new farmers to adopt aquaculture through
provision of water by investing in water storage such as earth dams and pans and also
provision of piped water
Renewable energy uptake has also been low due to low levels of awareness as well as the
perceived high start-up cost Intervention measures in this area should focus on raising
awareness on available low cost renewable energy options such as solar lanterns for
lighting The potential for biogas production is also high and therefore intervention should
focus on development of affordable biogas production technologies Tree cover is quite low
in Lower Nyando Only 34 of household plots had any trees in the vicinity (Verchot et al
2008
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References
ICRAF and MOARD (2000) ldquoImproved land management in the Lake Victoria basin Final
Technical Report Start-up Phase July 1999 to June 2000rdquo ICRAF and MOARD Nairobi
Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 2006 Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem
Management Project (WKIEMP) Strategies for Integrated Land and Water Management for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Katuk-Odeyo Sub-Watershed Nyando River Basin Lake Victoria Basin
KENYA
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2009) The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing
Census lsquo Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030) Volume 1 A Ministry of
Water Resources and Regional Development (2004) Land resources Development and
Irrigation in Nyanza Province South Kano Government Printers
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L and Njui A (eds) 2004 Proceedings of aWorkshop on
Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin December 9 ndash
11 2002 Imperial Hotel Kisumu Kenya
Muriithi S Okono NA and Swallow B (eds) 2006b Developing an action plan for the Awach
watershed Western Kenya Proceedings of a workshop co-hosted by the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (NALEP
ndash National Agriculture Livestock Extension Programme 23rd May 2001 St Anna Guest House
Kisumu ICRAF Discussion Paper 2001-3
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L amp Njui A eds 2004 Proceedings of a
Workshop on Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin
Nairobi ICRAF NEMA the Water Quality Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
Management Programme (LVEMP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Environmental Authority [NEMA] (2004) Strategy for Flood Management in Lake
Victoria Basin Kenya
Verchot et al (2008) Baseline Report Nyando River Basin Western Kenya Integrated
Ecosystem Management Project Findings from the Baseline Surveys International Centre forResearch in Agroforestry Nairobi Kenya
World Agroforestry Centre (2006) Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin Final
Report of the TransVic Project World Agroforerstry Centre Occasional Paper No 7 World
Agroforestry Centre Nairobi Kenya
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets
I Water and Sanitation
Middle Nyando Lower Nya
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Target Baseline st
Water
Improved Water sources
bull Piped water intodwelling
bull plot or yard
bull Public tapstandpipe
bull Tubewellborehole
bull Protected dug well
bull
Protected spring
bull Rainwater collection
Unimproved Water sources
bull Unprotected dug well
bull Unprotected spring
bull Cart with small tankdrum
bull Bottled water a
bull Tanker-truck
bull Surface water (river dam
bull lake pond stream canal
bull irrigation channels)
of house hold using water fromProtected Sources
393 439
Reduce average Distance tohousehold Water source to lessthan a km
Within compound 248 Within com
lt 1km =537 lt 1km =690
gt2km = 41 gt2km = 0
Household water treatment 883 85
Average time taken to collect waterfor domestic use
lt 1 an hour =775
1-2hrs=192
gt2hrs =335
Reliability of Water supplyavailability of water
Household per-capita Water Use) lt 4 l per capita = 83 gt20lpppd
lt 4 l per ca
4- 10 l per capita =355 4- 10 l per c
10-20 l per capita =421 10-20 l per c
gt20 litres= 14 gt20L =18
Reduce water bornewashed Diarrhoeal incidences Diarrhoeal
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diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
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983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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983091983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
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352 Main House Hold Sources of Energy 24
353 Availability of energy 26
354 Potential for renewable energy uses 26
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting 26
356 Challenges facing renewable energy 27
36 AQUACULTURE 28
4 Conclusions and Recommendations 29
References 31
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets 32
I Water and Sanitation 32
II Energy Renewable Energy 33
III Aqua cultural Interventions 35
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites 36
List of Tables
Table 1 Sampling Frame 15
Table 2 Summary of Household Socio-demographic Characteristics 16
Table 3 Main Income source amp Average Household Size 17
Table 4 The respondentrsquos main water sources in the dry and wet season 18Table 5 Distance to Drinking Water Source 19
Table 6 The respondents water quality perception method of treatment and incidences of
water borne diseases 21
Table 7 Household Incidences of Water Related Illnesses 22
Table 9 Cost of Water 22
Table 10 Sanitation Situation 23
Table 11 Reasons for Lack Of Sanitation Facilities 23
Table 12 Energy Source and Use 25
Table 13 Renewable Energy Use 26
Table 14 Data on Fish Farming 28
List of Figures
Figure 1map of lower Nyando 10
Figure 2 map of middle Nyando 11
Figure 3 Quantity of Water Used per Household per Day 20
Figure 4 Household water treatment methods a Middle Nyando b Lower Nyando 21
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983096 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Chapter 1
1 Background
11 About SusWatch II
The East Africa Sustainability Watch (EA SusWatch) Network is a network of NGOs from
Kenya Uganda and Tanzania spearheaded by Uganda Coalition for Sustainable
Development (UCSD) Sustainable Environmental Development Watch Network (SusWatch
Kenya) and Tanzania Coalition for Sustainable Development (TCSD) EA SusWatch
Regional Secretariat is hosted by UCSD in Kampala Uganda
The EA Suswatch Network is currently implementing LVEMP II Civil Society (CS) Watch
project which is a three-year initiative to be implemented from November 2011 to October
2014 with support from the Government of Sweden LVEMP II CS watch project is being
implemented in partnership between Uganda Coalition for Sustainable Development
(UCSD) Tanzania Coalition for Sustainable Development (TCSD) and Sustainable
Environmental Development Watch Network (SusWatch Kenya)
12 Brief Introduction of LVEMP II
Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project Phase Two (LVEMP II) is an 8 years (2009- 2017) regional project implemented in the 5 East Africa Community partner states of the
Republics of Kenya Burundi Rwanda Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania
Kenya is currently implementing the 1st phase of LVEMP II Adjustable Program Lending
(APL 1) APL 1 will be implemented in Nyando River Basin and along the lake shore in the
former Nyanza Western and Rift Valley provinces
The project contributes to broad-based poverty alleviation and improvement of livelihoods
of people by supporting sustainable management of shared natural resources of the Lake
Victoria Basin which many communities depend on To achieve this the project supports
among other interventions (a) Institutional capacity building and harmonization of policy
legislations and regulatory frameworks (b) Community-Driven Development (CDD)
subprojects investments in participatory watershed management and (c) point sources
pollution control and prevention
APL 1 through the CDD sub-projects component intends to support community-driven
investments in rehabilitating the Nyando River catchment area and lake shore districts The
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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983097 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
component has a Natural resource Conservation component and a Livelihood improvement
component
The natural resource conservation component focuses on soil and water conservation
rainwater harvesting and growing of greenery treescrops The livelihood Improvementcomponent will focus on reducing harvesting pressure on fisheries and wetlands resources
and intensifying natural resource use to increase adoption of sustainable land management
practices The interventions will largely be household-based and are aimed at intensifying
natural resources use and reducing harvesting pressure on the fisheries and wetlands
resources
13
LVEMP II Interventions in the Project Area
LVEMP II has been engaged in various livelihood intervention programmes in the larger
Nyando district (currently Muhoroni Nyando and Nyakach districts) LVEMP II is currently
undertaking four existing projects in Kabodho location and Upper North Kabodho sub-
location in Nyakach district The four projects deal with intervention in areas of
1 Natural resource conservation
2 Roof catchment activities
3
Livestock improvement and
4 Nursery establishment
However LVEMP II programme is still underway to enhance the 4 project areas but
including components of water and sanitation as well as aquaculture development with
greater emphasis in Nyando District Currently the project is at the proposal receiving stage
from various community groups The proposals are submitted to the district project
coordinating team in charge of such projects Their offices are located at the respective
district headquarters The district project coordinating team are mandated to vet the
proposals provide technical backstopping and forward refined proposals to the national
offices and thereafter monitor the implementation of projects So far no projects on
renewable energy and aquaculture have been funded by LVEMP II in the study areas
14 About the study area
The Nyando River basin covers an area of 3517 km2 of Western Kenya The river basin
drains into the Winam Gulf in Lake Victoria The main river Nyando rises from the western
Mau hills and traverses a distance of approximately 170Km Its drainage basin consists of
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983089983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
five main sub-catchment areas namely Nyando-Nandi Nyando-Kericho Awach-Kano
Nyaidho-Kano and Nyando-Kano The Nyando and its tributaries supply water both for
domestic and livestock use and for irrigation in the sugar belt (Nyando Atlas) The
population in the Nyando basin is approximately 1100000 people (KNBS 2009)
141 Lower Nyando
The Lower Nyando block is located in the lake plain (Kano Plains) of Lake Victoria The
block is characterized by low productivity erratic rainfall and severe erosion Within the
block are two divisions Upper and Lower Nyando and 16 sub-locations The specific areas
of studies are Kabodho East sub location of Pap Onditi Location Nyando District Kabodho
East sub location has a total population of 6009 comprising of 2916 males and 3093females (KNBS 2009) Awach sub location lies in NE Nyakach location of Nyando district
Awach sub location has a total population of 2495 comprising of 1277 males and 2763
females (KNBS 2009)
142 Middle Nyando
The Middle Nyando block lies in Kericho and Nyando Districts both in Muhoroni division
Within the block are ten sub- locations The block is characterized by sugar cane production
on larger farms located on the plains and gentle slopes and subsisting farming or the steeper
slopes and hill tops
Figure 1map of lower Nyando
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
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Figure 2 map of middle Nyando
The specific areas of study were Koru Sub location and Nyando sub location Both Koru
and Nyando sub locations lies within Koru Location of Nyando district The total population
in Koru Sub location is 5407 while in Nyando sub location is 2495 (KNBS 2009)
15 Purpose of the LVEMP II CS
LVEMP II CS watch project intends to produce several advocacy and IEC materials to
inform the general public on the progress of implementation of LVEMP II including
bull Evidence-based assessment and documentation of LVEMP II progress in the
respective countries in form of alternative reports (packaged in form of SusWatch
briefs)
bull Field-based information generation and packaging in form of Community Demand
Driven Sub-projects Watch
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983089983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
bull SusWatch Livelihood Case Studies from the sub-catchments in Nyando River Basin
ie Lower Nyando (Awach and Kabodho East sub-locations) and Middle Nyando
(Koru and Nyando sub-locations)
bull Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) Climate Change Readiness brief to highlight lsquolevel of
readinessrsquo to face up to climate change development challenges in the LVB (for water
supply and sanitation agriculture and food security rural energy supply) as per the
2010 East African Climate Change Policy (EACCP) annually
The above documents and reports will be produced periodically during the project
implementation The baseline survey is therefore intended to provide benchmarks against
which the improvement in the community livelihood as a result of the CDD Sub-project
interventions will be measured
16 Overall Objective of the Consultancy
The overall objective of the consultancy is to establish baseline data on the Livelihood
Intervention areas of Water Supply and Sanitation Renewable Energy Supply and
Aquaculture in Nyando River Basin
The specific objectives of the baseline study include to
1
Conduct a coordinated baseline survey to establish baseline indicators for the
community livelihood that will imply Impact Evaluation of the CDD Sub-projects in
relation to water and sanitation renewable energy and aquaculture
2
Establish baseline for water and sanitation renewable energy supply and
aquaculture using quantitative and qualitative measures
3 Recommend targets for the indicators
4
Document appropriate and user friendly data collection and monitoring tools for
subsequent monitoring surveys
5 Prepare a baseline survey report using appropriate qualitative and quantitative
methods covering community livelihoods aspects including poverty food and
income security marketing processing and the institutional context of development
as well as on the cross cutting issues of gender and HIVAIDS while relating them to
the 3 intervention areas of water and sanitation renewable energy and aquaculture
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17 Scope of work
The baseline study will focus on the 3 livelihood intervention areas (water and sanitation
renewable energy supply and aquaculture) within Nyando River Basin ie Lower Nyando
(Awach and Kabodho East sub-locations) and Middle Nyando (Koru and Nyando sub-locations)
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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CHAPTER TWO
2 Methodology
21 Timeframe
The evaluation took place on the month of July 2012 August 2012 The field work was done
in the month of July and covered both Lower Nyando and Middle Nyando
22 The Baseline survey process
The data collection was a participatory process that involved the external consultant
(Emerald Environmental Consultancy Firm) Suswach II officials and the community
members from the study locations Also involved in the process was the district fisheries
officer from Nyando the District development office Lake Basin development AuthorityLake Victoria South Water Services Board and community groups involved in
environmental and livelihoods project It also involved review and analysis of literature
project implementation documents and baseline survey reports The supervisors and
enumerators went through a rigorous training which involved an understanding of the
project reviewing and refining all data collection instruments
23 Study design
The evaluation team used a comprehensive mixed-methods evaluation design This was a
cross-sectional survey conducted in 4 Sub locations distributed over middle Nyando namely
Koru sub location and Nyando sub location and Lower Nyando Kabodho East and Awach
sub locations
An interviewer administered questionnaire was designed and used to conduct a total of 230
interviews In addition semi-structured Interviews including Focus Group
Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were done with beneficiaries
and other stakeholders respectively Field visits were done at key projects sites to make
observations on the projects visible outputs
24 Data collection tools
Overall the following data collection tools were developed
bull Household Survey Questionnaire ndash to facilitate Quantitative data collection
bull
Key Informant Interviews guidelines ndash A semi-structured interview guide was
developed to facilitate interviews with key stakeholders such as government officials
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from the line ministries such as Ministries of Water Public Health and Ministry of
Fisheries Other respondents included local administration NGO and CBOs
bull Focus Group Discussion guidelines ndash to facilitate interviews with potential project
beneficiaries and their representative groups including Women and youth groups
bull Observation Checklist for field visits to observe project infrastructure development
25 Sample Selection
Several approaches were used during the baseline survey documentary reviews
quantitative and qualitative data collection including checklists Using these approaches
allowed the research team to triangulate data as a measure of countering the shortcomings
from any particular data collection tool The survey was designed to collect information
from households within the project area A multistage sampling technique was used First
purposive sampling was used to identify project beneficiaries at location level then a
random sampling technique for identifying the sub locations and the households to be
interviewed The Sample size was calculated using the fischers equation
The formula yielded a total of about 200 households to be surveyed The sample size was
adjusted upwards to 223 households to cater for none responses There after considering the
cluster group proportionality in the division the household interviewed was distributed asfollows
Table 1 Sampling Frame
Area Sub location House hold
Lower Nyando Awach 123
Kabodho east
Middle Nyando Koru 100
Nyando
Total 223
26 Data Processing Analysis and Presentation
Quantitative data was entered using access based data base software and later converted to
SPSS which was used for analysis The results are presented in the form of frequencies and
ages Qualitative data was triangulated and analyzed based on the thematic areas and
were mainly used in this report for detailed explanation of the quantitative aspects of the
project
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Chapter Three
3 Study Findings
31 General conditions in the study areas
In all the study areas the most identifiable significant livelihood activities or groups of
activities found within the study area is mainly farming in lower Nyando the predominant
livelihood source is subsistence farming with maize and sorghum dominating crop
production Majority of the homesteads also keep livestock which include cattle goats and
chicken
In middle Nyando the predominant livelihood source is also farming The agricultural
activities in this block are mainly small scale sugar cane and maize production The area is inthe western Kenya sugar belt and has a sugar company and the factories nuclear large scale
sugar plantations which might account for the high number of salaried employment
Majority over 50 of the households have farm sizes of 4 acres or less Only 25 of the
farms have farm sizes larger than 10 acres
32 Socio Demographic Characteristics of the Study Respondents
Average household size in both middle and lower Nyando is 6 people with the maximum
recorded household size being 14 people in middle Nyando and 20 people in lower Nyando
In lower Nyando the majority of the households interviewed were headed by females
(52) About 53 of the household heads had primary level of education while 28 had
attained secondary level of education with 7 having university level of education
In Middle Nyando majority of the households are male headed (61) About 39 of the
household heads had primary level of education while 34 had attained secondary level of
education with only 49 having university level of education
Table 2 Summary of Household Socio-demographic Characteristics
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Household head Male 75 61 48 480
Female 48 39 52 520
Marital Status Married 86 699 74 740
Widowed 28 228 15 150
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Highest level of education for
household head
No formal
education10 81 7 70
Primary 48 390 53 530
Secondary 42 341 28 280
Tertiary 17 138 5 50
University 6 49 7 70
The main source of income in Middle Nyando is farming at 317 followed trading at
228 and salaried employment at 203 with the average monthly income being less than
Ksh 7000 per month (528) In Lower Nyando the main source of income in the area is
farming at 64 followed by wage employment at 14 and salaried employment at 13
The average monthly income is less than Ksh 7000 per month (54)
Table 3 Main Income source amp Average Household Size
Main Source of Income Farming 39 317 64 640
Livestock keeping 11 89 1 10
Wage employment 13 106 14 140
Artisanblacksmith 5 41 1 10
Salaried
Employment25 203 13 130
Trading 28 228 6 60
Others Specify 2 16 1 10
Average Monthly Income Less than 7000 65 528 54 540
7000-20000 44 358 38 380
20000-50000 13 106 6 60
Over 50000 1 8 2 20
Average House hold Size Mean 602 645
Minimum 2 1
Maximum 14 20
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33 WATER Availability Access and Usage of Water Resources
331 Main Water Supply Sources
The main water source for households during both dry and wet seasons is mainly
unprotected water sources- 709 amp 646during dry season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively and 542 and 561 during wet season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively The major single source of water for the households during both dry
and wet seasons is riversstreams at 426 (dry season) and 492 (wet season) in Middle
Nyando and In lower Nyando 53 and 541 during both dry and wet season respectively
About 20 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando had access to piped water in their
houses within their compounds while 66 had invested in rain water storage tanks Other
sources of water included hand dug wells (74) and communal water points While in
Lower Nyando 13 of households surveyed had invested in rain water tanks and only 4
of the households surveyed had access to piped water
Table 4 The respondentrsquos main water sources in the dry and wet season
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Dry season Wet Season Dry Season Wet Season
Frequen
cy
Frequenc
y
Frequenc
y
Freque
ncy
Piped tap water in
dwelling14 115 10 85 4 40 4 41
Piped tap water on
site11 90 8 68 8 81 4 41
Borehole on site
water kiosk5 41 4 34 8 81 6 61
Rainwater tank on
site8 66 24 203 12 121 13 133
Publiccommunal
tap water kiosk less
than 200 meters away
2 16 2 17 1 10 1 10
Publiccommunal
tap more than 200
meters away
4 33 3 25 3 30 2 20
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Hand dug wells 9 74 3 25 4 40 1 10
Neighbor 3 25 2 17 1 10
Mobile Water tanker
(bowser)1 8
riverstream Wells
amp springs52 426 58 492 60 606 53 541
Water Pansearth
dams ponds13 107 3 25 1 10
Therefore the result shows that majority of households (over 50) in this areas rely on
unprotected water sources This is below the National average According KDH report
20089 63 of households in Kenya get drinking water from an improved source However
disparities exist by residence with a higher proportion of urban households (91 ) having
an improved source of drinking water compared with rural households 54
Increasing access to improved drinking water is one of the Millennium Development Goals
that Kenya along with other nations worldwide has adopted (United Nations General
Assembly 2001) The indicators that are useful in monitoring household access to improved
drinking water (WHO and UNICEF 2005) include sources that are likely to provide water
suitable for drinking Lack of ready access to a water source may limit the quantity of
suitable drinking water that must be fetched from a source that is not immediately
accessible to the household (distance to source) water quality among others as discussed
below
332 Distance to drinking water sources
In middle Nyando area the average distance to the householdsrsquo main water source is less
than a kilometre (537) 248 of the households surveyed have water within their
compounds On average it takes less than an hour (775) for households to fetch water for
their domestic use while 192 of the households take between 1-2 hours to collect water
Table 5 Distance to Drinking Water Source
983117983145983140983140983148983141 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983090983091 983116983151983159983141983154 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983088983088
983118983151 983118983151
983108983145983155983156983137983150983139983141 983156983151 983159983137983156983141983154
983155983151983157983154983139983141
983127983145983156983144983145983150 983156983144983141 983139983151983149983152983151983157983150983140 30 248 19 190
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983115983149 65 537 69 690
1983147983149983155 983085 2 983115983149 21 174 12 120
2 983085 5 983115983149 5 41
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
983124983145983149983141 983156983137983147983141983150 983156983151 983139983151983148983148983141983139983156
983159983137983156983141983154
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983144983154 93 775 91 910
1983144983154 983085 2 983144983154983155 23 192 9 90
983119983158983141983154 2 983144983154983155 4 33
In lower Nyando area 19 of households surveyed had water within their compounds
while 69 walked less than a kilometre to access water for domestic use It takes less than anhour for households to collect water for domestic use (91) while the rest spend between
an hour and two
333 Quantity of Water Used Per household per day
Majority of the households in
middle Nyando (421) use
between 80-100 litres of water
per day while 355 use
between 20-60 litres per day and
14 of the surveyed households
reported to be using over 100
litres of water per day
In Lower Nyando 40 of the households surveyed used between 20 and 60 litres of water
per day with an equivalent number using between 80 and 100 litres of water for domestic
use 18 of the residents used over 100 litres of water per day for domestic use
Considering the average household sizes in the study areas (6 people in middle Nyando
and 7 in lower Nyando) this translates to a per capita water consumption of 17 litres per
person per day which is still below the recommended 20 litres per capita by WHO
754 of respondents in middle Nyando and 495 in lower Nyando use water for other
purposes other than household use Water is also used for irrigating crops (935 middle
Nyando 596 lower Nyando) and for animal use
334 Water Safety ndash quality and use of safe water drinking products
The general perception on water safety was assessed in terms of safety to drink clarity taste
and odour In middle Nyando 54 of household interviewed perceive their water to be safe
to drink 729 good to taste and 608 perceive the water to be clearnot turbid In lower
Figure 3 Quantity of Water Used per Household per Day
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983090983089 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Nyando 84 of household perceive their water to be god to taste 48 to be safe to drink
and 77 to be clearnot turbid
Table 6 The respondents water quality perception method of treatment and incidences
of water borne diseases
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Perception on Water
Quality
Safe to drink 541 480
Clear 608 770
Good to taste 729 840
Free from odour 788 730
About 883 of households in middle Nyando treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment (891) being the use of chlorine based chemicals like water guard In
lower Nyando 85 of households surveyed treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment being chemical treatment (682) 481 of households interviewed in
middle Nyando reported to have had cases of typhoid infections among a family during the
past 6months 135 had cases of diarrhoea in the family Scabiesskin diseases were
recorded in 173 of the households
Figure 4 Household water treatment methods a Middle Nyando b Lower Nyando
In lower Nyando 155 of interviewed households had recorded cases of diarrheal among
family members during the past for 6 months while 50 had recorded cases of typhoid The
high number of recorded cases of water bornewater washed diseasesconditions can be
attributed to the man water source in the study areas which was found to be riverssprings
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 7 Household Incidences of Water Related Illnesses
Incidences of Water
BorneWater Washed
illnessesconditions
diarrhea 7 135 9 155
Typhoid 25 481 29 500
Scabies (skin diseases) 9 173 2 34
Trachoma 1 19
Others (specify) 10 192 18 310
The majority of the households also treat their drinking water despite the surveying
showing that cases of water borne diseases were many This could mean that household
water handling measures are poor leading to recontamination of drinking water either
during storage or during use It could also mean that the treatment methods which is
mainly chlorine based is not being administered correctly leading to under dosing
335
Payment for water supply
The average amount of money spent on water is Ksh 200-500 per month with 455 of
households in middle Nyando and 433 in lower Nyando falling in this group
Table 8 Cost of Water
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Amount Spent on Water
per month
Do not pay 9 205 8 267
Less than 200 5 114 1 33
Between Ksh 200-500 20 455 13 433
Between Ksh 500-1000 10 227 2 67
Between Ksh 1000-2000 3 100
Over Ksh 2000 3 100
To whom Water is paid Municipality 2 61 1 48
Businesswater vendor 17 515 16 762
CBONGO 2 61
Other specify 12 364 4 190
Those who pay for water mostly do so to water vendors (515) in middle Nyando and
762 in lower Nyando
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
34 SANITATION
341 Latrine coverage
Latrine coverage is 894 in middle Nyando and 87in Lower Nyando The most common
type of toilet facility is pit latrine with no Ventilation pipe (705) in Middle Nyando and
744 in Lower Nyando followed by VIP latrine at 268 and 20 in Middle and Lower
Nyando respectively The figures are above the national latrine coverage averages
Table 9 Sanitation Situation
Study Area Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Availability of Toilet Yes 110 894 87 870
No 13 106 13 130
No of Toilet facilities One 96 857 64 736
Two 10 89 16 184
Three and Above 3 27 7 70
Not Applicable 3 27
Type of toilet Facility Flush toilet
connected to a
septic tank
2 18 2 22
Pit latrine with
ventilation pipe30 268 18 200
Pit latrine without
ventilation pipe79 705 67 744
The main reason given for lack of latrines in the area was high cost of construction at 727
in middle Nyando and 692 in lower Nyando The household without latrines either
relieve themselves in the bush (364) for middle Nyando and 538 for lower Nyando or
in the Neighbours latrines (636) middle Nyando and 385 in lower Nyando
Table 10 Reasons for Lack Of Sanitation Facilities
Reasons for No latrine Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Cost of construction is high 727 692
Do not see the need to have one 91 0
Poor soil formationcollapsible soil 33 50
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983090983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Not provided by land lord 08 30
Others 0 10
Where people relieve themselves
(those without latrines)
Frequency
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Bush Outside 4 364 7 538
Neighborrsquos Latrine 7 636 5 385
Ensuring adequate sanitation facilities is a Millennium Development Goal that Kenya shares
with other countries A household is classified as having an improved toilet if the toilet is
used only by members of one household (ie it is not shared) and if the facility used by the
household separates the waste from human contact (WHOUNICEF Joint MonitoringProgramme for Water Supply and Sanitation 2004) According to KDH report 20082009 the
national figures show that less 60 of households uses an improved toilet facility that is not
shared with other households Urban households are only slightly more likely than rural
households to have an improved toilet facility (30 and 20 respectively) Overall 12 of
households have no toilet facility at all they are almost exclusively rural accounting for 16
of rural households
35 ENERGY SOURCE AND USE
351 House hold Energy Needs
Energy demand patterns of the study areas largely revolve around household energy end
uses such as cooking and lighting Respondents ranked cooking lighting and heating as the
three most important energy needs
352
Main House Hold Sources of Energy
The main sources of energy at household levels are wood paraffin and charcoal The table
below lists the age of farmers using the various fuel sources listed in the questionnaire
The study established that the most preferred source of household cooking energy among
the respondents is mainly firewood (at 100 in lower Nyando and 99 in middle Nyando)
This indicates overreliance on biomass and an indicator of a real challenge of forest and
vegetation degradation
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983090983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 11 Energy Source and Use
Lighting Cooking
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Biomass 08 0 1000 990
Kerosene 884 838
Biogas 08 0
Solar 66 20
Electricity 33 141 0 10
Recent National studies also Estimates of household energy use indicate that over 95 of
Kenyan population rely on wood or charcoal for energy needs Traditionally these energy
resources have been ldquofreerdquo goods however the Kenyan wood fuel supply has been rapidlydepleted by deforestation an activity also closely associated with land clearing for
agriculture and global warming via reduction of biomass to sequestrate CO 2
Consequently an energy policy that is designed to meet the needs of the majority of the
population must devote considerable attention to mainstreaming a sustainable yield of
biomass as well efficient energy technology to maximise on the biomass energy sources
The main source of energy for lighting in the area is kerosene (884 in middle Nyando and
838 in lower Nyando 66 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando and 20 in lower
Nyando use solar energy for lighting Hydro electric usage for lighting was recorded in 33
of households in middle Nyando and 141 in lower Nyando Biomass energy which
includes firewood charcoal and livestock waste burnt directly accounts for 100 of cooking
energy source in middle Nyando and 99 in lower Nyando Other renewable energy such
as biogas is not common in the area with only less than 1 of households in Nyando
utilising biogas
From the focused group discussions Initial capital cost was established as the utmost
challenge for household access to alterative and sustainable energy sources like biogas or
grid power It was further established among the biomass users 80 2 settled for firewood
as the main source of energy because of affordability lack of capacity to include other
alternatives and convenience
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983090983094 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
353 Availability of energy
Qualitative data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews corroborated
the finding that most households in the two study areas are energy stressed and that the
majority still used wood fuel and charcoal as the main source of energy The distancetravelled and time used to collect fuel wood has been increasing due to the declining tree
cover In parts of KORU people are cutting down trees to sell to Homaline Company as an
additional source of income A different study carried out by ICRAF in the lower and
middle Nyando areas in 2009 showed that More than 90 of the households are not self
sufficient with fuel
354 Potential for renewable energy uses
During the field studies it was observed that almost all households kept livestock A similar
study undertaken by ICRAF also showed that all households in the area keep livestock
This shows that there is a potential for use of biogas as source energy for cooking and even
lighting This would in turn reduce the existing pressure on wood products which are the
main source of energy for cooking in the area
In some farms people had also adopted tree planting especially in middle Nyando area to
supplement their energy sources This shows that agro-forestry practices at farm level can
play a key role in meeting the growing energy demand in the area with multiple benefits
such as additional income sources and soil conservation
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting
The study established that the main reason for choosing energy source either for cooking or
lighting is mainly based on availability (cooking 728 and lighting 732) This indicates that
probably the households will go for the most cost effective and readily available source of
energy
Table 12 Renewable Energy Use
Middle Nyando N=40 Lower Nyando N=19
No No
Type of Renewable
energy
Solar energy for lighting 16 400 4 211
Solar cookers 4 100 1 53
Do not know 19 475 10 526
Other 1 25 2 105
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983090983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Total 40 1000 19 1000
Middle Nyando N= 84 Lower Nyando N= 82
Challenges to
Accessing RE
High cost of start up 47 560 47 573
Not reliable 17 202 3 37
Do not know about the
technologies20 238 30 366
Other specify 2 24
Total 84 1000 82 1000
Only 175 of households in middle Nyando and 74 in lower Nyando said they use
renewable energy in their homes The most common type of renewable energy used was
solar energy for lighting (16 households n =123) in middle Nyando and 4 households (N=
100) in lower Nyando
Main source of information on renewable energy in the area is from the media (66) in both
areas The results show that there is inadequate sustained and comprehensive awareness
creation on the use of renewable energy sources in the region There is need to do as
sustained awareness creation in the area to educate the people that despite the high start-up
cost studies shows a reduction on the cost of household energy once the families start using
renewable energy because the operational recurrent costs are relatively lower when
compared with other sources of energy
356 Challenges facing renewable energy
The major challenge to accessing renewable energy technologies was the high cost of start-
up (56 middle Nyando and 57 lower Nyando) The other reasons given were on
reliability of renewable energy sources and poor knowledge on the available Renewable
energy technologies (366 in lower Nyando and 238) in middle Nyando The study
shows that among the households that have adopted renewable energy use on average 20
had been assisted (technologically and or subsidised)
Biogas and solar energy sources are considered fairly inefficient implying that more
research and development work needs to be done to improve on the efficiency The high
cost of adopting renewable energy sources makes it prohibitive for a significant portion of
the population The results is that the population still heavily relay on traditional energy
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sources (biomass) yet the technologies used to extract the energy not only significantly
affect the health of women and children but is also damage to the environment
During the FGD it also emerged that the Despite availability of programmes such as the
biogas installation subsidy programme by KEBDIP people were generally unaware of it
Also during the FGDs with some of the community groups it emerged that knowledge on
renewable energy sources especially biogas production was very low This is supported by
various qualitative data that shows that knowledge on funding sources for renewable
energy technologies was generally low However the people showed interest in adopting
the use of biogas energy if the technology can be made available and affordable to them
36
AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture practices in the area gained prominence after the introduction of the Economic
Stimulus Package Through this programmes every location was supposed to be allocated
14 fishponds
Data from the fisheries offices estimates the total fishponds in Nyando District to be 1100
Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds
Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish ponds and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA
area as you go towards the lake
The ministry of fisheries has also constructed a dam along river Awasi to provide water for
fish farming in the area as well as water for domestic use
Aquaculture has been introduced in the area to try and reduce the pressure on fisheries
resources in the lake as well as provide an alternative livelihood source to the people
Table 13 Data on Fish Farming
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Households Practicing
Aquaculture
Yes 5 42 9 92
No 114 958 89 908
Total 119 1000 98 1000
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The major challenge facing fish farming in the area was availability of water as most of the
river sources being perennial rivers
During the FGD and KII the reasons given for low adoption of aquaculture were listed as
Negative attitude towards fish farming as people believe that fish is found in the lake Over
reliance on lake fish Perception that fish from fish pond is not sweet perceptions on
palatability Security issues as fish are stolen from the ponds thus discouraging potential
farmers cases of pond poisoning has thus discouraging farmers High cost of start-up and
high cost of inputs Water scarcity caused by limited permanent water sources Low levels of
awareness on fish farming Poor pond management skills and High hydraulic conductivity
of soils thus low water retention capabilities Flooding was also reported to be a big
challenge in the lower Nyando area as flood waters wash away the fish ponds during rainseasons Proximity to the lake was also a major deterrence to fish farming as the people close
to the lake thought it was easier to fish in the lake
However it also emerged during this discussions that farmers who were successful in the
fish farming business were expanding and increasing the number of their ponds The
success stories of such farmers have also encouraged other people with favourable land
conditions to adopt aquaculture
This shows that with availability of water sources the potential for aquaculture is very huge
especially in lower Nyando
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
This baseline report presents the results of the data collected from the combination of field
and household surveys in two project areas as well as through review of various literatures
on interventions carried out in the area Interpretation and management recommendations
are based solely on the data
Several Livelihood intervention measures focusing on Water and sanitation aquaculture
and soil and water conservation have been put in place by different actors (both state and
non state) to try and improve the living standards of people in lower and middle Nyando
The most observable intervention measures recorded during the survey was Promotion of
Rain water harvesting at household level promotion of tree farming investment in water
storage through construction of water pans and also fish farming
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Generally access to sanitation facilities is above 85 in both areas However the prevalence
of water borne diseases is still high and therefore need to increase interventions aimed
towards improving hygiene measures such as hand washing
Majority of the households also rely on unprotected water sources for their household water
needs Future interventions should therefore focus more on increasing access to protected
water sources and also increasing the quantity of water available per capita in both the
lower and Nyando river area
Uptake of Fish farming in the area is low due to both human and non human factors as
discussed in the report Future interventions should focus more on ensuring adequate
technical support to farmers who have adopted fish farming Interventions should also focus
on creating favourable environment for new farmers to adopt aquaculture through
provision of water by investing in water storage such as earth dams and pans and also
provision of piped water
Renewable energy uptake has also been low due to low levels of awareness as well as the
perceived high start-up cost Intervention measures in this area should focus on raising
awareness on available low cost renewable energy options such as solar lanterns for
lighting The potential for biogas production is also high and therefore intervention should
focus on development of affordable biogas production technologies Tree cover is quite low
in Lower Nyando Only 34 of household plots had any trees in the vicinity (Verchot et al
2008
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References
ICRAF and MOARD (2000) ldquoImproved land management in the Lake Victoria basin Final
Technical Report Start-up Phase July 1999 to June 2000rdquo ICRAF and MOARD Nairobi
Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 2006 Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem
Management Project (WKIEMP) Strategies for Integrated Land and Water Management for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Katuk-Odeyo Sub-Watershed Nyando River Basin Lake Victoria Basin
KENYA
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2009) The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing
Census lsquo Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030) Volume 1 A Ministry of
Water Resources and Regional Development (2004) Land resources Development and
Irrigation in Nyanza Province South Kano Government Printers
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L and Njui A (eds) 2004 Proceedings of aWorkshop on
Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin December 9 ndash
11 2002 Imperial Hotel Kisumu Kenya
Muriithi S Okono NA and Swallow B (eds) 2006b Developing an action plan for the Awach
watershed Western Kenya Proceedings of a workshop co-hosted by the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (NALEP
ndash National Agriculture Livestock Extension Programme 23rd May 2001 St Anna Guest House
Kisumu ICRAF Discussion Paper 2001-3
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L amp Njui A eds 2004 Proceedings of a
Workshop on Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin
Nairobi ICRAF NEMA the Water Quality Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
Management Programme (LVEMP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Environmental Authority [NEMA] (2004) Strategy for Flood Management in Lake
Victoria Basin Kenya
Verchot et al (2008) Baseline Report Nyando River Basin Western Kenya Integrated
Ecosystem Management Project Findings from the Baseline Surveys International Centre forResearch in Agroforestry Nairobi Kenya
World Agroforestry Centre (2006) Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin Final
Report of the TransVic Project World Agroforerstry Centre Occasional Paper No 7 World
Agroforestry Centre Nairobi Kenya
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets
I Water and Sanitation
Middle Nyando Lower Nya
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Target Baseline st
Water
Improved Water sources
bull Piped water intodwelling
bull plot or yard
bull Public tapstandpipe
bull Tubewellborehole
bull Protected dug well
bull
Protected spring
bull Rainwater collection
Unimproved Water sources
bull Unprotected dug well
bull Unprotected spring
bull Cart with small tankdrum
bull Bottled water a
bull Tanker-truck
bull Surface water (river dam
bull lake pond stream canal
bull irrigation channels)
of house hold using water fromProtected Sources
393 439
Reduce average Distance tohousehold Water source to lessthan a km
Within compound 248 Within com
lt 1km =537 lt 1km =690
gt2km = 41 gt2km = 0
Household water treatment 883 85
Average time taken to collect waterfor domestic use
lt 1 an hour =775
1-2hrs=192
gt2hrs =335
Reliability of Water supplyavailability of water
Household per-capita Water Use) lt 4 l per capita = 83 gt20lpppd
lt 4 l per ca
4- 10 l per capita =355 4- 10 l per c
10-20 l per capita =421 10-20 l per c
gt20 litres= 14 gt20L =18
Reduce water bornewashed Diarrhoeal incidences Diarrhoeal
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983091983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
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983091983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
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983096 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Chapter 1
1 Background
11 About SusWatch II
The East Africa Sustainability Watch (EA SusWatch) Network is a network of NGOs from
Kenya Uganda and Tanzania spearheaded by Uganda Coalition for Sustainable
Development (UCSD) Sustainable Environmental Development Watch Network (SusWatch
Kenya) and Tanzania Coalition for Sustainable Development (TCSD) EA SusWatch
Regional Secretariat is hosted by UCSD in Kampala Uganda
The EA Suswatch Network is currently implementing LVEMP II Civil Society (CS) Watch
project which is a three-year initiative to be implemented from November 2011 to October
2014 with support from the Government of Sweden LVEMP II CS watch project is being
implemented in partnership between Uganda Coalition for Sustainable Development
(UCSD) Tanzania Coalition for Sustainable Development (TCSD) and Sustainable
Environmental Development Watch Network (SusWatch Kenya)
12 Brief Introduction of LVEMP II
Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project Phase Two (LVEMP II) is an 8 years (2009- 2017) regional project implemented in the 5 East Africa Community partner states of the
Republics of Kenya Burundi Rwanda Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania
Kenya is currently implementing the 1st phase of LVEMP II Adjustable Program Lending
(APL 1) APL 1 will be implemented in Nyando River Basin and along the lake shore in the
former Nyanza Western and Rift Valley provinces
The project contributes to broad-based poverty alleviation and improvement of livelihoods
of people by supporting sustainable management of shared natural resources of the Lake
Victoria Basin which many communities depend on To achieve this the project supports
among other interventions (a) Institutional capacity building and harmonization of policy
legislations and regulatory frameworks (b) Community-Driven Development (CDD)
subprojects investments in participatory watershed management and (c) point sources
pollution control and prevention
APL 1 through the CDD sub-projects component intends to support community-driven
investments in rehabilitating the Nyando River catchment area and lake shore districts The
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983097 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
component has a Natural resource Conservation component and a Livelihood improvement
component
The natural resource conservation component focuses on soil and water conservation
rainwater harvesting and growing of greenery treescrops The livelihood Improvementcomponent will focus on reducing harvesting pressure on fisheries and wetlands resources
and intensifying natural resource use to increase adoption of sustainable land management
practices The interventions will largely be household-based and are aimed at intensifying
natural resources use and reducing harvesting pressure on the fisheries and wetlands
resources
13
LVEMP II Interventions in the Project Area
LVEMP II has been engaged in various livelihood intervention programmes in the larger
Nyando district (currently Muhoroni Nyando and Nyakach districts) LVEMP II is currently
undertaking four existing projects in Kabodho location and Upper North Kabodho sub-
location in Nyakach district The four projects deal with intervention in areas of
1 Natural resource conservation
2 Roof catchment activities
3
Livestock improvement and
4 Nursery establishment
However LVEMP II programme is still underway to enhance the 4 project areas but
including components of water and sanitation as well as aquaculture development with
greater emphasis in Nyando District Currently the project is at the proposal receiving stage
from various community groups The proposals are submitted to the district project
coordinating team in charge of such projects Their offices are located at the respective
district headquarters The district project coordinating team are mandated to vet the
proposals provide technical backstopping and forward refined proposals to the national
offices and thereafter monitor the implementation of projects So far no projects on
renewable energy and aquaculture have been funded by LVEMP II in the study areas
14 About the study area
The Nyando River basin covers an area of 3517 km2 of Western Kenya The river basin
drains into the Winam Gulf in Lake Victoria The main river Nyando rises from the western
Mau hills and traverses a distance of approximately 170Km Its drainage basin consists of
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five main sub-catchment areas namely Nyando-Nandi Nyando-Kericho Awach-Kano
Nyaidho-Kano and Nyando-Kano The Nyando and its tributaries supply water both for
domestic and livestock use and for irrigation in the sugar belt (Nyando Atlas) The
population in the Nyando basin is approximately 1100000 people (KNBS 2009)
141 Lower Nyando
The Lower Nyando block is located in the lake plain (Kano Plains) of Lake Victoria The
block is characterized by low productivity erratic rainfall and severe erosion Within the
block are two divisions Upper and Lower Nyando and 16 sub-locations The specific areas
of studies are Kabodho East sub location of Pap Onditi Location Nyando District Kabodho
East sub location has a total population of 6009 comprising of 2916 males and 3093females (KNBS 2009) Awach sub location lies in NE Nyakach location of Nyando district
Awach sub location has a total population of 2495 comprising of 1277 males and 2763
females (KNBS 2009)
142 Middle Nyando
The Middle Nyando block lies in Kericho and Nyando Districts both in Muhoroni division
Within the block are ten sub- locations The block is characterized by sugar cane production
on larger farms located on the plains and gentle slopes and subsisting farming or the steeper
slopes and hill tops
Figure 1map of lower Nyando
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Figure 2 map of middle Nyando
The specific areas of study were Koru Sub location and Nyando sub location Both Koru
and Nyando sub locations lies within Koru Location of Nyando district The total population
in Koru Sub location is 5407 while in Nyando sub location is 2495 (KNBS 2009)
15 Purpose of the LVEMP II CS
LVEMP II CS watch project intends to produce several advocacy and IEC materials to
inform the general public on the progress of implementation of LVEMP II including
bull Evidence-based assessment and documentation of LVEMP II progress in the
respective countries in form of alternative reports (packaged in form of SusWatch
briefs)
bull Field-based information generation and packaging in form of Community Demand
Driven Sub-projects Watch
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bull SusWatch Livelihood Case Studies from the sub-catchments in Nyando River Basin
ie Lower Nyando (Awach and Kabodho East sub-locations) and Middle Nyando
(Koru and Nyando sub-locations)
bull Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) Climate Change Readiness brief to highlight lsquolevel of
readinessrsquo to face up to climate change development challenges in the LVB (for water
supply and sanitation agriculture and food security rural energy supply) as per the
2010 East African Climate Change Policy (EACCP) annually
The above documents and reports will be produced periodically during the project
implementation The baseline survey is therefore intended to provide benchmarks against
which the improvement in the community livelihood as a result of the CDD Sub-project
interventions will be measured
16 Overall Objective of the Consultancy
The overall objective of the consultancy is to establish baseline data on the Livelihood
Intervention areas of Water Supply and Sanitation Renewable Energy Supply and
Aquaculture in Nyando River Basin
The specific objectives of the baseline study include to
1
Conduct a coordinated baseline survey to establish baseline indicators for the
community livelihood that will imply Impact Evaluation of the CDD Sub-projects in
relation to water and sanitation renewable energy and aquaculture
2
Establish baseline for water and sanitation renewable energy supply and
aquaculture using quantitative and qualitative measures
3 Recommend targets for the indicators
4
Document appropriate and user friendly data collection and monitoring tools for
subsequent monitoring surveys
5 Prepare a baseline survey report using appropriate qualitative and quantitative
methods covering community livelihoods aspects including poverty food and
income security marketing processing and the institutional context of development
as well as on the cross cutting issues of gender and HIVAIDS while relating them to
the 3 intervention areas of water and sanitation renewable energy and aquaculture
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17 Scope of work
The baseline study will focus on the 3 livelihood intervention areas (water and sanitation
renewable energy supply and aquaculture) within Nyando River Basin ie Lower Nyando
(Awach and Kabodho East sub-locations) and Middle Nyando (Koru and Nyando sub-locations)
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983089983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
CHAPTER TWO
2 Methodology
21 Timeframe
The evaluation took place on the month of July 2012 August 2012 The field work was done
in the month of July and covered both Lower Nyando and Middle Nyando
22 The Baseline survey process
The data collection was a participatory process that involved the external consultant
(Emerald Environmental Consultancy Firm) Suswach II officials and the community
members from the study locations Also involved in the process was the district fisheries
officer from Nyando the District development office Lake Basin development AuthorityLake Victoria South Water Services Board and community groups involved in
environmental and livelihoods project It also involved review and analysis of literature
project implementation documents and baseline survey reports The supervisors and
enumerators went through a rigorous training which involved an understanding of the
project reviewing and refining all data collection instruments
23 Study design
The evaluation team used a comprehensive mixed-methods evaluation design This was a
cross-sectional survey conducted in 4 Sub locations distributed over middle Nyando namely
Koru sub location and Nyando sub location and Lower Nyando Kabodho East and Awach
sub locations
An interviewer administered questionnaire was designed and used to conduct a total of 230
interviews In addition semi-structured Interviews including Focus Group
Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were done with beneficiaries
and other stakeholders respectively Field visits were done at key projects sites to make
observations on the projects visible outputs
24 Data collection tools
Overall the following data collection tools were developed
bull Household Survey Questionnaire ndash to facilitate Quantitative data collection
bull
Key Informant Interviews guidelines ndash A semi-structured interview guide was
developed to facilitate interviews with key stakeholders such as government officials
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from the line ministries such as Ministries of Water Public Health and Ministry of
Fisheries Other respondents included local administration NGO and CBOs
bull Focus Group Discussion guidelines ndash to facilitate interviews with potential project
beneficiaries and their representative groups including Women and youth groups
bull Observation Checklist for field visits to observe project infrastructure development
25 Sample Selection
Several approaches were used during the baseline survey documentary reviews
quantitative and qualitative data collection including checklists Using these approaches
allowed the research team to triangulate data as a measure of countering the shortcomings
from any particular data collection tool The survey was designed to collect information
from households within the project area A multistage sampling technique was used First
purposive sampling was used to identify project beneficiaries at location level then a
random sampling technique for identifying the sub locations and the households to be
interviewed The Sample size was calculated using the fischers equation
The formula yielded a total of about 200 households to be surveyed The sample size was
adjusted upwards to 223 households to cater for none responses There after considering the
cluster group proportionality in the division the household interviewed was distributed asfollows
Table 1 Sampling Frame
Area Sub location House hold
Lower Nyando Awach 123
Kabodho east
Middle Nyando Koru 100
Nyando
Total 223
26 Data Processing Analysis and Presentation
Quantitative data was entered using access based data base software and later converted to
SPSS which was used for analysis The results are presented in the form of frequencies and
ages Qualitative data was triangulated and analyzed based on the thematic areas and
were mainly used in this report for detailed explanation of the quantitative aspects of the
project
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Chapter Three
3 Study Findings
31 General conditions in the study areas
In all the study areas the most identifiable significant livelihood activities or groups of
activities found within the study area is mainly farming in lower Nyando the predominant
livelihood source is subsistence farming with maize and sorghum dominating crop
production Majority of the homesteads also keep livestock which include cattle goats and
chicken
In middle Nyando the predominant livelihood source is also farming The agricultural
activities in this block are mainly small scale sugar cane and maize production The area is inthe western Kenya sugar belt and has a sugar company and the factories nuclear large scale
sugar plantations which might account for the high number of salaried employment
Majority over 50 of the households have farm sizes of 4 acres or less Only 25 of the
farms have farm sizes larger than 10 acres
32 Socio Demographic Characteristics of the Study Respondents
Average household size in both middle and lower Nyando is 6 people with the maximum
recorded household size being 14 people in middle Nyando and 20 people in lower Nyando
In lower Nyando the majority of the households interviewed were headed by females
(52) About 53 of the household heads had primary level of education while 28 had
attained secondary level of education with 7 having university level of education
In Middle Nyando majority of the households are male headed (61) About 39 of the
household heads had primary level of education while 34 had attained secondary level of
education with only 49 having university level of education
Table 2 Summary of Household Socio-demographic Characteristics
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Household head Male 75 61 48 480
Female 48 39 52 520
Marital Status Married 86 699 74 740
Widowed 28 228 15 150
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983089983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Highest level of education for
household head
No formal
education10 81 7 70
Primary 48 390 53 530
Secondary 42 341 28 280
Tertiary 17 138 5 50
University 6 49 7 70
The main source of income in Middle Nyando is farming at 317 followed trading at
228 and salaried employment at 203 with the average monthly income being less than
Ksh 7000 per month (528) In Lower Nyando the main source of income in the area is
farming at 64 followed by wage employment at 14 and salaried employment at 13
The average monthly income is less than Ksh 7000 per month (54)
Table 3 Main Income source amp Average Household Size
Main Source of Income Farming 39 317 64 640
Livestock keeping 11 89 1 10
Wage employment 13 106 14 140
Artisanblacksmith 5 41 1 10
Salaried
Employment25 203 13 130
Trading 28 228 6 60
Others Specify 2 16 1 10
Average Monthly Income Less than 7000 65 528 54 540
7000-20000 44 358 38 380
20000-50000 13 106 6 60
Over 50000 1 8 2 20
Average House hold Size Mean 602 645
Minimum 2 1
Maximum 14 20
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33 WATER Availability Access and Usage of Water Resources
331 Main Water Supply Sources
The main water source for households during both dry and wet seasons is mainly
unprotected water sources- 709 amp 646during dry season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively and 542 and 561 during wet season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively The major single source of water for the households during both dry
and wet seasons is riversstreams at 426 (dry season) and 492 (wet season) in Middle
Nyando and In lower Nyando 53 and 541 during both dry and wet season respectively
About 20 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando had access to piped water in their
houses within their compounds while 66 had invested in rain water storage tanks Other
sources of water included hand dug wells (74) and communal water points While in
Lower Nyando 13 of households surveyed had invested in rain water tanks and only 4
of the households surveyed had access to piped water
Table 4 The respondentrsquos main water sources in the dry and wet season
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Dry season Wet Season Dry Season Wet Season
Frequen
cy
Frequenc
y
Frequenc
y
Freque
ncy
Piped tap water in
dwelling14 115 10 85 4 40 4 41
Piped tap water on
site11 90 8 68 8 81 4 41
Borehole on site
water kiosk5 41 4 34 8 81 6 61
Rainwater tank on
site8 66 24 203 12 121 13 133
Publiccommunal
tap water kiosk less
than 200 meters away
2 16 2 17 1 10 1 10
Publiccommunal
tap more than 200
meters away
4 33 3 25 3 30 2 20
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Hand dug wells 9 74 3 25 4 40 1 10
Neighbor 3 25 2 17 1 10
Mobile Water tanker
(bowser)1 8
riverstream Wells
amp springs52 426 58 492 60 606 53 541
Water Pansearth
dams ponds13 107 3 25 1 10
Therefore the result shows that majority of households (over 50) in this areas rely on
unprotected water sources This is below the National average According KDH report
20089 63 of households in Kenya get drinking water from an improved source However
disparities exist by residence with a higher proportion of urban households (91 ) having
an improved source of drinking water compared with rural households 54
Increasing access to improved drinking water is one of the Millennium Development Goals
that Kenya along with other nations worldwide has adopted (United Nations General
Assembly 2001) The indicators that are useful in monitoring household access to improved
drinking water (WHO and UNICEF 2005) include sources that are likely to provide water
suitable for drinking Lack of ready access to a water source may limit the quantity of
suitable drinking water that must be fetched from a source that is not immediately
accessible to the household (distance to source) water quality among others as discussed
below
332 Distance to drinking water sources
In middle Nyando area the average distance to the householdsrsquo main water source is less
than a kilometre (537) 248 of the households surveyed have water within their
compounds On average it takes less than an hour (775) for households to fetch water for
their domestic use while 192 of the households take between 1-2 hours to collect water
Table 5 Distance to Drinking Water Source
983117983145983140983140983148983141 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983090983091 983116983151983159983141983154 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983088983088
983118983151 983118983151
983108983145983155983156983137983150983139983141 983156983151 983159983137983156983141983154
983155983151983157983154983139983141
983127983145983156983144983145983150 983156983144983141 983139983151983149983152983151983157983150983140 30 248 19 190
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983115983149 65 537 69 690
1983147983149983155 983085 2 983115983149 21 174 12 120
2 983085 5 983115983149 5 41
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983090983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
983124983145983149983141 983156983137983147983141983150 983156983151 983139983151983148983148983141983139983156
983159983137983156983141983154
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983144983154 93 775 91 910
1983144983154 983085 2 983144983154983155 23 192 9 90
983119983158983141983154 2 983144983154983155 4 33
In lower Nyando area 19 of households surveyed had water within their compounds
while 69 walked less than a kilometre to access water for domestic use It takes less than anhour for households to collect water for domestic use (91) while the rest spend between
an hour and two
333 Quantity of Water Used Per household per day
Majority of the households in
middle Nyando (421) use
between 80-100 litres of water
per day while 355 use
between 20-60 litres per day and
14 of the surveyed households
reported to be using over 100
litres of water per day
In Lower Nyando 40 of the households surveyed used between 20 and 60 litres of water
per day with an equivalent number using between 80 and 100 litres of water for domestic
use 18 of the residents used over 100 litres of water per day for domestic use
Considering the average household sizes in the study areas (6 people in middle Nyando
and 7 in lower Nyando) this translates to a per capita water consumption of 17 litres per
person per day which is still below the recommended 20 litres per capita by WHO
754 of respondents in middle Nyando and 495 in lower Nyando use water for other
purposes other than household use Water is also used for irrigating crops (935 middle
Nyando 596 lower Nyando) and for animal use
334 Water Safety ndash quality and use of safe water drinking products
The general perception on water safety was assessed in terms of safety to drink clarity taste
and odour In middle Nyando 54 of household interviewed perceive their water to be safe
to drink 729 good to taste and 608 perceive the water to be clearnot turbid In lower
Figure 3 Quantity of Water Used per Household per Day
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Nyando 84 of household perceive their water to be god to taste 48 to be safe to drink
and 77 to be clearnot turbid
Table 6 The respondents water quality perception method of treatment and incidences
of water borne diseases
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Perception on Water
Quality
Safe to drink 541 480
Clear 608 770
Good to taste 729 840
Free from odour 788 730
About 883 of households in middle Nyando treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment (891) being the use of chlorine based chemicals like water guard In
lower Nyando 85 of households surveyed treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment being chemical treatment (682) 481 of households interviewed in
middle Nyando reported to have had cases of typhoid infections among a family during the
past 6months 135 had cases of diarrhoea in the family Scabiesskin diseases were
recorded in 173 of the households
Figure 4 Household water treatment methods a Middle Nyando b Lower Nyando
In lower Nyando 155 of interviewed households had recorded cases of diarrheal among
family members during the past for 6 months while 50 had recorded cases of typhoid The
high number of recorded cases of water bornewater washed diseasesconditions can be
attributed to the man water source in the study areas which was found to be riverssprings
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Table 7 Household Incidences of Water Related Illnesses
Incidences of Water
BorneWater Washed
illnessesconditions
diarrhea 7 135 9 155
Typhoid 25 481 29 500
Scabies (skin diseases) 9 173 2 34
Trachoma 1 19
Others (specify) 10 192 18 310
The majority of the households also treat their drinking water despite the surveying
showing that cases of water borne diseases were many This could mean that household
water handling measures are poor leading to recontamination of drinking water either
during storage or during use It could also mean that the treatment methods which is
mainly chlorine based is not being administered correctly leading to under dosing
335
Payment for water supply
The average amount of money spent on water is Ksh 200-500 per month with 455 of
households in middle Nyando and 433 in lower Nyando falling in this group
Table 8 Cost of Water
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Amount Spent on Water
per month
Do not pay 9 205 8 267
Less than 200 5 114 1 33
Between Ksh 200-500 20 455 13 433
Between Ksh 500-1000 10 227 2 67
Between Ksh 1000-2000 3 100
Over Ksh 2000 3 100
To whom Water is paid Municipality 2 61 1 48
Businesswater vendor 17 515 16 762
CBONGO 2 61
Other specify 12 364 4 190
Those who pay for water mostly do so to water vendors (515) in middle Nyando and
762 in lower Nyando
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34 SANITATION
341 Latrine coverage
Latrine coverage is 894 in middle Nyando and 87in Lower Nyando The most common
type of toilet facility is pit latrine with no Ventilation pipe (705) in Middle Nyando and
744 in Lower Nyando followed by VIP latrine at 268 and 20 in Middle and Lower
Nyando respectively The figures are above the national latrine coverage averages
Table 9 Sanitation Situation
Study Area Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Availability of Toilet Yes 110 894 87 870
No 13 106 13 130
No of Toilet facilities One 96 857 64 736
Two 10 89 16 184
Three and Above 3 27 7 70
Not Applicable 3 27
Type of toilet Facility Flush toilet
connected to a
septic tank
2 18 2 22
Pit latrine with
ventilation pipe30 268 18 200
Pit latrine without
ventilation pipe79 705 67 744
The main reason given for lack of latrines in the area was high cost of construction at 727
in middle Nyando and 692 in lower Nyando The household without latrines either
relieve themselves in the bush (364) for middle Nyando and 538 for lower Nyando or
in the Neighbours latrines (636) middle Nyando and 385 in lower Nyando
Table 10 Reasons for Lack Of Sanitation Facilities
Reasons for No latrine Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Cost of construction is high 727 692
Do not see the need to have one 91 0
Poor soil formationcollapsible soil 33 50
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Not provided by land lord 08 30
Others 0 10
Where people relieve themselves
(those without latrines)
Frequency
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Bush Outside 4 364 7 538
Neighborrsquos Latrine 7 636 5 385
Ensuring adequate sanitation facilities is a Millennium Development Goal that Kenya shares
with other countries A household is classified as having an improved toilet if the toilet is
used only by members of one household (ie it is not shared) and if the facility used by the
household separates the waste from human contact (WHOUNICEF Joint MonitoringProgramme for Water Supply and Sanitation 2004) According to KDH report 20082009 the
national figures show that less 60 of households uses an improved toilet facility that is not
shared with other households Urban households are only slightly more likely than rural
households to have an improved toilet facility (30 and 20 respectively) Overall 12 of
households have no toilet facility at all they are almost exclusively rural accounting for 16
of rural households
35 ENERGY SOURCE AND USE
351 House hold Energy Needs
Energy demand patterns of the study areas largely revolve around household energy end
uses such as cooking and lighting Respondents ranked cooking lighting and heating as the
three most important energy needs
352
Main House Hold Sources of Energy
The main sources of energy at household levels are wood paraffin and charcoal The table
below lists the age of farmers using the various fuel sources listed in the questionnaire
The study established that the most preferred source of household cooking energy among
the respondents is mainly firewood (at 100 in lower Nyando and 99 in middle Nyando)
This indicates overreliance on biomass and an indicator of a real challenge of forest and
vegetation degradation
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Table 11 Energy Source and Use
Lighting Cooking
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Biomass 08 0 1000 990
Kerosene 884 838
Biogas 08 0
Solar 66 20
Electricity 33 141 0 10
Recent National studies also Estimates of household energy use indicate that over 95 of
Kenyan population rely on wood or charcoal for energy needs Traditionally these energy
resources have been ldquofreerdquo goods however the Kenyan wood fuel supply has been rapidlydepleted by deforestation an activity also closely associated with land clearing for
agriculture and global warming via reduction of biomass to sequestrate CO 2
Consequently an energy policy that is designed to meet the needs of the majority of the
population must devote considerable attention to mainstreaming a sustainable yield of
biomass as well efficient energy technology to maximise on the biomass energy sources
The main source of energy for lighting in the area is kerosene (884 in middle Nyando and
838 in lower Nyando 66 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando and 20 in lower
Nyando use solar energy for lighting Hydro electric usage for lighting was recorded in 33
of households in middle Nyando and 141 in lower Nyando Biomass energy which
includes firewood charcoal and livestock waste burnt directly accounts for 100 of cooking
energy source in middle Nyando and 99 in lower Nyando Other renewable energy such
as biogas is not common in the area with only less than 1 of households in Nyando
utilising biogas
From the focused group discussions Initial capital cost was established as the utmost
challenge for household access to alterative and sustainable energy sources like biogas or
grid power It was further established among the biomass users 80 2 settled for firewood
as the main source of energy because of affordability lack of capacity to include other
alternatives and convenience
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353 Availability of energy
Qualitative data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews corroborated
the finding that most households in the two study areas are energy stressed and that the
majority still used wood fuel and charcoal as the main source of energy The distancetravelled and time used to collect fuel wood has been increasing due to the declining tree
cover In parts of KORU people are cutting down trees to sell to Homaline Company as an
additional source of income A different study carried out by ICRAF in the lower and
middle Nyando areas in 2009 showed that More than 90 of the households are not self
sufficient with fuel
354 Potential for renewable energy uses
During the field studies it was observed that almost all households kept livestock A similar
study undertaken by ICRAF also showed that all households in the area keep livestock
This shows that there is a potential for use of biogas as source energy for cooking and even
lighting This would in turn reduce the existing pressure on wood products which are the
main source of energy for cooking in the area
In some farms people had also adopted tree planting especially in middle Nyando area to
supplement their energy sources This shows that agro-forestry practices at farm level can
play a key role in meeting the growing energy demand in the area with multiple benefits
such as additional income sources and soil conservation
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting
The study established that the main reason for choosing energy source either for cooking or
lighting is mainly based on availability (cooking 728 and lighting 732) This indicates that
probably the households will go for the most cost effective and readily available source of
energy
Table 12 Renewable Energy Use
Middle Nyando N=40 Lower Nyando N=19
No No
Type of Renewable
energy
Solar energy for lighting 16 400 4 211
Solar cookers 4 100 1 53
Do not know 19 475 10 526
Other 1 25 2 105
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983090983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Total 40 1000 19 1000
Middle Nyando N= 84 Lower Nyando N= 82
Challenges to
Accessing RE
High cost of start up 47 560 47 573
Not reliable 17 202 3 37
Do not know about the
technologies20 238 30 366
Other specify 2 24
Total 84 1000 82 1000
Only 175 of households in middle Nyando and 74 in lower Nyando said they use
renewable energy in their homes The most common type of renewable energy used was
solar energy for lighting (16 households n =123) in middle Nyando and 4 households (N=
100) in lower Nyando
Main source of information on renewable energy in the area is from the media (66) in both
areas The results show that there is inadequate sustained and comprehensive awareness
creation on the use of renewable energy sources in the region There is need to do as
sustained awareness creation in the area to educate the people that despite the high start-up
cost studies shows a reduction on the cost of household energy once the families start using
renewable energy because the operational recurrent costs are relatively lower when
compared with other sources of energy
356 Challenges facing renewable energy
The major challenge to accessing renewable energy technologies was the high cost of start-
up (56 middle Nyando and 57 lower Nyando) The other reasons given were on
reliability of renewable energy sources and poor knowledge on the available Renewable
energy technologies (366 in lower Nyando and 238) in middle Nyando The study
shows that among the households that have adopted renewable energy use on average 20
had been assisted (technologically and or subsidised)
Biogas and solar energy sources are considered fairly inefficient implying that more
research and development work needs to be done to improve on the efficiency The high
cost of adopting renewable energy sources makes it prohibitive for a significant portion of
the population The results is that the population still heavily relay on traditional energy
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sources (biomass) yet the technologies used to extract the energy not only significantly
affect the health of women and children but is also damage to the environment
During the FGD it also emerged that the Despite availability of programmes such as the
biogas installation subsidy programme by KEBDIP people were generally unaware of it
Also during the FGDs with some of the community groups it emerged that knowledge on
renewable energy sources especially biogas production was very low This is supported by
various qualitative data that shows that knowledge on funding sources for renewable
energy technologies was generally low However the people showed interest in adopting
the use of biogas energy if the technology can be made available and affordable to them
36
AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture practices in the area gained prominence after the introduction of the Economic
Stimulus Package Through this programmes every location was supposed to be allocated
14 fishponds
Data from the fisheries offices estimates the total fishponds in Nyando District to be 1100
Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds
Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish ponds and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA
area as you go towards the lake
The ministry of fisheries has also constructed a dam along river Awasi to provide water for
fish farming in the area as well as water for domestic use
Aquaculture has been introduced in the area to try and reduce the pressure on fisheries
resources in the lake as well as provide an alternative livelihood source to the people
Table 13 Data on Fish Farming
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Households Practicing
Aquaculture
Yes 5 42 9 92
No 114 958 89 908
Total 119 1000 98 1000
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The major challenge facing fish farming in the area was availability of water as most of the
river sources being perennial rivers
During the FGD and KII the reasons given for low adoption of aquaculture were listed as
Negative attitude towards fish farming as people believe that fish is found in the lake Over
reliance on lake fish Perception that fish from fish pond is not sweet perceptions on
palatability Security issues as fish are stolen from the ponds thus discouraging potential
farmers cases of pond poisoning has thus discouraging farmers High cost of start-up and
high cost of inputs Water scarcity caused by limited permanent water sources Low levels of
awareness on fish farming Poor pond management skills and High hydraulic conductivity
of soils thus low water retention capabilities Flooding was also reported to be a big
challenge in the lower Nyando area as flood waters wash away the fish ponds during rainseasons Proximity to the lake was also a major deterrence to fish farming as the people close
to the lake thought it was easier to fish in the lake
However it also emerged during this discussions that farmers who were successful in the
fish farming business were expanding and increasing the number of their ponds The
success stories of such farmers have also encouraged other people with favourable land
conditions to adopt aquaculture
This shows that with availability of water sources the potential for aquaculture is very huge
especially in lower Nyando
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
This baseline report presents the results of the data collected from the combination of field
and household surveys in two project areas as well as through review of various literatures
on interventions carried out in the area Interpretation and management recommendations
are based solely on the data
Several Livelihood intervention measures focusing on Water and sanitation aquaculture
and soil and water conservation have been put in place by different actors (both state and
non state) to try and improve the living standards of people in lower and middle Nyando
The most observable intervention measures recorded during the survey was Promotion of
Rain water harvesting at household level promotion of tree farming investment in water
storage through construction of water pans and also fish farming
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Generally access to sanitation facilities is above 85 in both areas However the prevalence
of water borne diseases is still high and therefore need to increase interventions aimed
towards improving hygiene measures such as hand washing
Majority of the households also rely on unprotected water sources for their household water
needs Future interventions should therefore focus more on increasing access to protected
water sources and also increasing the quantity of water available per capita in both the
lower and Nyando river area
Uptake of Fish farming in the area is low due to both human and non human factors as
discussed in the report Future interventions should focus more on ensuring adequate
technical support to farmers who have adopted fish farming Interventions should also focus
on creating favourable environment for new farmers to adopt aquaculture through
provision of water by investing in water storage such as earth dams and pans and also
provision of piped water
Renewable energy uptake has also been low due to low levels of awareness as well as the
perceived high start-up cost Intervention measures in this area should focus on raising
awareness on available low cost renewable energy options such as solar lanterns for
lighting The potential for biogas production is also high and therefore intervention should
focus on development of affordable biogas production technologies Tree cover is quite low
in Lower Nyando Only 34 of household plots had any trees in the vicinity (Verchot et al
2008
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References
ICRAF and MOARD (2000) ldquoImproved land management in the Lake Victoria basin Final
Technical Report Start-up Phase July 1999 to June 2000rdquo ICRAF and MOARD Nairobi
Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 2006 Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem
Management Project (WKIEMP) Strategies for Integrated Land and Water Management for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Katuk-Odeyo Sub-Watershed Nyando River Basin Lake Victoria Basin
KENYA
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2009) The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing
Census lsquo Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030) Volume 1 A Ministry of
Water Resources and Regional Development (2004) Land resources Development and
Irrigation in Nyanza Province South Kano Government Printers
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L and Njui A (eds) 2004 Proceedings of aWorkshop on
Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin December 9 ndash
11 2002 Imperial Hotel Kisumu Kenya
Muriithi S Okono NA and Swallow B (eds) 2006b Developing an action plan for the Awach
watershed Western Kenya Proceedings of a workshop co-hosted by the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (NALEP
ndash National Agriculture Livestock Extension Programme 23rd May 2001 St Anna Guest House
Kisumu ICRAF Discussion Paper 2001-3
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L amp Njui A eds 2004 Proceedings of a
Workshop on Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin
Nairobi ICRAF NEMA the Water Quality Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
Management Programme (LVEMP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Environmental Authority [NEMA] (2004) Strategy for Flood Management in Lake
Victoria Basin Kenya
Verchot et al (2008) Baseline Report Nyando River Basin Western Kenya Integrated
Ecosystem Management Project Findings from the Baseline Surveys International Centre forResearch in Agroforestry Nairobi Kenya
World Agroforestry Centre (2006) Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin Final
Report of the TransVic Project World Agroforerstry Centre Occasional Paper No 7 World
Agroforestry Centre Nairobi Kenya
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
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ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets
I Water and Sanitation
Middle Nyando Lower Nya
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Target Baseline st
Water
Improved Water sources
bull Piped water intodwelling
bull plot or yard
bull Public tapstandpipe
bull Tubewellborehole
bull Protected dug well
bull
Protected spring
bull Rainwater collection
Unimproved Water sources
bull Unprotected dug well
bull Unprotected spring
bull Cart with small tankdrum
bull Bottled water a
bull Tanker-truck
bull Surface water (river dam
bull lake pond stream canal
bull irrigation channels)
of house hold using water fromProtected Sources
393 439
Reduce average Distance tohousehold Water source to lessthan a km
Within compound 248 Within com
lt 1km =537 lt 1km =690
gt2km = 41 gt2km = 0
Household water treatment 883 85
Average time taken to collect waterfor domestic use
lt 1 an hour =775
1-2hrs=192
gt2hrs =335
Reliability of Water supplyavailability of water
Household per-capita Water Use) lt 4 l per capita = 83 gt20lpppd
lt 4 l per ca
4- 10 l per capita =355 4- 10 l per c
10-20 l per capita =421 10-20 l per c
gt20 litres= 14 gt20L =18
Reduce water bornewashed Diarrhoeal incidences Diarrhoeal
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diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
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983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
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III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
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component has a Natural resource Conservation component and a Livelihood improvement
component
The natural resource conservation component focuses on soil and water conservation
rainwater harvesting and growing of greenery treescrops The livelihood Improvementcomponent will focus on reducing harvesting pressure on fisheries and wetlands resources
and intensifying natural resource use to increase adoption of sustainable land management
practices The interventions will largely be household-based and are aimed at intensifying
natural resources use and reducing harvesting pressure on the fisheries and wetlands
resources
13
LVEMP II Interventions in the Project Area
LVEMP II has been engaged in various livelihood intervention programmes in the larger
Nyando district (currently Muhoroni Nyando and Nyakach districts) LVEMP II is currently
undertaking four existing projects in Kabodho location and Upper North Kabodho sub-
location in Nyakach district The four projects deal with intervention in areas of
1 Natural resource conservation
2 Roof catchment activities
3
Livestock improvement and
4 Nursery establishment
However LVEMP II programme is still underway to enhance the 4 project areas but
including components of water and sanitation as well as aquaculture development with
greater emphasis in Nyando District Currently the project is at the proposal receiving stage
from various community groups The proposals are submitted to the district project
coordinating team in charge of such projects Their offices are located at the respective
district headquarters The district project coordinating team are mandated to vet the
proposals provide technical backstopping and forward refined proposals to the national
offices and thereafter monitor the implementation of projects So far no projects on
renewable energy and aquaculture have been funded by LVEMP II in the study areas
14 About the study area
The Nyando River basin covers an area of 3517 km2 of Western Kenya The river basin
drains into the Winam Gulf in Lake Victoria The main river Nyando rises from the western
Mau hills and traverses a distance of approximately 170Km Its drainage basin consists of
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five main sub-catchment areas namely Nyando-Nandi Nyando-Kericho Awach-Kano
Nyaidho-Kano and Nyando-Kano The Nyando and its tributaries supply water both for
domestic and livestock use and for irrigation in the sugar belt (Nyando Atlas) The
population in the Nyando basin is approximately 1100000 people (KNBS 2009)
141 Lower Nyando
The Lower Nyando block is located in the lake plain (Kano Plains) of Lake Victoria The
block is characterized by low productivity erratic rainfall and severe erosion Within the
block are two divisions Upper and Lower Nyando and 16 sub-locations The specific areas
of studies are Kabodho East sub location of Pap Onditi Location Nyando District Kabodho
East sub location has a total population of 6009 comprising of 2916 males and 3093females (KNBS 2009) Awach sub location lies in NE Nyakach location of Nyando district
Awach sub location has a total population of 2495 comprising of 1277 males and 2763
females (KNBS 2009)
142 Middle Nyando
The Middle Nyando block lies in Kericho and Nyando Districts both in Muhoroni division
Within the block are ten sub- locations The block is characterized by sugar cane production
on larger farms located on the plains and gentle slopes and subsisting farming or the steeper
slopes and hill tops
Figure 1map of lower Nyando
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Figure 2 map of middle Nyando
The specific areas of study were Koru Sub location and Nyando sub location Both Koru
and Nyando sub locations lies within Koru Location of Nyando district The total population
in Koru Sub location is 5407 while in Nyando sub location is 2495 (KNBS 2009)
15 Purpose of the LVEMP II CS
LVEMP II CS watch project intends to produce several advocacy and IEC materials to
inform the general public on the progress of implementation of LVEMP II including
bull Evidence-based assessment and documentation of LVEMP II progress in the
respective countries in form of alternative reports (packaged in form of SusWatch
briefs)
bull Field-based information generation and packaging in form of Community Demand
Driven Sub-projects Watch
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bull SusWatch Livelihood Case Studies from the sub-catchments in Nyando River Basin
ie Lower Nyando (Awach and Kabodho East sub-locations) and Middle Nyando
(Koru and Nyando sub-locations)
bull Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) Climate Change Readiness brief to highlight lsquolevel of
readinessrsquo to face up to climate change development challenges in the LVB (for water
supply and sanitation agriculture and food security rural energy supply) as per the
2010 East African Climate Change Policy (EACCP) annually
The above documents and reports will be produced periodically during the project
implementation The baseline survey is therefore intended to provide benchmarks against
which the improvement in the community livelihood as a result of the CDD Sub-project
interventions will be measured
16 Overall Objective of the Consultancy
The overall objective of the consultancy is to establish baseline data on the Livelihood
Intervention areas of Water Supply and Sanitation Renewable Energy Supply and
Aquaculture in Nyando River Basin
The specific objectives of the baseline study include to
1
Conduct a coordinated baseline survey to establish baseline indicators for the
community livelihood that will imply Impact Evaluation of the CDD Sub-projects in
relation to water and sanitation renewable energy and aquaculture
2
Establish baseline for water and sanitation renewable energy supply and
aquaculture using quantitative and qualitative measures
3 Recommend targets for the indicators
4
Document appropriate and user friendly data collection and monitoring tools for
subsequent monitoring surveys
5 Prepare a baseline survey report using appropriate qualitative and quantitative
methods covering community livelihoods aspects including poverty food and
income security marketing processing and the institutional context of development
as well as on the cross cutting issues of gender and HIVAIDS while relating them to
the 3 intervention areas of water and sanitation renewable energy and aquaculture
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17 Scope of work
The baseline study will focus on the 3 livelihood intervention areas (water and sanitation
renewable energy supply and aquaculture) within Nyando River Basin ie Lower Nyando
(Awach and Kabodho East sub-locations) and Middle Nyando (Koru and Nyando sub-locations)
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CHAPTER TWO
2 Methodology
21 Timeframe
The evaluation took place on the month of July 2012 August 2012 The field work was done
in the month of July and covered both Lower Nyando and Middle Nyando
22 The Baseline survey process
The data collection was a participatory process that involved the external consultant
(Emerald Environmental Consultancy Firm) Suswach II officials and the community
members from the study locations Also involved in the process was the district fisheries
officer from Nyando the District development office Lake Basin development AuthorityLake Victoria South Water Services Board and community groups involved in
environmental and livelihoods project It also involved review and analysis of literature
project implementation documents and baseline survey reports The supervisors and
enumerators went through a rigorous training which involved an understanding of the
project reviewing and refining all data collection instruments
23 Study design
The evaluation team used a comprehensive mixed-methods evaluation design This was a
cross-sectional survey conducted in 4 Sub locations distributed over middle Nyando namely
Koru sub location and Nyando sub location and Lower Nyando Kabodho East and Awach
sub locations
An interviewer administered questionnaire was designed and used to conduct a total of 230
interviews In addition semi-structured Interviews including Focus Group
Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were done with beneficiaries
and other stakeholders respectively Field visits were done at key projects sites to make
observations on the projects visible outputs
24 Data collection tools
Overall the following data collection tools were developed
bull Household Survey Questionnaire ndash to facilitate Quantitative data collection
bull
Key Informant Interviews guidelines ndash A semi-structured interview guide was
developed to facilitate interviews with key stakeholders such as government officials
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from the line ministries such as Ministries of Water Public Health and Ministry of
Fisheries Other respondents included local administration NGO and CBOs
bull Focus Group Discussion guidelines ndash to facilitate interviews with potential project
beneficiaries and their representative groups including Women and youth groups
bull Observation Checklist for field visits to observe project infrastructure development
25 Sample Selection
Several approaches were used during the baseline survey documentary reviews
quantitative and qualitative data collection including checklists Using these approaches
allowed the research team to triangulate data as a measure of countering the shortcomings
from any particular data collection tool The survey was designed to collect information
from households within the project area A multistage sampling technique was used First
purposive sampling was used to identify project beneficiaries at location level then a
random sampling technique for identifying the sub locations and the households to be
interviewed The Sample size was calculated using the fischers equation
The formula yielded a total of about 200 households to be surveyed The sample size was
adjusted upwards to 223 households to cater for none responses There after considering the
cluster group proportionality in the division the household interviewed was distributed asfollows
Table 1 Sampling Frame
Area Sub location House hold
Lower Nyando Awach 123
Kabodho east
Middle Nyando Koru 100
Nyando
Total 223
26 Data Processing Analysis and Presentation
Quantitative data was entered using access based data base software and later converted to
SPSS which was used for analysis The results are presented in the form of frequencies and
ages Qualitative data was triangulated and analyzed based on the thematic areas and
were mainly used in this report for detailed explanation of the quantitative aspects of the
project
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Chapter Three
3 Study Findings
31 General conditions in the study areas
In all the study areas the most identifiable significant livelihood activities or groups of
activities found within the study area is mainly farming in lower Nyando the predominant
livelihood source is subsistence farming with maize and sorghum dominating crop
production Majority of the homesteads also keep livestock which include cattle goats and
chicken
In middle Nyando the predominant livelihood source is also farming The agricultural
activities in this block are mainly small scale sugar cane and maize production The area is inthe western Kenya sugar belt and has a sugar company and the factories nuclear large scale
sugar plantations which might account for the high number of salaried employment
Majority over 50 of the households have farm sizes of 4 acres or less Only 25 of the
farms have farm sizes larger than 10 acres
32 Socio Demographic Characteristics of the Study Respondents
Average household size in both middle and lower Nyando is 6 people with the maximum
recorded household size being 14 people in middle Nyando and 20 people in lower Nyando
In lower Nyando the majority of the households interviewed were headed by females
(52) About 53 of the household heads had primary level of education while 28 had
attained secondary level of education with 7 having university level of education
In Middle Nyando majority of the households are male headed (61) About 39 of the
household heads had primary level of education while 34 had attained secondary level of
education with only 49 having university level of education
Table 2 Summary of Household Socio-demographic Characteristics
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Household head Male 75 61 48 480
Female 48 39 52 520
Marital Status Married 86 699 74 740
Widowed 28 228 15 150
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Highest level of education for
household head
No formal
education10 81 7 70
Primary 48 390 53 530
Secondary 42 341 28 280
Tertiary 17 138 5 50
University 6 49 7 70
The main source of income in Middle Nyando is farming at 317 followed trading at
228 and salaried employment at 203 with the average monthly income being less than
Ksh 7000 per month (528) In Lower Nyando the main source of income in the area is
farming at 64 followed by wage employment at 14 and salaried employment at 13
The average monthly income is less than Ksh 7000 per month (54)
Table 3 Main Income source amp Average Household Size
Main Source of Income Farming 39 317 64 640
Livestock keeping 11 89 1 10
Wage employment 13 106 14 140
Artisanblacksmith 5 41 1 10
Salaried
Employment25 203 13 130
Trading 28 228 6 60
Others Specify 2 16 1 10
Average Monthly Income Less than 7000 65 528 54 540
7000-20000 44 358 38 380
20000-50000 13 106 6 60
Over 50000 1 8 2 20
Average House hold Size Mean 602 645
Minimum 2 1
Maximum 14 20
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33 WATER Availability Access and Usage of Water Resources
331 Main Water Supply Sources
The main water source for households during both dry and wet seasons is mainly
unprotected water sources- 709 amp 646during dry season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively and 542 and 561 during wet season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively The major single source of water for the households during both dry
and wet seasons is riversstreams at 426 (dry season) and 492 (wet season) in Middle
Nyando and In lower Nyando 53 and 541 during both dry and wet season respectively
About 20 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando had access to piped water in their
houses within their compounds while 66 had invested in rain water storage tanks Other
sources of water included hand dug wells (74) and communal water points While in
Lower Nyando 13 of households surveyed had invested in rain water tanks and only 4
of the households surveyed had access to piped water
Table 4 The respondentrsquos main water sources in the dry and wet season
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Dry season Wet Season Dry Season Wet Season
Frequen
cy
Frequenc
y
Frequenc
y
Freque
ncy
Piped tap water in
dwelling14 115 10 85 4 40 4 41
Piped tap water on
site11 90 8 68 8 81 4 41
Borehole on site
water kiosk5 41 4 34 8 81 6 61
Rainwater tank on
site8 66 24 203 12 121 13 133
Publiccommunal
tap water kiosk less
than 200 meters away
2 16 2 17 1 10 1 10
Publiccommunal
tap more than 200
meters away
4 33 3 25 3 30 2 20
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983089983097 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Hand dug wells 9 74 3 25 4 40 1 10
Neighbor 3 25 2 17 1 10
Mobile Water tanker
(bowser)1 8
riverstream Wells
amp springs52 426 58 492 60 606 53 541
Water Pansearth
dams ponds13 107 3 25 1 10
Therefore the result shows that majority of households (over 50) in this areas rely on
unprotected water sources This is below the National average According KDH report
20089 63 of households in Kenya get drinking water from an improved source However
disparities exist by residence with a higher proportion of urban households (91 ) having
an improved source of drinking water compared with rural households 54
Increasing access to improved drinking water is one of the Millennium Development Goals
that Kenya along with other nations worldwide has adopted (United Nations General
Assembly 2001) The indicators that are useful in monitoring household access to improved
drinking water (WHO and UNICEF 2005) include sources that are likely to provide water
suitable for drinking Lack of ready access to a water source may limit the quantity of
suitable drinking water that must be fetched from a source that is not immediately
accessible to the household (distance to source) water quality among others as discussed
below
332 Distance to drinking water sources
In middle Nyando area the average distance to the householdsrsquo main water source is less
than a kilometre (537) 248 of the households surveyed have water within their
compounds On average it takes less than an hour (775) for households to fetch water for
their domestic use while 192 of the households take between 1-2 hours to collect water
Table 5 Distance to Drinking Water Source
983117983145983140983140983148983141 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983090983091 983116983151983159983141983154 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983088983088
983118983151 983118983151
983108983145983155983156983137983150983139983141 983156983151 983159983137983156983141983154
983155983151983157983154983139983141
983127983145983156983144983145983150 983156983144983141 983139983151983149983152983151983157983150983140 30 248 19 190
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983115983149 65 537 69 690
1983147983149983155 983085 2 983115983149 21 174 12 120
2 983085 5 983115983149 5 41
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
983124983145983149983141 983156983137983147983141983150 983156983151 983139983151983148983148983141983139983156
983159983137983156983141983154
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983144983154 93 775 91 910
1983144983154 983085 2 983144983154983155 23 192 9 90
983119983158983141983154 2 983144983154983155 4 33
In lower Nyando area 19 of households surveyed had water within their compounds
while 69 walked less than a kilometre to access water for domestic use It takes less than anhour for households to collect water for domestic use (91) while the rest spend between
an hour and two
333 Quantity of Water Used Per household per day
Majority of the households in
middle Nyando (421) use
between 80-100 litres of water
per day while 355 use
between 20-60 litres per day and
14 of the surveyed households
reported to be using over 100
litres of water per day
In Lower Nyando 40 of the households surveyed used between 20 and 60 litres of water
per day with an equivalent number using between 80 and 100 litres of water for domestic
use 18 of the residents used over 100 litres of water per day for domestic use
Considering the average household sizes in the study areas (6 people in middle Nyando
and 7 in lower Nyando) this translates to a per capita water consumption of 17 litres per
person per day which is still below the recommended 20 litres per capita by WHO
754 of respondents in middle Nyando and 495 in lower Nyando use water for other
purposes other than household use Water is also used for irrigating crops (935 middle
Nyando 596 lower Nyando) and for animal use
334 Water Safety ndash quality and use of safe water drinking products
The general perception on water safety was assessed in terms of safety to drink clarity taste
and odour In middle Nyando 54 of household interviewed perceive their water to be safe
to drink 729 good to taste and 608 perceive the water to be clearnot turbid In lower
Figure 3 Quantity of Water Used per Household per Day
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983089 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Nyando 84 of household perceive their water to be god to taste 48 to be safe to drink
and 77 to be clearnot turbid
Table 6 The respondents water quality perception method of treatment and incidences
of water borne diseases
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Perception on Water
Quality
Safe to drink 541 480
Clear 608 770
Good to taste 729 840
Free from odour 788 730
About 883 of households in middle Nyando treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment (891) being the use of chlorine based chemicals like water guard In
lower Nyando 85 of households surveyed treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment being chemical treatment (682) 481 of households interviewed in
middle Nyando reported to have had cases of typhoid infections among a family during the
past 6months 135 had cases of diarrhoea in the family Scabiesskin diseases were
recorded in 173 of the households
Figure 4 Household water treatment methods a Middle Nyando b Lower Nyando
In lower Nyando 155 of interviewed households had recorded cases of diarrheal among
family members during the past for 6 months while 50 had recorded cases of typhoid The
high number of recorded cases of water bornewater washed diseasesconditions can be
attributed to the man water source in the study areas which was found to be riverssprings
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 7 Household Incidences of Water Related Illnesses
Incidences of Water
BorneWater Washed
illnessesconditions
diarrhea 7 135 9 155
Typhoid 25 481 29 500
Scabies (skin diseases) 9 173 2 34
Trachoma 1 19
Others (specify) 10 192 18 310
The majority of the households also treat their drinking water despite the surveying
showing that cases of water borne diseases were many This could mean that household
water handling measures are poor leading to recontamination of drinking water either
during storage or during use It could also mean that the treatment methods which is
mainly chlorine based is not being administered correctly leading to under dosing
335
Payment for water supply
The average amount of money spent on water is Ksh 200-500 per month with 455 of
households in middle Nyando and 433 in lower Nyando falling in this group
Table 8 Cost of Water
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Amount Spent on Water
per month
Do not pay 9 205 8 267
Less than 200 5 114 1 33
Between Ksh 200-500 20 455 13 433
Between Ksh 500-1000 10 227 2 67
Between Ksh 1000-2000 3 100
Over Ksh 2000 3 100
To whom Water is paid Municipality 2 61 1 48
Businesswater vendor 17 515 16 762
CBONGO 2 61
Other specify 12 364 4 190
Those who pay for water mostly do so to water vendors (515) in middle Nyando and
762 in lower Nyando
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
34 SANITATION
341 Latrine coverage
Latrine coverage is 894 in middle Nyando and 87in Lower Nyando The most common
type of toilet facility is pit latrine with no Ventilation pipe (705) in Middle Nyando and
744 in Lower Nyando followed by VIP latrine at 268 and 20 in Middle and Lower
Nyando respectively The figures are above the national latrine coverage averages
Table 9 Sanitation Situation
Study Area Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Availability of Toilet Yes 110 894 87 870
No 13 106 13 130
No of Toilet facilities One 96 857 64 736
Two 10 89 16 184
Three and Above 3 27 7 70
Not Applicable 3 27
Type of toilet Facility Flush toilet
connected to a
septic tank
2 18 2 22
Pit latrine with
ventilation pipe30 268 18 200
Pit latrine without
ventilation pipe79 705 67 744
The main reason given for lack of latrines in the area was high cost of construction at 727
in middle Nyando and 692 in lower Nyando The household without latrines either
relieve themselves in the bush (364) for middle Nyando and 538 for lower Nyando or
in the Neighbours latrines (636) middle Nyando and 385 in lower Nyando
Table 10 Reasons for Lack Of Sanitation Facilities
Reasons for No latrine Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Cost of construction is high 727 692
Do not see the need to have one 91 0
Poor soil formationcollapsible soil 33 50
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983090983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Not provided by land lord 08 30
Others 0 10
Where people relieve themselves
(those without latrines)
Frequency
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Bush Outside 4 364 7 538
Neighborrsquos Latrine 7 636 5 385
Ensuring adequate sanitation facilities is a Millennium Development Goal that Kenya shares
with other countries A household is classified as having an improved toilet if the toilet is
used only by members of one household (ie it is not shared) and if the facility used by the
household separates the waste from human contact (WHOUNICEF Joint MonitoringProgramme for Water Supply and Sanitation 2004) According to KDH report 20082009 the
national figures show that less 60 of households uses an improved toilet facility that is not
shared with other households Urban households are only slightly more likely than rural
households to have an improved toilet facility (30 and 20 respectively) Overall 12 of
households have no toilet facility at all they are almost exclusively rural accounting for 16
of rural households
35 ENERGY SOURCE AND USE
351 House hold Energy Needs
Energy demand patterns of the study areas largely revolve around household energy end
uses such as cooking and lighting Respondents ranked cooking lighting and heating as the
three most important energy needs
352
Main House Hold Sources of Energy
The main sources of energy at household levels are wood paraffin and charcoal The table
below lists the age of farmers using the various fuel sources listed in the questionnaire
The study established that the most preferred source of household cooking energy among
the respondents is mainly firewood (at 100 in lower Nyando and 99 in middle Nyando)
This indicates overreliance on biomass and an indicator of a real challenge of forest and
vegetation degradation
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983090983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 11 Energy Source and Use
Lighting Cooking
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Biomass 08 0 1000 990
Kerosene 884 838
Biogas 08 0
Solar 66 20
Electricity 33 141 0 10
Recent National studies also Estimates of household energy use indicate that over 95 of
Kenyan population rely on wood or charcoal for energy needs Traditionally these energy
resources have been ldquofreerdquo goods however the Kenyan wood fuel supply has been rapidlydepleted by deforestation an activity also closely associated with land clearing for
agriculture and global warming via reduction of biomass to sequestrate CO 2
Consequently an energy policy that is designed to meet the needs of the majority of the
population must devote considerable attention to mainstreaming a sustainable yield of
biomass as well efficient energy technology to maximise on the biomass energy sources
The main source of energy for lighting in the area is kerosene (884 in middle Nyando and
838 in lower Nyando 66 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando and 20 in lower
Nyando use solar energy for lighting Hydro electric usage for lighting was recorded in 33
of households in middle Nyando and 141 in lower Nyando Biomass energy which
includes firewood charcoal and livestock waste burnt directly accounts for 100 of cooking
energy source in middle Nyando and 99 in lower Nyando Other renewable energy such
as biogas is not common in the area with only less than 1 of households in Nyando
utilising biogas
From the focused group discussions Initial capital cost was established as the utmost
challenge for household access to alterative and sustainable energy sources like biogas or
grid power It was further established among the biomass users 80 2 settled for firewood
as the main source of energy because of affordability lack of capacity to include other
alternatives and convenience
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983090983094 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
353 Availability of energy
Qualitative data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews corroborated
the finding that most households in the two study areas are energy stressed and that the
majority still used wood fuel and charcoal as the main source of energy The distancetravelled and time used to collect fuel wood has been increasing due to the declining tree
cover In parts of KORU people are cutting down trees to sell to Homaline Company as an
additional source of income A different study carried out by ICRAF in the lower and
middle Nyando areas in 2009 showed that More than 90 of the households are not self
sufficient with fuel
354 Potential for renewable energy uses
During the field studies it was observed that almost all households kept livestock A similar
study undertaken by ICRAF also showed that all households in the area keep livestock
This shows that there is a potential for use of biogas as source energy for cooking and even
lighting This would in turn reduce the existing pressure on wood products which are the
main source of energy for cooking in the area
In some farms people had also adopted tree planting especially in middle Nyando area to
supplement their energy sources This shows that agro-forestry practices at farm level can
play a key role in meeting the growing energy demand in the area with multiple benefits
such as additional income sources and soil conservation
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting
The study established that the main reason for choosing energy source either for cooking or
lighting is mainly based on availability (cooking 728 and lighting 732) This indicates that
probably the households will go for the most cost effective and readily available source of
energy
Table 12 Renewable Energy Use
Middle Nyando N=40 Lower Nyando N=19
No No
Type of Renewable
energy
Solar energy for lighting 16 400 4 211
Solar cookers 4 100 1 53
Do not know 19 475 10 526
Other 1 25 2 105
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Total 40 1000 19 1000
Middle Nyando N= 84 Lower Nyando N= 82
Challenges to
Accessing RE
High cost of start up 47 560 47 573
Not reliable 17 202 3 37
Do not know about the
technologies20 238 30 366
Other specify 2 24
Total 84 1000 82 1000
Only 175 of households in middle Nyando and 74 in lower Nyando said they use
renewable energy in their homes The most common type of renewable energy used was
solar energy for lighting (16 households n =123) in middle Nyando and 4 households (N=
100) in lower Nyando
Main source of information on renewable energy in the area is from the media (66) in both
areas The results show that there is inadequate sustained and comprehensive awareness
creation on the use of renewable energy sources in the region There is need to do as
sustained awareness creation in the area to educate the people that despite the high start-up
cost studies shows a reduction on the cost of household energy once the families start using
renewable energy because the operational recurrent costs are relatively lower when
compared with other sources of energy
356 Challenges facing renewable energy
The major challenge to accessing renewable energy technologies was the high cost of start-
up (56 middle Nyando and 57 lower Nyando) The other reasons given were on
reliability of renewable energy sources and poor knowledge on the available Renewable
energy technologies (366 in lower Nyando and 238) in middle Nyando The study
shows that among the households that have adopted renewable energy use on average 20
had been assisted (technologically and or subsidised)
Biogas and solar energy sources are considered fairly inefficient implying that more
research and development work needs to be done to improve on the efficiency The high
cost of adopting renewable energy sources makes it prohibitive for a significant portion of
the population The results is that the population still heavily relay on traditional energy
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983090983096 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
sources (biomass) yet the technologies used to extract the energy not only significantly
affect the health of women and children but is also damage to the environment
During the FGD it also emerged that the Despite availability of programmes such as the
biogas installation subsidy programme by KEBDIP people were generally unaware of it
Also during the FGDs with some of the community groups it emerged that knowledge on
renewable energy sources especially biogas production was very low This is supported by
various qualitative data that shows that knowledge on funding sources for renewable
energy technologies was generally low However the people showed interest in adopting
the use of biogas energy if the technology can be made available and affordable to them
36
AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture practices in the area gained prominence after the introduction of the Economic
Stimulus Package Through this programmes every location was supposed to be allocated
14 fishponds
Data from the fisheries offices estimates the total fishponds in Nyando District to be 1100
Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds
Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish ponds and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA
area as you go towards the lake
The ministry of fisheries has also constructed a dam along river Awasi to provide water for
fish farming in the area as well as water for domestic use
Aquaculture has been introduced in the area to try and reduce the pressure on fisheries
resources in the lake as well as provide an alternative livelihood source to the people
Table 13 Data on Fish Farming
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Households Practicing
Aquaculture
Yes 5 42 9 92
No 114 958 89 908
Total 119 1000 98 1000
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983090983097 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
The major challenge facing fish farming in the area was availability of water as most of the
river sources being perennial rivers
During the FGD and KII the reasons given for low adoption of aquaculture were listed as
Negative attitude towards fish farming as people believe that fish is found in the lake Over
reliance on lake fish Perception that fish from fish pond is not sweet perceptions on
palatability Security issues as fish are stolen from the ponds thus discouraging potential
farmers cases of pond poisoning has thus discouraging farmers High cost of start-up and
high cost of inputs Water scarcity caused by limited permanent water sources Low levels of
awareness on fish farming Poor pond management skills and High hydraulic conductivity
of soils thus low water retention capabilities Flooding was also reported to be a big
challenge in the lower Nyando area as flood waters wash away the fish ponds during rainseasons Proximity to the lake was also a major deterrence to fish farming as the people close
to the lake thought it was easier to fish in the lake
However it also emerged during this discussions that farmers who were successful in the
fish farming business were expanding and increasing the number of their ponds The
success stories of such farmers have also encouraged other people with favourable land
conditions to adopt aquaculture
This shows that with availability of water sources the potential for aquaculture is very huge
especially in lower Nyando
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
This baseline report presents the results of the data collected from the combination of field
and household surveys in two project areas as well as through review of various literatures
on interventions carried out in the area Interpretation and management recommendations
are based solely on the data
Several Livelihood intervention measures focusing on Water and sanitation aquaculture
and soil and water conservation have been put in place by different actors (both state and
non state) to try and improve the living standards of people in lower and middle Nyando
The most observable intervention measures recorded during the survey was Promotion of
Rain water harvesting at household level promotion of tree farming investment in water
storage through construction of water pans and also fish farming
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983091983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Generally access to sanitation facilities is above 85 in both areas However the prevalence
of water borne diseases is still high and therefore need to increase interventions aimed
towards improving hygiene measures such as hand washing
Majority of the households also rely on unprotected water sources for their household water
needs Future interventions should therefore focus more on increasing access to protected
water sources and also increasing the quantity of water available per capita in both the
lower and Nyando river area
Uptake of Fish farming in the area is low due to both human and non human factors as
discussed in the report Future interventions should focus more on ensuring adequate
technical support to farmers who have adopted fish farming Interventions should also focus
on creating favourable environment for new farmers to adopt aquaculture through
provision of water by investing in water storage such as earth dams and pans and also
provision of piped water
Renewable energy uptake has also been low due to low levels of awareness as well as the
perceived high start-up cost Intervention measures in this area should focus on raising
awareness on available low cost renewable energy options such as solar lanterns for
lighting The potential for biogas production is also high and therefore intervention should
focus on development of affordable biogas production technologies Tree cover is quite low
in Lower Nyando Only 34 of household plots had any trees in the vicinity (Verchot et al
2008
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References
ICRAF and MOARD (2000) ldquoImproved land management in the Lake Victoria basin Final
Technical Report Start-up Phase July 1999 to June 2000rdquo ICRAF and MOARD Nairobi
Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 2006 Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem
Management Project (WKIEMP) Strategies for Integrated Land and Water Management for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Katuk-Odeyo Sub-Watershed Nyando River Basin Lake Victoria Basin
KENYA
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2009) The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing
Census lsquo Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030) Volume 1 A Ministry of
Water Resources and Regional Development (2004) Land resources Development and
Irrigation in Nyanza Province South Kano Government Printers
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L and Njui A (eds) 2004 Proceedings of aWorkshop on
Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin December 9 ndash
11 2002 Imperial Hotel Kisumu Kenya
Muriithi S Okono NA and Swallow B (eds) 2006b Developing an action plan for the Awach
watershed Western Kenya Proceedings of a workshop co-hosted by the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (NALEP
ndash National Agriculture Livestock Extension Programme 23rd May 2001 St Anna Guest House
Kisumu ICRAF Discussion Paper 2001-3
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L amp Njui A eds 2004 Proceedings of a
Workshop on Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin
Nairobi ICRAF NEMA the Water Quality Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
Management Programme (LVEMP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Environmental Authority [NEMA] (2004) Strategy for Flood Management in Lake
Victoria Basin Kenya
Verchot et al (2008) Baseline Report Nyando River Basin Western Kenya Integrated
Ecosystem Management Project Findings from the Baseline Surveys International Centre forResearch in Agroforestry Nairobi Kenya
World Agroforestry Centre (2006) Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin Final
Report of the TransVic Project World Agroforerstry Centre Occasional Paper No 7 World
Agroforestry Centre Nairobi Kenya
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets
I Water and Sanitation
Middle Nyando Lower Nya
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Target Baseline st
Water
Improved Water sources
bull Piped water intodwelling
bull plot or yard
bull Public tapstandpipe
bull Tubewellborehole
bull Protected dug well
bull
Protected spring
bull Rainwater collection
Unimproved Water sources
bull Unprotected dug well
bull Unprotected spring
bull Cart with small tankdrum
bull Bottled water a
bull Tanker-truck
bull Surface water (river dam
bull lake pond stream canal
bull irrigation channels)
of house hold using water fromProtected Sources
393 439
Reduce average Distance tohousehold Water source to lessthan a km
Within compound 248 Within com
lt 1km =537 lt 1km =690
gt2km = 41 gt2km = 0
Household water treatment 883 85
Average time taken to collect waterfor domestic use
lt 1 an hour =775
1-2hrs=192
gt2hrs =335
Reliability of Water supplyavailability of water
Household per-capita Water Use) lt 4 l per capita = 83 gt20lpppd
lt 4 l per ca
4- 10 l per capita =355 4- 10 l per c
10-20 l per capita =421 10-20 l per c
gt20 litres= 14 gt20L =18
Reduce water bornewashed Diarrhoeal incidences Diarrhoeal
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
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five main sub-catchment areas namely Nyando-Nandi Nyando-Kericho Awach-Kano
Nyaidho-Kano and Nyando-Kano The Nyando and its tributaries supply water both for
domestic and livestock use and for irrigation in the sugar belt (Nyando Atlas) The
population in the Nyando basin is approximately 1100000 people (KNBS 2009)
141 Lower Nyando
The Lower Nyando block is located in the lake plain (Kano Plains) of Lake Victoria The
block is characterized by low productivity erratic rainfall and severe erosion Within the
block are two divisions Upper and Lower Nyando and 16 sub-locations The specific areas
of studies are Kabodho East sub location of Pap Onditi Location Nyando District Kabodho
East sub location has a total population of 6009 comprising of 2916 males and 3093females (KNBS 2009) Awach sub location lies in NE Nyakach location of Nyando district
Awach sub location has a total population of 2495 comprising of 1277 males and 2763
females (KNBS 2009)
142 Middle Nyando
The Middle Nyando block lies in Kericho and Nyando Districts both in Muhoroni division
Within the block are ten sub- locations The block is characterized by sugar cane production
on larger farms located on the plains and gentle slopes and subsisting farming or the steeper
slopes and hill tops
Figure 1map of lower Nyando
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Figure 2 map of middle Nyando
The specific areas of study were Koru Sub location and Nyando sub location Both Koru
and Nyando sub locations lies within Koru Location of Nyando district The total population
in Koru Sub location is 5407 while in Nyando sub location is 2495 (KNBS 2009)
15 Purpose of the LVEMP II CS
LVEMP II CS watch project intends to produce several advocacy and IEC materials to
inform the general public on the progress of implementation of LVEMP II including
bull Evidence-based assessment and documentation of LVEMP II progress in the
respective countries in form of alternative reports (packaged in form of SusWatch
briefs)
bull Field-based information generation and packaging in form of Community Demand
Driven Sub-projects Watch
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bull SusWatch Livelihood Case Studies from the sub-catchments in Nyando River Basin
ie Lower Nyando (Awach and Kabodho East sub-locations) and Middle Nyando
(Koru and Nyando sub-locations)
bull Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) Climate Change Readiness brief to highlight lsquolevel of
readinessrsquo to face up to climate change development challenges in the LVB (for water
supply and sanitation agriculture and food security rural energy supply) as per the
2010 East African Climate Change Policy (EACCP) annually
The above documents and reports will be produced periodically during the project
implementation The baseline survey is therefore intended to provide benchmarks against
which the improvement in the community livelihood as a result of the CDD Sub-project
interventions will be measured
16 Overall Objective of the Consultancy
The overall objective of the consultancy is to establish baseline data on the Livelihood
Intervention areas of Water Supply and Sanitation Renewable Energy Supply and
Aquaculture in Nyando River Basin
The specific objectives of the baseline study include to
1
Conduct a coordinated baseline survey to establish baseline indicators for the
community livelihood that will imply Impact Evaluation of the CDD Sub-projects in
relation to water and sanitation renewable energy and aquaculture
2
Establish baseline for water and sanitation renewable energy supply and
aquaculture using quantitative and qualitative measures
3 Recommend targets for the indicators
4
Document appropriate and user friendly data collection and monitoring tools for
subsequent monitoring surveys
5 Prepare a baseline survey report using appropriate qualitative and quantitative
methods covering community livelihoods aspects including poverty food and
income security marketing processing and the institutional context of development
as well as on the cross cutting issues of gender and HIVAIDS while relating them to
the 3 intervention areas of water and sanitation renewable energy and aquaculture
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983089983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
17 Scope of work
The baseline study will focus on the 3 livelihood intervention areas (water and sanitation
renewable energy supply and aquaculture) within Nyando River Basin ie Lower Nyando
(Awach and Kabodho East sub-locations) and Middle Nyando (Koru and Nyando sub-locations)
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983089983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
CHAPTER TWO
2 Methodology
21 Timeframe
The evaluation took place on the month of July 2012 August 2012 The field work was done
in the month of July and covered both Lower Nyando and Middle Nyando
22 The Baseline survey process
The data collection was a participatory process that involved the external consultant
(Emerald Environmental Consultancy Firm) Suswach II officials and the community
members from the study locations Also involved in the process was the district fisheries
officer from Nyando the District development office Lake Basin development AuthorityLake Victoria South Water Services Board and community groups involved in
environmental and livelihoods project It also involved review and analysis of literature
project implementation documents and baseline survey reports The supervisors and
enumerators went through a rigorous training which involved an understanding of the
project reviewing and refining all data collection instruments
23 Study design
The evaluation team used a comprehensive mixed-methods evaluation design This was a
cross-sectional survey conducted in 4 Sub locations distributed over middle Nyando namely
Koru sub location and Nyando sub location and Lower Nyando Kabodho East and Awach
sub locations
An interviewer administered questionnaire was designed and used to conduct a total of 230
interviews In addition semi-structured Interviews including Focus Group
Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were done with beneficiaries
and other stakeholders respectively Field visits were done at key projects sites to make
observations on the projects visible outputs
24 Data collection tools
Overall the following data collection tools were developed
bull Household Survey Questionnaire ndash to facilitate Quantitative data collection
bull
Key Informant Interviews guidelines ndash A semi-structured interview guide was
developed to facilitate interviews with key stakeholders such as government officials
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from the line ministries such as Ministries of Water Public Health and Ministry of
Fisheries Other respondents included local administration NGO and CBOs
bull Focus Group Discussion guidelines ndash to facilitate interviews with potential project
beneficiaries and their representative groups including Women and youth groups
bull Observation Checklist for field visits to observe project infrastructure development
25 Sample Selection
Several approaches were used during the baseline survey documentary reviews
quantitative and qualitative data collection including checklists Using these approaches
allowed the research team to triangulate data as a measure of countering the shortcomings
from any particular data collection tool The survey was designed to collect information
from households within the project area A multistage sampling technique was used First
purposive sampling was used to identify project beneficiaries at location level then a
random sampling technique for identifying the sub locations and the households to be
interviewed The Sample size was calculated using the fischers equation
The formula yielded a total of about 200 households to be surveyed The sample size was
adjusted upwards to 223 households to cater for none responses There after considering the
cluster group proportionality in the division the household interviewed was distributed asfollows
Table 1 Sampling Frame
Area Sub location House hold
Lower Nyando Awach 123
Kabodho east
Middle Nyando Koru 100
Nyando
Total 223
26 Data Processing Analysis and Presentation
Quantitative data was entered using access based data base software and later converted to
SPSS which was used for analysis The results are presented in the form of frequencies and
ages Qualitative data was triangulated and analyzed based on the thematic areas and
were mainly used in this report for detailed explanation of the quantitative aspects of the
project
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Chapter Three
3 Study Findings
31 General conditions in the study areas
In all the study areas the most identifiable significant livelihood activities or groups of
activities found within the study area is mainly farming in lower Nyando the predominant
livelihood source is subsistence farming with maize and sorghum dominating crop
production Majority of the homesteads also keep livestock which include cattle goats and
chicken
In middle Nyando the predominant livelihood source is also farming The agricultural
activities in this block are mainly small scale sugar cane and maize production The area is inthe western Kenya sugar belt and has a sugar company and the factories nuclear large scale
sugar plantations which might account for the high number of salaried employment
Majority over 50 of the households have farm sizes of 4 acres or less Only 25 of the
farms have farm sizes larger than 10 acres
32 Socio Demographic Characteristics of the Study Respondents
Average household size in both middle and lower Nyando is 6 people with the maximum
recorded household size being 14 people in middle Nyando and 20 people in lower Nyando
In lower Nyando the majority of the households interviewed were headed by females
(52) About 53 of the household heads had primary level of education while 28 had
attained secondary level of education with 7 having university level of education
In Middle Nyando majority of the households are male headed (61) About 39 of the
household heads had primary level of education while 34 had attained secondary level of
education with only 49 having university level of education
Table 2 Summary of Household Socio-demographic Characteristics
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Household head Male 75 61 48 480
Female 48 39 52 520
Marital Status Married 86 699 74 740
Widowed 28 228 15 150
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983089983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Highest level of education for
household head
No formal
education10 81 7 70
Primary 48 390 53 530
Secondary 42 341 28 280
Tertiary 17 138 5 50
University 6 49 7 70
The main source of income in Middle Nyando is farming at 317 followed trading at
228 and salaried employment at 203 with the average monthly income being less than
Ksh 7000 per month (528) In Lower Nyando the main source of income in the area is
farming at 64 followed by wage employment at 14 and salaried employment at 13
The average monthly income is less than Ksh 7000 per month (54)
Table 3 Main Income source amp Average Household Size
Main Source of Income Farming 39 317 64 640
Livestock keeping 11 89 1 10
Wage employment 13 106 14 140
Artisanblacksmith 5 41 1 10
Salaried
Employment25 203 13 130
Trading 28 228 6 60
Others Specify 2 16 1 10
Average Monthly Income Less than 7000 65 528 54 540
7000-20000 44 358 38 380
20000-50000 13 106 6 60
Over 50000 1 8 2 20
Average House hold Size Mean 602 645
Minimum 2 1
Maximum 14 20
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33 WATER Availability Access and Usage of Water Resources
331 Main Water Supply Sources
The main water source for households during both dry and wet seasons is mainly
unprotected water sources- 709 amp 646during dry season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively and 542 and 561 during wet season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively The major single source of water for the households during both dry
and wet seasons is riversstreams at 426 (dry season) and 492 (wet season) in Middle
Nyando and In lower Nyando 53 and 541 during both dry and wet season respectively
About 20 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando had access to piped water in their
houses within their compounds while 66 had invested in rain water storage tanks Other
sources of water included hand dug wells (74) and communal water points While in
Lower Nyando 13 of households surveyed had invested in rain water tanks and only 4
of the households surveyed had access to piped water
Table 4 The respondentrsquos main water sources in the dry and wet season
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Dry season Wet Season Dry Season Wet Season
Frequen
cy
Frequenc
y
Frequenc
y
Freque
ncy
Piped tap water in
dwelling14 115 10 85 4 40 4 41
Piped tap water on
site11 90 8 68 8 81 4 41
Borehole on site
water kiosk5 41 4 34 8 81 6 61
Rainwater tank on
site8 66 24 203 12 121 13 133
Publiccommunal
tap water kiosk less
than 200 meters away
2 16 2 17 1 10 1 10
Publiccommunal
tap more than 200
meters away
4 33 3 25 3 30 2 20
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Hand dug wells 9 74 3 25 4 40 1 10
Neighbor 3 25 2 17 1 10
Mobile Water tanker
(bowser)1 8
riverstream Wells
amp springs52 426 58 492 60 606 53 541
Water Pansearth
dams ponds13 107 3 25 1 10
Therefore the result shows that majority of households (over 50) in this areas rely on
unprotected water sources This is below the National average According KDH report
20089 63 of households in Kenya get drinking water from an improved source However
disparities exist by residence with a higher proportion of urban households (91 ) having
an improved source of drinking water compared with rural households 54
Increasing access to improved drinking water is one of the Millennium Development Goals
that Kenya along with other nations worldwide has adopted (United Nations General
Assembly 2001) The indicators that are useful in monitoring household access to improved
drinking water (WHO and UNICEF 2005) include sources that are likely to provide water
suitable for drinking Lack of ready access to a water source may limit the quantity of
suitable drinking water that must be fetched from a source that is not immediately
accessible to the household (distance to source) water quality among others as discussed
below
332 Distance to drinking water sources
In middle Nyando area the average distance to the householdsrsquo main water source is less
than a kilometre (537) 248 of the households surveyed have water within their
compounds On average it takes less than an hour (775) for households to fetch water for
their domestic use while 192 of the households take between 1-2 hours to collect water
Table 5 Distance to Drinking Water Source
983117983145983140983140983148983141 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983090983091 983116983151983159983141983154 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983088983088
983118983151 983118983151
983108983145983155983156983137983150983139983141 983156983151 983159983137983156983141983154
983155983151983157983154983139983141
983127983145983156983144983145983150 983156983144983141 983139983151983149983152983151983157983150983140 30 248 19 190
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983115983149 65 537 69 690
1983147983149983155 983085 2 983115983149 21 174 12 120
2 983085 5 983115983149 5 41
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983090983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
983124983145983149983141 983156983137983147983141983150 983156983151 983139983151983148983148983141983139983156
983159983137983156983141983154
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983144983154 93 775 91 910
1983144983154 983085 2 983144983154983155 23 192 9 90
983119983158983141983154 2 983144983154983155 4 33
In lower Nyando area 19 of households surveyed had water within their compounds
while 69 walked less than a kilometre to access water for domestic use It takes less than anhour for households to collect water for domestic use (91) while the rest spend between
an hour and two
333 Quantity of Water Used Per household per day
Majority of the households in
middle Nyando (421) use
between 80-100 litres of water
per day while 355 use
between 20-60 litres per day and
14 of the surveyed households
reported to be using over 100
litres of water per day
In Lower Nyando 40 of the households surveyed used between 20 and 60 litres of water
per day with an equivalent number using between 80 and 100 litres of water for domestic
use 18 of the residents used over 100 litres of water per day for domestic use
Considering the average household sizes in the study areas (6 people in middle Nyando
and 7 in lower Nyando) this translates to a per capita water consumption of 17 litres per
person per day which is still below the recommended 20 litres per capita by WHO
754 of respondents in middle Nyando and 495 in lower Nyando use water for other
purposes other than household use Water is also used for irrigating crops (935 middle
Nyando 596 lower Nyando) and for animal use
334 Water Safety ndash quality and use of safe water drinking products
The general perception on water safety was assessed in terms of safety to drink clarity taste
and odour In middle Nyando 54 of household interviewed perceive their water to be safe
to drink 729 good to taste and 608 perceive the water to be clearnot turbid In lower
Figure 3 Quantity of Water Used per Household per Day
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Nyando 84 of household perceive their water to be god to taste 48 to be safe to drink
and 77 to be clearnot turbid
Table 6 The respondents water quality perception method of treatment and incidences
of water borne diseases
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Perception on Water
Quality
Safe to drink 541 480
Clear 608 770
Good to taste 729 840
Free from odour 788 730
About 883 of households in middle Nyando treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment (891) being the use of chlorine based chemicals like water guard In
lower Nyando 85 of households surveyed treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment being chemical treatment (682) 481 of households interviewed in
middle Nyando reported to have had cases of typhoid infections among a family during the
past 6months 135 had cases of diarrhoea in the family Scabiesskin diseases were
recorded in 173 of the households
Figure 4 Household water treatment methods a Middle Nyando b Lower Nyando
In lower Nyando 155 of interviewed households had recorded cases of diarrheal among
family members during the past for 6 months while 50 had recorded cases of typhoid The
high number of recorded cases of water bornewater washed diseasesconditions can be
attributed to the man water source in the study areas which was found to be riverssprings
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Table 7 Household Incidences of Water Related Illnesses
Incidences of Water
BorneWater Washed
illnessesconditions
diarrhea 7 135 9 155
Typhoid 25 481 29 500
Scabies (skin diseases) 9 173 2 34
Trachoma 1 19
Others (specify) 10 192 18 310
The majority of the households also treat their drinking water despite the surveying
showing that cases of water borne diseases were many This could mean that household
water handling measures are poor leading to recontamination of drinking water either
during storage or during use It could also mean that the treatment methods which is
mainly chlorine based is not being administered correctly leading to under dosing
335
Payment for water supply
The average amount of money spent on water is Ksh 200-500 per month with 455 of
households in middle Nyando and 433 in lower Nyando falling in this group
Table 8 Cost of Water
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Amount Spent on Water
per month
Do not pay 9 205 8 267
Less than 200 5 114 1 33
Between Ksh 200-500 20 455 13 433
Between Ksh 500-1000 10 227 2 67
Between Ksh 1000-2000 3 100
Over Ksh 2000 3 100
To whom Water is paid Municipality 2 61 1 48
Businesswater vendor 17 515 16 762
CBONGO 2 61
Other specify 12 364 4 190
Those who pay for water mostly do so to water vendors (515) in middle Nyando and
762 in lower Nyando
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34 SANITATION
341 Latrine coverage
Latrine coverage is 894 in middle Nyando and 87in Lower Nyando The most common
type of toilet facility is pit latrine with no Ventilation pipe (705) in Middle Nyando and
744 in Lower Nyando followed by VIP latrine at 268 and 20 in Middle and Lower
Nyando respectively The figures are above the national latrine coverage averages
Table 9 Sanitation Situation
Study Area Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Availability of Toilet Yes 110 894 87 870
No 13 106 13 130
No of Toilet facilities One 96 857 64 736
Two 10 89 16 184
Three and Above 3 27 7 70
Not Applicable 3 27
Type of toilet Facility Flush toilet
connected to a
septic tank
2 18 2 22
Pit latrine with
ventilation pipe30 268 18 200
Pit latrine without
ventilation pipe79 705 67 744
The main reason given for lack of latrines in the area was high cost of construction at 727
in middle Nyando and 692 in lower Nyando The household without latrines either
relieve themselves in the bush (364) for middle Nyando and 538 for lower Nyando or
in the Neighbours latrines (636) middle Nyando and 385 in lower Nyando
Table 10 Reasons for Lack Of Sanitation Facilities
Reasons for No latrine Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Cost of construction is high 727 692
Do not see the need to have one 91 0
Poor soil formationcollapsible soil 33 50
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Not provided by land lord 08 30
Others 0 10
Where people relieve themselves
(those without latrines)
Frequency
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Bush Outside 4 364 7 538
Neighborrsquos Latrine 7 636 5 385
Ensuring adequate sanitation facilities is a Millennium Development Goal that Kenya shares
with other countries A household is classified as having an improved toilet if the toilet is
used only by members of one household (ie it is not shared) and if the facility used by the
household separates the waste from human contact (WHOUNICEF Joint MonitoringProgramme for Water Supply and Sanitation 2004) According to KDH report 20082009 the
national figures show that less 60 of households uses an improved toilet facility that is not
shared with other households Urban households are only slightly more likely than rural
households to have an improved toilet facility (30 and 20 respectively) Overall 12 of
households have no toilet facility at all they are almost exclusively rural accounting for 16
of rural households
35 ENERGY SOURCE AND USE
351 House hold Energy Needs
Energy demand patterns of the study areas largely revolve around household energy end
uses such as cooking and lighting Respondents ranked cooking lighting and heating as the
three most important energy needs
352
Main House Hold Sources of Energy
The main sources of energy at household levels are wood paraffin and charcoal The table
below lists the age of farmers using the various fuel sources listed in the questionnaire
The study established that the most preferred source of household cooking energy among
the respondents is mainly firewood (at 100 in lower Nyando and 99 in middle Nyando)
This indicates overreliance on biomass and an indicator of a real challenge of forest and
vegetation degradation
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Table 11 Energy Source and Use
Lighting Cooking
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Biomass 08 0 1000 990
Kerosene 884 838
Biogas 08 0
Solar 66 20
Electricity 33 141 0 10
Recent National studies also Estimates of household energy use indicate that over 95 of
Kenyan population rely on wood or charcoal for energy needs Traditionally these energy
resources have been ldquofreerdquo goods however the Kenyan wood fuel supply has been rapidlydepleted by deforestation an activity also closely associated with land clearing for
agriculture and global warming via reduction of biomass to sequestrate CO 2
Consequently an energy policy that is designed to meet the needs of the majority of the
population must devote considerable attention to mainstreaming a sustainable yield of
biomass as well efficient energy technology to maximise on the biomass energy sources
The main source of energy for lighting in the area is kerosene (884 in middle Nyando and
838 in lower Nyando 66 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando and 20 in lower
Nyando use solar energy for lighting Hydro electric usage for lighting was recorded in 33
of households in middle Nyando and 141 in lower Nyando Biomass energy which
includes firewood charcoal and livestock waste burnt directly accounts for 100 of cooking
energy source in middle Nyando and 99 in lower Nyando Other renewable energy such
as biogas is not common in the area with only less than 1 of households in Nyando
utilising biogas
From the focused group discussions Initial capital cost was established as the utmost
challenge for household access to alterative and sustainable energy sources like biogas or
grid power It was further established among the biomass users 80 2 settled for firewood
as the main source of energy because of affordability lack of capacity to include other
alternatives and convenience
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983094 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
353 Availability of energy
Qualitative data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews corroborated
the finding that most households in the two study areas are energy stressed and that the
majority still used wood fuel and charcoal as the main source of energy The distancetravelled and time used to collect fuel wood has been increasing due to the declining tree
cover In parts of KORU people are cutting down trees to sell to Homaline Company as an
additional source of income A different study carried out by ICRAF in the lower and
middle Nyando areas in 2009 showed that More than 90 of the households are not self
sufficient with fuel
354 Potential for renewable energy uses
During the field studies it was observed that almost all households kept livestock A similar
study undertaken by ICRAF also showed that all households in the area keep livestock
This shows that there is a potential for use of biogas as source energy for cooking and even
lighting This would in turn reduce the existing pressure on wood products which are the
main source of energy for cooking in the area
In some farms people had also adopted tree planting especially in middle Nyando area to
supplement their energy sources This shows that agro-forestry practices at farm level can
play a key role in meeting the growing energy demand in the area with multiple benefits
such as additional income sources and soil conservation
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting
The study established that the main reason for choosing energy source either for cooking or
lighting is mainly based on availability (cooking 728 and lighting 732) This indicates that
probably the households will go for the most cost effective and readily available source of
energy
Table 12 Renewable Energy Use
Middle Nyando N=40 Lower Nyando N=19
No No
Type of Renewable
energy
Solar energy for lighting 16 400 4 211
Solar cookers 4 100 1 53
Do not know 19 475 10 526
Other 1 25 2 105
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983090983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Total 40 1000 19 1000
Middle Nyando N= 84 Lower Nyando N= 82
Challenges to
Accessing RE
High cost of start up 47 560 47 573
Not reliable 17 202 3 37
Do not know about the
technologies20 238 30 366
Other specify 2 24
Total 84 1000 82 1000
Only 175 of households in middle Nyando and 74 in lower Nyando said they use
renewable energy in their homes The most common type of renewable energy used was
solar energy for lighting (16 households n =123) in middle Nyando and 4 households (N=
100) in lower Nyando
Main source of information on renewable energy in the area is from the media (66) in both
areas The results show that there is inadequate sustained and comprehensive awareness
creation on the use of renewable energy sources in the region There is need to do as
sustained awareness creation in the area to educate the people that despite the high start-up
cost studies shows a reduction on the cost of household energy once the families start using
renewable energy because the operational recurrent costs are relatively lower when
compared with other sources of energy
356 Challenges facing renewable energy
The major challenge to accessing renewable energy technologies was the high cost of start-
up (56 middle Nyando and 57 lower Nyando) The other reasons given were on
reliability of renewable energy sources and poor knowledge on the available Renewable
energy technologies (366 in lower Nyando and 238) in middle Nyando The study
shows that among the households that have adopted renewable energy use on average 20
had been assisted (technologically and or subsidised)
Biogas and solar energy sources are considered fairly inefficient implying that more
research and development work needs to be done to improve on the efficiency The high
cost of adopting renewable energy sources makes it prohibitive for a significant portion of
the population The results is that the population still heavily relay on traditional energy
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sources (biomass) yet the technologies used to extract the energy not only significantly
affect the health of women and children but is also damage to the environment
During the FGD it also emerged that the Despite availability of programmes such as the
biogas installation subsidy programme by KEBDIP people were generally unaware of it
Also during the FGDs with some of the community groups it emerged that knowledge on
renewable energy sources especially biogas production was very low This is supported by
various qualitative data that shows that knowledge on funding sources for renewable
energy technologies was generally low However the people showed interest in adopting
the use of biogas energy if the technology can be made available and affordable to them
36
AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture practices in the area gained prominence after the introduction of the Economic
Stimulus Package Through this programmes every location was supposed to be allocated
14 fishponds
Data from the fisheries offices estimates the total fishponds in Nyando District to be 1100
Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds
Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish ponds and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA
area as you go towards the lake
The ministry of fisheries has also constructed a dam along river Awasi to provide water for
fish farming in the area as well as water for domestic use
Aquaculture has been introduced in the area to try and reduce the pressure on fisheries
resources in the lake as well as provide an alternative livelihood source to the people
Table 13 Data on Fish Farming
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Households Practicing
Aquaculture
Yes 5 42 9 92
No 114 958 89 908
Total 119 1000 98 1000
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The major challenge facing fish farming in the area was availability of water as most of the
river sources being perennial rivers
During the FGD and KII the reasons given for low adoption of aquaculture were listed as
Negative attitude towards fish farming as people believe that fish is found in the lake Over
reliance on lake fish Perception that fish from fish pond is not sweet perceptions on
palatability Security issues as fish are stolen from the ponds thus discouraging potential
farmers cases of pond poisoning has thus discouraging farmers High cost of start-up and
high cost of inputs Water scarcity caused by limited permanent water sources Low levels of
awareness on fish farming Poor pond management skills and High hydraulic conductivity
of soils thus low water retention capabilities Flooding was also reported to be a big
challenge in the lower Nyando area as flood waters wash away the fish ponds during rainseasons Proximity to the lake was also a major deterrence to fish farming as the people close
to the lake thought it was easier to fish in the lake
However it also emerged during this discussions that farmers who were successful in the
fish farming business were expanding and increasing the number of their ponds The
success stories of such farmers have also encouraged other people with favourable land
conditions to adopt aquaculture
This shows that with availability of water sources the potential for aquaculture is very huge
especially in lower Nyando
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
This baseline report presents the results of the data collected from the combination of field
and household surveys in two project areas as well as through review of various literatures
on interventions carried out in the area Interpretation and management recommendations
are based solely on the data
Several Livelihood intervention measures focusing on Water and sanitation aquaculture
and soil and water conservation have been put in place by different actors (both state and
non state) to try and improve the living standards of people in lower and middle Nyando
The most observable intervention measures recorded during the survey was Promotion of
Rain water harvesting at household level promotion of tree farming investment in water
storage through construction of water pans and also fish farming
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Generally access to sanitation facilities is above 85 in both areas However the prevalence
of water borne diseases is still high and therefore need to increase interventions aimed
towards improving hygiene measures such as hand washing
Majority of the households also rely on unprotected water sources for their household water
needs Future interventions should therefore focus more on increasing access to protected
water sources and also increasing the quantity of water available per capita in both the
lower and Nyando river area
Uptake of Fish farming in the area is low due to both human and non human factors as
discussed in the report Future interventions should focus more on ensuring adequate
technical support to farmers who have adopted fish farming Interventions should also focus
on creating favourable environment for new farmers to adopt aquaculture through
provision of water by investing in water storage such as earth dams and pans and also
provision of piped water
Renewable energy uptake has also been low due to low levels of awareness as well as the
perceived high start-up cost Intervention measures in this area should focus on raising
awareness on available low cost renewable energy options such as solar lanterns for
lighting The potential for biogas production is also high and therefore intervention should
focus on development of affordable biogas production technologies Tree cover is quite low
in Lower Nyando Only 34 of household plots had any trees in the vicinity (Verchot et al
2008
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References
ICRAF and MOARD (2000) ldquoImproved land management in the Lake Victoria basin Final
Technical Report Start-up Phase July 1999 to June 2000rdquo ICRAF and MOARD Nairobi
Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 2006 Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem
Management Project (WKIEMP) Strategies for Integrated Land and Water Management for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Katuk-Odeyo Sub-Watershed Nyando River Basin Lake Victoria Basin
KENYA
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2009) The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing
Census lsquo Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030) Volume 1 A Ministry of
Water Resources and Regional Development (2004) Land resources Development and
Irrigation in Nyanza Province South Kano Government Printers
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L and Njui A (eds) 2004 Proceedings of aWorkshop on
Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin December 9 ndash
11 2002 Imperial Hotel Kisumu Kenya
Muriithi S Okono NA and Swallow B (eds) 2006b Developing an action plan for the Awach
watershed Western Kenya Proceedings of a workshop co-hosted by the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (NALEP
ndash National Agriculture Livestock Extension Programme 23rd May 2001 St Anna Guest House
Kisumu ICRAF Discussion Paper 2001-3
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L amp Njui A eds 2004 Proceedings of a
Workshop on Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin
Nairobi ICRAF NEMA the Water Quality Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
Management Programme (LVEMP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Environmental Authority [NEMA] (2004) Strategy for Flood Management in Lake
Victoria Basin Kenya
Verchot et al (2008) Baseline Report Nyando River Basin Western Kenya Integrated
Ecosystem Management Project Findings from the Baseline Surveys International Centre forResearch in Agroforestry Nairobi Kenya
World Agroforestry Centre (2006) Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin Final
Report of the TransVic Project World Agroforerstry Centre Occasional Paper No 7 World
Agroforestry Centre Nairobi Kenya
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets
I Water and Sanitation
Middle Nyando Lower Nya
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Target Baseline st
Water
Improved Water sources
bull Piped water intodwelling
bull plot or yard
bull Public tapstandpipe
bull Tubewellborehole
bull Protected dug well
bull
Protected spring
bull Rainwater collection
Unimproved Water sources
bull Unprotected dug well
bull Unprotected spring
bull Cart with small tankdrum
bull Bottled water a
bull Tanker-truck
bull Surface water (river dam
bull lake pond stream canal
bull irrigation channels)
of house hold using water fromProtected Sources
393 439
Reduce average Distance tohousehold Water source to lessthan a km
Within compound 248 Within com
lt 1km =537 lt 1km =690
gt2km = 41 gt2km = 0
Household water treatment 883 85
Average time taken to collect waterfor domestic use
lt 1 an hour =775
1-2hrs=192
gt2hrs =335
Reliability of Water supplyavailability of water
Household per-capita Water Use) lt 4 l per capita = 83 gt20lpppd
lt 4 l per ca
4- 10 l per capita =355 4- 10 l per c
10-20 l per capita =421 10-20 l per c
gt20 litres= 14 gt20L =18
Reduce water bornewashed Diarrhoeal incidences Diarrhoeal
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983091983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
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983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
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983091983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
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983089983089 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Figure 2 map of middle Nyando
The specific areas of study were Koru Sub location and Nyando sub location Both Koru
and Nyando sub locations lies within Koru Location of Nyando district The total population
in Koru Sub location is 5407 while in Nyando sub location is 2495 (KNBS 2009)
15 Purpose of the LVEMP II CS
LVEMP II CS watch project intends to produce several advocacy and IEC materials to
inform the general public on the progress of implementation of LVEMP II including
bull Evidence-based assessment and documentation of LVEMP II progress in the
respective countries in form of alternative reports (packaged in form of SusWatch
briefs)
bull Field-based information generation and packaging in form of Community Demand
Driven Sub-projects Watch
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983089983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
bull SusWatch Livelihood Case Studies from the sub-catchments in Nyando River Basin
ie Lower Nyando (Awach and Kabodho East sub-locations) and Middle Nyando
(Koru and Nyando sub-locations)
bull Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) Climate Change Readiness brief to highlight lsquolevel of
readinessrsquo to face up to climate change development challenges in the LVB (for water
supply and sanitation agriculture and food security rural energy supply) as per the
2010 East African Climate Change Policy (EACCP) annually
The above documents and reports will be produced periodically during the project
implementation The baseline survey is therefore intended to provide benchmarks against
which the improvement in the community livelihood as a result of the CDD Sub-project
interventions will be measured
16 Overall Objective of the Consultancy
The overall objective of the consultancy is to establish baseline data on the Livelihood
Intervention areas of Water Supply and Sanitation Renewable Energy Supply and
Aquaculture in Nyando River Basin
The specific objectives of the baseline study include to
1
Conduct a coordinated baseline survey to establish baseline indicators for the
community livelihood that will imply Impact Evaluation of the CDD Sub-projects in
relation to water and sanitation renewable energy and aquaculture
2
Establish baseline for water and sanitation renewable energy supply and
aquaculture using quantitative and qualitative measures
3 Recommend targets for the indicators
4
Document appropriate and user friendly data collection and monitoring tools for
subsequent monitoring surveys
5 Prepare a baseline survey report using appropriate qualitative and quantitative
methods covering community livelihoods aspects including poverty food and
income security marketing processing and the institutional context of development
as well as on the cross cutting issues of gender and HIVAIDS while relating them to
the 3 intervention areas of water and sanitation renewable energy and aquaculture
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17 Scope of work
The baseline study will focus on the 3 livelihood intervention areas (water and sanitation
renewable energy supply and aquaculture) within Nyando River Basin ie Lower Nyando
(Awach and Kabodho East sub-locations) and Middle Nyando (Koru and Nyando sub-locations)
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CHAPTER TWO
2 Methodology
21 Timeframe
The evaluation took place on the month of July 2012 August 2012 The field work was done
in the month of July and covered both Lower Nyando and Middle Nyando
22 The Baseline survey process
The data collection was a participatory process that involved the external consultant
(Emerald Environmental Consultancy Firm) Suswach II officials and the community
members from the study locations Also involved in the process was the district fisheries
officer from Nyando the District development office Lake Basin development AuthorityLake Victoria South Water Services Board and community groups involved in
environmental and livelihoods project It also involved review and analysis of literature
project implementation documents and baseline survey reports The supervisors and
enumerators went through a rigorous training which involved an understanding of the
project reviewing and refining all data collection instruments
23 Study design
The evaluation team used a comprehensive mixed-methods evaluation design This was a
cross-sectional survey conducted in 4 Sub locations distributed over middle Nyando namely
Koru sub location and Nyando sub location and Lower Nyando Kabodho East and Awach
sub locations
An interviewer administered questionnaire was designed and used to conduct a total of 230
interviews In addition semi-structured Interviews including Focus Group
Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were done with beneficiaries
and other stakeholders respectively Field visits were done at key projects sites to make
observations on the projects visible outputs
24 Data collection tools
Overall the following data collection tools were developed
bull Household Survey Questionnaire ndash to facilitate Quantitative data collection
bull
Key Informant Interviews guidelines ndash A semi-structured interview guide was
developed to facilitate interviews with key stakeholders such as government officials
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from the line ministries such as Ministries of Water Public Health and Ministry of
Fisheries Other respondents included local administration NGO and CBOs
bull Focus Group Discussion guidelines ndash to facilitate interviews with potential project
beneficiaries and their representative groups including Women and youth groups
bull Observation Checklist for field visits to observe project infrastructure development
25 Sample Selection
Several approaches were used during the baseline survey documentary reviews
quantitative and qualitative data collection including checklists Using these approaches
allowed the research team to triangulate data as a measure of countering the shortcomings
from any particular data collection tool The survey was designed to collect information
from households within the project area A multistage sampling technique was used First
purposive sampling was used to identify project beneficiaries at location level then a
random sampling technique for identifying the sub locations and the households to be
interviewed The Sample size was calculated using the fischers equation
The formula yielded a total of about 200 households to be surveyed The sample size was
adjusted upwards to 223 households to cater for none responses There after considering the
cluster group proportionality in the division the household interviewed was distributed asfollows
Table 1 Sampling Frame
Area Sub location House hold
Lower Nyando Awach 123
Kabodho east
Middle Nyando Koru 100
Nyando
Total 223
26 Data Processing Analysis and Presentation
Quantitative data was entered using access based data base software and later converted to
SPSS which was used for analysis The results are presented in the form of frequencies and
ages Qualitative data was triangulated and analyzed based on the thematic areas and
were mainly used in this report for detailed explanation of the quantitative aspects of the
project
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Chapter Three
3 Study Findings
31 General conditions in the study areas
In all the study areas the most identifiable significant livelihood activities or groups of
activities found within the study area is mainly farming in lower Nyando the predominant
livelihood source is subsistence farming with maize and sorghum dominating crop
production Majority of the homesteads also keep livestock which include cattle goats and
chicken
In middle Nyando the predominant livelihood source is also farming The agricultural
activities in this block are mainly small scale sugar cane and maize production The area is inthe western Kenya sugar belt and has a sugar company and the factories nuclear large scale
sugar plantations which might account for the high number of salaried employment
Majority over 50 of the households have farm sizes of 4 acres or less Only 25 of the
farms have farm sizes larger than 10 acres
32 Socio Demographic Characteristics of the Study Respondents
Average household size in both middle and lower Nyando is 6 people with the maximum
recorded household size being 14 people in middle Nyando and 20 people in lower Nyando
In lower Nyando the majority of the households interviewed were headed by females
(52) About 53 of the household heads had primary level of education while 28 had
attained secondary level of education with 7 having university level of education
In Middle Nyando majority of the households are male headed (61) About 39 of the
household heads had primary level of education while 34 had attained secondary level of
education with only 49 having university level of education
Table 2 Summary of Household Socio-demographic Characteristics
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Household head Male 75 61 48 480
Female 48 39 52 520
Marital Status Married 86 699 74 740
Widowed 28 228 15 150
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Highest level of education for
household head
No formal
education10 81 7 70
Primary 48 390 53 530
Secondary 42 341 28 280
Tertiary 17 138 5 50
University 6 49 7 70
The main source of income in Middle Nyando is farming at 317 followed trading at
228 and salaried employment at 203 with the average monthly income being less than
Ksh 7000 per month (528) In Lower Nyando the main source of income in the area is
farming at 64 followed by wage employment at 14 and salaried employment at 13
The average monthly income is less than Ksh 7000 per month (54)
Table 3 Main Income source amp Average Household Size
Main Source of Income Farming 39 317 64 640
Livestock keeping 11 89 1 10
Wage employment 13 106 14 140
Artisanblacksmith 5 41 1 10
Salaried
Employment25 203 13 130
Trading 28 228 6 60
Others Specify 2 16 1 10
Average Monthly Income Less than 7000 65 528 54 540
7000-20000 44 358 38 380
20000-50000 13 106 6 60
Over 50000 1 8 2 20
Average House hold Size Mean 602 645
Minimum 2 1
Maximum 14 20
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33 WATER Availability Access and Usage of Water Resources
331 Main Water Supply Sources
The main water source for households during both dry and wet seasons is mainly
unprotected water sources- 709 amp 646during dry season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively and 542 and 561 during wet season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively The major single source of water for the households during both dry
and wet seasons is riversstreams at 426 (dry season) and 492 (wet season) in Middle
Nyando and In lower Nyando 53 and 541 during both dry and wet season respectively
About 20 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando had access to piped water in their
houses within their compounds while 66 had invested in rain water storage tanks Other
sources of water included hand dug wells (74) and communal water points While in
Lower Nyando 13 of households surveyed had invested in rain water tanks and only 4
of the households surveyed had access to piped water
Table 4 The respondentrsquos main water sources in the dry and wet season
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Dry season Wet Season Dry Season Wet Season
Frequen
cy
Frequenc
y
Frequenc
y
Freque
ncy
Piped tap water in
dwelling14 115 10 85 4 40 4 41
Piped tap water on
site11 90 8 68 8 81 4 41
Borehole on site
water kiosk5 41 4 34 8 81 6 61
Rainwater tank on
site8 66 24 203 12 121 13 133
Publiccommunal
tap water kiosk less
than 200 meters away
2 16 2 17 1 10 1 10
Publiccommunal
tap more than 200
meters away
4 33 3 25 3 30 2 20
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Hand dug wells 9 74 3 25 4 40 1 10
Neighbor 3 25 2 17 1 10
Mobile Water tanker
(bowser)1 8
riverstream Wells
amp springs52 426 58 492 60 606 53 541
Water Pansearth
dams ponds13 107 3 25 1 10
Therefore the result shows that majority of households (over 50) in this areas rely on
unprotected water sources This is below the National average According KDH report
20089 63 of households in Kenya get drinking water from an improved source However
disparities exist by residence with a higher proportion of urban households (91 ) having
an improved source of drinking water compared with rural households 54
Increasing access to improved drinking water is one of the Millennium Development Goals
that Kenya along with other nations worldwide has adopted (United Nations General
Assembly 2001) The indicators that are useful in monitoring household access to improved
drinking water (WHO and UNICEF 2005) include sources that are likely to provide water
suitable for drinking Lack of ready access to a water source may limit the quantity of
suitable drinking water that must be fetched from a source that is not immediately
accessible to the household (distance to source) water quality among others as discussed
below
332 Distance to drinking water sources
In middle Nyando area the average distance to the householdsrsquo main water source is less
than a kilometre (537) 248 of the households surveyed have water within their
compounds On average it takes less than an hour (775) for households to fetch water for
their domestic use while 192 of the households take between 1-2 hours to collect water
Table 5 Distance to Drinking Water Source
983117983145983140983140983148983141 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983090983091 983116983151983159983141983154 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983088983088
983118983151 983118983151
983108983145983155983156983137983150983139983141 983156983151 983159983137983156983141983154
983155983151983157983154983139983141
983127983145983156983144983145983150 983156983144983141 983139983151983149983152983151983157983150983140 30 248 19 190
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983115983149 65 537 69 690
1983147983149983155 983085 2 983115983149 21 174 12 120
2 983085 5 983115983149 5 41
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
983124983145983149983141 983156983137983147983141983150 983156983151 983139983151983148983148983141983139983156
983159983137983156983141983154
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983144983154 93 775 91 910
1983144983154 983085 2 983144983154983155 23 192 9 90
983119983158983141983154 2 983144983154983155 4 33
In lower Nyando area 19 of households surveyed had water within their compounds
while 69 walked less than a kilometre to access water for domestic use It takes less than anhour for households to collect water for domestic use (91) while the rest spend between
an hour and two
333 Quantity of Water Used Per household per day
Majority of the households in
middle Nyando (421) use
between 80-100 litres of water
per day while 355 use
between 20-60 litres per day and
14 of the surveyed households
reported to be using over 100
litres of water per day
In Lower Nyando 40 of the households surveyed used between 20 and 60 litres of water
per day with an equivalent number using between 80 and 100 litres of water for domestic
use 18 of the residents used over 100 litres of water per day for domestic use
Considering the average household sizes in the study areas (6 people in middle Nyando
and 7 in lower Nyando) this translates to a per capita water consumption of 17 litres per
person per day which is still below the recommended 20 litres per capita by WHO
754 of respondents in middle Nyando and 495 in lower Nyando use water for other
purposes other than household use Water is also used for irrigating crops (935 middle
Nyando 596 lower Nyando) and for animal use
334 Water Safety ndash quality and use of safe water drinking products
The general perception on water safety was assessed in terms of safety to drink clarity taste
and odour In middle Nyando 54 of household interviewed perceive their water to be safe
to drink 729 good to taste and 608 perceive the water to be clearnot turbid In lower
Figure 3 Quantity of Water Used per Household per Day
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983089 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Nyando 84 of household perceive their water to be god to taste 48 to be safe to drink
and 77 to be clearnot turbid
Table 6 The respondents water quality perception method of treatment and incidences
of water borne diseases
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Perception on Water
Quality
Safe to drink 541 480
Clear 608 770
Good to taste 729 840
Free from odour 788 730
About 883 of households in middle Nyando treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment (891) being the use of chlorine based chemicals like water guard In
lower Nyando 85 of households surveyed treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment being chemical treatment (682) 481 of households interviewed in
middle Nyando reported to have had cases of typhoid infections among a family during the
past 6months 135 had cases of diarrhoea in the family Scabiesskin diseases were
recorded in 173 of the households
Figure 4 Household water treatment methods a Middle Nyando b Lower Nyando
In lower Nyando 155 of interviewed households had recorded cases of diarrheal among
family members during the past for 6 months while 50 had recorded cases of typhoid The
high number of recorded cases of water bornewater washed diseasesconditions can be
attributed to the man water source in the study areas which was found to be riverssprings
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 7 Household Incidences of Water Related Illnesses
Incidences of Water
BorneWater Washed
illnessesconditions
diarrhea 7 135 9 155
Typhoid 25 481 29 500
Scabies (skin diseases) 9 173 2 34
Trachoma 1 19
Others (specify) 10 192 18 310
The majority of the households also treat their drinking water despite the surveying
showing that cases of water borne diseases were many This could mean that household
water handling measures are poor leading to recontamination of drinking water either
during storage or during use It could also mean that the treatment methods which is
mainly chlorine based is not being administered correctly leading to under dosing
335
Payment for water supply
The average amount of money spent on water is Ksh 200-500 per month with 455 of
households in middle Nyando and 433 in lower Nyando falling in this group
Table 8 Cost of Water
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Amount Spent on Water
per month
Do not pay 9 205 8 267
Less than 200 5 114 1 33
Between Ksh 200-500 20 455 13 433
Between Ksh 500-1000 10 227 2 67
Between Ksh 1000-2000 3 100
Over Ksh 2000 3 100
To whom Water is paid Municipality 2 61 1 48
Businesswater vendor 17 515 16 762
CBONGO 2 61
Other specify 12 364 4 190
Those who pay for water mostly do so to water vendors (515) in middle Nyando and
762 in lower Nyando
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
34 SANITATION
341 Latrine coverage
Latrine coverage is 894 in middle Nyando and 87in Lower Nyando The most common
type of toilet facility is pit latrine with no Ventilation pipe (705) in Middle Nyando and
744 in Lower Nyando followed by VIP latrine at 268 and 20 in Middle and Lower
Nyando respectively The figures are above the national latrine coverage averages
Table 9 Sanitation Situation
Study Area Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Availability of Toilet Yes 110 894 87 870
No 13 106 13 130
No of Toilet facilities One 96 857 64 736
Two 10 89 16 184
Three and Above 3 27 7 70
Not Applicable 3 27
Type of toilet Facility Flush toilet
connected to a
septic tank
2 18 2 22
Pit latrine with
ventilation pipe30 268 18 200
Pit latrine without
ventilation pipe79 705 67 744
The main reason given for lack of latrines in the area was high cost of construction at 727
in middle Nyando and 692 in lower Nyando The household without latrines either
relieve themselves in the bush (364) for middle Nyando and 538 for lower Nyando or
in the Neighbours latrines (636) middle Nyando and 385 in lower Nyando
Table 10 Reasons for Lack Of Sanitation Facilities
Reasons for No latrine Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Cost of construction is high 727 692
Do not see the need to have one 91 0
Poor soil formationcollapsible soil 33 50
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983090983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Not provided by land lord 08 30
Others 0 10
Where people relieve themselves
(those without latrines)
Frequency
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Bush Outside 4 364 7 538
Neighborrsquos Latrine 7 636 5 385
Ensuring adequate sanitation facilities is a Millennium Development Goal that Kenya shares
with other countries A household is classified as having an improved toilet if the toilet is
used only by members of one household (ie it is not shared) and if the facility used by the
household separates the waste from human contact (WHOUNICEF Joint MonitoringProgramme for Water Supply and Sanitation 2004) According to KDH report 20082009 the
national figures show that less 60 of households uses an improved toilet facility that is not
shared with other households Urban households are only slightly more likely than rural
households to have an improved toilet facility (30 and 20 respectively) Overall 12 of
households have no toilet facility at all they are almost exclusively rural accounting for 16
of rural households
35 ENERGY SOURCE AND USE
351 House hold Energy Needs
Energy demand patterns of the study areas largely revolve around household energy end
uses such as cooking and lighting Respondents ranked cooking lighting and heating as the
three most important energy needs
352
Main House Hold Sources of Energy
The main sources of energy at household levels are wood paraffin and charcoal The table
below lists the age of farmers using the various fuel sources listed in the questionnaire
The study established that the most preferred source of household cooking energy among
the respondents is mainly firewood (at 100 in lower Nyando and 99 in middle Nyando)
This indicates overreliance on biomass and an indicator of a real challenge of forest and
vegetation degradation
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983090983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 11 Energy Source and Use
Lighting Cooking
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Biomass 08 0 1000 990
Kerosene 884 838
Biogas 08 0
Solar 66 20
Electricity 33 141 0 10
Recent National studies also Estimates of household energy use indicate that over 95 of
Kenyan population rely on wood or charcoal for energy needs Traditionally these energy
resources have been ldquofreerdquo goods however the Kenyan wood fuel supply has been rapidlydepleted by deforestation an activity also closely associated with land clearing for
agriculture and global warming via reduction of biomass to sequestrate CO 2
Consequently an energy policy that is designed to meet the needs of the majority of the
population must devote considerable attention to mainstreaming a sustainable yield of
biomass as well efficient energy technology to maximise on the biomass energy sources
The main source of energy for lighting in the area is kerosene (884 in middle Nyando and
838 in lower Nyando 66 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando and 20 in lower
Nyando use solar energy for lighting Hydro electric usage for lighting was recorded in 33
of households in middle Nyando and 141 in lower Nyando Biomass energy which
includes firewood charcoal and livestock waste burnt directly accounts for 100 of cooking
energy source in middle Nyando and 99 in lower Nyando Other renewable energy such
as biogas is not common in the area with only less than 1 of households in Nyando
utilising biogas
From the focused group discussions Initial capital cost was established as the utmost
challenge for household access to alterative and sustainable energy sources like biogas or
grid power It was further established among the biomass users 80 2 settled for firewood
as the main source of energy because of affordability lack of capacity to include other
alternatives and convenience
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983090983094 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
353 Availability of energy
Qualitative data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews corroborated
the finding that most households in the two study areas are energy stressed and that the
majority still used wood fuel and charcoal as the main source of energy The distancetravelled and time used to collect fuel wood has been increasing due to the declining tree
cover In parts of KORU people are cutting down trees to sell to Homaline Company as an
additional source of income A different study carried out by ICRAF in the lower and
middle Nyando areas in 2009 showed that More than 90 of the households are not self
sufficient with fuel
354 Potential for renewable energy uses
During the field studies it was observed that almost all households kept livestock A similar
study undertaken by ICRAF also showed that all households in the area keep livestock
This shows that there is a potential for use of biogas as source energy for cooking and even
lighting This would in turn reduce the existing pressure on wood products which are the
main source of energy for cooking in the area
In some farms people had also adopted tree planting especially in middle Nyando area to
supplement their energy sources This shows that agro-forestry practices at farm level can
play a key role in meeting the growing energy demand in the area with multiple benefits
such as additional income sources and soil conservation
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting
The study established that the main reason for choosing energy source either for cooking or
lighting is mainly based on availability (cooking 728 and lighting 732) This indicates that
probably the households will go for the most cost effective and readily available source of
energy
Table 12 Renewable Energy Use
Middle Nyando N=40 Lower Nyando N=19
No No
Type of Renewable
energy
Solar energy for lighting 16 400 4 211
Solar cookers 4 100 1 53
Do not know 19 475 10 526
Other 1 25 2 105
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983090983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Total 40 1000 19 1000
Middle Nyando N= 84 Lower Nyando N= 82
Challenges to
Accessing RE
High cost of start up 47 560 47 573
Not reliable 17 202 3 37
Do not know about the
technologies20 238 30 366
Other specify 2 24
Total 84 1000 82 1000
Only 175 of households in middle Nyando and 74 in lower Nyando said they use
renewable energy in their homes The most common type of renewable energy used was
solar energy for lighting (16 households n =123) in middle Nyando and 4 households (N=
100) in lower Nyando
Main source of information on renewable energy in the area is from the media (66) in both
areas The results show that there is inadequate sustained and comprehensive awareness
creation on the use of renewable energy sources in the region There is need to do as
sustained awareness creation in the area to educate the people that despite the high start-up
cost studies shows a reduction on the cost of household energy once the families start using
renewable energy because the operational recurrent costs are relatively lower when
compared with other sources of energy
356 Challenges facing renewable energy
The major challenge to accessing renewable energy technologies was the high cost of start-
up (56 middle Nyando and 57 lower Nyando) The other reasons given were on
reliability of renewable energy sources and poor knowledge on the available Renewable
energy technologies (366 in lower Nyando and 238) in middle Nyando The study
shows that among the households that have adopted renewable energy use on average 20
had been assisted (technologically and or subsidised)
Biogas and solar energy sources are considered fairly inefficient implying that more
research and development work needs to be done to improve on the efficiency The high
cost of adopting renewable energy sources makes it prohibitive for a significant portion of
the population The results is that the population still heavily relay on traditional energy
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983090983096 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
sources (biomass) yet the technologies used to extract the energy not only significantly
affect the health of women and children but is also damage to the environment
During the FGD it also emerged that the Despite availability of programmes such as the
biogas installation subsidy programme by KEBDIP people were generally unaware of it
Also during the FGDs with some of the community groups it emerged that knowledge on
renewable energy sources especially biogas production was very low This is supported by
various qualitative data that shows that knowledge on funding sources for renewable
energy technologies was generally low However the people showed interest in adopting
the use of biogas energy if the technology can be made available and affordable to them
36
AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture practices in the area gained prominence after the introduction of the Economic
Stimulus Package Through this programmes every location was supposed to be allocated
14 fishponds
Data from the fisheries offices estimates the total fishponds in Nyando District to be 1100
Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds
Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish ponds and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA
area as you go towards the lake
The ministry of fisheries has also constructed a dam along river Awasi to provide water for
fish farming in the area as well as water for domestic use
Aquaculture has been introduced in the area to try and reduce the pressure on fisheries
resources in the lake as well as provide an alternative livelihood source to the people
Table 13 Data on Fish Farming
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Households Practicing
Aquaculture
Yes 5 42 9 92
No 114 958 89 908
Total 119 1000 98 1000
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983090983097 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
The major challenge facing fish farming in the area was availability of water as most of the
river sources being perennial rivers
During the FGD and KII the reasons given for low adoption of aquaculture were listed as
Negative attitude towards fish farming as people believe that fish is found in the lake Over
reliance on lake fish Perception that fish from fish pond is not sweet perceptions on
palatability Security issues as fish are stolen from the ponds thus discouraging potential
farmers cases of pond poisoning has thus discouraging farmers High cost of start-up and
high cost of inputs Water scarcity caused by limited permanent water sources Low levels of
awareness on fish farming Poor pond management skills and High hydraulic conductivity
of soils thus low water retention capabilities Flooding was also reported to be a big
challenge in the lower Nyando area as flood waters wash away the fish ponds during rainseasons Proximity to the lake was also a major deterrence to fish farming as the people close
to the lake thought it was easier to fish in the lake
However it also emerged during this discussions that farmers who were successful in the
fish farming business were expanding and increasing the number of their ponds The
success stories of such farmers have also encouraged other people with favourable land
conditions to adopt aquaculture
This shows that with availability of water sources the potential for aquaculture is very huge
especially in lower Nyando
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
This baseline report presents the results of the data collected from the combination of field
and household surveys in two project areas as well as through review of various literatures
on interventions carried out in the area Interpretation and management recommendations
are based solely on the data
Several Livelihood intervention measures focusing on Water and sanitation aquaculture
and soil and water conservation have been put in place by different actors (both state and
non state) to try and improve the living standards of people in lower and middle Nyando
The most observable intervention measures recorded during the survey was Promotion of
Rain water harvesting at household level promotion of tree farming investment in water
storage through construction of water pans and also fish farming
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983091983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Generally access to sanitation facilities is above 85 in both areas However the prevalence
of water borne diseases is still high and therefore need to increase interventions aimed
towards improving hygiene measures such as hand washing
Majority of the households also rely on unprotected water sources for their household water
needs Future interventions should therefore focus more on increasing access to protected
water sources and also increasing the quantity of water available per capita in both the
lower and Nyando river area
Uptake of Fish farming in the area is low due to both human and non human factors as
discussed in the report Future interventions should focus more on ensuring adequate
technical support to farmers who have adopted fish farming Interventions should also focus
on creating favourable environment for new farmers to adopt aquaculture through
provision of water by investing in water storage such as earth dams and pans and also
provision of piped water
Renewable energy uptake has also been low due to low levels of awareness as well as the
perceived high start-up cost Intervention measures in this area should focus on raising
awareness on available low cost renewable energy options such as solar lanterns for
lighting The potential for biogas production is also high and therefore intervention should
focus on development of affordable biogas production technologies Tree cover is quite low
in Lower Nyando Only 34 of household plots had any trees in the vicinity (Verchot et al
2008
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References
ICRAF and MOARD (2000) ldquoImproved land management in the Lake Victoria basin Final
Technical Report Start-up Phase July 1999 to June 2000rdquo ICRAF and MOARD Nairobi
Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 2006 Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem
Management Project (WKIEMP) Strategies for Integrated Land and Water Management for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Katuk-Odeyo Sub-Watershed Nyando River Basin Lake Victoria Basin
KENYA
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2009) The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing
Census lsquo Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030) Volume 1 A Ministry of
Water Resources and Regional Development (2004) Land resources Development and
Irrigation in Nyanza Province South Kano Government Printers
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L and Njui A (eds) 2004 Proceedings of aWorkshop on
Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin December 9 ndash
11 2002 Imperial Hotel Kisumu Kenya
Muriithi S Okono NA and Swallow B (eds) 2006b Developing an action plan for the Awach
watershed Western Kenya Proceedings of a workshop co-hosted by the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (NALEP
ndash National Agriculture Livestock Extension Programme 23rd May 2001 St Anna Guest House
Kisumu ICRAF Discussion Paper 2001-3
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L amp Njui A eds 2004 Proceedings of a
Workshop on Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin
Nairobi ICRAF NEMA the Water Quality Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
Management Programme (LVEMP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Environmental Authority [NEMA] (2004) Strategy for Flood Management in Lake
Victoria Basin Kenya
Verchot et al (2008) Baseline Report Nyando River Basin Western Kenya Integrated
Ecosystem Management Project Findings from the Baseline Surveys International Centre forResearch in Agroforestry Nairobi Kenya
World Agroforestry Centre (2006) Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin Final
Report of the TransVic Project World Agroforerstry Centre Occasional Paper No 7 World
Agroforestry Centre Nairobi Kenya
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets
I Water and Sanitation
Middle Nyando Lower Nya
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Target Baseline st
Water
Improved Water sources
bull Piped water intodwelling
bull plot or yard
bull Public tapstandpipe
bull Tubewellborehole
bull Protected dug well
bull
Protected spring
bull Rainwater collection
Unimproved Water sources
bull Unprotected dug well
bull Unprotected spring
bull Cart with small tankdrum
bull Bottled water a
bull Tanker-truck
bull Surface water (river dam
bull lake pond stream canal
bull irrigation channels)
of house hold using water fromProtected Sources
393 439
Reduce average Distance tohousehold Water source to lessthan a km
Within compound 248 Within com
lt 1km =537 lt 1km =690
gt2km = 41 gt2km = 0
Household water treatment 883 85
Average time taken to collect waterfor domestic use
lt 1 an hour =775
1-2hrs=192
gt2hrs =335
Reliability of Water supplyavailability of water
Household per-capita Water Use) lt 4 l per capita = 83 gt20lpppd
lt 4 l per ca
4- 10 l per capita =355 4- 10 l per c
10-20 l per capita =421 10-20 l per c
gt20 litres= 14 gt20L =18
Reduce water bornewashed Diarrhoeal incidences Diarrhoeal
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983091983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
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bull SusWatch Livelihood Case Studies from the sub-catchments in Nyando River Basin
ie Lower Nyando (Awach and Kabodho East sub-locations) and Middle Nyando
(Koru and Nyando sub-locations)
bull Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) Climate Change Readiness brief to highlight lsquolevel of
readinessrsquo to face up to climate change development challenges in the LVB (for water
supply and sanitation agriculture and food security rural energy supply) as per the
2010 East African Climate Change Policy (EACCP) annually
The above documents and reports will be produced periodically during the project
implementation The baseline survey is therefore intended to provide benchmarks against
which the improvement in the community livelihood as a result of the CDD Sub-project
interventions will be measured
16 Overall Objective of the Consultancy
The overall objective of the consultancy is to establish baseline data on the Livelihood
Intervention areas of Water Supply and Sanitation Renewable Energy Supply and
Aquaculture in Nyando River Basin
The specific objectives of the baseline study include to
1
Conduct a coordinated baseline survey to establish baseline indicators for the
community livelihood that will imply Impact Evaluation of the CDD Sub-projects in
relation to water and sanitation renewable energy and aquaculture
2
Establish baseline for water and sanitation renewable energy supply and
aquaculture using quantitative and qualitative measures
3 Recommend targets for the indicators
4
Document appropriate and user friendly data collection and monitoring tools for
subsequent monitoring surveys
5 Prepare a baseline survey report using appropriate qualitative and quantitative
methods covering community livelihoods aspects including poverty food and
income security marketing processing and the institutional context of development
as well as on the cross cutting issues of gender and HIVAIDS while relating them to
the 3 intervention areas of water and sanitation renewable energy and aquaculture
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983089983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
17 Scope of work
The baseline study will focus on the 3 livelihood intervention areas (water and sanitation
renewable energy supply and aquaculture) within Nyando River Basin ie Lower Nyando
(Awach and Kabodho East sub-locations) and Middle Nyando (Koru and Nyando sub-locations)
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983089983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
CHAPTER TWO
2 Methodology
21 Timeframe
The evaluation took place on the month of July 2012 August 2012 The field work was done
in the month of July and covered both Lower Nyando and Middle Nyando
22 The Baseline survey process
The data collection was a participatory process that involved the external consultant
(Emerald Environmental Consultancy Firm) Suswach II officials and the community
members from the study locations Also involved in the process was the district fisheries
officer from Nyando the District development office Lake Basin development AuthorityLake Victoria South Water Services Board and community groups involved in
environmental and livelihoods project It also involved review and analysis of literature
project implementation documents and baseline survey reports The supervisors and
enumerators went through a rigorous training which involved an understanding of the
project reviewing and refining all data collection instruments
23 Study design
The evaluation team used a comprehensive mixed-methods evaluation design This was a
cross-sectional survey conducted in 4 Sub locations distributed over middle Nyando namely
Koru sub location and Nyando sub location and Lower Nyando Kabodho East and Awach
sub locations
An interviewer administered questionnaire was designed and used to conduct a total of 230
interviews In addition semi-structured Interviews including Focus Group
Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were done with beneficiaries
and other stakeholders respectively Field visits were done at key projects sites to make
observations on the projects visible outputs
24 Data collection tools
Overall the following data collection tools were developed
bull Household Survey Questionnaire ndash to facilitate Quantitative data collection
bull
Key Informant Interviews guidelines ndash A semi-structured interview guide was
developed to facilitate interviews with key stakeholders such as government officials
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983089983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
from the line ministries such as Ministries of Water Public Health and Ministry of
Fisheries Other respondents included local administration NGO and CBOs
bull Focus Group Discussion guidelines ndash to facilitate interviews with potential project
beneficiaries and their representative groups including Women and youth groups
bull Observation Checklist for field visits to observe project infrastructure development
25 Sample Selection
Several approaches were used during the baseline survey documentary reviews
quantitative and qualitative data collection including checklists Using these approaches
allowed the research team to triangulate data as a measure of countering the shortcomings
from any particular data collection tool The survey was designed to collect information
from households within the project area A multistage sampling technique was used First
purposive sampling was used to identify project beneficiaries at location level then a
random sampling technique for identifying the sub locations and the households to be
interviewed The Sample size was calculated using the fischers equation
The formula yielded a total of about 200 households to be surveyed The sample size was
adjusted upwards to 223 households to cater for none responses There after considering the
cluster group proportionality in the division the household interviewed was distributed asfollows
Table 1 Sampling Frame
Area Sub location House hold
Lower Nyando Awach 123
Kabodho east
Middle Nyando Koru 100
Nyando
Total 223
26 Data Processing Analysis and Presentation
Quantitative data was entered using access based data base software and later converted to
SPSS which was used for analysis The results are presented in the form of frequencies and
ages Qualitative data was triangulated and analyzed based on the thematic areas and
were mainly used in this report for detailed explanation of the quantitative aspects of the
project
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Chapter Three
3 Study Findings
31 General conditions in the study areas
In all the study areas the most identifiable significant livelihood activities or groups of
activities found within the study area is mainly farming in lower Nyando the predominant
livelihood source is subsistence farming with maize and sorghum dominating crop
production Majority of the homesteads also keep livestock which include cattle goats and
chicken
In middle Nyando the predominant livelihood source is also farming The agricultural
activities in this block are mainly small scale sugar cane and maize production The area is inthe western Kenya sugar belt and has a sugar company and the factories nuclear large scale
sugar plantations which might account for the high number of salaried employment
Majority over 50 of the households have farm sizes of 4 acres or less Only 25 of the
farms have farm sizes larger than 10 acres
32 Socio Demographic Characteristics of the Study Respondents
Average household size in both middle and lower Nyando is 6 people with the maximum
recorded household size being 14 people in middle Nyando and 20 people in lower Nyando
In lower Nyando the majority of the households interviewed were headed by females
(52) About 53 of the household heads had primary level of education while 28 had
attained secondary level of education with 7 having university level of education
In Middle Nyando majority of the households are male headed (61) About 39 of the
household heads had primary level of education while 34 had attained secondary level of
education with only 49 having university level of education
Table 2 Summary of Household Socio-demographic Characteristics
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Household head Male 75 61 48 480
Female 48 39 52 520
Marital Status Married 86 699 74 740
Widowed 28 228 15 150
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983089983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Highest level of education for
household head
No formal
education10 81 7 70
Primary 48 390 53 530
Secondary 42 341 28 280
Tertiary 17 138 5 50
University 6 49 7 70
The main source of income in Middle Nyando is farming at 317 followed trading at
228 and salaried employment at 203 with the average monthly income being less than
Ksh 7000 per month (528) In Lower Nyando the main source of income in the area is
farming at 64 followed by wage employment at 14 and salaried employment at 13
The average monthly income is less than Ksh 7000 per month (54)
Table 3 Main Income source amp Average Household Size
Main Source of Income Farming 39 317 64 640
Livestock keeping 11 89 1 10
Wage employment 13 106 14 140
Artisanblacksmith 5 41 1 10
Salaried
Employment25 203 13 130
Trading 28 228 6 60
Others Specify 2 16 1 10
Average Monthly Income Less than 7000 65 528 54 540
7000-20000 44 358 38 380
20000-50000 13 106 6 60
Over 50000 1 8 2 20
Average House hold Size Mean 602 645
Minimum 2 1
Maximum 14 20
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33 WATER Availability Access and Usage of Water Resources
331 Main Water Supply Sources
The main water source for households during both dry and wet seasons is mainly
unprotected water sources- 709 amp 646during dry season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively and 542 and 561 during wet season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively The major single source of water for the households during both dry
and wet seasons is riversstreams at 426 (dry season) and 492 (wet season) in Middle
Nyando and In lower Nyando 53 and 541 during both dry and wet season respectively
About 20 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando had access to piped water in their
houses within their compounds while 66 had invested in rain water storage tanks Other
sources of water included hand dug wells (74) and communal water points While in
Lower Nyando 13 of households surveyed had invested in rain water tanks and only 4
of the households surveyed had access to piped water
Table 4 The respondentrsquos main water sources in the dry and wet season
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Dry season Wet Season Dry Season Wet Season
Frequen
cy
Frequenc
y
Frequenc
y
Freque
ncy
Piped tap water in
dwelling14 115 10 85 4 40 4 41
Piped tap water on
site11 90 8 68 8 81 4 41
Borehole on site
water kiosk5 41 4 34 8 81 6 61
Rainwater tank on
site8 66 24 203 12 121 13 133
Publiccommunal
tap water kiosk less
than 200 meters away
2 16 2 17 1 10 1 10
Publiccommunal
tap more than 200
meters away
4 33 3 25 3 30 2 20
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Hand dug wells 9 74 3 25 4 40 1 10
Neighbor 3 25 2 17 1 10
Mobile Water tanker
(bowser)1 8
riverstream Wells
amp springs52 426 58 492 60 606 53 541
Water Pansearth
dams ponds13 107 3 25 1 10
Therefore the result shows that majority of households (over 50) in this areas rely on
unprotected water sources This is below the National average According KDH report
20089 63 of households in Kenya get drinking water from an improved source However
disparities exist by residence with a higher proportion of urban households (91 ) having
an improved source of drinking water compared with rural households 54
Increasing access to improved drinking water is one of the Millennium Development Goals
that Kenya along with other nations worldwide has adopted (United Nations General
Assembly 2001) The indicators that are useful in monitoring household access to improved
drinking water (WHO and UNICEF 2005) include sources that are likely to provide water
suitable for drinking Lack of ready access to a water source may limit the quantity of
suitable drinking water that must be fetched from a source that is not immediately
accessible to the household (distance to source) water quality among others as discussed
below
332 Distance to drinking water sources
In middle Nyando area the average distance to the householdsrsquo main water source is less
than a kilometre (537) 248 of the households surveyed have water within their
compounds On average it takes less than an hour (775) for households to fetch water for
their domestic use while 192 of the households take between 1-2 hours to collect water
Table 5 Distance to Drinking Water Source
983117983145983140983140983148983141 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983090983091 983116983151983159983141983154 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983088983088
983118983151 983118983151
983108983145983155983156983137983150983139983141 983156983151 983159983137983156983141983154
983155983151983157983154983139983141
983127983145983156983144983145983150 983156983144983141 983139983151983149983152983151983157983150983140 30 248 19 190
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983115983149 65 537 69 690
1983147983149983155 983085 2 983115983149 21 174 12 120
2 983085 5 983115983149 5 41
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983090983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
983124983145983149983141 983156983137983147983141983150 983156983151 983139983151983148983148983141983139983156
983159983137983156983141983154
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983144983154 93 775 91 910
1983144983154 983085 2 983144983154983155 23 192 9 90
983119983158983141983154 2 983144983154983155 4 33
In lower Nyando area 19 of households surveyed had water within their compounds
while 69 walked less than a kilometre to access water for domestic use It takes less than anhour for households to collect water for domestic use (91) while the rest spend between
an hour and two
333 Quantity of Water Used Per household per day
Majority of the households in
middle Nyando (421) use
between 80-100 litres of water
per day while 355 use
between 20-60 litres per day and
14 of the surveyed households
reported to be using over 100
litres of water per day
In Lower Nyando 40 of the households surveyed used between 20 and 60 litres of water
per day with an equivalent number using between 80 and 100 litres of water for domestic
use 18 of the residents used over 100 litres of water per day for domestic use
Considering the average household sizes in the study areas (6 people in middle Nyando
and 7 in lower Nyando) this translates to a per capita water consumption of 17 litres per
person per day which is still below the recommended 20 litres per capita by WHO
754 of respondents in middle Nyando and 495 in lower Nyando use water for other
purposes other than household use Water is also used for irrigating crops (935 middle
Nyando 596 lower Nyando) and for animal use
334 Water Safety ndash quality and use of safe water drinking products
The general perception on water safety was assessed in terms of safety to drink clarity taste
and odour In middle Nyando 54 of household interviewed perceive their water to be safe
to drink 729 good to taste and 608 perceive the water to be clearnot turbid In lower
Figure 3 Quantity of Water Used per Household per Day
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Nyando 84 of household perceive their water to be god to taste 48 to be safe to drink
and 77 to be clearnot turbid
Table 6 The respondents water quality perception method of treatment and incidences
of water borne diseases
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Perception on Water
Quality
Safe to drink 541 480
Clear 608 770
Good to taste 729 840
Free from odour 788 730
About 883 of households in middle Nyando treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment (891) being the use of chlorine based chemicals like water guard In
lower Nyando 85 of households surveyed treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment being chemical treatment (682) 481 of households interviewed in
middle Nyando reported to have had cases of typhoid infections among a family during the
past 6months 135 had cases of diarrhoea in the family Scabiesskin diseases were
recorded in 173 of the households
Figure 4 Household water treatment methods a Middle Nyando b Lower Nyando
In lower Nyando 155 of interviewed households had recorded cases of diarrheal among
family members during the past for 6 months while 50 had recorded cases of typhoid The
high number of recorded cases of water bornewater washed diseasesconditions can be
attributed to the man water source in the study areas which was found to be riverssprings
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Table 7 Household Incidences of Water Related Illnesses
Incidences of Water
BorneWater Washed
illnessesconditions
diarrhea 7 135 9 155
Typhoid 25 481 29 500
Scabies (skin diseases) 9 173 2 34
Trachoma 1 19
Others (specify) 10 192 18 310
The majority of the households also treat their drinking water despite the surveying
showing that cases of water borne diseases were many This could mean that household
water handling measures are poor leading to recontamination of drinking water either
during storage or during use It could also mean that the treatment methods which is
mainly chlorine based is not being administered correctly leading to under dosing
335
Payment for water supply
The average amount of money spent on water is Ksh 200-500 per month with 455 of
households in middle Nyando and 433 in lower Nyando falling in this group
Table 8 Cost of Water
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Amount Spent on Water
per month
Do not pay 9 205 8 267
Less than 200 5 114 1 33
Between Ksh 200-500 20 455 13 433
Between Ksh 500-1000 10 227 2 67
Between Ksh 1000-2000 3 100
Over Ksh 2000 3 100
To whom Water is paid Municipality 2 61 1 48
Businesswater vendor 17 515 16 762
CBONGO 2 61
Other specify 12 364 4 190
Those who pay for water mostly do so to water vendors (515) in middle Nyando and
762 in lower Nyando
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34 SANITATION
341 Latrine coverage
Latrine coverage is 894 in middle Nyando and 87in Lower Nyando The most common
type of toilet facility is pit latrine with no Ventilation pipe (705) in Middle Nyando and
744 in Lower Nyando followed by VIP latrine at 268 and 20 in Middle and Lower
Nyando respectively The figures are above the national latrine coverage averages
Table 9 Sanitation Situation
Study Area Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Availability of Toilet Yes 110 894 87 870
No 13 106 13 130
No of Toilet facilities One 96 857 64 736
Two 10 89 16 184
Three and Above 3 27 7 70
Not Applicable 3 27
Type of toilet Facility Flush toilet
connected to a
septic tank
2 18 2 22
Pit latrine with
ventilation pipe30 268 18 200
Pit latrine without
ventilation pipe79 705 67 744
The main reason given for lack of latrines in the area was high cost of construction at 727
in middle Nyando and 692 in lower Nyando The household without latrines either
relieve themselves in the bush (364) for middle Nyando and 538 for lower Nyando or
in the Neighbours latrines (636) middle Nyando and 385 in lower Nyando
Table 10 Reasons for Lack Of Sanitation Facilities
Reasons for No latrine Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Cost of construction is high 727 692
Do not see the need to have one 91 0
Poor soil formationcollapsible soil 33 50
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Not provided by land lord 08 30
Others 0 10
Where people relieve themselves
(those without latrines)
Frequency
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Bush Outside 4 364 7 538
Neighborrsquos Latrine 7 636 5 385
Ensuring adequate sanitation facilities is a Millennium Development Goal that Kenya shares
with other countries A household is classified as having an improved toilet if the toilet is
used only by members of one household (ie it is not shared) and if the facility used by the
household separates the waste from human contact (WHOUNICEF Joint MonitoringProgramme for Water Supply and Sanitation 2004) According to KDH report 20082009 the
national figures show that less 60 of households uses an improved toilet facility that is not
shared with other households Urban households are only slightly more likely than rural
households to have an improved toilet facility (30 and 20 respectively) Overall 12 of
households have no toilet facility at all they are almost exclusively rural accounting for 16
of rural households
35 ENERGY SOURCE AND USE
351 House hold Energy Needs
Energy demand patterns of the study areas largely revolve around household energy end
uses such as cooking and lighting Respondents ranked cooking lighting and heating as the
three most important energy needs
352
Main House Hold Sources of Energy
The main sources of energy at household levels are wood paraffin and charcoal The table
below lists the age of farmers using the various fuel sources listed in the questionnaire
The study established that the most preferred source of household cooking energy among
the respondents is mainly firewood (at 100 in lower Nyando and 99 in middle Nyando)
This indicates overreliance on biomass and an indicator of a real challenge of forest and
vegetation degradation
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Table 11 Energy Source and Use
Lighting Cooking
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Biomass 08 0 1000 990
Kerosene 884 838
Biogas 08 0
Solar 66 20
Electricity 33 141 0 10
Recent National studies also Estimates of household energy use indicate that over 95 of
Kenyan population rely on wood or charcoal for energy needs Traditionally these energy
resources have been ldquofreerdquo goods however the Kenyan wood fuel supply has been rapidlydepleted by deforestation an activity also closely associated with land clearing for
agriculture and global warming via reduction of biomass to sequestrate CO 2
Consequently an energy policy that is designed to meet the needs of the majority of the
population must devote considerable attention to mainstreaming a sustainable yield of
biomass as well efficient energy technology to maximise on the biomass energy sources
The main source of energy for lighting in the area is kerosene (884 in middle Nyando and
838 in lower Nyando 66 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando and 20 in lower
Nyando use solar energy for lighting Hydro electric usage for lighting was recorded in 33
of households in middle Nyando and 141 in lower Nyando Biomass energy which
includes firewood charcoal and livestock waste burnt directly accounts for 100 of cooking
energy source in middle Nyando and 99 in lower Nyando Other renewable energy such
as biogas is not common in the area with only less than 1 of households in Nyando
utilising biogas
From the focused group discussions Initial capital cost was established as the utmost
challenge for household access to alterative and sustainable energy sources like biogas or
grid power It was further established among the biomass users 80 2 settled for firewood
as the main source of energy because of affordability lack of capacity to include other
alternatives and convenience
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353 Availability of energy
Qualitative data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews corroborated
the finding that most households in the two study areas are energy stressed and that the
majority still used wood fuel and charcoal as the main source of energy The distancetravelled and time used to collect fuel wood has been increasing due to the declining tree
cover In parts of KORU people are cutting down trees to sell to Homaline Company as an
additional source of income A different study carried out by ICRAF in the lower and
middle Nyando areas in 2009 showed that More than 90 of the households are not self
sufficient with fuel
354 Potential for renewable energy uses
During the field studies it was observed that almost all households kept livestock A similar
study undertaken by ICRAF also showed that all households in the area keep livestock
This shows that there is a potential for use of biogas as source energy for cooking and even
lighting This would in turn reduce the existing pressure on wood products which are the
main source of energy for cooking in the area
In some farms people had also adopted tree planting especially in middle Nyando area to
supplement their energy sources This shows that agro-forestry practices at farm level can
play a key role in meeting the growing energy demand in the area with multiple benefits
such as additional income sources and soil conservation
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting
The study established that the main reason for choosing energy source either for cooking or
lighting is mainly based on availability (cooking 728 and lighting 732) This indicates that
probably the households will go for the most cost effective and readily available source of
energy
Table 12 Renewable Energy Use
Middle Nyando N=40 Lower Nyando N=19
No No
Type of Renewable
energy
Solar energy for lighting 16 400 4 211
Solar cookers 4 100 1 53
Do not know 19 475 10 526
Other 1 25 2 105
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983090983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Total 40 1000 19 1000
Middle Nyando N= 84 Lower Nyando N= 82
Challenges to
Accessing RE
High cost of start up 47 560 47 573
Not reliable 17 202 3 37
Do not know about the
technologies20 238 30 366
Other specify 2 24
Total 84 1000 82 1000
Only 175 of households in middle Nyando and 74 in lower Nyando said they use
renewable energy in their homes The most common type of renewable energy used was
solar energy for lighting (16 households n =123) in middle Nyando and 4 households (N=
100) in lower Nyando
Main source of information on renewable energy in the area is from the media (66) in both
areas The results show that there is inadequate sustained and comprehensive awareness
creation on the use of renewable energy sources in the region There is need to do as
sustained awareness creation in the area to educate the people that despite the high start-up
cost studies shows a reduction on the cost of household energy once the families start using
renewable energy because the operational recurrent costs are relatively lower when
compared with other sources of energy
356 Challenges facing renewable energy
The major challenge to accessing renewable energy technologies was the high cost of start-
up (56 middle Nyando and 57 lower Nyando) The other reasons given were on
reliability of renewable energy sources and poor knowledge on the available Renewable
energy technologies (366 in lower Nyando and 238) in middle Nyando The study
shows that among the households that have adopted renewable energy use on average 20
had been assisted (technologically and or subsidised)
Biogas and solar energy sources are considered fairly inefficient implying that more
research and development work needs to be done to improve on the efficiency The high
cost of adopting renewable energy sources makes it prohibitive for a significant portion of
the population The results is that the population still heavily relay on traditional energy
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983096 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
sources (biomass) yet the technologies used to extract the energy not only significantly
affect the health of women and children but is also damage to the environment
During the FGD it also emerged that the Despite availability of programmes such as the
biogas installation subsidy programme by KEBDIP people were generally unaware of it
Also during the FGDs with some of the community groups it emerged that knowledge on
renewable energy sources especially biogas production was very low This is supported by
various qualitative data that shows that knowledge on funding sources for renewable
energy technologies was generally low However the people showed interest in adopting
the use of biogas energy if the technology can be made available and affordable to them
36
AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture practices in the area gained prominence after the introduction of the Economic
Stimulus Package Through this programmes every location was supposed to be allocated
14 fishponds
Data from the fisheries offices estimates the total fishponds in Nyando District to be 1100
Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds
Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish ponds and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA
area as you go towards the lake
The ministry of fisheries has also constructed a dam along river Awasi to provide water for
fish farming in the area as well as water for domestic use
Aquaculture has been introduced in the area to try and reduce the pressure on fisheries
resources in the lake as well as provide an alternative livelihood source to the people
Table 13 Data on Fish Farming
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Households Practicing
Aquaculture
Yes 5 42 9 92
No 114 958 89 908
Total 119 1000 98 1000
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983090983097 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
The major challenge facing fish farming in the area was availability of water as most of the
river sources being perennial rivers
During the FGD and KII the reasons given for low adoption of aquaculture were listed as
Negative attitude towards fish farming as people believe that fish is found in the lake Over
reliance on lake fish Perception that fish from fish pond is not sweet perceptions on
palatability Security issues as fish are stolen from the ponds thus discouraging potential
farmers cases of pond poisoning has thus discouraging farmers High cost of start-up and
high cost of inputs Water scarcity caused by limited permanent water sources Low levels of
awareness on fish farming Poor pond management skills and High hydraulic conductivity
of soils thus low water retention capabilities Flooding was also reported to be a big
challenge in the lower Nyando area as flood waters wash away the fish ponds during rainseasons Proximity to the lake was also a major deterrence to fish farming as the people close
to the lake thought it was easier to fish in the lake
However it also emerged during this discussions that farmers who were successful in the
fish farming business were expanding and increasing the number of their ponds The
success stories of such farmers have also encouraged other people with favourable land
conditions to adopt aquaculture
This shows that with availability of water sources the potential for aquaculture is very huge
especially in lower Nyando
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
This baseline report presents the results of the data collected from the combination of field
and household surveys in two project areas as well as through review of various literatures
on interventions carried out in the area Interpretation and management recommendations
are based solely on the data
Several Livelihood intervention measures focusing on Water and sanitation aquaculture
and soil and water conservation have been put in place by different actors (both state and
non state) to try and improve the living standards of people in lower and middle Nyando
The most observable intervention measures recorded during the survey was Promotion of
Rain water harvesting at household level promotion of tree farming investment in water
storage through construction of water pans and also fish farming
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983091983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Generally access to sanitation facilities is above 85 in both areas However the prevalence
of water borne diseases is still high and therefore need to increase interventions aimed
towards improving hygiene measures such as hand washing
Majority of the households also rely on unprotected water sources for their household water
needs Future interventions should therefore focus more on increasing access to protected
water sources and also increasing the quantity of water available per capita in both the
lower and Nyando river area
Uptake of Fish farming in the area is low due to both human and non human factors as
discussed in the report Future interventions should focus more on ensuring adequate
technical support to farmers who have adopted fish farming Interventions should also focus
on creating favourable environment for new farmers to adopt aquaculture through
provision of water by investing in water storage such as earth dams and pans and also
provision of piped water
Renewable energy uptake has also been low due to low levels of awareness as well as the
perceived high start-up cost Intervention measures in this area should focus on raising
awareness on available low cost renewable energy options such as solar lanterns for
lighting The potential for biogas production is also high and therefore intervention should
focus on development of affordable biogas production technologies Tree cover is quite low
in Lower Nyando Only 34 of household plots had any trees in the vicinity (Verchot et al
2008
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References
ICRAF and MOARD (2000) ldquoImproved land management in the Lake Victoria basin Final
Technical Report Start-up Phase July 1999 to June 2000rdquo ICRAF and MOARD Nairobi
Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 2006 Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem
Management Project (WKIEMP) Strategies for Integrated Land and Water Management for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Katuk-Odeyo Sub-Watershed Nyando River Basin Lake Victoria Basin
KENYA
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2009) The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing
Census lsquo Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030) Volume 1 A Ministry of
Water Resources and Regional Development (2004) Land resources Development and
Irrigation in Nyanza Province South Kano Government Printers
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L and Njui A (eds) 2004 Proceedings of aWorkshop on
Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin December 9 ndash
11 2002 Imperial Hotel Kisumu Kenya
Muriithi S Okono NA and Swallow B (eds) 2006b Developing an action plan for the Awach
watershed Western Kenya Proceedings of a workshop co-hosted by the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (NALEP
ndash National Agriculture Livestock Extension Programme 23rd May 2001 St Anna Guest House
Kisumu ICRAF Discussion Paper 2001-3
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L amp Njui A eds 2004 Proceedings of a
Workshop on Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin
Nairobi ICRAF NEMA the Water Quality Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
Management Programme (LVEMP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Environmental Authority [NEMA] (2004) Strategy for Flood Management in Lake
Victoria Basin Kenya
Verchot et al (2008) Baseline Report Nyando River Basin Western Kenya Integrated
Ecosystem Management Project Findings from the Baseline Surveys International Centre forResearch in Agroforestry Nairobi Kenya
World Agroforestry Centre (2006) Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin Final
Report of the TransVic Project World Agroforerstry Centre Occasional Paper No 7 World
Agroforestry Centre Nairobi Kenya
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets
I Water and Sanitation
Middle Nyando Lower Nya
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Target Baseline st
Water
Improved Water sources
bull Piped water intodwelling
bull plot or yard
bull Public tapstandpipe
bull Tubewellborehole
bull Protected dug well
bull
Protected spring
bull Rainwater collection
Unimproved Water sources
bull Unprotected dug well
bull Unprotected spring
bull Cart with small tankdrum
bull Bottled water a
bull Tanker-truck
bull Surface water (river dam
bull lake pond stream canal
bull irrigation channels)
of house hold using water fromProtected Sources
393 439
Reduce average Distance tohousehold Water source to lessthan a km
Within compound 248 Within com
lt 1km =537 lt 1km =690
gt2km = 41 gt2km = 0
Household water treatment 883 85
Average time taken to collect waterfor domestic use
lt 1 an hour =775
1-2hrs=192
gt2hrs =335
Reliability of Water supplyavailability of water
Household per-capita Water Use) lt 4 l per capita = 83 gt20lpppd
lt 4 l per ca
4- 10 l per capita =355 4- 10 l per c
10-20 l per capita =421 10-20 l per c
gt20 litres= 14 gt20L =18
Reduce water bornewashed Diarrhoeal incidences Diarrhoeal
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983091983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
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983091983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
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983089983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
17 Scope of work
The baseline study will focus on the 3 livelihood intervention areas (water and sanitation
renewable energy supply and aquaculture) within Nyando River Basin ie Lower Nyando
(Awach and Kabodho East sub-locations) and Middle Nyando (Koru and Nyando sub-locations)
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983089983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
CHAPTER TWO
2 Methodology
21 Timeframe
The evaluation took place on the month of July 2012 August 2012 The field work was done
in the month of July and covered both Lower Nyando and Middle Nyando
22 The Baseline survey process
The data collection was a participatory process that involved the external consultant
(Emerald Environmental Consultancy Firm) Suswach II officials and the community
members from the study locations Also involved in the process was the district fisheries
officer from Nyando the District development office Lake Basin development AuthorityLake Victoria South Water Services Board and community groups involved in
environmental and livelihoods project It also involved review and analysis of literature
project implementation documents and baseline survey reports The supervisors and
enumerators went through a rigorous training which involved an understanding of the
project reviewing and refining all data collection instruments
23 Study design
The evaluation team used a comprehensive mixed-methods evaluation design This was a
cross-sectional survey conducted in 4 Sub locations distributed over middle Nyando namely
Koru sub location and Nyando sub location and Lower Nyando Kabodho East and Awach
sub locations
An interviewer administered questionnaire was designed and used to conduct a total of 230
interviews In addition semi-structured Interviews including Focus Group
Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were done with beneficiaries
and other stakeholders respectively Field visits were done at key projects sites to make
observations on the projects visible outputs
24 Data collection tools
Overall the following data collection tools were developed
bull Household Survey Questionnaire ndash to facilitate Quantitative data collection
bull
Key Informant Interviews guidelines ndash A semi-structured interview guide was
developed to facilitate interviews with key stakeholders such as government officials
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from the line ministries such as Ministries of Water Public Health and Ministry of
Fisheries Other respondents included local administration NGO and CBOs
bull Focus Group Discussion guidelines ndash to facilitate interviews with potential project
beneficiaries and their representative groups including Women and youth groups
bull Observation Checklist for field visits to observe project infrastructure development
25 Sample Selection
Several approaches were used during the baseline survey documentary reviews
quantitative and qualitative data collection including checklists Using these approaches
allowed the research team to triangulate data as a measure of countering the shortcomings
from any particular data collection tool The survey was designed to collect information
from households within the project area A multistage sampling technique was used First
purposive sampling was used to identify project beneficiaries at location level then a
random sampling technique for identifying the sub locations and the households to be
interviewed The Sample size was calculated using the fischers equation
The formula yielded a total of about 200 households to be surveyed The sample size was
adjusted upwards to 223 households to cater for none responses There after considering the
cluster group proportionality in the division the household interviewed was distributed asfollows
Table 1 Sampling Frame
Area Sub location House hold
Lower Nyando Awach 123
Kabodho east
Middle Nyando Koru 100
Nyando
Total 223
26 Data Processing Analysis and Presentation
Quantitative data was entered using access based data base software and later converted to
SPSS which was used for analysis The results are presented in the form of frequencies and
ages Qualitative data was triangulated and analyzed based on the thematic areas and
were mainly used in this report for detailed explanation of the quantitative aspects of the
project
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Chapter Three
3 Study Findings
31 General conditions in the study areas
In all the study areas the most identifiable significant livelihood activities or groups of
activities found within the study area is mainly farming in lower Nyando the predominant
livelihood source is subsistence farming with maize and sorghum dominating crop
production Majority of the homesteads also keep livestock which include cattle goats and
chicken
In middle Nyando the predominant livelihood source is also farming The agricultural
activities in this block are mainly small scale sugar cane and maize production The area is inthe western Kenya sugar belt and has a sugar company and the factories nuclear large scale
sugar plantations which might account for the high number of salaried employment
Majority over 50 of the households have farm sizes of 4 acres or less Only 25 of the
farms have farm sizes larger than 10 acres
32 Socio Demographic Characteristics of the Study Respondents
Average household size in both middle and lower Nyando is 6 people with the maximum
recorded household size being 14 people in middle Nyando and 20 people in lower Nyando
In lower Nyando the majority of the households interviewed were headed by females
(52) About 53 of the household heads had primary level of education while 28 had
attained secondary level of education with 7 having university level of education
In Middle Nyando majority of the households are male headed (61) About 39 of the
household heads had primary level of education while 34 had attained secondary level of
education with only 49 having university level of education
Table 2 Summary of Household Socio-demographic Characteristics
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Household head Male 75 61 48 480
Female 48 39 52 520
Marital Status Married 86 699 74 740
Widowed 28 228 15 150
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Highest level of education for
household head
No formal
education10 81 7 70
Primary 48 390 53 530
Secondary 42 341 28 280
Tertiary 17 138 5 50
University 6 49 7 70
The main source of income in Middle Nyando is farming at 317 followed trading at
228 and salaried employment at 203 with the average monthly income being less than
Ksh 7000 per month (528) In Lower Nyando the main source of income in the area is
farming at 64 followed by wage employment at 14 and salaried employment at 13
The average monthly income is less than Ksh 7000 per month (54)
Table 3 Main Income source amp Average Household Size
Main Source of Income Farming 39 317 64 640
Livestock keeping 11 89 1 10
Wage employment 13 106 14 140
Artisanblacksmith 5 41 1 10
Salaried
Employment25 203 13 130
Trading 28 228 6 60
Others Specify 2 16 1 10
Average Monthly Income Less than 7000 65 528 54 540
7000-20000 44 358 38 380
20000-50000 13 106 6 60
Over 50000 1 8 2 20
Average House hold Size Mean 602 645
Minimum 2 1
Maximum 14 20
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33 WATER Availability Access and Usage of Water Resources
331 Main Water Supply Sources
The main water source for households during both dry and wet seasons is mainly
unprotected water sources- 709 amp 646during dry season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively and 542 and 561 during wet season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively The major single source of water for the households during both dry
and wet seasons is riversstreams at 426 (dry season) and 492 (wet season) in Middle
Nyando and In lower Nyando 53 and 541 during both dry and wet season respectively
About 20 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando had access to piped water in their
houses within their compounds while 66 had invested in rain water storage tanks Other
sources of water included hand dug wells (74) and communal water points While in
Lower Nyando 13 of households surveyed had invested in rain water tanks and only 4
of the households surveyed had access to piped water
Table 4 The respondentrsquos main water sources in the dry and wet season
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Dry season Wet Season Dry Season Wet Season
Frequen
cy
Frequenc
y
Frequenc
y
Freque
ncy
Piped tap water in
dwelling14 115 10 85 4 40 4 41
Piped tap water on
site11 90 8 68 8 81 4 41
Borehole on site
water kiosk5 41 4 34 8 81 6 61
Rainwater tank on
site8 66 24 203 12 121 13 133
Publiccommunal
tap water kiosk less
than 200 meters away
2 16 2 17 1 10 1 10
Publiccommunal
tap more than 200
meters away
4 33 3 25 3 30 2 20
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Hand dug wells 9 74 3 25 4 40 1 10
Neighbor 3 25 2 17 1 10
Mobile Water tanker
(bowser)1 8
riverstream Wells
amp springs52 426 58 492 60 606 53 541
Water Pansearth
dams ponds13 107 3 25 1 10
Therefore the result shows that majority of households (over 50) in this areas rely on
unprotected water sources This is below the National average According KDH report
20089 63 of households in Kenya get drinking water from an improved source However
disparities exist by residence with a higher proportion of urban households (91 ) having
an improved source of drinking water compared with rural households 54
Increasing access to improved drinking water is one of the Millennium Development Goals
that Kenya along with other nations worldwide has adopted (United Nations General
Assembly 2001) The indicators that are useful in monitoring household access to improved
drinking water (WHO and UNICEF 2005) include sources that are likely to provide water
suitable for drinking Lack of ready access to a water source may limit the quantity of
suitable drinking water that must be fetched from a source that is not immediately
accessible to the household (distance to source) water quality among others as discussed
below
332 Distance to drinking water sources
In middle Nyando area the average distance to the householdsrsquo main water source is less
than a kilometre (537) 248 of the households surveyed have water within their
compounds On average it takes less than an hour (775) for households to fetch water for
their domestic use while 192 of the households take between 1-2 hours to collect water
Table 5 Distance to Drinking Water Source
983117983145983140983140983148983141 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983090983091 983116983151983159983141983154 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983088983088
983118983151 983118983151
983108983145983155983156983137983150983139983141 983156983151 983159983137983156983141983154
983155983151983157983154983139983141
983127983145983156983144983145983150 983156983144983141 983139983151983149983152983151983157983150983140 30 248 19 190
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983115983149 65 537 69 690
1983147983149983155 983085 2 983115983149 21 174 12 120
2 983085 5 983115983149 5 41
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
983124983145983149983141 983156983137983147983141983150 983156983151 983139983151983148983148983141983139983156
983159983137983156983141983154
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983144983154 93 775 91 910
1983144983154 983085 2 983144983154983155 23 192 9 90
983119983158983141983154 2 983144983154983155 4 33
In lower Nyando area 19 of households surveyed had water within their compounds
while 69 walked less than a kilometre to access water for domestic use It takes less than anhour for households to collect water for domestic use (91) while the rest spend between
an hour and two
333 Quantity of Water Used Per household per day
Majority of the households in
middle Nyando (421) use
between 80-100 litres of water
per day while 355 use
between 20-60 litres per day and
14 of the surveyed households
reported to be using over 100
litres of water per day
In Lower Nyando 40 of the households surveyed used between 20 and 60 litres of water
per day with an equivalent number using between 80 and 100 litres of water for domestic
use 18 of the residents used over 100 litres of water per day for domestic use
Considering the average household sizes in the study areas (6 people in middle Nyando
and 7 in lower Nyando) this translates to a per capita water consumption of 17 litres per
person per day which is still below the recommended 20 litres per capita by WHO
754 of respondents in middle Nyando and 495 in lower Nyando use water for other
purposes other than household use Water is also used for irrigating crops (935 middle
Nyando 596 lower Nyando) and for animal use
334 Water Safety ndash quality and use of safe water drinking products
The general perception on water safety was assessed in terms of safety to drink clarity taste
and odour In middle Nyando 54 of household interviewed perceive their water to be safe
to drink 729 good to taste and 608 perceive the water to be clearnot turbid In lower
Figure 3 Quantity of Water Used per Household per Day
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983089 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Nyando 84 of household perceive their water to be god to taste 48 to be safe to drink
and 77 to be clearnot turbid
Table 6 The respondents water quality perception method of treatment and incidences
of water borne diseases
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Perception on Water
Quality
Safe to drink 541 480
Clear 608 770
Good to taste 729 840
Free from odour 788 730
About 883 of households in middle Nyando treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment (891) being the use of chlorine based chemicals like water guard In
lower Nyando 85 of households surveyed treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment being chemical treatment (682) 481 of households interviewed in
middle Nyando reported to have had cases of typhoid infections among a family during the
past 6months 135 had cases of diarrhoea in the family Scabiesskin diseases were
recorded in 173 of the households
Figure 4 Household water treatment methods a Middle Nyando b Lower Nyando
In lower Nyando 155 of interviewed households had recorded cases of diarrheal among
family members during the past for 6 months while 50 had recorded cases of typhoid The
high number of recorded cases of water bornewater washed diseasesconditions can be
attributed to the man water source in the study areas which was found to be riverssprings
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 7 Household Incidences of Water Related Illnesses
Incidences of Water
BorneWater Washed
illnessesconditions
diarrhea 7 135 9 155
Typhoid 25 481 29 500
Scabies (skin diseases) 9 173 2 34
Trachoma 1 19
Others (specify) 10 192 18 310
The majority of the households also treat their drinking water despite the surveying
showing that cases of water borne diseases were many This could mean that household
water handling measures are poor leading to recontamination of drinking water either
during storage or during use It could also mean that the treatment methods which is
mainly chlorine based is not being administered correctly leading to under dosing
335
Payment for water supply
The average amount of money spent on water is Ksh 200-500 per month with 455 of
households in middle Nyando and 433 in lower Nyando falling in this group
Table 8 Cost of Water
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Amount Spent on Water
per month
Do not pay 9 205 8 267
Less than 200 5 114 1 33
Between Ksh 200-500 20 455 13 433
Between Ksh 500-1000 10 227 2 67
Between Ksh 1000-2000 3 100
Over Ksh 2000 3 100
To whom Water is paid Municipality 2 61 1 48
Businesswater vendor 17 515 16 762
CBONGO 2 61
Other specify 12 364 4 190
Those who pay for water mostly do so to water vendors (515) in middle Nyando and
762 in lower Nyando
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
34 SANITATION
341 Latrine coverage
Latrine coverage is 894 in middle Nyando and 87in Lower Nyando The most common
type of toilet facility is pit latrine with no Ventilation pipe (705) in Middle Nyando and
744 in Lower Nyando followed by VIP latrine at 268 and 20 in Middle and Lower
Nyando respectively The figures are above the national latrine coverage averages
Table 9 Sanitation Situation
Study Area Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Availability of Toilet Yes 110 894 87 870
No 13 106 13 130
No of Toilet facilities One 96 857 64 736
Two 10 89 16 184
Three and Above 3 27 7 70
Not Applicable 3 27
Type of toilet Facility Flush toilet
connected to a
septic tank
2 18 2 22
Pit latrine with
ventilation pipe30 268 18 200
Pit latrine without
ventilation pipe79 705 67 744
The main reason given for lack of latrines in the area was high cost of construction at 727
in middle Nyando and 692 in lower Nyando The household without latrines either
relieve themselves in the bush (364) for middle Nyando and 538 for lower Nyando or
in the Neighbours latrines (636) middle Nyando and 385 in lower Nyando
Table 10 Reasons for Lack Of Sanitation Facilities
Reasons for No latrine Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Cost of construction is high 727 692
Do not see the need to have one 91 0
Poor soil formationcollapsible soil 33 50
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983090983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Not provided by land lord 08 30
Others 0 10
Where people relieve themselves
(those without latrines)
Frequency
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Bush Outside 4 364 7 538
Neighborrsquos Latrine 7 636 5 385
Ensuring adequate sanitation facilities is a Millennium Development Goal that Kenya shares
with other countries A household is classified as having an improved toilet if the toilet is
used only by members of one household (ie it is not shared) and if the facility used by the
household separates the waste from human contact (WHOUNICEF Joint MonitoringProgramme for Water Supply and Sanitation 2004) According to KDH report 20082009 the
national figures show that less 60 of households uses an improved toilet facility that is not
shared with other households Urban households are only slightly more likely than rural
households to have an improved toilet facility (30 and 20 respectively) Overall 12 of
households have no toilet facility at all they are almost exclusively rural accounting for 16
of rural households
35 ENERGY SOURCE AND USE
351 House hold Energy Needs
Energy demand patterns of the study areas largely revolve around household energy end
uses such as cooking and lighting Respondents ranked cooking lighting and heating as the
three most important energy needs
352
Main House Hold Sources of Energy
The main sources of energy at household levels are wood paraffin and charcoal The table
below lists the age of farmers using the various fuel sources listed in the questionnaire
The study established that the most preferred source of household cooking energy among
the respondents is mainly firewood (at 100 in lower Nyando and 99 in middle Nyando)
This indicates overreliance on biomass and an indicator of a real challenge of forest and
vegetation degradation
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983090983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 11 Energy Source and Use
Lighting Cooking
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Biomass 08 0 1000 990
Kerosene 884 838
Biogas 08 0
Solar 66 20
Electricity 33 141 0 10
Recent National studies also Estimates of household energy use indicate that over 95 of
Kenyan population rely on wood or charcoal for energy needs Traditionally these energy
resources have been ldquofreerdquo goods however the Kenyan wood fuel supply has been rapidlydepleted by deforestation an activity also closely associated with land clearing for
agriculture and global warming via reduction of biomass to sequestrate CO 2
Consequently an energy policy that is designed to meet the needs of the majority of the
population must devote considerable attention to mainstreaming a sustainable yield of
biomass as well efficient energy technology to maximise on the biomass energy sources
The main source of energy for lighting in the area is kerosene (884 in middle Nyando and
838 in lower Nyando 66 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando and 20 in lower
Nyando use solar energy for lighting Hydro electric usage for lighting was recorded in 33
of households in middle Nyando and 141 in lower Nyando Biomass energy which
includes firewood charcoal and livestock waste burnt directly accounts for 100 of cooking
energy source in middle Nyando and 99 in lower Nyando Other renewable energy such
as biogas is not common in the area with only less than 1 of households in Nyando
utilising biogas
From the focused group discussions Initial capital cost was established as the utmost
challenge for household access to alterative and sustainable energy sources like biogas or
grid power It was further established among the biomass users 80 2 settled for firewood
as the main source of energy because of affordability lack of capacity to include other
alternatives and convenience
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983090983094 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
353 Availability of energy
Qualitative data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews corroborated
the finding that most households in the two study areas are energy stressed and that the
majority still used wood fuel and charcoal as the main source of energy The distancetravelled and time used to collect fuel wood has been increasing due to the declining tree
cover In parts of KORU people are cutting down trees to sell to Homaline Company as an
additional source of income A different study carried out by ICRAF in the lower and
middle Nyando areas in 2009 showed that More than 90 of the households are not self
sufficient with fuel
354 Potential for renewable energy uses
During the field studies it was observed that almost all households kept livestock A similar
study undertaken by ICRAF also showed that all households in the area keep livestock
This shows that there is a potential for use of biogas as source energy for cooking and even
lighting This would in turn reduce the existing pressure on wood products which are the
main source of energy for cooking in the area
In some farms people had also adopted tree planting especially in middle Nyando area to
supplement their energy sources This shows that agro-forestry practices at farm level can
play a key role in meeting the growing energy demand in the area with multiple benefits
such as additional income sources and soil conservation
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting
The study established that the main reason for choosing energy source either for cooking or
lighting is mainly based on availability (cooking 728 and lighting 732) This indicates that
probably the households will go for the most cost effective and readily available source of
energy
Table 12 Renewable Energy Use
Middle Nyando N=40 Lower Nyando N=19
No No
Type of Renewable
energy
Solar energy for lighting 16 400 4 211
Solar cookers 4 100 1 53
Do not know 19 475 10 526
Other 1 25 2 105
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983090983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Total 40 1000 19 1000
Middle Nyando N= 84 Lower Nyando N= 82
Challenges to
Accessing RE
High cost of start up 47 560 47 573
Not reliable 17 202 3 37
Do not know about the
technologies20 238 30 366
Other specify 2 24
Total 84 1000 82 1000
Only 175 of households in middle Nyando and 74 in lower Nyando said they use
renewable energy in their homes The most common type of renewable energy used was
solar energy for lighting (16 households n =123) in middle Nyando and 4 households (N=
100) in lower Nyando
Main source of information on renewable energy in the area is from the media (66) in both
areas The results show that there is inadequate sustained and comprehensive awareness
creation on the use of renewable energy sources in the region There is need to do as
sustained awareness creation in the area to educate the people that despite the high start-up
cost studies shows a reduction on the cost of household energy once the families start using
renewable energy because the operational recurrent costs are relatively lower when
compared with other sources of energy
356 Challenges facing renewable energy
The major challenge to accessing renewable energy technologies was the high cost of start-
up (56 middle Nyando and 57 lower Nyando) The other reasons given were on
reliability of renewable energy sources and poor knowledge on the available Renewable
energy technologies (366 in lower Nyando and 238) in middle Nyando The study
shows that among the households that have adopted renewable energy use on average 20
had been assisted (technologically and or subsidised)
Biogas and solar energy sources are considered fairly inefficient implying that more
research and development work needs to be done to improve on the efficiency The high
cost of adopting renewable energy sources makes it prohibitive for a significant portion of
the population The results is that the population still heavily relay on traditional energy
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sources (biomass) yet the technologies used to extract the energy not only significantly
affect the health of women and children but is also damage to the environment
During the FGD it also emerged that the Despite availability of programmes such as the
biogas installation subsidy programme by KEBDIP people were generally unaware of it
Also during the FGDs with some of the community groups it emerged that knowledge on
renewable energy sources especially biogas production was very low This is supported by
various qualitative data that shows that knowledge on funding sources for renewable
energy technologies was generally low However the people showed interest in adopting
the use of biogas energy if the technology can be made available and affordable to them
36
AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture practices in the area gained prominence after the introduction of the Economic
Stimulus Package Through this programmes every location was supposed to be allocated
14 fishponds
Data from the fisheries offices estimates the total fishponds in Nyando District to be 1100
Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds
Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish ponds and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA
area as you go towards the lake
The ministry of fisheries has also constructed a dam along river Awasi to provide water for
fish farming in the area as well as water for domestic use
Aquaculture has been introduced in the area to try and reduce the pressure on fisheries
resources in the lake as well as provide an alternative livelihood source to the people
Table 13 Data on Fish Farming
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Households Practicing
Aquaculture
Yes 5 42 9 92
No 114 958 89 908
Total 119 1000 98 1000
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The major challenge facing fish farming in the area was availability of water as most of the
river sources being perennial rivers
During the FGD and KII the reasons given for low adoption of aquaculture were listed as
Negative attitude towards fish farming as people believe that fish is found in the lake Over
reliance on lake fish Perception that fish from fish pond is not sweet perceptions on
palatability Security issues as fish are stolen from the ponds thus discouraging potential
farmers cases of pond poisoning has thus discouraging farmers High cost of start-up and
high cost of inputs Water scarcity caused by limited permanent water sources Low levels of
awareness on fish farming Poor pond management skills and High hydraulic conductivity
of soils thus low water retention capabilities Flooding was also reported to be a big
challenge in the lower Nyando area as flood waters wash away the fish ponds during rainseasons Proximity to the lake was also a major deterrence to fish farming as the people close
to the lake thought it was easier to fish in the lake
However it also emerged during this discussions that farmers who were successful in the
fish farming business were expanding and increasing the number of their ponds The
success stories of such farmers have also encouraged other people with favourable land
conditions to adopt aquaculture
This shows that with availability of water sources the potential for aquaculture is very huge
especially in lower Nyando
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
This baseline report presents the results of the data collected from the combination of field
and household surveys in two project areas as well as through review of various literatures
on interventions carried out in the area Interpretation and management recommendations
are based solely on the data
Several Livelihood intervention measures focusing on Water and sanitation aquaculture
and soil and water conservation have been put in place by different actors (both state and
non state) to try and improve the living standards of people in lower and middle Nyando
The most observable intervention measures recorded during the survey was Promotion of
Rain water harvesting at household level promotion of tree farming investment in water
storage through construction of water pans and also fish farming
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Generally access to sanitation facilities is above 85 in both areas However the prevalence
of water borne diseases is still high and therefore need to increase interventions aimed
towards improving hygiene measures such as hand washing
Majority of the households also rely on unprotected water sources for their household water
needs Future interventions should therefore focus more on increasing access to protected
water sources and also increasing the quantity of water available per capita in both the
lower and Nyando river area
Uptake of Fish farming in the area is low due to both human and non human factors as
discussed in the report Future interventions should focus more on ensuring adequate
technical support to farmers who have adopted fish farming Interventions should also focus
on creating favourable environment for new farmers to adopt aquaculture through
provision of water by investing in water storage such as earth dams and pans and also
provision of piped water
Renewable energy uptake has also been low due to low levels of awareness as well as the
perceived high start-up cost Intervention measures in this area should focus on raising
awareness on available low cost renewable energy options such as solar lanterns for
lighting The potential for biogas production is also high and therefore intervention should
focus on development of affordable biogas production technologies Tree cover is quite low
in Lower Nyando Only 34 of household plots had any trees in the vicinity (Verchot et al
2008
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References
ICRAF and MOARD (2000) ldquoImproved land management in the Lake Victoria basin Final
Technical Report Start-up Phase July 1999 to June 2000rdquo ICRAF and MOARD Nairobi
Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 2006 Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem
Management Project (WKIEMP) Strategies for Integrated Land and Water Management for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Katuk-Odeyo Sub-Watershed Nyando River Basin Lake Victoria Basin
KENYA
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2009) The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing
Census lsquo Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030) Volume 1 A Ministry of
Water Resources and Regional Development (2004) Land resources Development and
Irrigation in Nyanza Province South Kano Government Printers
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L and Njui A (eds) 2004 Proceedings of aWorkshop on
Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin December 9 ndash
11 2002 Imperial Hotel Kisumu Kenya
Muriithi S Okono NA and Swallow B (eds) 2006b Developing an action plan for the Awach
watershed Western Kenya Proceedings of a workshop co-hosted by the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (NALEP
ndash National Agriculture Livestock Extension Programme 23rd May 2001 St Anna Guest House
Kisumu ICRAF Discussion Paper 2001-3
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L amp Njui A eds 2004 Proceedings of a
Workshop on Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin
Nairobi ICRAF NEMA the Water Quality Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
Management Programme (LVEMP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Environmental Authority [NEMA] (2004) Strategy for Flood Management in Lake
Victoria Basin Kenya
Verchot et al (2008) Baseline Report Nyando River Basin Western Kenya Integrated
Ecosystem Management Project Findings from the Baseline Surveys International Centre forResearch in Agroforestry Nairobi Kenya
World Agroforestry Centre (2006) Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin Final
Report of the TransVic Project World Agroforerstry Centre Occasional Paper No 7 World
Agroforestry Centre Nairobi Kenya
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets
I Water and Sanitation
Middle Nyando Lower Nya
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Target Baseline st
Water
Improved Water sources
bull Piped water intodwelling
bull plot or yard
bull Public tapstandpipe
bull Tubewellborehole
bull Protected dug well
bull
Protected spring
bull Rainwater collection
Unimproved Water sources
bull Unprotected dug well
bull Unprotected spring
bull Cart with small tankdrum
bull Bottled water a
bull Tanker-truck
bull Surface water (river dam
bull lake pond stream canal
bull irrigation channels)
of house hold using water fromProtected Sources
393 439
Reduce average Distance tohousehold Water source to lessthan a km
Within compound 248 Within com
lt 1km =537 lt 1km =690
gt2km = 41 gt2km = 0
Household water treatment 883 85
Average time taken to collect waterfor domestic use
lt 1 an hour =775
1-2hrs=192
gt2hrs =335
Reliability of Water supplyavailability of water
Household per-capita Water Use) lt 4 l per capita = 83 gt20lpppd
lt 4 l per ca
4- 10 l per capita =355 4- 10 l per c
10-20 l per capita =421 10-20 l per c
gt20 litres= 14 gt20L =18
Reduce water bornewashed Diarrhoeal incidences Diarrhoeal
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983091983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
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983091983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
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CHAPTER TWO
2 Methodology
21 Timeframe
The evaluation took place on the month of July 2012 August 2012 The field work was done
in the month of July and covered both Lower Nyando and Middle Nyando
22 The Baseline survey process
The data collection was a participatory process that involved the external consultant
(Emerald Environmental Consultancy Firm) Suswach II officials and the community
members from the study locations Also involved in the process was the district fisheries
officer from Nyando the District development office Lake Basin development AuthorityLake Victoria South Water Services Board and community groups involved in
environmental and livelihoods project It also involved review and analysis of literature
project implementation documents and baseline survey reports The supervisors and
enumerators went through a rigorous training which involved an understanding of the
project reviewing and refining all data collection instruments
23 Study design
The evaluation team used a comprehensive mixed-methods evaluation design This was a
cross-sectional survey conducted in 4 Sub locations distributed over middle Nyando namely
Koru sub location and Nyando sub location and Lower Nyando Kabodho East and Awach
sub locations
An interviewer administered questionnaire was designed and used to conduct a total of 230
interviews In addition semi-structured Interviews including Focus Group
Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were done with beneficiaries
and other stakeholders respectively Field visits were done at key projects sites to make
observations on the projects visible outputs
24 Data collection tools
Overall the following data collection tools were developed
bull Household Survey Questionnaire ndash to facilitate Quantitative data collection
bull
Key Informant Interviews guidelines ndash A semi-structured interview guide was
developed to facilitate interviews with key stakeholders such as government officials
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983089983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
from the line ministries such as Ministries of Water Public Health and Ministry of
Fisheries Other respondents included local administration NGO and CBOs
bull Focus Group Discussion guidelines ndash to facilitate interviews with potential project
beneficiaries and their representative groups including Women and youth groups
bull Observation Checklist for field visits to observe project infrastructure development
25 Sample Selection
Several approaches were used during the baseline survey documentary reviews
quantitative and qualitative data collection including checklists Using these approaches
allowed the research team to triangulate data as a measure of countering the shortcomings
from any particular data collection tool The survey was designed to collect information
from households within the project area A multistage sampling technique was used First
purposive sampling was used to identify project beneficiaries at location level then a
random sampling technique for identifying the sub locations and the households to be
interviewed The Sample size was calculated using the fischers equation
The formula yielded a total of about 200 households to be surveyed The sample size was
adjusted upwards to 223 households to cater for none responses There after considering the
cluster group proportionality in the division the household interviewed was distributed asfollows
Table 1 Sampling Frame
Area Sub location House hold
Lower Nyando Awach 123
Kabodho east
Middle Nyando Koru 100
Nyando
Total 223
26 Data Processing Analysis and Presentation
Quantitative data was entered using access based data base software and later converted to
SPSS which was used for analysis The results are presented in the form of frequencies and
ages Qualitative data was triangulated and analyzed based on the thematic areas and
were mainly used in this report for detailed explanation of the quantitative aspects of the
project
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Chapter Three
3 Study Findings
31 General conditions in the study areas
In all the study areas the most identifiable significant livelihood activities or groups of
activities found within the study area is mainly farming in lower Nyando the predominant
livelihood source is subsistence farming with maize and sorghum dominating crop
production Majority of the homesteads also keep livestock which include cattle goats and
chicken
In middle Nyando the predominant livelihood source is also farming The agricultural
activities in this block are mainly small scale sugar cane and maize production The area is inthe western Kenya sugar belt and has a sugar company and the factories nuclear large scale
sugar plantations which might account for the high number of salaried employment
Majority over 50 of the households have farm sizes of 4 acres or less Only 25 of the
farms have farm sizes larger than 10 acres
32 Socio Demographic Characteristics of the Study Respondents
Average household size in both middle and lower Nyando is 6 people with the maximum
recorded household size being 14 people in middle Nyando and 20 people in lower Nyando
In lower Nyando the majority of the households interviewed were headed by females
(52) About 53 of the household heads had primary level of education while 28 had
attained secondary level of education with 7 having university level of education
In Middle Nyando majority of the households are male headed (61) About 39 of the
household heads had primary level of education while 34 had attained secondary level of
education with only 49 having university level of education
Table 2 Summary of Household Socio-demographic Characteristics
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Household head Male 75 61 48 480
Female 48 39 52 520
Marital Status Married 86 699 74 740
Widowed 28 228 15 150
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Highest level of education for
household head
No formal
education10 81 7 70
Primary 48 390 53 530
Secondary 42 341 28 280
Tertiary 17 138 5 50
University 6 49 7 70
The main source of income in Middle Nyando is farming at 317 followed trading at
228 and salaried employment at 203 with the average monthly income being less than
Ksh 7000 per month (528) In Lower Nyando the main source of income in the area is
farming at 64 followed by wage employment at 14 and salaried employment at 13
The average monthly income is less than Ksh 7000 per month (54)
Table 3 Main Income source amp Average Household Size
Main Source of Income Farming 39 317 64 640
Livestock keeping 11 89 1 10
Wage employment 13 106 14 140
Artisanblacksmith 5 41 1 10
Salaried
Employment25 203 13 130
Trading 28 228 6 60
Others Specify 2 16 1 10
Average Monthly Income Less than 7000 65 528 54 540
7000-20000 44 358 38 380
20000-50000 13 106 6 60
Over 50000 1 8 2 20
Average House hold Size Mean 602 645
Minimum 2 1
Maximum 14 20
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983089983096 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
33 WATER Availability Access and Usage of Water Resources
331 Main Water Supply Sources
The main water source for households during both dry and wet seasons is mainly
unprotected water sources- 709 amp 646during dry season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively and 542 and 561 during wet season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively The major single source of water for the households during both dry
and wet seasons is riversstreams at 426 (dry season) and 492 (wet season) in Middle
Nyando and In lower Nyando 53 and 541 during both dry and wet season respectively
About 20 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando had access to piped water in their
houses within their compounds while 66 had invested in rain water storage tanks Other
sources of water included hand dug wells (74) and communal water points While in
Lower Nyando 13 of households surveyed had invested in rain water tanks and only 4
of the households surveyed had access to piped water
Table 4 The respondentrsquos main water sources in the dry and wet season
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Dry season Wet Season Dry Season Wet Season
Frequen
cy
Frequenc
y
Frequenc
y
Freque
ncy
Piped tap water in
dwelling14 115 10 85 4 40 4 41
Piped tap water on
site11 90 8 68 8 81 4 41
Borehole on site
water kiosk5 41 4 34 8 81 6 61
Rainwater tank on
site8 66 24 203 12 121 13 133
Publiccommunal
tap water kiosk less
than 200 meters away
2 16 2 17 1 10 1 10
Publiccommunal
tap more than 200
meters away
4 33 3 25 3 30 2 20
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983089983097 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Hand dug wells 9 74 3 25 4 40 1 10
Neighbor 3 25 2 17 1 10
Mobile Water tanker
(bowser)1 8
riverstream Wells
amp springs52 426 58 492 60 606 53 541
Water Pansearth
dams ponds13 107 3 25 1 10
Therefore the result shows that majority of households (over 50) in this areas rely on
unprotected water sources This is below the National average According KDH report
20089 63 of households in Kenya get drinking water from an improved source However
disparities exist by residence with a higher proportion of urban households (91 ) having
an improved source of drinking water compared with rural households 54
Increasing access to improved drinking water is one of the Millennium Development Goals
that Kenya along with other nations worldwide has adopted (United Nations General
Assembly 2001) The indicators that are useful in monitoring household access to improved
drinking water (WHO and UNICEF 2005) include sources that are likely to provide water
suitable for drinking Lack of ready access to a water source may limit the quantity of
suitable drinking water that must be fetched from a source that is not immediately
accessible to the household (distance to source) water quality among others as discussed
below
332 Distance to drinking water sources
In middle Nyando area the average distance to the householdsrsquo main water source is less
than a kilometre (537) 248 of the households surveyed have water within their
compounds On average it takes less than an hour (775) for households to fetch water for
their domestic use while 192 of the households take between 1-2 hours to collect water
Table 5 Distance to Drinking Water Source
983117983145983140983140983148983141 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983090983091 983116983151983159983141983154 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983088983088
983118983151 983118983151
983108983145983155983156983137983150983139983141 983156983151 983159983137983156983141983154
983155983151983157983154983139983141
983127983145983156983144983145983150 983156983144983141 983139983151983149983152983151983157983150983140 30 248 19 190
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983115983149 65 537 69 690
1983147983149983155 983085 2 983115983149 21 174 12 120
2 983085 5 983115983149 5 41
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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2036
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
983124983145983149983141 983156983137983147983141983150 983156983151 983139983151983148983148983141983139983156
983159983137983156983141983154
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983144983154 93 775 91 910
1983144983154 983085 2 983144983154983155 23 192 9 90
983119983158983141983154 2 983144983154983155 4 33
In lower Nyando area 19 of households surveyed had water within their compounds
while 69 walked less than a kilometre to access water for domestic use It takes less than anhour for households to collect water for domestic use (91) while the rest spend between
an hour and two
333 Quantity of Water Used Per household per day
Majority of the households in
middle Nyando (421) use
between 80-100 litres of water
per day while 355 use
between 20-60 litres per day and
14 of the surveyed households
reported to be using over 100
litres of water per day
In Lower Nyando 40 of the households surveyed used between 20 and 60 litres of water
per day with an equivalent number using between 80 and 100 litres of water for domestic
use 18 of the residents used over 100 litres of water per day for domestic use
Considering the average household sizes in the study areas (6 people in middle Nyando
and 7 in lower Nyando) this translates to a per capita water consumption of 17 litres per
person per day which is still below the recommended 20 litres per capita by WHO
754 of respondents in middle Nyando and 495 in lower Nyando use water for other
purposes other than household use Water is also used for irrigating crops (935 middle
Nyando 596 lower Nyando) and for animal use
334 Water Safety ndash quality and use of safe water drinking products
The general perception on water safety was assessed in terms of safety to drink clarity taste
and odour In middle Nyando 54 of household interviewed perceive their water to be safe
to drink 729 good to taste and 608 perceive the water to be clearnot turbid In lower
Figure 3 Quantity of Water Used per Household per Day
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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2136
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983089 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Nyando 84 of household perceive their water to be god to taste 48 to be safe to drink
and 77 to be clearnot turbid
Table 6 The respondents water quality perception method of treatment and incidences
of water borne diseases
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Perception on Water
Quality
Safe to drink 541 480
Clear 608 770
Good to taste 729 840
Free from odour 788 730
About 883 of households in middle Nyando treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment (891) being the use of chlorine based chemicals like water guard In
lower Nyando 85 of households surveyed treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment being chemical treatment (682) 481 of households interviewed in
middle Nyando reported to have had cases of typhoid infections among a family during the
past 6months 135 had cases of diarrhoea in the family Scabiesskin diseases were
recorded in 173 of the households
Figure 4 Household water treatment methods a Middle Nyando b Lower Nyando
In lower Nyando 155 of interviewed households had recorded cases of diarrheal among
family members during the past for 6 months while 50 had recorded cases of typhoid The
high number of recorded cases of water bornewater washed diseasesconditions can be
attributed to the man water source in the study areas which was found to be riverssprings
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2236
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 7 Household Incidences of Water Related Illnesses
Incidences of Water
BorneWater Washed
illnessesconditions
diarrhea 7 135 9 155
Typhoid 25 481 29 500
Scabies (skin diseases) 9 173 2 34
Trachoma 1 19
Others (specify) 10 192 18 310
The majority of the households also treat their drinking water despite the surveying
showing that cases of water borne diseases were many This could mean that household
water handling measures are poor leading to recontamination of drinking water either
during storage or during use It could also mean that the treatment methods which is
mainly chlorine based is not being administered correctly leading to under dosing
335
Payment for water supply
The average amount of money spent on water is Ksh 200-500 per month with 455 of
households in middle Nyando and 433 in lower Nyando falling in this group
Table 8 Cost of Water
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Amount Spent on Water
per month
Do not pay 9 205 8 267
Less than 200 5 114 1 33
Between Ksh 200-500 20 455 13 433
Between Ksh 500-1000 10 227 2 67
Between Ksh 1000-2000 3 100
Over Ksh 2000 3 100
To whom Water is paid Municipality 2 61 1 48
Businesswater vendor 17 515 16 762
CBONGO 2 61
Other specify 12 364 4 190
Those who pay for water mostly do so to water vendors (515) in middle Nyando and
762 in lower Nyando
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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2336
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
34 SANITATION
341 Latrine coverage
Latrine coverage is 894 in middle Nyando and 87in Lower Nyando The most common
type of toilet facility is pit latrine with no Ventilation pipe (705) in Middle Nyando and
744 in Lower Nyando followed by VIP latrine at 268 and 20 in Middle and Lower
Nyando respectively The figures are above the national latrine coverage averages
Table 9 Sanitation Situation
Study Area Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Availability of Toilet Yes 110 894 87 870
No 13 106 13 130
No of Toilet facilities One 96 857 64 736
Two 10 89 16 184
Three and Above 3 27 7 70
Not Applicable 3 27
Type of toilet Facility Flush toilet
connected to a
septic tank
2 18 2 22
Pit latrine with
ventilation pipe30 268 18 200
Pit latrine without
ventilation pipe79 705 67 744
The main reason given for lack of latrines in the area was high cost of construction at 727
in middle Nyando and 692 in lower Nyando The household without latrines either
relieve themselves in the bush (364) for middle Nyando and 538 for lower Nyando or
in the Neighbours latrines (636) middle Nyando and 385 in lower Nyando
Table 10 Reasons for Lack Of Sanitation Facilities
Reasons for No latrine Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Cost of construction is high 727 692
Do not see the need to have one 91 0
Poor soil formationcollapsible soil 33 50
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983090983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Not provided by land lord 08 30
Others 0 10
Where people relieve themselves
(those without latrines)
Frequency
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Bush Outside 4 364 7 538
Neighborrsquos Latrine 7 636 5 385
Ensuring adequate sanitation facilities is a Millennium Development Goal that Kenya shares
with other countries A household is classified as having an improved toilet if the toilet is
used only by members of one household (ie it is not shared) and if the facility used by the
household separates the waste from human contact (WHOUNICEF Joint MonitoringProgramme for Water Supply and Sanitation 2004) According to KDH report 20082009 the
national figures show that less 60 of households uses an improved toilet facility that is not
shared with other households Urban households are only slightly more likely than rural
households to have an improved toilet facility (30 and 20 respectively) Overall 12 of
households have no toilet facility at all they are almost exclusively rural accounting for 16
of rural households
35 ENERGY SOURCE AND USE
351 House hold Energy Needs
Energy demand patterns of the study areas largely revolve around household energy end
uses such as cooking and lighting Respondents ranked cooking lighting and heating as the
three most important energy needs
352
Main House Hold Sources of Energy
The main sources of energy at household levels are wood paraffin and charcoal The table
below lists the age of farmers using the various fuel sources listed in the questionnaire
The study established that the most preferred source of household cooking energy among
the respondents is mainly firewood (at 100 in lower Nyando and 99 in middle Nyando)
This indicates overreliance on biomass and an indicator of a real challenge of forest and
vegetation degradation
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 11 Energy Source and Use
Lighting Cooking
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Biomass 08 0 1000 990
Kerosene 884 838
Biogas 08 0
Solar 66 20
Electricity 33 141 0 10
Recent National studies also Estimates of household energy use indicate that over 95 of
Kenyan population rely on wood or charcoal for energy needs Traditionally these energy
resources have been ldquofreerdquo goods however the Kenyan wood fuel supply has been rapidlydepleted by deforestation an activity also closely associated with land clearing for
agriculture and global warming via reduction of biomass to sequestrate CO 2
Consequently an energy policy that is designed to meet the needs of the majority of the
population must devote considerable attention to mainstreaming a sustainable yield of
biomass as well efficient energy technology to maximise on the biomass energy sources
The main source of energy for lighting in the area is kerosene (884 in middle Nyando and
838 in lower Nyando 66 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando and 20 in lower
Nyando use solar energy for lighting Hydro electric usage for lighting was recorded in 33
of households in middle Nyando and 141 in lower Nyando Biomass energy which
includes firewood charcoal and livestock waste burnt directly accounts for 100 of cooking
energy source in middle Nyando and 99 in lower Nyando Other renewable energy such
as biogas is not common in the area with only less than 1 of households in Nyando
utilising biogas
From the focused group discussions Initial capital cost was established as the utmost
challenge for household access to alterative and sustainable energy sources like biogas or
grid power It was further established among the biomass users 80 2 settled for firewood
as the main source of energy because of affordability lack of capacity to include other
alternatives and convenience
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983094 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
353 Availability of energy
Qualitative data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews corroborated
the finding that most households in the two study areas are energy stressed and that the
majority still used wood fuel and charcoal as the main source of energy The distancetravelled and time used to collect fuel wood has been increasing due to the declining tree
cover In parts of KORU people are cutting down trees to sell to Homaline Company as an
additional source of income A different study carried out by ICRAF in the lower and
middle Nyando areas in 2009 showed that More than 90 of the households are not self
sufficient with fuel
354 Potential for renewable energy uses
During the field studies it was observed that almost all households kept livestock A similar
study undertaken by ICRAF also showed that all households in the area keep livestock
This shows that there is a potential for use of biogas as source energy for cooking and even
lighting This would in turn reduce the existing pressure on wood products which are the
main source of energy for cooking in the area
In some farms people had also adopted tree planting especially in middle Nyando area to
supplement their energy sources This shows that agro-forestry practices at farm level can
play a key role in meeting the growing energy demand in the area with multiple benefits
such as additional income sources and soil conservation
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting
The study established that the main reason for choosing energy source either for cooking or
lighting is mainly based on availability (cooking 728 and lighting 732) This indicates that
probably the households will go for the most cost effective and readily available source of
energy
Table 12 Renewable Energy Use
Middle Nyando N=40 Lower Nyando N=19
No No
Type of Renewable
energy
Solar energy for lighting 16 400 4 211
Solar cookers 4 100 1 53
Do not know 19 475 10 526
Other 1 25 2 105
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Total 40 1000 19 1000
Middle Nyando N= 84 Lower Nyando N= 82
Challenges to
Accessing RE
High cost of start up 47 560 47 573
Not reliable 17 202 3 37
Do not know about the
technologies20 238 30 366
Other specify 2 24
Total 84 1000 82 1000
Only 175 of households in middle Nyando and 74 in lower Nyando said they use
renewable energy in their homes The most common type of renewable energy used was
solar energy for lighting (16 households n =123) in middle Nyando and 4 households (N=
100) in lower Nyando
Main source of information on renewable energy in the area is from the media (66) in both
areas The results show that there is inadequate sustained and comprehensive awareness
creation on the use of renewable energy sources in the region There is need to do as
sustained awareness creation in the area to educate the people that despite the high start-up
cost studies shows a reduction on the cost of household energy once the families start using
renewable energy because the operational recurrent costs are relatively lower when
compared with other sources of energy
356 Challenges facing renewable energy
The major challenge to accessing renewable energy technologies was the high cost of start-
up (56 middle Nyando and 57 lower Nyando) The other reasons given were on
reliability of renewable energy sources and poor knowledge on the available Renewable
energy technologies (366 in lower Nyando and 238) in middle Nyando The study
shows that among the households that have adopted renewable energy use on average 20
had been assisted (technologically and or subsidised)
Biogas and solar energy sources are considered fairly inefficient implying that more
research and development work needs to be done to improve on the efficiency The high
cost of adopting renewable energy sources makes it prohibitive for a significant portion of
the population The results is that the population still heavily relay on traditional energy
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983090983096 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
sources (biomass) yet the technologies used to extract the energy not only significantly
affect the health of women and children but is also damage to the environment
During the FGD it also emerged that the Despite availability of programmes such as the
biogas installation subsidy programme by KEBDIP people were generally unaware of it
Also during the FGDs with some of the community groups it emerged that knowledge on
renewable energy sources especially biogas production was very low This is supported by
various qualitative data that shows that knowledge on funding sources for renewable
energy technologies was generally low However the people showed interest in adopting
the use of biogas energy if the technology can be made available and affordable to them
36
AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture practices in the area gained prominence after the introduction of the Economic
Stimulus Package Through this programmes every location was supposed to be allocated
14 fishponds
Data from the fisheries offices estimates the total fishponds in Nyando District to be 1100
Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds
Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish ponds and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA
area as you go towards the lake
The ministry of fisheries has also constructed a dam along river Awasi to provide water for
fish farming in the area as well as water for domestic use
Aquaculture has been introduced in the area to try and reduce the pressure on fisheries
resources in the lake as well as provide an alternative livelihood source to the people
Table 13 Data on Fish Farming
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Households Practicing
Aquaculture
Yes 5 42 9 92
No 114 958 89 908
Total 119 1000 98 1000
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983090983097 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
The major challenge facing fish farming in the area was availability of water as most of the
river sources being perennial rivers
During the FGD and KII the reasons given for low adoption of aquaculture were listed as
Negative attitude towards fish farming as people believe that fish is found in the lake Over
reliance on lake fish Perception that fish from fish pond is not sweet perceptions on
palatability Security issues as fish are stolen from the ponds thus discouraging potential
farmers cases of pond poisoning has thus discouraging farmers High cost of start-up and
high cost of inputs Water scarcity caused by limited permanent water sources Low levels of
awareness on fish farming Poor pond management skills and High hydraulic conductivity
of soils thus low water retention capabilities Flooding was also reported to be a big
challenge in the lower Nyando area as flood waters wash away the fish ponds during rainseasons Proximity to the lake was also a major deterrence to fish farming as the people close
to the lake thought it was easier to fish in the lake
However it also emerged during this discussions that farmers who were successful in the
fish farming business were expanding and increasing the number of their ponds The
success stories of such farmers have also encouraged other people with favourable land
conditions to adopt aquaculture
This shows that with availability of water sources the potential for aquaculture is very huge
especially in lower Nyando
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
This baseline report presents the results of the data collected from the combination of field
and household surveys in two project areas as well as through review of various literatures
on interventions carried out in the area Interpretation and management recommendations
are based solely on the data
Several Livelihood intervention measures focusing on Water and sanitation aquaculture
and soil and water conservation have been put in place by different actors (both state and
non state) to try and improve the living standards of people in lower and middle Nyando
The most observable intervention measures recorded during the survey was Promotion of
Rain water harvesting at household level promotion of tree farming investment in water
storage through construction of water pans and also fish farming
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Generally access to sanitation facilities is above 85 in both areas However the prevalence
of water borne diseases is still high and therefore need to increase interventions aimed
towards improving hygiene measures such as hand washing
Majority of the households also rely on unprotected water sources for their household water
needs Future interventions should therefore focus more on increasing access to protected
water sources and also increasing the quantity of water available per capita in both the
lower and Nyando river area
Uptake of Fish farming in the area is low due to both human and non human factors as
discussed in the report Future interventions should focus more on ensuring adequate
technical support to farmers who have adopted fish farming Interventions should also focus
on creating favourable environment for new farmers to adopt aquaculture through
provision of water by investing in water storage such as earth dams and pans and also
provision of piped water
Renewable energy uptake has also been low due to low levels of awareness as well as the
perceived high start-up cost Intervention measures in this area should focus on raising
awareness on available low cost renewable energy options such as solar lanterns for
lighting The potential for biogas production is also high and therefore intervention should
focus on development of affordable biogas production technologies Tree cover is quite low
in Lower Nyando Only 34 of household plots had any trees in the vicinity (Verchot et al
2008
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References
ICRAF and MOARD (2000) ldquoImproved land management in the Lake Victoria basin Final
Technical Report Start-up Phase July 1999 to June 2000rdquo ICRAF and MOARD Nairobi
Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 2006 Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem
Management Project (WKIEMP) Strategies for Integrated Land and Water Management for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Katuk-Odeyo Sub-Watershed Nyando River Basin Lake Victoria Basin
KENYA
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2009) The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing
Census lsquo Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030) Volume 1 A Ministry of
Water Resources and Regional Development (2004) Land resources Development and
Irrigation in Nyanza Province South Kano Government Printers
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L and Njui A (eds) 2004 Proceedings of aWorkshop on
Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin December 9 ndash
11 2002 Imperial Hotel Kisumu Kenya
Muriithi S Okono NA and Swallow B (eds) 2006b Developing an action plan for the Awach
watershed Western Kenya Proceedings of a workshop co-hosted by the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (NALEP
ndash National Agriculture Livestock Extension Programme 23rd May 2001 St Anna Guest House
Kisumu ICRAF Discussion Paper 2001-3
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L amp Njui A eds 2004 Proceedings of a
Workshop on Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin
Nairobi ICRAF NEMA the Water Quality Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
Management Programme (LVEMP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Environmental Authority [NEMA] (2004) Strategy for Flood Management in Lake
Victoria Basin Kenya
Verchot et al (2008) Baseline Report Nyando River Basin Western Kenya Integrated
Ecosystem Management Project Findings from the Baseline Surveys International Centre forResearch in Agroforestry Nairobi Kenya
World Agroforestry Centre (2006) Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin Final
Report of the TransVic Project World Agroforerstry Centre Occasional Paper No 7 World
Agroforestry Centre Nairobi Kenya
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets
I Water and Sanitation
Middle Nyando Lower Nya
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Target Baseline st
Water
Improved Water sources
bull Piped water intodwelling
bull plot or yard
bull Public tapstandpipe
bull Tubewellborehole
bull Protected dug well
bull
Protected spring
bull Rainwater collection
Unimproved Water sources
bull Unprotected dug well
bull Unprotected spring
bull Cart with small tankdrum
bull Bottled water a
bull Tanker-truck
bull Surface water (river dam
bull lake pond stream canal
bull irrigation channels)
of house hold using water fromProtected Sources
393 439
Reduce average Distance tohousehold Water source to lessthan a km
Within compound 248 Within com
lt 1km =537 lt 1km =690
gt2km = 41 gt2km = 0
Household water treatment 883 85
Average time taken to collect waterfor domestic use
lt 1 an hour =775
1-2hrs=192
gt2hrs =335
Reliability of Water supplyavailability of water
Household per-capita Water Use) lt 4 l per capita = 83 gt20lpppd
lt 4 l per ca
4- 10 l per capita =355 4- 10 l per c
10-20 l per capita =421 10-20 l per c
gt20 litres= 14 gt20L =18
Reduce water bornewashed Diarrhoeal incidences Diarrhoeal
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983089983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
from the line ministries such as Ministries of Water Public Health and Ministry of
Fisheries Other respondents included local administration NGO and CBOs
bull Focus Group Discussion guidelines ndash to facilitate interviews with potential project
beneficiaries and their representative groups including Women and youth groups
bull Observation Checklist for field visits to observe project infrastructure development
25 Sample Selection
Several approaches were used during the baseline survey documentary reviews
quantitative and qualitative data collection including checklists Using these approaches
allowed the research team to triangulate data as a measure of countering the shortcomings
from any particular data collection tool The survey was designed to collect information
from households within the project area A multistage sampling technique was used First
purposive sampling was used to identify project beneficiaries at location level then a
random sampling technique for identifying the sub locations and the households to be
interviewed The Sample size was calculated using the fischers equation
The formula yielded a total of about 200 households to be surveyed The sample size was
adjusted upwards to 223 households to cater for none responses There after considering the
cluster group proportionality in the division the household interviewed was distributed asfollows
Table 1 Sampling Frame
Area Sub location House hold
Lower Nyando Awach 123
Kabodho east
Middle Nyando Koru 100
Nyando
Total 223
26 Data Processing Analysis and Presentation
Quantitative data was entered using access based data base software and later converted to
SPSS which was used for analysis The results are presented in the form of frequencies and
ages Qualitative data was triangulated and analyzed based on the thematic areas and
were mainly used in this report for detailed explanation of the quantitative aspects of the
project
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983089983094 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Chapter Three
3 Study Findings
31 General conditions in the study areas
In all the study areas the most identifiable significant livelihood activities or groups of
activities found within the study area is mainly farming in lower Nyando the predominant
livelihood source is subsistence farming with maize and sorghum dominating crop
production Majority of the homesteads also keep livestock which include cattle goats and
chicken
In middle Nyando the predominant livelihood source is also farming The agricultural
activities in this block are mainly small scale sugar cane and maize production The area is inthe western Kenya sugar belt and has a sugar company and the factories nuclear large scale
sugar plantations which might account for the high number of salaried employment
Majority over 50 of the households have farm sizes of 4 acres or less Only 25 of the
farms have farm sizes larger than 10 acres
32 Socio Demographic Characteristics of the Study Respondents
Average household size in both middle and lower Nyando is 6 people with the maximum
recorded household size being 14 people in middle Nyando and 20 people in lower Nyando
In lower Nyando the majority of the households interviewed were headed by females
(52) About 53 of the household heads had primary level of education while 28 had
attained secondary level of education with 7 having university level of education
In Middle Nyando majority of the households are male headed (61) About 39 of the
household heads had primary level of education while 34 had attained secondary level of
education with only 49 having university level of education
Table 2 Summary of Household Socio-demographic Characteristics
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Household head Male 75 61 48 480
Female 48 39 52 520
Marital Status Married 86 699 74 740
Widowed 28 228 15 150
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983089983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Highest level of education for
household head
No formal
education10 81 7 70
Primary 48 390 53 530
Secondary 42 341 28 280
Tertiary 17 138 5 50
University 6 49 7 70
The main source of income in Middle Nyando is farming at 317 followed trading at
228 and salaried employment at 203 with the average monthly income being less than
Ksh 7000 per month (528) In Lower Nyando the main source of income in the area is
farming at 64 followed by wage employment at 14 and salaried employment at 13
The average monthly income is less than Ksh 7000 per month (54)
Table 3 Main Income source amp Average Household Size
Main Source of Income Farming 39 317 64 640
Livestock keeping 11 89 1 10
Wage employment 13 106 14 140
Artisanblacksmith 5 41 1 10
Salaried
Employment25 203 13 130
Trading 28 228 6 60
Others Specify 2 16 1 10
Average Monthly Income Less than 7000 65 528 54 540
7000-20000 44 358 38 380
20000-50000 13 106 6 60
Over 50000 1 8 2 20
Average House hold Size Mean 602 645
Minimum 2 1
Maximum 14 20
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983089983096 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
33 WATER Availability Access and Usage of Water Resources
331 Main Water Supply Sources
The main water source for households during both dry and wet seasons is mainly
unprotected water sources- 709 amp 646during dry season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively and 542 and 561 during wet season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively The major single source of water for the households during both dry
and wet seasons is riversstreams at 426 (dry season) and 492 (wet season) in Middle
Nyando and In lower Nyando 53 and 541 during both dry and wet season respectively
About 20 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando had access to piped water in their
houses within their compounds while 66 had invested in rain water storage tanks Other
sources of water included hand dug wells (74) and communal water points While in
Lower Nyando 13 of households surveyed had invested in rain water tanks and only 4
of the households surveyed had access to piped water
Table 4 The respondentrsquos main water sources in the dry and wet season
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Dry season Wet Season Dry Season Wet Season
Frequen
cy
Frequenc
y
Frequenc
y
Freque
ncy
Piped tap water in
dwelling14 115 10 85 4 40 4 41
Piped tap water on
site11 90 8 68 8 81 4 41
Borehole on site
water kiosk5 41 4 34 8 81 6 61
Rainwater tank on
site8 66 24 203 12 121 13 133
Publiccommunal
tap water kiosk less
than 200 meters away
2 16 2 17 1 10 1 10
Publiccommunal
tap more than 200
meters away
4 33 3 25 3 30 2 20
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983089983097 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Hand dug wells 9 74 3 25 4 40 1 10
Neighbor 3 25 2 17 1 10
Mobile Water tanker
(bowser)1 8
riverstream Wells
amp springs52 426 58 492 60 606 53 541
Water Pansearth
dams ponds13 107 3 25 1 10
Therefore the result shows that majority of households (over 50) in this areas rely on
unprotected water sources This is below the National average According KDH report
20089 63 of households in Kenya get drinking water from an improved source However
disparities exist by residence with a higher proportion of urban households (91 ) having
an improved source of drinking water compared with rural households 54
Increasing access to improved drinking water is one of the Millennium Development Goals
that Kenya along with other nations worldwide has adopted (United Nations General
Assembly 2001) The indicators that are useful in monitoring household access to improved
drinking water (WHO and UNICEF 2005) include sources that are likely to provide water
suitable for drinking Lack of ready access to a water source may limit the quantity of
suitable drinking water that must be fetched from a source that is not immediately
accessible to the household (distance to source) water quality among others as discussed
below
332 Distance to drinking water sources
In middle Nyando area the average distance to the householdsrsquo main water source is less
than a kilometre (537) 248 of the households surveyed have water within their
compounds On average it takes less than an hour (775) for households to fetch water for
their domestic use while 192 of the households take between 1-2 hours to collect water
Table 5 Distance to Drinking Water Source
983117983145983140983140983148983141 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983090983091 983116983151983159983141983154 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983088983088
983118983151 983118983151
983108983145983155983156983137983150983139983141 983156983151 983159983137983156983141983154
983155983151983157983154983139983141
983127983145983156983144983145983150 983156983144983141 983139983151983149983152983151983157983150983140 30 248 19 190
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983115983149 65 537 69 690
1983147983149983155 983085 2 983115983149 21 174 12 120
2 983085 5 983115983149 5 41
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
983124983145983149983141 983156983137983147983141983150 983156983151 983139983151983148983148983141983139983156
983159983137983156983141983154
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983144983154 93 775 91 910
1983144983154 983085 2 983144983154983155 23 192 9 90
983119983158983141983154 2 983144983154983155 4 33
In lower Nyando area 19 of households surveyed had water within their compounds
while 69 walked less than a kilometre to access water for domestic use It takes less than anhour for households to collect water for domestic use (91) while the rest spend between
an hour and two
333 Quantity of Water Used Per household per day
Majority of the households in
middle Nyando (421) use
between 80-100 litres of water
per day while 355 use
between 20-60 litres per day and
14 of the surveyed households
reported to be using over 100
litres of water per day
In Lower Nyando 40 of the households surveyed used between 20 and 60 litres of water
per day with an equivalent number using between 80 and 100 litres of water for domestic
use 18 of the residents used over 100 litres of water per day for domestic use
Considering the average household sizes in the study areas (6 people in middle Nyando
and 7 in lower Nyando) this translates to a per capita water consumption of 17 litres per
person per day which is still below the recommended 20 litres per capita by WHO
754 of respondents in middle Nyando and 495 in lower Nyando use water for other
purposes other than household use Water is also used for irrigating crops (935 middle
Nyando 596 lower Nyando) and for animal use
334 Water Safety ndash quality and use of safe water drinking products
The general perception on water safety was assessed in terms of safety to drink clarity taste
and odour In middle Nyando 54 of household interviewed perceive their water to be safe
to drink 729 good to taste and 608 perceive the water to be clearnot turbid In lower
Figure 3 Quantity of Water Used per Household per Day
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983089 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Nyando 84 of household perceive their water to be god to taste 48 to be safe to drink
and 77 to be clearnot turbid
Table 6 The respondents water quality perception method of treatment and incidences
of water borne diseases
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Perception on Water
Quality
Safe to drink 541 480
Clear 608 770
Good to taste 729 840
Free from odour 788 730
About 883 of households in middle Nyando treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment (891) being the use of chlorine based chemicals like water guard In
lower Nyando 85 of households surveyed treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment being chemical treatment (682) 481 of households interviewed in
middle Nyando reported to have had cases of typhoid infections among a family during the
past 6months 135 had cases of diarrhoea in the family Scabiesskin diseases were
recorded in 173 of the households
Figure 4 Household water treatment methods a Middle Nyando b Lower Nyando
In lower Nyando 155 of interviewed households had recorded cases of diarrheal among
family members during the past for 6 months while 50 had recorded cases of typhoid The
high number of recorded cases of water bornewater washed diseasesconditions can be
attributed to the man water source in the study areas which was found to be riverssprings
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 7 Household Incidences of Water Related Illnesses
Incidences of Water
BorneWater Washed
illnessesconditions
diarrhea 7 135 9 155
Typhoid 25 481 29 500
Scabies (skin diseases) 9 173 2 34
Trachoma 1 19
Others (specify) 10 192 18 310
The majority of the households also treat their drinking water despite the surveying
showing that cases of water borne diseases were many This could mean that household
water handling measures are poor leading to recontamination of drinking water either
during storage or during use It could also mean that the treatment methods which is
mainly chlorine based is not being administered correctly leading to under dosing
335
Payment for water supply
The average amount of money spent on water is Ksh 200-500 per month with 455 of
households in middle Nyando and 433 in lower Nyando falling in this group
Table 8 Cost of Water
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Amount Spent on Water
per month
Do not pay 9 205 8 267
Less than 200 5 114 1 33
Between Ksh 200-500 20 455 13 433
Between Ksh 500-1000 10 227 2 67
Between Ksh 1000-2000 3 100
Over Ksh 2000 3 100
To whom Water is paid Municipality 2 61 1 48
Businesswater vendor 17 515 16 762
CBONGO 2 61
Other specify 12 364 4 190
Those who pay for water mostly do so to water vendors (515) in middle Nyando and
762 in lower Nyando
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
34 SANITATION
341 Latrine coverage
Latrine coverage is 894 in middle Nyando and 87in Lower Nyando The most common
type of toilet facility is pit latrine with no Ventilation pipe (705) in Middle Nyando and
744 in Lower Nyando followed by VIP latrine at 268 and 20 in Middle and Lower
Nyando respectively The figures are above the national latrine coverage averages
Table 9 Sanitation Situation
Study Area Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Availability of Toilet Yes 110 894 87 870
No 13 106 13 130
No of Toilet facilities One 96 857 64 736
Two 10 89 16 184
Three and Above 3 27 7 70
Not Applicable 3 27
Type of toilet Facility Flush toilet
connected to a
septic tank
2 18 2 22
Pit latrine with
ventilation pipe30 268 18 200
Pit latrine without
ventilation pipe79 705 67 744
The main reason given for lack of latrines in the area was high cost of construction at 727
in middle Nyando and 692 in lower Nyando The household without latrines either
relieve themselves in the bush (364) for middle Nyando and 538 for lower Nyando or
in the Neighbours latrines (636) middle Nyando and 385 in lower Nyando
Table 10 Reasons for Lack Of Sanitation Facilities
Reasons for No latrine Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Cost of construction is high 727 692
Do not see the need to have one 91 0
Poor soil formationcollapsible soil 33 50
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Not provided by land lord 08 30
Others 0 10
Where people relieve themselves
(those without latrines)
Frequency
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Bush Outside 4 364 7 538
Neighborrsquos Latrine 7 636 5 385
Ensuring adequate sanitation facilities is a Millennium Development Goal that Kenya shares
with other countries A household is classified as having an improved toilet if the toilet is
used only by members of one household (ie it is not shared) and if the facility used by the
household separates the waste from human contact (WHOUNICEF Joint MonitoringProgramme for Water Supply and Sanitation 2004) According to KDH report 20082009 the
national figures show that less 60 of households uses an improved toilet facility that is not
shared with other households Urban households are only slightly more likely than rural
households to have an improved toilet facility (30 and 20 respectively) Overall 12 of
households have no toilet facility at all they are almost exclusively rural accounting for 16
of rural households
35 ENERGY SOURCE AND USE
351 House hold Energy Needs
Energy demand patterns of the study areas largely revolve around household energy end
uses such as cooking and lighting Respondents ranked cooking lighting and heating as the
three most important energy needs
352
Main House Hold Sources of Energy
The main sources of energy at household levels are wood paraffin and charcoal The table
below lists the age of farmers using the various fuel sources listed in the questionnaire
The study established that the most preferred source of household cooking energy among
the respondents is mainly firewood (at 100 in lower Nyando and 99 in middle Nyando)
This indicates overreliance on biomass and an indicator of a real challenge of forest and
vegetation degradation
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
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Table 11 Energy Source and Use
Lighting Cooking
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Biomass 08 0 1000 990
Kerosene 884 838
Biogas 08 0
Solar 66 20
Electricity 33 141 0 10
Recent National studies also Estimates of household energy use indicate that over 95 of
Kenyan population rely on wood or charcoal for energy needs Traditionally these energy
resources have been ldquofreerdquo goods however the Kenyan wood fuel supply has been rapidlydepleted by deforestation an activity also closely associated with land clearing for
agriculture and global warming via reduction of biomass to sequestrate CO 2
Consequently an energy policy that is designed to meet the needs of the majority of the
population must devote considerable attention to mainstreaming a sustainable yield of
biomass as well efficient energy technology to maximise on the biomass energy sources
The main source of energy for lighting in the area is kerosene (884 in middle Nyando and
838 in lower Nyando 66 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando and 20 in lower
Nyando use solar energy for lighting Hydro electric usage for lighting was recorded in 33
of households in middle Nyando and 141 in lower Nyando Biomass energy which
includes firewood charcoal and livestock waste burnt directly accounts for 100 of cooking
energy source in middle Nyando and 99 in lower Nyando Other renewable energy such
as biogas is not common in the area with only less than 1 of households in Nyando
utilising biogas
From the focused group discussions Initial capital cost was established as the utmost
challenge for household access to alterative and sustainable energy sources like biogas or
grid power It was further established among the biomass users 80 2 settled for firewood
as the main source of energy because of affordability lack of capacity to include other
alternatives and convenience
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983094 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
353 Availability of energy
Qualitative data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews corroborated
the finding that most households in the two study areas are energy stressed and that the
majority still used wood fuel and charcoal as the main source of energy The distancetravelled and time used to collect fuel wood has been increasing due to the declining tree
cover In parts of KORU people are cutting down trees to sell to Homaline Company as an
additional source of income A different study carried out by ICRAF in the lower and
middle Nyando areas in 2009 showed that More than 90 of the households are not self
sufficient with fuel
354 Potential for renewable energy uses
During the field studies it was observed that almost all households kept livestock A similar
study undertaken by ICRAF also showed that all households in the area keep livestock
This shows that there is a potential for use of biogas as source energy for cooking and even
lighting This would in turn reduce the existing pressure on wood products which are the
main source of energy for cooking in the area
In some farms people had also adopted tree planting especially in middle Nyando area to
supplement their energy sources This shows that agro-forestry practices at farm level can
play a key role in meeting the growing energy demand in the area with multiple benefits
such as additional income sources and soil conservation
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting
The study established that the main reason for choosing energy source either for cooking or
lighting is mainly based on availability (cooking 728 and lighting 732) This indicates that
probably the households will go for the most cost effective and readily available source of
energy
Table 12 Renewable Energy Use
Middle Nyando N=40 Lower Nyando N=19
No No
Type of Renewable
energy
Solar energy for lighting 16 400 4 211
Solar cookers 4 100 1 53
Do not know 19 475 10 526
Other 1 25 2 105
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Total 40 1000 19 1000
Middle Nyando N= 84 Lower Nyando N= 82
Challenges to
Accessing RE
High cost of start up 47 560 47 573
Not reliable 17 202 3 37
Do not know about the
technologies20 238 30 366
Other specify 2 24
Total 84 1000 82 1000
Only 175 of households in middle Nyando and 74 in lower Nyando said they use
renewable energy in their homes The most common type of renewable energy used was
solar energy for lighting (16 households n =123) in middle Nyando and 4 households (N=
100) in lower Nyando
Main source of information on renewable energy in the area is from the media (66) in both
areas The results show that there is inadequate sustained and comprehensive awareness
creation on the use of renewable energy sources in the region There is need to do as
sustained awareness creation in the area to educate the people that despite the high start-up
cost studies shows a reduction on the cost of household energy once the families start using
renewable energy because the operational recurrent costs are relatively lower when
compared with other sources of energy
356 Challenges facing renewable energy
The major challenge to accessing renewable energy technologies was the high cost of start-
up (56 middle Nyando and 57 lower Nyando) The other reasons given were on
reliability of renewable energy sources and poor knowledge on the available Renewable
energy technologies (366 in lower Nyando and 238) in middle Nyando The study
shows that among the households that have adopted renewable energy use on average 20
had been assisted (technologically and or subsidised)
Biogas and solar energy sources are considered fairly inefficient implying that more
research and development work needs to be done to improve on the efficiency The high
cost of adopting renewable energy sources makes it prohibitive for a significant portion of
the population The results is that the population still heavily relay on traditional energy
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983096 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
sources (biomass) yet the technologies used to extract the energy not only significantly
affect the health of women and children but is also damage to the environment
During the FGD it also emerged that the Despite availability of programmes such as the
biogas installation subsidy programme by KEBDIP people were generally unaware of it
Also during the FGDs with some of the community groups it emerged that knowledge on
renewable energy sources especially biogas production was very low This is supported by
various qualitative data that shows that knowledge on funding sources for renewable
energy technologies was generally low However the people showed interest in adopting
the use of biogas energy if the technology can be made available and affordable to them
36
AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture practices in the area gained prominence after the introduction of the Economic
Stimulus Package Through this programmes every location was supposed to be allocated
14 fishponds
Data from the fisheries offices estimates the total fishponds in Nyando District to be 1100
Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds
Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish ponds and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA
area as you go towards the lake
The ministry of fisheries has also constructed a dam along river Awasi to provide water for
fish farming in the area as well as water for domestic use
Aquaculture has been introduced in the area to try and reduce the pressure on fisheries
resources in the lake as well as provide an alternative livelihood source to the people
Table 13 Data on Fish Farming
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Households Practicing
Aquaculture
Yes 5 42 9 92
No 114 958 89 908
Total 119 1000 98 1000
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983097 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
The major challenge facing fish farming in the area was availability of water as most of the
river sources being perennial rivers
During the FGD and KII the reasons given for low adoption of aquaculture were listed as
Negative attitude towards fish farming as people believe that fish is found in the lake Over
reliance on lake fish Perception that fish from fish pond is not sweet perceptions on
palatability Security issues as fish are stolen from the ponds thus discouraging potential
farmers cases of pond poisoning has thus discouraging farmers High cost of start-up and
high cost of inputs Water scarcity caused by limited permanent water sources Low levels of
awareness on fish farming Poor pond management skills and High hydraulic conductivity
of soils thus low water retention capabilities Flooding was also reported to be a big
challenge in the lower Nyando area as flood waters wash away the fish ponds during rainseasons Proximity to the lake was also a major deterrence to fish farming as the people close
to the lake thought it was easier to fish in the lake
However it also emerged during this discussions that farmers who were successful in the
fish farming business were expanding and increasing the number of their ponds The
success stories of such farmers have also encouraged other people with favourable land
conditions to adopt aquaculture
This shows that with availability of water sources the potential for aquaculture is very huge
especially in lower Nyando
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
This baseline report presents the results of the data collected from the combination of field
and household surveys in two project areas as well as through review of various literatures
on interventions carried out in the area Interpretation and management recommendations
are based solely on the data
Several Livelihood intervention measures focusing on Water and sanitation aquaculture
and soil and water conservation have been put in place by different actors (both state and
non state) to try and improve the living standards of people in lower and middle Nyando
The most observable intervention measures recorded during the survey was Promotion of
Rain water harvesting at household level promotion of tree farming investment in water
storage through construction of water pans and also fish farming
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983091983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Generally access to sanitation facilities is above 85 in both areas However the prevalence
of water borne diseases is still high and therefore need to increase interventions aimed
towards improving hygiene measures such as hand washing
Majority of the households also rely on unprotected water sources for their household water
needs Future interventions should therefore focus more on increasing access to protected
water sources and also increasing the quantity of water available per capita in both the
lower and Nyando river area
Uptake of Fish farming in the area is low due to both human and non human factors as
discussed in the report Future interventions should focus more on ensuring adequate
technical support to farmers who have adopted fish farming Interventions should also focus
on creating favourable environment for new farmers to adopt aquaculture through
provision of water by investing in water storage such as earth dams and pans and also
provision of piped water
Renewable energy uptake has also been low due to low levels of awareness as well as the
perceived high start-up cost Intervention measures in this area should focus on raising
awareness on available low cost renewable energy options such as solar lanterns for
lighting The potential for biogas production is also high and therefore intervention should
focus on development of affordable biogas production technologies Tree cover is quite low
in Lower Nyando Only 34 of household plots had any trees in the vicinity (Verchot et al
2008
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983091983089 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
References
ICRAF and MOARD (2000) ldquoImproved land management in the Lake Victoria basin Final
Technical Report Start-up Phase July 1999 to June 2000rdquo ICRAF and MOARD Nairobi
Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 2006 Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem
Management Project (WKIEMP) Strategies for Integrated Land and Water Management for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Katuk-Odeyo Sub-Watershed Nyando River Basin Lake Victoria Basin
KENYA
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2009) The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing
Census lsquo Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030) Volume 1 A Ministry of
Water Resources and Regional Development (2004) Land resources Development and
Irrigation in Nyanza Province South Kano Government Printers
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L and Njui A (eds) 2004 Proceedings of aWorkshop on
Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin December 9 ndash
11 2002 Imperial Hotel Kisumu Kenya
Muriithi S Okono NA and Swallow B (eds) 2006b Developing an action plan for the Awach
watershed Western Kenya Proceedings of a workshop co-hosted by the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (NALEP
ndash National Agriculture Livestock Extension Programme 23rd May 2001 St Anna Guest House
Kisumu ICRAF Discussion Paper 2001-3
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L amp Njui A eds 2004 Proceedings of a
Workshop on Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin
Nairobi ICRAF NEMA the Water Quality Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
Management Programme (LVEMP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Environmental Authority [NEMA] (2004) Strategy for Flood Management in Lake
Victoria Basin Kenya
Verchot et al (2008) Baseline Report Nyando River Basin Western Kenya Integrated
Ecosystem Management Project Findings from the Baseline Surveys International Centre forResearch in Agroforestry Nairobi Kenya
World Agroforestry Centre (2006) Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin Final
Report of the TransVic Project World Agroforerstry Centre Occasional Paper No 7 World
Agroforestry Centre Nairobi Kenya
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets
I Water and Sanitation
Middle Nyando Lower Nya
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Target Baseline st
Water
Improved Water sources
bull Piped water intodwelling
bull plot or yard
bull Public tapstandpipe
bull Tubewellborehole
bull Protected dug well
bull
Protected spring
bull Rainwater collection
Unimproved Water sources
bull Unprotected dug well
bull Unprotected spring
bull Cart with small tankdrum
bull Bottled water a
bull Tanker-truck
bull Surface water (river dam
bull lake pond stream canal
bull irrigation channels)
of house hold using water fromProtected Sources
393 439
Reduce average Distance tohousehold Water source to lessthan a km
Within compound 248 Within com
lt 1km =537 lt 1km =690
gt2km = 41 gt2km = 0
Household water treatment 883 85
Average time taken to collect waterfor domestic use
lt 1 an hour =775
1-2hrs=192
gt2hrs =335
Reliability of Water supplyavailability of water
Household per-capita Water Use) lt 4 l per capita = 83 gt20lpppd
lt 4 l per ca
4- 10 l per capita =355 4- 10 l per c
10-20 l per capita =421 10-20 l per c
gt20 litres= 14 gt20L =18
Reduce water bornewashed Diarrhoeal incidences Diarrhoeal
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983091983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983089983094 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Chapter Three
3 Study Findings
31 General conditions in the study areas
In all the study areas the most identifiable significant livelihood activities or groups of
activities found within the study area is mainly farming in lower Nyando the predominant
livelihood source is subsistence farming with maize and sorghum dominating crop
production Majority of the homesteads also keep livestock which include cattle goats and
chicken
In middle Nyando the predominant livelihood source is also farming The agricultural
activities in this block are mainly small scale sugar cane and maize production The area is inthe western Kenya sugar belt and has a sugar company and the factories nuclear large scale
sugar plantations which might account for the high number of salaried employment
Majority over 50 of the households have farm sizes of 4 acres or less Only 25 of the
farms have farm sizes larger than 10 acres
32 Socio Demographic Characteristics of the Study Respondents
Average household size in both middle and lower Nyando is 6 people with the maximum
recorded household size being 14 people in middle Nyando and 20 people in lower Nyando
In lower Nyando the majority of the households interviewed were headed by females
(52) About 53 of the household heads had primary level of education while 28 had
attained secondary level of education with 7 having university level of education
In Middle Nyando majority of the households are male headed (61) About 39 of the
household heads had primary level of education while 34 had attained secondary level of
education with only 49 having university level of education
Table 2 Summary of Household Socio-demographic Characteristics
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Household head Male 75 61 48 480
Female 48 39 52 520
Marital Status Married 86 699 74 740
Widowed 28 228 15 150
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983089983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Highest level of education for
household head
No formal
education10 81 7 70
Primary 48 390 53 530
Secondary 42 341 28 280
Tertiary 17 138 5 50
University 6 49 7 70
The main source of income in Middle Nyando is farming at 317 followed trading at
228 and salaried employment at 203 with the average monthly income being less than
Ksh 7000 per month (528) In Lower Nyando the main source of income in the area is
farming at 64 followed by wage employment at 14 and salaried employment at 13
The average monthly income is less than Ksh 7000 per month (54)
Table 3 Main Income source amp Average Household Size
Main Source of Income Farming 39 317 64 640
Livestock keeping 11 89 1 10
Wage employment 13 106 14 140
Artisanblacksmith 5 41 1 10
Salaried
Employment25 203 13 130
Trading 28 228 6 60
Others Specify 2 16 1 10
Average Monthly Income Less than 7000 65 528 54 540
7000-20000 44 358 38 380
20000-50000 13 106 6 60
Over 50000 1 8 2 20
Average House hold Size Mean 602 645
Minimum 2 1
Maximum 14 20
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983089983096 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
33 WATER Availability Access and Usage of Water Resources
331 Main Water Supply Sources
The main water source for households during both dry and wet seasons is mainly
unprotected water sources- 709 amp 646during dry season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively and 542 and 561 during wet season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively The major single source of water for the households during both dry
and wet seasons is riversstreams at 426 (dry season) and 492 (wet season) in Middle
Nyando and In lower Nyando 53 and 541 during both dry and wet season respectively
About 20 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando had access to piped water in their
houses within their compounds while 66 had invested in rain water storage tanks Other
sources of water included hand dug wells (74) and communal water points While in
Lower Nyando 13 of households surveyed had invested in rain water tanks and only 4
of the households surveyed had access to piped water
Table 4 The respondentrsquos main water sources in the dry and wet season
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Dry season Wet Season Dry Season Wet Season
Frequen
cy
Frequenc
y
Frequenc
y
Freque
ncy
Piped tap water in
dwelling14 115 10 85 4 40 4 41
Piped tap water on
site11 90 8 68 8 81 4 41
Borehole on site
water kiosk5 41 4 34 8 81 6 61
Rainwater tank on
site8 66 24 203 12 121 13 133
Publiccommunal
tap water kiosk less
than 200 meters away
2 16 2 17 1 10 1 10
Publiccommunal
tap more than 200
meters away
4 33 3 25 3 30 2 20
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983089983097 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Hand dug wells 9 74 3 25 4 40 1 10
Neighbor 3 25 2 17 1 10
Mobile Water tanker
(bowser)1 8
riverstream Wells
amp springs52 426 58 492 60 606 53 541
Water Pansearth
dams ponds13 107 3 25 1 10
Therefore the result shows that majority of households (over 50) in this areas rely on
unprotected water sources This is below the National average According KDH report
20089 63 of households in Kenya get drinking water from an improved source However
disparities exist by residence with a higher proportion of urban households (91 ) having
an improved source of drinking water compared with rural households 54
Increasing access to improved drinking water is one of the Millennium Development Goals
that Kenya along with other nations worldwide has adopted (United Nations General
Assembly 2001) The indicators that are useful in monitoring household access to improved
drinking water (WHO and UNICEF 2005) include sources that are likely to provide water
suitable for drinking Lack of ready access to a water source may limit the quantity of
suitable drinking water that must be fetched from a source that is not immediately
accessible to the household (distance to source) water quality among others as discussed
below
332 Distance to drinking water sources
In middle Nyando area the average distance to the householdsrsquo main water source is less
than a kilometre (537) 248 of the households surveyed have water within their
compounds On average it takes less than an hour (775) for households to fetch water for
their domestic use while 192 of the households take between 1-2 hours to collect water
Table 5 Distance to Drinking Water Source
983117983145983140983140983148983141 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983090983091 983116983151983159983141983154 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983088983088
983118983151 983118983151
983108983145983155983156983137983150983139983141 983156983151 983159983137983156983141983154
983155983151983157983154983139983141
983127983145983156983144983145983150 983156983144983141 983139983151983149983152983151983157983150983140 30 248 19 190
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983115983149 65 537 69 690
1983147983149983155 983085 2 983115983149 21 174 12 120
2 983085 5 983115983149 5 41
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
983124983145983149983141 983156983137983147983141983150 983156983151 983139983151983148983148983141983139983156
983159983137983156983141983154
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983144983154 93 775 91 910
1983144983154 983085 2 983144983154983155 23 192 9 90
983119983158983141983154 2 983144983154983155 4 33
In lower Nyando area 19 of households surveyed had water within their compounds
while 69 walked less than a kilometre to access water for domestic use It takes less than anhour for households to collect water for domestic use (91) while the rest spend between
an hour and two
333 Quantity of Water Used Per household per day
Majority of the households in
middle Nyando (421) use
between 80-100 litres of water
per day while 355 use
between 20-60 litres per day and
14 of the surveyed households
reported to be using over 100
litres of water per day
In Lower Nyando 40 of the households surveyed used between 20 and 60 litres of water
per day with an equivalent number using between 80 and 100 litres of water for domestic
use 18 of the residents used over 100 litres of water per day for domestic use
Considering the average household sizes in the study areas (6 people in middle Nyando
and 7 in lower Nyando) this translates to a per capita water consumption of 17 litres per
person per day which is still below the recommended 20 litres per capita by WHO
754 of respondents in middle Nyando and 495 in lower Nyando use water for other
purposes other than household use Water is also used for irrigating crops (935 middle
Nyando 596 lower Nyando) and for animal use
334 Water Safety ndash quality and use of safe water drinking products
The general perception on water safety was assessed in terms of safety to drink clarity taste
and odour In middle Nyando 54 of household interviewed perceive their water to be safe
to drink 729 good to taste and 608 perceive the water to be clearnot turbid In lower
Figure 3 Quantity of Water Used per Household per Day
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983089 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Nyando 84 of household perceive their water to be god to taste 48 to be safe to drink
and 77 to be clearnot turbid
Table 6 The respondents water quality perception method of treatment and incidences
of water borne diseases
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Perception on Water
Quality
Safe to drink 541 480
Clear 608 770
Good to taste 729 840
Free from odour 788 730
About 883 of households in middle Nyando treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment (891) being the use of chlorine based chemicals like water guard In
lower Nyando 85 of households surveyed treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment being chemical treatment (682) 481 of households interviewed in
middle Nyando reported to have had cases of typhoid infections among a family during the
past 6months 135 had cases of diarrhoea in the family Scabiesskin diseases were
recorded in 173 of the households
Figure 4 Household water treatment methods a Middle Nyando b Lower Nyando
In lower Nyando 155 of interviewed households had recorded cases of diarrheal among
family members during the past for 6 months while 50 had recorded cases of typhoid The
high number of recorded cases of water bornewater washed diseasesconditions can be
attributed to the man water source in the study areas which was found to be riverssprings
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 7 Household Incidences of Water Related Illnesses
Incidences of Water
BorneWater Washed
illnessesconditions
diarrhea 7 135 9 155
Typhoid 25 481 29 500
Scabies (skin diseases) 9 173 2 34
Trachoma 1 19
Others (specify) 10 192 18 310
The majority of the households also treat their drinking water despite the surveying
showing that cases of water borne diseases were many This could mean that household
water handling measures are poor leading to recontamination of drinking water either
during storage or during use It could also mean that the treatment methods which is
mainly chlorine based is not being administered correctly leading to under dosing
335
Payment for water supply
The average amount of money spent on water is Ksh 200-500 per month with 455 of
households in middle Nyando and 433 in lower Nyando falling in this group
Table 8 Cost of Water
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Amount Spent on Water
per month
Do not pay 9 205 8 267
Less than 200 5 114 1 33
Between Ksh 200-500 20 455 13 433
Between Ksh 500-1000 10 227 2 67
Between Ksh 1000-2000 3 100
Over Ksh 2000 3 100
To whom Water is paid Municipality 2 61 1 48
Businesswater vendor 17 515 16 762
CBONGO 2 61
Other specify 12 364 4 190
Those who pay for water mostly do so to water vendors (515) in middle Nyando and
762 in lower Nyando
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
34 SANITATION
341 Latrine coverage
Latrine coverage is 894 in middle Nyando and 87in Lower Nyando The most common
type of toilet facility is pit latrine with no Ventilation pipe (705) in Middle Nyando and
744 in Lower Nyando followed by VIP latrine at 268 and 20 in Middle and Lower
Nyando respectively The figures are above the national latrine coverage averages
Table 9 Sanitation Situation
Study Area Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Availability of Toilet Yes 110 894 87 870
No 13 106 13 130
No of Toilet facilities One 96 857 64 736
Two 10 89 16 184
Three and Above 3 27 7 70
Not Applicable 3 27
Type of toilet Facility Flush toilet
connected to a
septic tank
2 18 2 22
Pit latrine with
ventilation pipe30 268 18 200
Pit latrine without
ventilation pipe79 705 67 744
The main reason given for lack of latrines in the area was high cost of construction at 727
in middle Nyando and 692 in lower Nyando The household without latrines either
relieve themselves in the bush (364) for middle Nyando and 538 for lower Nyando or
in the Neighbours latrines (636) middle Nyando and 385 in lower Nyando
Table 10 Reasons for Lack Of Sanitation Facilities
Reasons for No latrine Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Cost of construction is high 727 692
Do not see the need to have one 91 0
Poor soil formationcollapsible soil 33 50
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Not provided by land lord 08 30
Others 0 10
Where people relieve themselves
(those without latrines)
Frequency
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Bush Outside 4 364 7 538
Neighborrsquos Latrine 7 636 5 385
Ensuring adequate sanitation facilities is a Millennium Development Goal that Kenya shares
with other countries A household is classified as having an improved toilet if the toilet is
used only by members of one household (ie it is not shared) and if the facility used by the
household separates the waste from human contact (WHOUNICEF Joint MonitoringProgramme for Water Supply and Sanitation 2004) According to KDH report 20082009 the
national figures show that less 60 of households uses an improved toilet facility that is not
shared with other households Urban households are only slightly more likely than rural
households to have an improved toilet facility (30 and 20 respectively) Overall 12 of
households have no toilet facility at all they are almost exclusively rural accounting for 16
of rural households
35 ENERGY SOURCE AND USE
351 House hold Energy Needs
Energy demand patterns of the study areas largely revolve around household energy end
uses such as cooking and lighting Respondents ranked cooking lighting and heating as the
three most important energy needs
352
Main House Hold Sources of Energy
The main sources of energy at household levels are wood paraffin and charcoal The table
below lists the age of farmers using the various fuel sources listed in the questionnaire
The study established that the most preferred source of household cooking energy among
the respondents is mainly firewood (at 100 in lower Nyando and 99 in middle Nyando)
This indicates overreliance on biomass and an indicator of a real challenge of forest and
vegetation degradation
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 11 Energy Source and Use
Lighting Cooking
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Biomass 08 0 1000 990
Kerosene 884 838
Biogas 08 0
Solar 66 20
Electricity 33 141 0 10
Recent National studies also Estimates of household energy use indicate that over 95 of
Kenyan population rely on wood or charcoal for energy needs Traditionally these energy
resources have been ldquofreerdquo goods however the Kenyan wood fuel supply has been rapidlydepleted by deforestation an activity also closely associated with land clearing for
agriculture and global warming via reduction of biomass to sequestrate CO 2
Consequently an energy policy that is designed to meet the needs of the majority of the
population must devote considerable attention to mainstreaming a sustainable yield of
biomass as well efficient energy technology to maximise on the biomass energy sources
The main source of energy for lighting in the area is kerosene (884 in middle Nyando and
838 in lower Nyando 66 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando and 20 in lower
Nyando use solar energy for lighting Hydro electric usage for lighting was recorded in 33
of households in middle Nyando and 141 in lower Nyando Biomass energy which
includes firewood charcoal and livestock waste burnt directly accounts for 100 of cooking
energy source in middle Nyando and 99 in lower Nyando Other renewable energy such
as biogas is not common in the area with only less than 1 of households in Nyando
utilising biogas
From the focused group discussions Initial capital cost was established as the utmost
challenge for household access to alterative and sustainable energy sources like biogas or
grid power It was further established among the biomass users 80 2 settled for firewood
as the main source of energy because of affordability lack of capacity to include other
alternatives and convenience
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983090983094 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
353 Availability of energy
Qualitative data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews corroborated
the finding that most households in the two study areas are energy stressed and that the
majority still used wood fuel and charcoal as the main source of energy The distancetravelled and time used to collect fuel wood has been increasing due to the declining tree
cover In parts of KORU people are cutting down trees to sell to Homaline Company as an
additional source of income A different study carried out by ICRAF in the lower and
middle Nyando areas in 2009 showed that More than 90 of the households are not self
sufficient with fuel
354 Potential for renewable energy uses
During the field studies it was observed that almost all households kept livestock A similar
study undertaken by ICRAF also showed that all households in the area keep livestock
This shows that there is a potential for use of biogas as source energy for cooking and even
lighting This would in turn reduce the existing pressure on wood products which are the
main source of energy for cooking in the area
In some farms people had also adopted tree planting especially in middle Nyando area to
supplement their energy sources This shows that agro-forestry practices at farm level can
play a key role in meeting the growing energy demand in the area with multiple benefits
such as additional income sources and soil conservation
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting
The study established that the main reason for choosing energy source either for cooking or
lighting is mainly based on availability (cooking 728 and lighting 732) This indicates that
probably the households will go for the most cost effective and readily available source of
energy
Table 12 Renewable Energy Use
Middle Nyando N=40 Lower Nyando N=19
No No
Type of Renewable
energy
Solar energy for lighting 16 400 4 211
Solar cookers 4 100 1 53
Do not know 19 475 10 526
Other 1 25 2 105
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Total 40 1000 19 1000
Middle Nyando N= 84 Lower Nyando N= 82
Challenges to
Accessing RE
High cost of start up 47 560 47 573
Not reliable 17 202 3 37
Do not know about the
technologies20 238 30 366
Other specify 2 24
Total 84 1000 82 1000
Only 175 of households in middle Nyando and 74 in lower Nyando said they use
renewable energy in their homes The most common type of renewable energy used was
solar energy for lighting (16 households n =123) in middle Nyando and 4 households (N=
100) in lower Nyando
Main source of information on renewable energy in the area is from the media (66) in both
areas The results show that there is inadequate sustained and comprehensive awareness
creation on the use of renewable energy sources in the region There is need to do as
sustained awareness creation in the area to educate the people that despite the high start-up
cost studies shows a reduction on the cost of household energy once the families start using
renewable energy because the operational recurrent costs are relatively lower when
compared with other sources of energy
356 Challenges facing renewable energy
The major challenge to accessing renewable energy technologies was the high cost of start-
up (56 middle Nyando and 57 lower Nyando) The other reasons given were on
reliability of renewable energy sources and poor knowledge on the available Renewable
energy technologies (366 in lower Nyando and 238) in middle Nyando The study
shows that among the households that have adopted renewable energy use on average 20
had been assisted (technologically and or subsidised)
Biogas and solar energy sources are considered fairly inefficient implying that more
research and development work needs to be done to improve on the efficiency The high
cost of adopting renewable energy sources makes it prohibitive for a significant portion of
the population The results is that the population still heavily relay on traditional energy
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983090983096 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
sources (biomass) yet the technologies used to extract the energy not only significantly
affect the health of women and children but is also damage to the environment
During the FGD it also emerged that the Despite availability of programmes such as the
biogas installation subsidy programme by KEBDIP people were generally unaware of it
Also during the FGDs with some of the community groups it emerged that knowledge on
renewable energy sources especially biogas production was very low This is supported by
various qualitative data that shows that knowledge on funding sources for renewable
energy technologies was generally low However the people showed interest in adopting
the use of biogas energy if the technology can be made available and affordable to them
36
AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture practices in the area gained prominence after the introduction of the Economic
Stimulus Package Through this programmes every location was supposed to be allocated
14 fishponds
Data from the fisheries offices estimates the total fishponds in Nyando District to be 1100
Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds
Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish ponds and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA
area as you go towards the lake
The ministry of fisheries has also constructed a dam along river Awasi to provide water for
fish farming in the area as well as water for domestic use
Aquaculture has been introduced in the area to try and reduce the pressure on fisheries
resources in the lake as well as provide an alternative livelihood source to the people
Table 13 Data on Fish Farming
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Households Practicing
Aquaculture
Yes 5 42 9 92
No 114 958 89 908
Total 119 1000 98 1000
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983090983097 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
The major challenge facing fish farming in the area was availability of water as most of the
river sources being perennial rivers
During the FGD and KII the reasons given for low adoption of aquaculture were listed as
Negative attitude towards fish farming as people believe that fish is found in the lake Over
reliance on lake fish Perception that fish from fish pond is not sweet perceptions on
palatability Security issues as fish are stolen from the ponds thus discouraging potential
farmers cases of pond poisoning has thus discouraging farmers High cost of start-up and
high cost of inputs Water scarcity caused by limited permanent water sources Low levels of
awareness on fish farming Poor pond management skills and High hydraulic conductivity
of soils thus low water retention capabilities Flooding was also reported to be a big
challenge in the lower Nyando area as flood waters wash away the fish ponds during rainseasons Proximity to the lake was also a major deterrence to fish farming as the people close
to the lake thought it was easier to fish in the lake
However it also emerged during this discussions that farmers who were successful in the
fish farming business were expanding and increasing the number of their ponds The
success stories of such farmers have also encouraged other people with favourable land
conditions to adopt aquaculture
This shows that with availability of water sources the potential for aquaculture is very huge
especially in lower Nyando
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
This baseline report presents the results of the data collected from the combination of field
and household surveys in two project areas as well as through review of various literatures
on interventions carried out in the area Interpretation and management recommendations
are based solely on the data
Several Livelihood intervention measures focusing on Water and sanitation aquaculture
and soil and water conservation have been put in place by different actors (both state and
non state) to try and improve the living standards of people in lower and middle Nyando
The most observable intervention measures recorded during the survey was Promotion of
Rain water harvesting at household level promotion of tree farming investment in water
storage through construction of water pans and also fish farming
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983091983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Generally access to sanitation facilities is above 85 in both areas However the prevalence
of water borne diseases is still high and therefore need to increase interventions aimed
towards improving hygiene measures such as hand washing
Majority of the households also rely on unprotected water sources for their household water
needs Future interventions should therefore focus more on increasing access to protected
water sources and also increasing the quantity of water available per capita in both the
lower and Nyando river area
Uptake of Fish farming in the area is low due to both human and non human factors as
discussed in the report Future interventions should focus more on ensuring adequate
technical support to farmers who have adopted fish farming Interventions should also focus
on creating favourable environment for new farmers to adopt aquaculture through
provision of water by investing in water storage such as earth dams and pans and also
provision of piped water
Renewable energy uptake has also been low due to low levels of awareness as well as the
perceived high start-up cost Intervention measures in this area should focus on raising
awareness on available low cost renewable energy options such as solar lanterns for
lighting The potential for biogas production is also high and therefore intervention should
focus on development of affordable biogas production technologies Tree cover is quite low
in Lower Nyando Only 34 of household plots had any trees in the vicinity (Verchot et al
2008
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References
ICRAF and MOARD (2000) ldquoImproved land management in the Lake Victoria basin Final
Technical Report Start-up Phase July 1999 to June 2000rdquo ICRAF and MOARD Nairobi
Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 2006 Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem
Management Project (WKIEMP) Strategies for Integrated Land and Water Management for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Katuk-Odeyo Sub-Watershed Nyando River Basin Lake Victoria Basin
KENYA
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2009) The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing
Census lsquo Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030) Volume 1 A Ministry of
Water Resources and Regional Development (2004) Land resources Development and
Irrigation in Nyanza Province South Kano Government Printers
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L and Njui A (eds) 2004 Proceedings of aWorkshop on
Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin December 9 ndash
11 2002 Imperial Hotel Kisumu Kenya
Muriithi S Okono NA and Swallow B (eds) 2006b Developing an action plan for the Awach
watershed Western Kenya Proceedings of a workshop co-hosted by the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (NALEP
ndash National Agriculture Livestock Extension Programme 23rd May 2001 St Anna Guest House
Kisumu ICRAF Discussion Paper 2001-3
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L amp Njui A eds 2004 Proceedings of a
Workshop on Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin
Nairobi ICRAF NEMA the Water Quality Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
Management Programme (LVEMP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Environmental Authority [NEMA] (2004) Strategy for Flood Management in Lake
Victoria Basin Kenya
Verchot et al (2008) Baseline Report Nyando River Basin Western Kenya Integrated
Ecosystem Management Project Findings from the Baseline Surveys International Centre forResearch in Agroforestry Nairobi Kenya
World Agroforestry Centre (2006) Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin Final
Report of the TransVic Project World Agroforerstry Centre Occasional Paper No 7 World
Agroforestry Centre Nairobi Kenya
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets
I Water and Sanitation
Middle Nyando Lower Nya
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Target Baseline st
Water
Improved Water sources
bull Piped water intodwelling
bull plot or yard
bull Public tapstandpipe
bull Tubewellborehole
bull Protected dug well
bull
Protected spring
bull Rainwater collection
Unimproved Water sources
bull Unprotected dug well
bull Unprotected spring
bull Cart with small tankdrum
bull Bottled water a
bull Tanker-truck
bull Surface water (river dam
bull lake pond stream canal
bull irrigation channels)
of house hold using water fromProtected Sources
393 439
Reduce average Distance tohousehold Water source to lessthan a km
Within compound 248 Within com
lt 1km =537 lt 1km =690
gt2km = 41 gt2km = 0
Household water treatment 883 85
Average time taken to collect waterfor domestic use
lt 1 an hour =775
1-2hrs=192
gt2hrs =335
Reliability of Water supplyavailability of water
Household per-capita Water Use) lt 4 l per capita = 83 gt20lpppd
lt 4 l per ca
4- 10 l per capita =355 4- 10 l per c
10-20 l per capita =421 10-20 l per c
gt20 litres= 14 gt20L =18
Reduce water bornewashed Diarrhoeal incidences Diarrhoeal
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983091983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
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983091983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983089983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Highest level of education for
household head
No formal
education10 81 7 70
Primary 48 390 53 530
Secondary 42 341 28 280
Tertiary 17 138 5 50
University 6 49 7 70
The main source of income in Middle Nyando is farming at 317 followed trading at
228 and salaried employment at 203 with the average monthly income being less than
Ksh 7000 per month (528) In Lower Nyando the main source of income in the area is
farming at 64 followed by wage employment at 14 and salaried employment at 13
The average monthly income is less than Ksh 7000 per month (54)
Table 3 Main Income source amp Average Household Size
Main Source of Income Farming 39 317 64 640
Livestock keeping 11 89 1 10
Wage employment 13 106 14 140
Artisanblacksmith 5 41 1 10
Salaried
Employment25 203 13 130
Trading 28 228 6 60
Others Specify 2 16 1 10
Average Monthly Income Less than 7000 65 528 54 540
7000-20000 44 358 38 380
20000-50000 13 106 6 60
Over 50000 1 8 2 20
Average House hold Size Mean 602 645
Minimum 2 1
Maximum 14 20
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983089983096 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
33 WATER Availability Access and Usage of Water Resources
331 Main Water Supply Sources
The main water source for households during both dry and wet seasons is mainly
unprotected water sources- 709 amp 646during dry season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively and 542 and 561 during wet season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively The major single source of water for the households during both dry
and wet seasons is riversstreams at 426 (dry season) and 492 (wet season) in Middle
Nyando and In lower Nyando 53 and 541 during both dry and wet season respectively
About 20 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando had access to piped water in their
houses within their compounds while 66 had invested in rain water storage tanks Other
sources of water included hand dug wells (74) and communal water points While in
Lower Nyando 13 of households surveyed had invested in rain water tanks and only 4
of the households surveyed had access to piped water
Table 4 The respondentrsquos main water sources in the dry and wet season
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Dry season Wet Season Dry Season Wet Season
Frequen
cy
Frequenc
y
Frequenc
y
Freque
ncy
Piped tap water in
dwelling14 115 10 85 4 40 4 41
Piped tap water on
site11 90 8 68 8 81 4 41
Borehole on site
water kiosk5 41 4 34 8 81 6 61
Rainwater tank on
site8 66 24 203 12 121 13 133
Publiccommunal
tap water kiosk less
than 200 meters away
2 16 2 17 1 10 1 10
Publiccommunal
tap more than 200
meters away
4 33 3 25 3 30 2 20
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Hand dug wells 9 74 3 25 4 40 1 10
Neighbor 3 25 2 17 1 10
Mobile Water tanker
(bowser)1 8
riverstream Wells
amp springs52 426 58 492 60 606 53 541
Water Pansearth
dams ponds13 107 3 25 1 10
Therefore the result shows that majority of households (over 50) in this areas rely on
unprotected water sources This is below the National average According KDH report
20089 63 of households in Kenya get drinking water from an improved source However
disparities exist by residence with a higher proportion of urban households (91 ) having
an improved source of drinking water compared with rural households 54
Increasing access to improved drinking water is one of the Millennium Development Goals
that Kenya along with other nations worldwide has adopted (United Nations General
Assembly 2001) The indicators that are useful in monitoring household access to improved
drinking water (WHO and UNICEF 2005) include sources that are likely to provide water
suitable for drinking Lack of ready access to a water source may limit the quantity of
suitable drinking water that must be fetched from a source that is not immediately
accessible to the household (distance to source) water quality among others as discussed
below
332 Distance to drinking water sources
In middle Nyando area the average distance to the householdsrsquo main water source is less
than a kilometre (537) 248 of the households surveyed have water within their
compounds On average it takes less than an hour (775) for households to fetch water for
their domestic use while 192 of the households take between 1-2 hours to collect water
Table 5 Distance to Drinking Water Source
983117983145983140983140983148983141 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983090983091 983116983151983159983141983154 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983088983088
983118983151 983118983151
983108983145983155983156983137983150983139983141 983156983151 983159983137983156983141983154
983155983151983157983154983139983141
983127983145983156983144983145983150 983156983144983141 983139983151983149983152983151983157983150983140 30 248 19 190
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983115983149 65 537 69 690
1983147983149983155 983085 2 983115983149 21 174 12 120
2 983085 5 983115983149 5 41
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
983124983145983149983141 983156983137983147983141983150 983156983151 983139983151983148983148983141983139983156
983159983137983156983141983154
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983144983154 93 775 91 910
1983144983154 983085 2 983144983154983155 23 192 9 90
983119983158983141983154 2 983144983154983155 4 33
In lower Nyando area 19 of households surveyed had water within their compounds
while 69 walked less than a kilometre to access water for domestic use It takes less than anhour for households to collect water for domestic use (91) while the rest spend between
an hour and two
333 Quantity of Water Used Per household per day
Majority of the households in
middle Nyando (421) use
between 80-100 litres of water
per day while 355 use
between 20-60 litres per day and
14 of the surveyed households
reported to be using over 100
litres of water per day
In Lower Nyando 40 of the households surveyed used between 20 and 60 litres of water
per day with an equivalent number using between 80 and 100 litres of water for domestic
use 18 of the residents used over 100 litres of water per day for domestic use
Considering the average household sizes in the study areas (6 people in middle Nyando
and 7 in lower Nyando) this translates to a per capita water consumption of 17 litres per
person per day which is still below the recommended 20 litres per capita by WHO
754 of respondents in middle Nyando and 495 in lower Nyando use water for other
purposes other than household use Water is also used for irrigating crops (935 middle
Nyando 596 lower Nyando) and for animal use
334 Water Safety ndash quality and use of safe water drinking products
The general perception on water safety was assessed in terms of safety to drink clarity taste
and odour In middle Nyando 54 of household interviewed perceive their water to be safe
to drink 729 good to taste and 608 perceive the water to be clearnot turbid In lower
Figure 3 Quantity of Water Used per Household per Day
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983089 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Nyando 84 of household perceive their water to be god to taste 48 to be safe to drink
and 77 to be clearnot turbid
Table 6 The respondents water quality perception method of treatment and incidences
of water borne diseases
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Perception on Water
Quality
Safe to drink 541 480
Clear 608 770
Good to taste 729 840
Free from odour 788 730
About 883 of households in middle Nyando treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment (891) being the use of chlorine based chemicals like water guard In
lower Nyando 85 of households surveyed treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment being chemical treatment (682) 481 of households interviewed in
middle Nyando reported to have had cases of typhoid infections among a family during the
past 6months 135 had cases of diarrhoea in the family Scabiesskin diseases were
recorded in 173 of the households
Figure 4 Household water treatment methods a Middle Nyando b Lower Nyando
In lower Nyando 155 of interviewed households had recorded cases of diarrheal among
family members during the past for 6 months while 50 had recorded cases of typhoid The
high number of recorded cases of water bornewater washed diseasesconditions can be
attributed to the man water source in the study areas which was found to be riverssprings
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 7 Household Incidences of Water Related Illnesses
Incidences of Water
BorneWater Washed
illnessesconditions
diarrhea 7 135 9 155
Typhoid 25 481 29 500
Scabies (skin diseases) 9 173 2 34
Trachoma 1 19
Others (specify) 10 192 18 310
The majority of the households also treat their drinking water despite the surveying
showing that cases of water borne diseases were many This could mean that household
water handling measures are poor leading to recontamination of drinking water either
during storage or during use It could also mean that the treatment methods which is
mainly chlorine based is not being administered correctly leading to under dosing
335
Payment for water supply
The average amount of money spent on water is Ksh 200-500 per month with 455 of
households in middle Nyando and 433 in lower Nyando falling in this group
Table 8 Cost of Water
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Amount Spent on Water
per month
Do not pay 9 205 8 267
Less than 200 5 114 1 33
Between Ksh 200-500 20 455 13 433
Between Ksh 500-1000 10 227 2 67
Between Ksh 1000-2000 3 100
Over Ksh 2000 3 100
To whom Water is paid Municipality 2 61 1 48
Businesswater vendor 17 515 16 762
CBONGO 2 61
Other specify 12 364 4 190
Those who pay for water mostly do so to water vendors (515) in middle Nyando and
762 in lower Nyando
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
34 SANITATION
341 Latrine coverage
Latrine coverage is 894 in middle Nyando and 87in Lower Nyando The most common
type of toilet facility is pit latrine with no Ventilation pipe (705) in Middle Nyando and
744 in Lower Nyando followed by VIP latrine at 268 and 20 in Middle and Lower
Nyando respectively The figures are above the national latrine coverage averages
Table 9 Sanitation Situation
Study Area Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Availability of Toilet Yes 110 894 87 870
No 13 106 13 130
No of Toilet facilities One 96 857 64 736
Two 10 89 16 184
Three and Above 3 27 7 70
Not Applicable 3 27
Type of toilet Facility Flush toilet
connected to a
septic tank
2 18 2 22
Pit latrine with
ventilation pipe30 268 18 200
Pit latrine without
ventilation pipe79 705 67 744
The main reason given for lack of latrines in the area was high cost of construction at 727
in middle Nyando and 692 in lower Nyando The household without latrines either
relieve themselves in the bush (364) for middle Nyando and 538 for lower Nyando or
in the Neighbours latrines (636) middle Nyando and 385 in lower Nyando
Table 10 Reasons for Lack Of Sanitation Facilities
Reasons for No latrine Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Cost of construction is high 727 692
Do not see the need to have one 91 0
Poor soil formationcollapsible soil 33 50
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Not provided by land lord 08 30
Others 0 10
Where people relieve themselves
(those without latrines)
Frequency
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Bush Outside 4 364 7 538
Neighborrsquos Latrine 7 636 5 385
Ensuring adequate sanitation facilities is a Millennium Development Goal that Kenya shares
with other countries A household is classified as having an improved toilet if the toilet is
used only by members of one household (ie it is not shared) and if the facility used by the
household separates the waste from human contact (WHOUNICEF Joint MonitoringProgramme for Water Supply and Sanitation 2004) According to KDH report 20082009 the
national figures show that less 60 of households uses an improved toilet facility that is not
shared with other households Urban households are only slightly more likely than rural
households to have an improved toilet facility (30 and 20 respectively) Overall 12 of
households have no toilet facility at all they are almost exclusively rural accounting for 16
of rural households
35 ENERGY SOURCE AND USE
351 House hold Energy Needs
Energy demand patterns of the study areas largely revolve around household energy end
uses such as cooking and lighting Respondents ranked cooking lighting and heating as the
three most important energy needs
352
Main House Hold Sources of Energy
The main sources of energy at household levels are wood paraffin and charcoal The table
below lists the age of farmers using the various fuel sources listed in the questionnaire
The study established that the most preferred source of household cooking energy among
the respondents is mainly firewood (at 100 in lower Nyando and 99 in middle Nyando)
This indicates overreliance on biomass and an indicator of a real challenge of forest and
vegetation degradation
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 11 Energy Source and Use
Lighting Cooking
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Biomass 08 0 1000 990
Kerosene 884 838
Biogas 08 0
Solar 66 20
Electricity 33 141 0 10
Recent National studies also Estimates of household energy use indicate that over 95 of
Kenyan population rely on wood or charcoal for energy needs Traditionally these energy
resources have been ldquofreerdquo goods however the Kenyan wood fuel supply has been rapidlydepleted by deforestation an activity also closely associated with land clearing for
agriculture and global warming via reduction of biomass to sequestrate CO 2
Consequently an energy policy that is designed to meet the needs of the majority of the
population must devote considerable attention to mainstreaming a sustainable yield of
biomass as well efficient energy technology to maximise on the biomass energy sources
The main source of energy for lighting in the area is kerosene (884 in middle Nyando and
838 in lower Nyando 66 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando and 20 in lower
Nyando use solar energy for lighting Hydro electric usage for lighting was recorded in 33
of households in middle Nyando and 141 in lower Nyando Biomass energy which
includes firewood charcoal and livestock waste burnt directly accounts for 100 of cooking
energy source in middle Nyando and 99 in lower Nyando Other renewable energy such
as biogas is not common in the area with only less than 1 of households in Nyando
utilising biogas
From the focused group discussions Initial capital cost was established as the utmost
challenge for household access to alterative and sustainable energy sources like biogas or
grid power It was further established among the biomass users 80 2 settled for firewood
as the main source of energy because of affordability lack of capacity to include other
alternatives and convenience
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983094 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
353 Availability of energy
Qualitative data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews corroborated
the finding that most households in the two study areas are energy stressed and that the
majority still used wood fuel and charcoal as the main source of energy The distancetravelled and time used to collect fuel wood has been increasing due to the declining tree
cover In parts of KORU people are cutting down trees to sell to Homaline Company as an
additional source of income A different study carried out by ICRAF in the lower and
middle Nyando areas in 2009 showed that More than 90 of the households are not self
sufficient with fuel
354 Potential for renewable energy uses
During the field studies it was observed that almost all households kept livestock A similar
study undertaken by ICRAF also showed that all households in the area keep livestock
This shows that there is a potential for use of biogas as source energy for cooking and even
lighting This would in turn reduce the existing pressure on wood products which are the
main source of energy for cooking in the area
In some farms people had also adopted tree planting especially in middle Nyando area to
supplement their energy sources This shows that agro-forestry practices at farm level can
play a key role in meeting the growing energy demand in the area with multiple benefits
such as additional income sources and soil conservation
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting
The study established that the main reason for choosing energy source either for cooking or
lighting is mainly based on availability (cooking 728 and lighting 732) This indicates that
probably the households will go for the most cost effective and readily available source of
energy
Table 12 Renewable Energy Use
Middle Nyando N=40 Lower Nyando N=19
No No
Type of Renewable
energy
Solar energy for lighting 16 400 4 211
Solar cookers 4 100 1 53
Do not know 19 475 10 526
Other 1 25 2 105
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Total 40 1000 19 1000
Middle Nyando N= 84 Lower Nyando N= 82
Challenges to
Accessing RE
High cost of start up 47 560 47 573
Not reliable 17 202 3 37
Do not know about the
technologies20 238 30 366
Other specify 2 24
Total 84 1000 82 1000
Only 175 of households in middle Nyando and 74 in lower Nyando said they use
renewable energy in their homes The most common type of renewable energy used was
solar energy for lighting (16 households n =123) in middle Nyando and 4 households (N=
100) in lower Nyando
Main source of information on renewable energy in the area is from the media (66) in both
areas The results show that there is inadequate sustained and comprehensive awareness
creation on the use of renewable energy sources in the region There is need to do as
sustained awareness creation in the area to educate the people that despite the high start-up
cost studies shows a reduction on the cost of household energy once the families start using
renewable energy because the operational recurrent costs are relatively lower when
compared with other sources of energy
356 Challenges facing renewable energy
The major challenge to accessing renewable energy technologies was the high cost of start-
up (56 middle Nyando and 57 lower Nyando) The other reasons given were on
reliability of renewable energy sources and poor knowledge on the available Renewable
energy technologies (366 in lower Nyando and 238) in middle Nyando The study
shows that among the households that have adopted renewable energy use on average 20
had been assisted (technologically and or subsidised)
Biogas and solar energy sources are considered fairly inefficient implying that more
research and development work needs to be done to improve on the efficiency The high
cost of adopting renewable energy sources makes it prohibitive for a significant portion of
the population The results is that the population still heavily relay on traditional energy
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983096 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
sources (biomass) yet the technologies used to extract the energy not only significantly
affect the health of women and children but is also damage to the environment
During the FGD it also emerged that the Despite availability of programmes such as the
biogas installation subsidy programme by KEBDIP people were generally unaware of it
Also during the FGDs with some of the community groups it emerged that knowledge on
renewable energy sources especially biogas production was very low This is supported by
various qualitative data that shows that knowledge on funding sources for renewable
energy technologies was generally low However the people showed interest in adopting
the use of biogas energy if the technology can be made available and affordable to them
36
AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture practices in the area gained prominence after the introduction of the Economic
Stimulus Package Through this programmes every location was supposed to be allocated
14 fishponds
Data from the fisheries offices estimates the total fishponds in Nyando District to be 1100
Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds
Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish ponds and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA
area as you go towards the lake
The ministry of fisheries has also constructed a dam along river Awasi to provide water for
fish farming in the area as well as water for domestic use
Aquaculture has been introduced in the area to try and reduce the pressure on fisheries
resources in the lake as well as provide an alternative livelihood source to the people
Table 13 Data on Fish Farming
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Households Practicing
Aquaculture
Yes 5 42 9 92
No 114 958 89 908
Total 119 1000 98 1000
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983097 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
The major challenge facing fish farming in the area was availability of water as most of the
river sources being perennial rivers
During the FGD and KII the reasons given for low adoption of aquaculture were listed as
Negative attitude towards fish farming as people believe that fish is found in the lake Over
reliance on lake fish Perception that fish from fish pond is not sweet perceptions on
palatability Security issues as fish are stolen from the ponds thus discouraging potential
farmers cases of pond poisoning has thus discouraging farmers High cost of start-up and
high cost of inputs Water scarcity caused by limited permanent water sources Low levels of
awareness on fish farming Poor pond management skills and High hydraulic conductivity
of soils thus low water retention capabilities Flooding was also reported to be a big
challenge in the lower Nyando area as flood waters wash away the fish ponds during rainseasons Proximity to the lake was also a major deterrence to fish farming as the people close
to the lake thought it was easier to fish in the lake
However it also emerged during this discussions that farmers who were successful in the
fish farming business were expanding and increasing the number of their ponds The
success stories of such farmers have also encouraged other people with favourable land
conditions to adopt aquaculture
This shows that with availability of water sources the potential for aquaculture is very huge
especially in lower Nyando
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
This baseline report presents the results of the data collected from the combination of field
and household surveys in two project areas as well as through review of various literatures
on interventions carried out in the area Interpretation and management recommendations
are based solely on the data
Several Livelihood intervention measures focusing on Water and sanitation aquaculture
and soil and water conservation have been put in place by different actors (both state and
non state) to try and improve the living standards of people in lower and middle Nyando
The most observable intervention measures recorded during the survey was Promotion of
Rain water harvesting at household level promotion of tree farming investment in water
storage through construction of water pans and also fish farming
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Generally access to sanitation facilities is above 85 in both areas However the prevalence
of water borne diseases is still high and therefore need to increase interventions aimed
towards improving hygiene measures such as hand washing
Majority of the households also rely on unprotected water sources for their household water
needs Future interventions should therefore focus more on increasing access to protected
water sources and also increasing the quantity of water available per capita in both the
lower and Nyando river area
Uptake of Fish farming in the area is low due to both human and non human factors as
discussed in the report Future interventions should focus more on ensuring adequate
technical support to farmers who have adopted fish farming Interventions should also focus
on creating favourable environment for new farmers to adopt aquaculture through
provision of water by investing in water storage such as earth dams and pans and also
provision of piped water
Renewable energy uptake has also been low due to low levels of awareness as well as the
perceived high start-up cost Intervention measures in this area should focus on raising
awareness on available low cost renewable energy options such as solar lanterns for
lighting The potential for biogas production is also high and therefore intervention should
focus on development of affordable biogas production technologies Tree cover is quite low
in Lower Nyando Only 34 of household plots had any trees in the vicinity (Verchot et al
2008
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983091983089 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
References
ICRAF and MOARD (2000) ldquoImproved land management in the Lake Victoria basin Final
Technical Report Start-up Phase July 1999 to June 2000rdquo ICRAF and MOARD Nairobi
Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 2006 Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem
Management Project (WKIEMP) Strategies for Integrated Land and Water Management for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Katuk-Odeyo Sub-Watershed Nyando River Basin Lake Victoria Basin
KENYA
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2009) The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing
Census lsquo Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030) Volume 1 A Ministry of
Water Resources and Regional Development (2004) Land resources Development and
Irrigation in Nyanza Province South Kano Government Printers
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L and Njui A (eds) 2004 Proceedings of aWorkshop on
Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin December 9 ndash
11 2002 Imperial Hotel Kisumu Kenya
Muriithi S Okono NA and Swallow B (eds) 2006b Developing an action plan for the Awach
watershed Western Kenya Proceedings of a workshop co-hosted by the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (NALEP
ndash National Agriculture Livestock Extension Programme 23rd May 2001 St Anna Guest House
Kisumu ICRAF Discussion Paper 2001-3
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L amp Njui A eds 2004 Proceedings of a
Workshop on Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin
Nairobi ICRAF NEMA the Water Quality Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
Management Programme (LVEMP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Environmental Authority [NEMA] (2004) Strategy for Flood Management in Lake
Victoria Basin Kenya
Verchot et al (2008) Baseline Report Nyando River Basin Western Kenya Integrated
Ecosystem Management Project Findings from the Baseline Surveys International Centre forResearch in Agroforestry Nairobi Kenya
World Agroforestry Centre (2006) Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin Final
Report of the TransVic Project World Agroforerstry Centre Occasional Paper No 7 World
Agroforestry Centre Nairobi Kenya
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets
I Water and Sanitation
Middle Nyando Lower Nya
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Target Baseline st
Water
Improved Water sources
bull Piped water intodwelling
bull plot or yard
bull Public tapstandpipe
bull Tubewellborehole
bull Protected dug well
bull
Protected spring
bull Rainwater collection
Unimproved Water sources
bull Unprotected dug well
bull Unprotected spring
bull Cart with small tankdrum
bull Bottled water a
bull Tanker-truck
bull Surface water (river dam
bull lake pond stream canal
bull irrigation channels)
of house hold using water fromProtected Sources
393 439
Reduce average Distance tohousehold Water source to lessthan a km
Within compound 248 Within com
lt 1km =537 lt 1km =690
gt2km = 41 gt2km = 0
Household water treatment 883 85
Average time taken to collect waterfor domestic use
lt 1 an hour =775
1-2hrs=192
gt2hrs =335
Reliability of Water supplyavailability of water
Household per-capita Water Use) lt 4 l per capita = 83 gt20lpppd
lt 4 l per ca
4- 10 l per capita =355 4- 10 l per c
10-20 l per capita =421 10-20 l per c
gt20 litres= 14 gt20L =18
Reduce water bornewashed Diarrhoeal incidences Diarrhoeal
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983089983096 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
33 WATER Availability Access and Usage of Water Resources
331 Main Water Supply Sources
The main water source for households during both dry and wet seasons is mainly
unprotected water sources- 709 amp 646during dry season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively and 542 and 561 during wet season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively The major single source of water for the households during both dry
and wet seasons is riversstreams at 426 (dry season) and 492 (wet season) in Middle
Nyando and In lower Nyando 53 and 541 during both dry and wet season respectively
About 20 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando had access to piped water in their
houses within their compounds while 66 had invested in rain water storage tanks Other
sources of water included hand dug wells (74) and communal water points While in
Lower Nyando 13 of households surveyed had invested in rain water tanks and only 4
of the households surveyed had access to piped water
Table 4 The respondentrsquos main water sources in the dry and wet season
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Dry season Wet Season Dry Season Wet Season
Frequen
cy
Frequenc
y
Frequenc
y
Freque
ncy
Piped tap water in
dwelling14 115 10 85 4 40 4 41
Piped tap water on
site11 90 8 68 8 81 4 41
Borehole on site
water kiosk5 41 4 34 8 81 6 61
Rainwater tank on
site8 66 24 203 12 121 13 133
Publiccommunal
tap water kiosk less
than 200 meters away
2 16 2 17 1 10 1 10
Publiccommunal
tap more than 200
meters away
4 33 3 25 3 30 2 20
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983089983097 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Hand dug wells 9 74 3 25 4 40 1 10
Neighbor 3 25 2 17 1 10
Mobile Water tanker
(bowser)1 8
riverstream Wells
amp springs52 426 58 492 60 606 53 541
Water Pansearth
dams ponds13 107 3 25 1 10
Therefore the result shows that majority of households (over 50) in this areas rely on
unprotected water sources This is below the National average According KDH report
20089 63 of households in Kenya get drinking water from an improved source However
disparities exist by residence with a higher proportion of urban households (91 ) having
an improved source of drinking water compared with rural households 54
Increasing access to improved drinking water is one of the Millennium Development Goals
that Kenya along with other nations worldwide has adopted (United Nations General
Assembly 2001) The indicators that are useful in monitoring household access to improved
drinking water (WHO and UNICEF 2005) include sources that are likely to provide water
suitable for drinking Lack of ready access to a water source may limit the quantity of
suitable drinking water that must be fetched from a source that is not immediately
accessible to the household (distance to source) water quality among others as discussed
below
332 Distance to drinking water sources
In middle Nyando area the average distance to the householdsrsquo main water source is less
than a kilometre (537) 248 of the households surveyed have water within their
compounds On average it takes less than an hour (775) for households to fetch water for
their domestic use while 192 of the households take between 1-2 hours to collect water
Table 5 Distance to Drinking Water Source
983117983145983140983140983148983141 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983090983091 983116983151983159983141983154 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983088983088
983118983151 983118983151
983108983145983155983156983137983150983139983141 983156983151 983159983137983156983141983154
983155983151983157983154983139983141
983127983145983156983144983145983150 983156983144983141 983139983151983149983152983151983157983150983140 30 248 19 190
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983115983149 65 537 69 690
1983147983149983155 983085 2 983115983149 21 174 12 120
2 983085 5 983115983149 5 41
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
983124983145983149983141 983156983137983147983141983150 983156983151 983139983151983148983148983141983139983156
983159983137983156983141983154
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983144983154 93 775 91 910
1983144983154 983085 2 983144983154983155 23 192 9 90
983119983158983141983154 2 983144983154983155 4 33
In lower Nyando area 19 of households surveyed had water within their compounds
while 69 walked less than a kilometre to access water for domestic use It takes less than anhour for households to collect water for domestic use (91) while the rest spend between
an hour and two
333 Quantity of Water Used Per household per day
Majority of the households in
middle Nyando (421) use
between 80-100 litres of water
per day while 355 use
between 20-60 litres per day and
14 of the surveyed households
reported to be using over 100
litres of water per day
In Lower Nyando 40 of the households surveyed used between 20 and 60 litres of water
per day with an equivalent number using between 80 and 100 litres of water for domestic
use 18 of the residents used over 100 litres of water per day for domestic use
Considering the average household sizes in the study areas (6 people in middle Nyando
and 7 in lower Nyando) this translates to a per capita water consumption of 17 litres per
person per day which is still below the recommended 20 litres per capita by WHO
754 of respondents in middle Nyando and 495 in lower Nyando use water for other
purposes other than household use Water is also used for irrigating crops (935 middle
Nyando 596 lower Nyando) and for animal use
334 Water Safety ndash quality and use of safe water drinking products
The general perception on water safety was assessed in terms of safety to drink clarity taste
and odour In middle Nyando 54 of household interviewed perceive their water to be safe
to drink 729 good to taste and 608 perceive the water to be clearnot turbid In lower
Figure 3 Quantity of Water Used per Household per Day
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983089 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Nyando 84 of household perceive their water to be god to taste 48 to be safe to drink
and 77 to be clearnot turbid
Table 6 The respondents water quality perception method of treatment and incidences
of water borne diseases
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Perception on Water
Quality
Safe to drink 541 480
Clear 608 770
Good to taste 729 840
Free from odour 788 730
About 883 of households in middle Nyando treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment (891) being the use of chlorine based chemicals like water guard In
lower Nyando 85 of households surveyed treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment being chemical treatment (682) 481 of households interviewed in
middle Nyando reported to have had cases of typhoid infections among a family during the
past 6months 135 had cases of diarrhoea in the family Scabiesskin diseases were
recorded in 173 of the households
Figure 4 Household water treatment methods a Middle Nyando b Lower Nyando
In lower Nyando 155 of interviewed households had recorded cases of diarrheal among
family members during the past for 6 months while 50 had recorded cases of typhoid The
high number of recorded cases of water bornewater washed diseasesconditions can be
attributed to the man water source in the study areas which was found to be riverssprings
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 7 Household Incidences of Water Related Illnesses
Incidences of Water
BorneWater Washed
illnessesconditions
diarrhea 7 135 9 155
Typhoid 25 481 29 500
Scabies (skin diseases) 9 173 2 34
Trachoma 1 19
Others (specify) 10 192 18 310
The majority of the households also treat their drinking water despite the surveying
showing that cases of water borne diseases were many This could mean that household
water handling measures are poor leading to recontamination of drinking water either
during storage or during use It could also mean that the treatment methods which is
mainly chlorine based is not being administered correctly leading to under dosing
335
Payment for water supply
The average amount of money spent on water is Ksh 200-500 per month with 455 of
households in middle Nyando and 433 in lower Nyando falling in this group
Table 8 Cost of Water
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Amount Spent on Water
per month
Do not pay 9 205 8 267
Less than 200 5 114 1 33
Between Ksh 200-500 20 455 13 433
Between Ksh 500-1000 10 227 2 67
Between Ksh 1000-2000 3 100
Over Ksh 2000 3 100
To whom Water is paid Municipality 2 61 1 48
Businesswater vendor 17 515 16 762
CBONGO 2 61
Other specify 12 364 4 190
Those who pay for water mostly do so to water vendors (515) in middle Nyando and
762 in lower Nyando
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
34 SANITATION
341 Latrine coverage
Latrine coverage is 894 in middle Nyando and 87in Lower Nyando The most common
type of toilet facility is pit latrine with no Ventilation pipe (705) in Middle Nyando and
744 in Lower Nyando followed by VIP latrine at 268 and 20 in Middle and Lower
Nyando respectively The figures are above the national latrine coverage averages
Table 9 Sanitation Situation
Study Area Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Availability of Toilet Yes 110 894 87 870
No 13 106 13 130
No of Toilet facilities One 96 857 64 736
Two 10 89 16 184
Three and Above 3 27 7 70
Not Applicable 3 27
Type of toilet Facility Flush toilet
connected to a
septic tank
2 18 2 22
Pit latrine with
ventilation pipe30 268 18 200
Pit latrine without
ventilation pipe79 705 67 744
The main reason given for lack of latrines in the area was high cost of construction at 727
in middle Nyando and 692 in lower Nyando The household without latrines either
relieve themselves in the bush (364) for middle Nyando and 538 for lower Nyando or
in the Neighbours latrines (636) middle Nyando and 385 in lower Nyando
Table 10 Reasons for Lack Of Sanitation Facilities
Reasons for No latrine Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Cost of construction is high 727 692
Do not see the need to have one 91 0
Poor soil formationcollapsible soil 33 50
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983090983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Not provided by land lord 08 30
Others 0 10
Where people relieve themselves
(those without latrines)
Frequency
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Bush Outside 4 364 7 538
Neighborrsquos Latrine 7 636 5 385
Ensuring adequate sanitation facilities is a Millennium Development Goal that Kenya shares
with other countries A household is classified as having an improved toilet if the toilet is
used only by members of one household (ie it is not shared) and if the facility used by the
household separates the waste from human contact (WHOUNICEF Joint MonitoringProgramme for Water Supply and Sanitation 2004) According to KDH report 20082009 the
national figures show that less 60 of households uses an improved toilet facility that is not
shared with other households Urban households are only slightly more likely than rural
households to have an improved toilet facility (30 and 20 respectively) Overall 12 of
households have no toilet facility at all they are almost exclusively rural accounting for 16
of rural households
35 ENERGY SOURCE AND USE
351 House hold Energy Needs
Energy demand patterns of the study areas largely revolve around household energy end
uses such as cooking and lighting Respondents ranked cooking lighting and heating as the
three most important energy needs
352
Main House Hold Sources of Energy
The main sources of energy at household levels are wood paraffin and charcoal The table
below lists the age of farmers using the various fuel sources listed in the questionnaire
The study established that the most preferred source of household cooking energy among
the respondents is mainly firewood (at 100 in lower Nyando and 99 in middle Nyando)
This indicates overreliance on biomass and an indicator of a real challenge of forest and
vegetation degradation
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983090983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 11 Energy Source and Use
Lighting Cooking
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Biomass 08 0 1000 990
Kerosene 884 838
Biogas 08 0
Solar 66 20
Electricity 33 141 0 10
Recent National studies also Estimates of household energy use indicate that over 95 of
Kenyan population rely on wood or charcoal for energy needs Traditionally these energy
resources have been ldquofreerdquo goods however the Kenyan wood fuel supply has been rapidlydepleted by deforestation an activity also closely associated with land clearing for
agriculture and global warming via reduction of biomass to sequestrate CO 2
Consequently an energy policy that is designed to meet the needs of the majority of the
population must devote considerable attention to mainstreaming a sustainable yield of
biomass as well efficient energy technology to maximise on the biomass energy sources
The main source of energy for lighting in the area is kerosene (884 in middle Nyando and
838 in lower Nyando 66 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando and 20 in lower
Nyando use solar energy for lighting Hydro electric usage for lighting was recorded in 33
of households in middle Nyando and 141 in lower Nyando Biomass energy which
includes firewood charcoal and livestock waste burnt directly accounts for 100 of cooking
energy source in middle Nyando and 99 in lower Nyando Other renewable energy such
as biogas is not common in the area with only less than 1 of households in Nyando
utilising biogas
From the focused group discussions Initial capital cost was established as the utmost
challenge for household access to alterative and sustainable energy sources like biogas or
grid power It was further established among the biomass users 80 2 settled for firewood
as the main source of energy because of affordability lack of capacity to include other
alternatives and convenience
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983090983094 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
353 Availability of energy
Qualitative data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews corroborated
the finding that most households in the two study areas are energy stressed and that the
majority still used wood fuel and charcoal as the main source of energy The distancetravelled and time used to collect fuel wood has been increasing due to the declining tree
cover In parts of KORU people are cutting down trees to sell to Homaline Company as an
additional source of income A different study carried out by ICRAF in the lower and
middle Nyando areas in 2009 showed that More than 90 of the households are not self
sufficient with fuel
354 Potential for renewable energy uses
During the field studies it was observed that almost all households kept livestock A similar
study undertaken by ICRAF also showed that all households in the area keep livestock
This shows that there is a potential for use of biogas as source energy for cooking and even
lighting This would in turn reduce the existing pressure on wood products which are the
main source of energy for cooking in the area
In some farms people had also adopted tree planting especially in middle Nyando area to
supplement their energy sources This shows that agro-forestry practices at farm level can
play a key role in meeting the growing energy demand in the area with multiple benefits
such as additional income sources and soil conservation
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting
The study established that the main reason for choosing energy source either for cooking or
lighting is mainly based on availability (cooking 728 and lighting 732) This indicates that
probably the households will go for the most cost effective and readily available source of
energy
Table 12 Renewable Energy Use
Middle Nyando N=40 Lower Nyando N=19
No No
Type of Renewable
energy
Solar energy for lighting 16 400 4 211
Solar cookers 4 100 1 53
Do not know 19 475 10 526
Other 1 25 2 105
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Total 40 1000 19 1000
Middle Nyando N= 84 Lower Nyando N= 82
Challenges to
Accessing RE
High cost of start up 47 560 47 573
Not reliable 17 202 3 37
Do not know about the
technologies20 238 30 366
Other specify 2 24
Total 84 1000 82 1000
Only 175 of households in middle Nyando and 74 in lower Nyando said they use
renewable energy in their homes The most common type of renewable energy used was
solar energy for lighting (16 households n =123) in middle Nyando and 4 households (N=
100) in lower Nyando
Main source of information on renewable energy in the area is from the media (66) in both
areas The results show that there is inadequate sustained and comprehensive awareness
creation on the use of renewable energy sources in the region There is need to do as
sustained awareness creation in the area to educate the people that despite the high start-up
cost studies shows a reduction on the cost of household energy once the families start using
renewable energy because the operational recurrent costs are relatively lower when
compared with other sources of energy
356 Challenges facing renewable energy
The major challenge to accessing renewable energy technologies was the high cost of start-
up (56 middle Nyando and 57 lower Nyando) The other reasons given were on
reliability of renewable energy sources and poor knowledge on the available Renewable
energy technologies (366 in lower Nyando and 238) in middle Nyando The study
shows that among the households that have adopted renewable energy use on average 20
had been assisted (technologically and or subsidised)
Biogas and solar energy sources are considered fairly inefficient implying that more
research and development work needs to be done to improve on the efficiency The high
cost of adopting renewable energy sources makes it prohibitive for a significant portion of
the population The results is that the population still heavily relay on traditional energy
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983090983096 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
sources (biomass) yet the technologies used to extract the energy not only significantly
affect the health of women and children but is also damage to the environment
During the FGD it also emerged that the Despite availability of programmes such as the
biogas installation subsidy programme by KEBDIP people were generally unaware of it
Also during the FGDs with some of the community groups it emerged that knowledge on
renewable energy sources especially biogas production was very low This is supported by
various qualitative data that shows that knowledge on funding sources for renewable
energy technologies was generally low However the people showed interest in adopting
the use of biogas energy if the technology can be made available and affordable to them
36
AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture practices in the area gained prominence after the introduction of the Economic
Stimulus Package Through this programmes every location was supposed to be allocated
14 fishponds
Data from the fisheries offices estimates the total fishponds in Nyando District to be 1100
Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds
Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish ponds and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA
area as you go towards the lake
The ministry of fisheries has also constructed a dam along river Awasi to provide water for
fish farming in the area as well as water for domestic use
Aquaculture has been introduced in the area to try and reduce the pressure on fisheries
resources in the lake as well as provide an alternative livelihood source to the people
Table 13 Data on Fish Farming
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Households Practicing
Aquaculture
Yes 5 42 9 92
No 114 958 89 908
Total 119 1000 98 1000
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983090983097 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
The major challenge facing fish farming in the area was availability of water as most of the
river sources being perennial rivers
During the FGD and KII the reasons given for low adoption of aquaculture were listed as
Negative attitude towards fish farming as people believe that fish is found in the lake Over
reliance on lake fish Perception that fish from fish pond is not sweet perceptions on
palatability Security issues as fish are stolen from the ponds thus discouraging potential
farmers cases of pond poisoning has thus discouraging farmers High cost of start-up and
high cost of inputs Water scarcity caused by limited permanent water sources Low levels of
awareness on fish farming Poor pond management skills and High hydraulic conductivity
of soils thus low water retention capabilities Flooding was also reported to be a big
challenge in the lower Nyando area as flood waters wash away the fish ponds during rainseasons Proximity to the lake was also a major deterrence to fish farming as the people close
to the lake thought it was easier to fish in the lake
However it also emerged during this discussions that farmers who were successful in the
fish farming business were expanding and increasing the number of their ponds The
success stories of such farmers have also encouraged other people with favourable land
conditions to adopt aquaculture
This shows that with availability of water sources the potential for aquaculture is very huge
especially in lower Nyando
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
This baseline report presents the results of the data collected from the combination of field
and household surveys in two project areas as well as through review of various literatures
on interventions carried out in the area Interpretation and management recommendations
are based solely on the data
Several Livelihood intervention measures focusing on Water and sanitation aquaculture
and soil and water conservation have been put in place by different actors (both state and
non state) to try and improve the living standards of people in lower and middle Nyando
The most observable intervention measures recorded during the survey was Promotion of
Rain water harvesting at household level promotion of tree farming investment in water
storage through construction of water pans and also fish farming
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983091983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Generally access to sanitation facilities is above 85 in both areas However the prevalence
of water borne diseases is still high and therefore need to increase interventions aimed
towards improving hygiene measures such as hand washing
Majority of the households also rely on unprotected water sources for their household water
needs Future interventions should therefore focus more on increasing access to protected
water sources and also increasing the quantity of water available per capita in both the
lower and Nyando river area
Uptake of Fish farming in the area is low due to both human and non human factors as
discussed in the report Future interventions should focus more on ensuring adequate
technical support to farmers who have adopted fish farming Interventions should also focus
on creating favourable environment for new farmers to adopt aquaculture through
provision of water by investing in water storage such as earth dams and pans and also
provision of piped water
Renewable energy uptake has also been low due to low levels of awareness as well as the
perceived high start-up cost Intervention measures in this area should focus on raising
awareness on available low cost renewable energy options such as solar lanterns for
lighting The potential for biogas production is also high and therefore intervention should
focus on development of affordable biogas production technologies Tree cover is quite low
in Lower Nyando Only 34 of household plots had any trees in the vicinity (Verchot et al
2008
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References
ICRAF and MOARD (2000) ldquoImproved land management in the Lake Victoria basin Final
Technical Report Start-up Phase July 1999 to June 2000rdquo ICRAF and MOARD Nairobi
Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 2006 Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem
Management Project (WKIEMP) Strategies for Integrated Land and Water Management for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Katuk-Odeyo Sub-Watershed Nyando River Basin Lake Victoria Basin
KENYA
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2009) The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing
Census lsquo Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030) Volume 1 A Ministry of
Water Resources and Regional Development (2004) Land resources Development and
Irrigation in Nyanza Province South Kano Government Printers
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L and Njui A (eds) 2004 Proceedings of aWorkshop on
Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin December 9 ndash
11 2002 Imperial Hotel Kisumu Kenya
Muriithi S Okono NA and Swallow B (eds) 2006b Developing an action plan for the Awach
watershed Western Kenya Proceedings of a workshop co-hosted by the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (NALEP
ndash National Agriculture Livestock Extension Programme 23rd May 2001 St Anna Guest House
Kisumu ICRAF Discussion Paper 2001-3
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L amp Njui A eds 2004 Proceedings of a
Workshop on Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin
Nairobi ICRAF NEMA the Water Quality Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
Management Programme (LVEMP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Environmental Authority [NEMA] (2004) Strategy for Flood Management in Lake
Victoria Basin Kenya
Verchot et al (2008) Baseline Report Nyando River Basin Western Kenya Integrated
Ecosystem Management Project Findings from the Baseline Surveys International Centre forResearch in Agroforestry Nairobi Kenya
World Agroforestry Centre (2006) Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin Final
Report of the TransVic Project World Agroforerstry Centre Occasional Paper No 7 World
Agroforestry Centre Nairobi Kenya
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets
I Water and Sanitation
Middle Nyando Lower Nya
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Target Baseline st
Water
Improved Water sources
bull Piped water intodwelling
bull plot or yard
bull Public tapstandpipe
bull Tubewellborehole
bull Protected dug well
bull
Protected spring
bull Rainwater collection
Unimproved Water sources
bull Unprotected dug well
bull Unprotected spring
bull Cart with small tankdrum
bull Bottled water a
bull Tanker-truck
bull Surface water (river dam
bull lake pond stream canal
bull irrigation channels)
of house hold using water fromProtected Sources
393 439
Reduce average Distance tohousehold Water source to lessthan a km
Within compound 248 Within com
lt 1km =537 lt 1km =690
gt2km = 41 gt2km = 0
Household water treatment 883 85
Average time taken to collect waterfor domestic use
lt 1 an hour =775
1-2hrs=192
gt2hrs =335
Reliability of Water supplyavailability of water
Household per-capita Water Use) lt 4 l per capita = 83 gt20lpppd
lt 4 l per ca
4- 10 l per capita =355 4- 10 l per c
10-20 l per capita =421 10-20 l per c
gt20 litres= 14 gt20L =18
Reduce water bornewashed Diarrhoeal incidences Diarrhoeal
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983091983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983089983097 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Hand dug wells 9 74 3 25 4 40 1 10
Neighbor 3 25 2 17 1 10
Mobile Water tanker
(bowser)1 8
riverstream Wells
amp springs52 426 58 492 60 606 53 541
Water Pansearth
dams ponds13 107 3 25 1 10
Therefore the result shows that majority of households (over 50) in this areas rely on
unprotected water sources This is below the National average According KDH report
20089 63 of households in Kenya get drinking water from an improved source However
disparities exist by residence with a higher proportion of urban households (91 ) having
an improved source of drinking water compared with rural households 54
Increasing access to improved drinking water is one of the Millennium Development Goals
that Kenya along with other nations worldwide has adopted (United Nations General
Assembly 2001) The indicators that are useful in monitoring household access to improved
drinking water (WHO and UNICEF 2005) include sources that are likely to provide water
suitable for drinking Lack of ready access to a water source may limit the quantity of
suitable drinking water that must be fetched from a source that is not immediately
accessible to the household (distance to source) water quality among others as discussed
below
332 Distance to drinking water sources
In middle Nyando area the average distance to the householdsrsquo main water source is less
than a kilometre (537) 248 of the households surveyed have water within their
compounds On average it takes less than an hour (775) for households to fetch water for
their domestic use while 192 of the households take between 1-2 hours to collect water
Table 5 Distance to Drinking Water Source
983117983145983140983140983148983141 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983090983091 983116983151983159983141983154 983118983161983137983150983140983151 983118983101983089983088983088
983118983151 983118983151
983108983145983155983156983137983150983139983141 983156983151 983159983137983156983141983154
983155983151983157983154983139983141
983127983145983156983144983145983150 983156983144983141 983139983151983149983152983151983157983150983140 30 248 19 190
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983115983149 65 537 69 690
1983147983149983155 983085 2 983115983149 21 174 12 120
2 983085 5 983115983149 5 41
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
983124983145983149983141 983156983137983147983141983150 983156983151 983139983151983148983148983141983139983156
983159983137983156983141983154
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983144983154 93 775 91 910
1983144983154 983085 2 983144983154983155 23 192 9 90
983119983158983141983154 2 983144983154983155 4 33
In lower Nyando area 19 of households surveyed had water within their compounds
while 69 walked less than a kilometre to access water for domestic use It takes less than anhour for households to collect water for domestic use (91) while the rest spend between
an hour and two
333 Quantity of Water Used Per household per day
Majority of the households in
middle Nyando (421) use
between 80-100 litres of water
per day while 355 use
between 20-60 litres per day and
14 of the surveyed households
reported to be using over 100
litres of water per day
In Lower Nyando 40 of the households surveyed used between 20 and 60 litres of water
per day with an equivalent number using between 80 and 100 litres of water for domestic
use 18 of the residents used over 100 litres of water per day for domestic use
Considering the average household sizes in the study areas (6 people in middle Nyando
and 7 in lower Nyando) this translates to a per capita water consumption of 17 litres per
person per day which is still below the recommended 20 litres per capita by WHO
754 of respondents in middle Nyando and 495 in lower Nyando use water for other
purposes other than household use Water is also used for irrigating crops (935 middle
Nyando 596 lower Nyando) and for animal use
334 Water Safety ndash quality and use of safe water drinking products
The general perception on water safety was assessed in terms of safety to drink clarity taste
and odour In middle Nyando 54 of household interviewed perceive their water to be safe
to drink 729 good to taste and 608 perceive the water to be clearnot turbid In lower
Figure 3 Quantity of Water Used per Household per Day
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983089 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Nyando 84 of household perceive their water to be god to taste 48 to be safe to drink
and 77 to be clearnot turbid
Table 6 The respondents water quality perception method of treatment and incidences
of water borne diseases
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Perception on Water
Quality
Safe to drink 541 480
Clear 608 770
Good to taste 729 840
Free from odour 788 730
About 883 of households in middle Nyando treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment (891) being the use of chlorine based chemicals like water guard In
lower Nyando 85 of households surveyed treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment being chemical treatment (682) 481 of households interviewed in
middle Nyando reported to have had cases of typhoid infections among a family during the
past 6months 135 had cases of diarrhoea in the family Scabiesskin diseases were
recorded in 173 of the households
Figure 4 Household water treatment methods a Middle Nyando b Lower Nyando
In lower Nyando 155 of interviewed households had recorded cases of diarrheal among
family members during the past for 6 months while 50 had recorded cases of typhoid The
high number of recorded cases of water bornewater washed diseasesconditions can be
attributed to the man water source in the study areas which was found to be riverssprings
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 7 Household Incidences of Water Related Illnesses
Incidences of Water
BorneWater Washed
illnessesconditions
diarrhea 7 135 9 155
Typhoid 25 481 29 500
Scabies (skin diseases) 9 173 2 34
Trachoma 1 19
Others (specify) 10 192 18 310
The majority of the households also treat their drinking water despite the surveying
showing that cases of water borne diseases were many This could mean that household
water handling measures are poor leading to recontamination of drinking water either
during storage or during use It could also mean that the treatment methods which is
mainly chlorine based is not being administered correctly leading to under dosing
335
Payment for water supply
The average amount of money spent on water is Ksh 200-500 per month with 455 of
households in middle Nyando and 433 in lower Nyando falling in this group
Table 8 Cost of Water
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Amount Spent on Water
per month
Do not pay 9 205 8 267
Less than 200 5 114 1 33
Between Ksh 200-500 20 455 13 433
Between Ksh 500-1000 10 227 2 67
Between Ksh 1000-2000 3 100
Over Ksh 2000 3 100
To whom Water is paid Municipality 2 61 1 48
Businesswater vendor 17 515 16 762
CBONGO 2 61
Other specify 12 364 4 190
Those who pay for water mostly do so to water vendors (515) in middle Nyando and
762 in lower Nyando
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
34 SANITATION
341 Latrine coverage
Latrine coverage is 894 in middle Nyando and 87in Lower Nyando The most common
type of toilet facility is pit latrine with no Ventilation pipe (705) in Middle Nyando and
744 in Lower Nyando followed by VIP latrine at 268 and 20 in Middle and Lower
Nyando respectively The figures are above the national latrine coverage averages
Table 9 Sanitation Situation
Study Area Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Availability of Toilet Yes 110 894 87 870
No 13 106 13 130
No of Toilet facilities One 96 857 64 736
Two 10 89 16 184
Three and Above 3 27 7 70
Not Applicable 3 27
Type of toilet Facility Flush toilet
connected to a
septic tank
2 18 2 22
Pit latrine with
ventilation pipe30 268 18 200
Pit latrine without
ventilation pipe79 705 67 744
The main reason given for lack of latrines in the area was high cost of construction at 727
in middle Nyando and 692 in lower Nyando The household without latrines either
relieve themselves in the bush (364) for middle Nyando and 538 for lower Nyando or
in the Neighbours latrines (636) middle Nyando and 385 in lower Nyando
Table 10 Reasons for Lack Of Sanitation Facilities
Reasons for No latrine Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Cost of construction is high 727 692
Do not see the need to have one 91 0
Poor soil formationcollapsible soil 33 50
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983090983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Not provided by land lord 08 30
Others 0 10
Where people relieve themselves
(those without latrines)
Frequency
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Bush Outside 4 364 7 538
Neighborrsquos Latrine 7 636 5 385
Ensuring adequate sanitation facilities is a Millennium Development Goal that Kenya shares
with other countries A household is classified as having an improved toilet if the toilet is
used only by members of one household (ie it is not shared) and if the facility used by the
household separates the waste from human contact (WHOUNICEF Joint MonitoringProgramme for Water Supply and Sanitation 2004) According to KDH report 20082009 the
national figures show that less 60 of households uses an improved toilet facility that is not
shared with other households Urban households are only slightly more likely than rural
households to have an improved toilet facility (30 and 20 respectively) Overall 12 of
households have no toilet facility at all they are almost exclusively rural accounting for 16
of rural households
35 ENERGY SOURCE AND USE
351 House hold Energy Needs
Energy demand patterns of the study areas largely revolve around household energy end
uses such as cooking and lighting Respondents ranked cooking lighting and heating as the
three most important energy needs
352
Main House Hold Sources of Energy
The main sources of energy at household levels are wood paraffin and charcoal The table
below lists the age of farmers using the various fuel sources listed in the questionnaire
The study established that the most preferred source of household cooking energy among
the respondents is mainly firewood (at 100 in lower Nyando and 99 in middle Nyando)
This indicates overreliance on biomass and an indicator of a real challenge of forest and
vegetation degradation
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983090983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 11 Energy Source and Use
Lighting Cooking
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Biomass 08 0 1000 990
Kerosene 884 838
Biogas 08 0
Solar 66 20
Electricity 33 141 0 10
Recent National studies also Estimates of household energy use indicate that over 95 of
Kenyan population rely on wood or charcoal for energy needs Traditionally these energy
resources have been ldquofreerdquo goods however the Kenyan wood fuel supply has been rapidlydepleted by deforestation an activity also closely associated with land clearing for
agriculture and global warming via reduction of biomass to sequestrate CO 2
Consequently an energy policy that is designed to meet the needs of the majority of the
population must devote considerable attention to mainstreaming a sustainable yield of
biomass as well efficient energy technology to maximise on the biomass energy sources
The main source of energy for lighting in the area is kerosene (884 in middle Nyando and
838 in lower Nyando 66 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando and 20 in lower
Nyando use solar energy for lighting Hydro electric usage for lighting was recorded in 33
of households in middle Nyando and 141 in lower Nyando Biomass energy which
includes firewood charcoal and livestock waste burnt directly accounts for 100 of cooking
energy source in middle Nyando and 99 in lower Nyando Other renewable energy such
as biogas is not common in the area with only less than 1 of households in Nyando
utilising biogas
From the focused group discussions Initial capital cost was established as the utmost
challenge for household access to alterative and sustainable energy sources like biogas or
grid power It was further established among the biomass users 80 2 settled for firewood
as the main source of energy because of affordability lack of capacity to include other
alternatives and convenience
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983090983094 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
353 Availability of energy
Qualitative data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews corroborated
the finding that most households in the two study areas are energy stressed and that the
majority still used wood fuel and charcoal as the main source of energy The distancetravelled and time used to collect fuel wood has been increasing due to the declining tree
cover In parts of KORU people are cutting down trees to sell to Homaline Company as an
additional source of income A different study carried out by ICRAF in the lower and
middle Nyando areas in 2009 showed that More than 90 of the households are not self
sufficient with fuel
354 Potential for renewable energy uses
During the field studies it was observed that almost all households kept livestock A similar
study undertaken by ICRAF also showed that all households in the area keep livestock
This shows that there is a potential for use of biogas as source energy for cooking and even
lighting This would in turn reduce the existing pressure on wood products which are the
main source of energy for cooking in the area
In some farms people had also adopted tree planting especially in middle Nyando area to
supplement their energy sources This shows that agro-forestry practices at farm level can
play a key role in meeting the growing energy demand in the area with multiple benefits
such as additional income sources and soil conservation
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting
The study established that the main reason for choosing energy source either for cooking or
lighting is mainly based on availability (cooking 728 and lighting 732) This indicates that
probably the households will go for the most cost effective and readily available source of
energy
Table 12 Renewable Energy Use
Middle Nyando N=40 Lower Nyando N=19
No No
Type of Renewable
energy
Solar energy for lighting 16 400 4 211
Solar cookers 4 100 1 53
Do not know 19 475 10 526
Other 1 25 2 105
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983090983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Total 40 1000 19 1000
Middle Nyando N= 84 Lower Nyando N= 82
Challenges to
Accessing RE
High cost of start up 47 560 47 573
Not reliable 17 202 3 37
Do not know about the
technologies20 238 30 366
Other specify 2 24
Total 84 1000 82 1000
Only 175 of households in middle Nyando and 74 in lower Nyando said they use
renewable energy in their homes The most common type of renewable energy used was
solar energy for lighting (16 households n =123) in middle Nyando and 4 households (N=
100) in lower Nyando
Main source of information on renewable energy in the area is from the media (66) in both
areas The results show that there is inadequate sustained and comprehensive awareness
creation on the use of renewable energy sources in the region There is need to do as
sustained awareness creation in the area to educate the people that despite the high start-up
cost studies shows a reduction on the cost of household energy once the families start using
renewable energy because the operational recurrent costs are relatively lower when
compared with other sources of energy
356 Challenges facing renewable energy
The major challenge to accessing renewable energy technologies was the high cost of start-
up (56 middle Nyando and 57 lower Nyando) The other reasons given were on
reliability of renewable energy sources and poor knowledge on the available Renewable
energy technologies (366 in lower Nyando and 238) in middle Nyando The study
shows that among the households that have adopted renewable energy use on average 20
had been assisted (technologically and or subsidised)
Biogas and solar energy sources are considered fairly inefficient implying that more
research and development work needs to be done to improve on the efficiency The high
cost of adopting renewable energy sources makes it prohibitive for a significant portion of
the population The results is that the population still heavily relay on traditional energy
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983090983096 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
sources (biomass) yet the technologies used to extract the energy not only significantly
affect the health of women and children but is also damage to the environment
During the FGD it also emerged that the Despite availability of programmes such as the
biogas installation subsidy programme by KEBDIP people were generally unaware of it
Also during the FGDs with some of the community groups it emerged that knowledge on
renewable energy sources especially biogas production was very low This is supported by
various qualitative data that shows that knowledge on funding sources for renewable
energy technologies was generally low However the people showed interest in adopting
the use of biogas energy if the technology can be made available and affordable to them
36
AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture practices in the area gained prominence after the introduction of the Economic
Stimulus Package Through this programmes every location was supposed to be allocated
14 fishponds
Data from the fisheries offices estimates the total fishponds in Nyando District to be 1100
Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds
Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish ponds and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA
area as you go towards the lake
The ministry of fisheries has also constructed a dam along river Awasi to provide water for
fish farming in the area as well as water for domestic use
Aquaculture has been introduced in the area to try and reduce the pressure on fisheries
resources in the lake as well as provide an alternative livelihood source to the people
Table 13 Data on Fish Farming
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Households Practicing
Aquaculture
Yes 5 42 9 92
No 114 958 89 908
Total 119 1000 98 1000
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983090983097 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
The major challenge facing fish farming in the area was availability of water as most of the
river sources being perennial rivers
During the FGD and KII the reasons given for low adoption of aquaculture were listed as
Negative attitude towards fish farming as people believe that fish is found in the lake Over
reliance on lake fish Perception that fish from fish pond is not sweet perceptions on
palatability Security issues as fish are stolen from the ponds thus discouraging potential
farmers cases of pond poisoning has thus discouraging farmers High cost of start-up and
high cost of inputs Water scarcity caused by limited permanent water sources Low levels of
awareness on fish farming Poor pond management skills and High hydraulic conductivity
of soils thus low water retention capabilities Flooding was also reported to be a big
challenge in the lower Nyando area as flood waters wash away the fish ponds during rainseasons Proximity to the lake was also a major deterrence to fish farming as the people close
to the lake thought it was easier to fish in the lake
However it also emerged during this discussions that farmers who were successful in the
fish farming business were expanding and increasing the number of their ponds The
success stories of such farmers have also encouraged other people with favourable land
conditions to adopt aquaculture
This shows that with availability of water sources the potential for aquaculture is very huge
especially in lower Nyando
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
This baseline report presents the results of the data collected from the combination of field
and household surveys in two project areas as well as through review of various literatures
on interventions carried out in the area Interpretation and management recommendations
are based solely on the data
Several Livelihood intervention measures focusing on Water and sanitation aquaculture
and soil and water conservation have been put in place by different actors (both state and
non state) to try and improve the living standards of people in lower and middle Nyando
The most observable intervention measures recorded during the survey was Promotion of
Rain water harvesting at household level promotion of tree farming investment in water
storage through construction of water pans and also fish farming
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983091983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Generally access to sanitation facilities is above 85 in both areas However the prevalence
of water borne diseases is still high and therefore need to increase interventions aimed
towards improving hygiene measures such as hand washing
Majority of the households also rely on unprotected water sources for their household water
needs Future interventions should therefore focus more on increasing access to protected
water sources and also increasing the quantity of water available per capita in both the
lower and Nyando river area
Uptake of Fish farming in the area is low due to both human and non human factors as
discussed in the report Future interventions should focus more on ensuring adequate
technical support to farmers who have adopted fish farming Interventions should also focus
on creating favourable environment for new farmers to adopt aquaculture through
provision of water by investing in water storage such as earth dams and pans and also
provision of piped water
Renewable energy uptake has also been low due to low levels of awareness as well as the
perceived high start-up cost Intervention measures in this area should focus on raising
awareness on available low cost renewable energy options such as solar lanterns for
lighting The potential for biogas production is also high and therefore intervention should
focus on development of affordable biogas production technologies Tree cover is quite low
in Lower Nyando Only 34 of household plots had any trees in the vicinity (Verchot et al
2008
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References
ICRAF and MOARD (2000) ldquoImproved land management in the Lake Victoria basin Final
Technical Report Start-up Phase July 1999 to June 2000rdquo ICRAF and MOARD Nairobi
Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 2006 Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem
Management Project (WKIEMP) Strategies for Integrated Land and Water Management for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Katuk-Odeyo Sub-Watershed Nyando River Basin Lake Victoria Basin
KENYA
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2009) The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing
Census lsquo Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030) Volume 1 A Ministry of
Water Resources and Regional Development (2004) Land resources Development and
Irrigation in Nyanza Province South Kano Government Printers
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L and Njui A (eds) 2004 Proceedings of aWorkshop on
Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin December 9 ndash
11 2002 Imperial Hotel Kisumu Kenya
Muriithi S Okono NA and Swallow B (eds) 2006b Developing an action plan for the Awach
watershed Western Kenya Proceedings of a workshop co-hosted by the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (NALEP
ndash National Agriculture Livestock Extension Programme 23rd May 2001 St Anna Guest House
Kisumu ICRAF Discussion Paper 2001-3
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L amp Njui A eds 2004 Proceedings of a
Workshop on Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin
Nairobi ICRAF NEMA the Water Quality Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
Management Programme (LVEMP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Environmental Authority [NEMA] (2004) Strategy for Flood Management in Lake
Victoria Basin Kenya
Verchot et al (2008) Baseline Report Nyando River Basin Western Kenya Integrated
Ecosystem Management Project Findings from the Baseline Surveys International Centre forResearch in Agroforestry Nairobi Kenya
World Agroforestry Centre (2006) Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin Final
Report of the TransVic Project World Agroforerstry Centre Occasional Paper No 7 World
Agroforestry Centre Nairobi Kenya
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets
I Water and Sanitation
Middle Nyando Lower Nya
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Target Baseline st
Water
Improved Water sources
bull Piped water intodwelling
bull plot or yard
bull Public tapstandpipe
bull Tubewellborehole
bull Protected dug well
bull
Protected spring
bull Rainwater collection
Unimproved Water sources
bull Unprotected dug well
bull Unprotected spring
bull Cart with small tankdrum
bull Bottled water a
bull Tanker-truck
bull Surface water (river dam
bull lake pond stream canal
bull irrigation channels)
of house hold using water fromProtected Sources
393 439
Reduce average Distance tohousehold Water source to lessthan a km
Within compound 248 Within com
lt 1km =537 lt 1km =690
gt2km = 41 gt2km = 0
Household water treatment 883 85
Average time taken to collect waterfor domestic use
lt 1 an hour =775
1-2hrs=192
gt2hrs =335
Reliability of Water supplyavailability of water
Household per-capita Water Use) lt 4 l per capita = 83 gt20lpppd
lt 4 l per ca
4- 10 l per capita =355 4- 10 l per c
10-20 l per capita =421 10-20 l per c
gt20 litres= 14 gt20L =18
Reduce water bornewashed Diarrhoeal incidences Diarrhoeal
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983091983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
983124983145983149983141 983156983137983147983141983150 983156983151 983139983151983148983148983141983139983156
983159983137983156983141983154
983116983141983155983155 983156983144983137983150 1 983144983154 93 775 91 910
1983144983154 983085 2 983144983154983155 23 192 9 90
983119983158983141983154 2 983144983154983155 4 33
In lower Nyando area 19 of households surveyed had water within their compounds
while 69 walked less than a kilometre to access water for domestic use It takes less than anhour for households to collect water for domestic use (91) while the rest spend between
an hour and two
333 Quantity of Water Used Per household per day
Majority of the households in
middle Nyando (421) use
between 80-100 litres of water
per day while 355 use
between 20-60 litres per day and
14 of the surveyed households
reported to be using over 100
litres of water per day
In Lower Nyando 40 of the households surveyed used between 20 and 60 litres of water
per day with an equivalent number using between 80 and 100 litres of water for domestic
use 18 of the residents used over 100 litres of water per day for domestic use
Considering the average household sizes in the study areas (6 people in middle Nyando
and 7 in lower Nyando) this translates to a per capita water consumption of 17 litres per
person per day which is still below the recommended 20 litres per capita by WHO
754 of respondents in middle Nyando and 495 in lower Nyando use water for other
purposes other than household use Water is also used for irrigating crops (935 middle
Nyando 596 lower Nyando) and for animal use
334 Water Safety ndash quality and use of safe water drinking products
The general perception on water safety was assessed in terms of safety to drink clarity taste
and odour In middle Nyando 54 of household interviewed perceive their water to be safe
to drink 729 good to taste and 608 perceive the water to be clearnot turbid In lower
Figure 3 Quantity of Water Used per Household per Day
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983089 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Nyando 84 of household perceive their water to be god to taste 48 to be safe to drink
and 77 to be clearnot turbid
Table 6 The respondents water quality perception method of treatment and incidences
of water borne diseases
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Perception on Water
Quality
Safe to drink 541 480
Clear 608 770
Good to taste 729 840
Free from odour 788 730
About 883 of households in middle Nyando treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment (891) being the use of chlorine based chemicals like water guard In
lower Nyando 85 of households surveyed treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment being chemical treatment (682) 481 of households interviewed in
middle Nyando reported to have had cases of typhoid infections among a family during the
past 6months 135 had cases of diarrhoea in the family Scabiesskin diseases were
recorded in 173 of the households
Figure 4 Household water treatment methods a Middle Nyando b Lower Nyando
In lower Nyando 155 of interviewed households had recorded cases of diarrheal among
family members during the past for 6 months while 50 had recorded cases of typhoid The
high number of recorded cases of water bornewater washed diseasesconditions can be
attributed to the man water source in the study areas which was found to be riverssprings
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2236
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 7 Household Incidences of Water Related Illnesses
Incidences of Water
BorneWater Washed
illnessesconditions
diarrhea 7 135 9 155
Typhoid 25 481 29 500
Scabies (skin diseases) 9 173 2 34
Trachoma 1 19
Others (specify) 10 192 18 310
The majority of the households also treat their drinking water despite the surveying
showing that cases of water borne diseases were many This could mean that household
water handling measures are poor leading to recontamination of drinking water either
during storage or during use It could also mean that the treatment methods which is
mainly chlorine based is not being administered correctly leading to under dosing
335
Payment for water supply
The average amount of money spent on water is Ksh 200-500 per month with 455 of
households in middle Nyando and 433 in lower Nyando falling in this group
Table 8 Cost of Water
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Amount Spent on Water
per month
Do not pay 9 205 8 267
Less than 200 5 114 1 33
Between Ksh 200-500 20 455 13 433
Between Ksh 500-1000 10 227 2 67
Between Ksh 1000-2000 3 100
Over Ksh 2000 3 100
To whom Water is paid Municipality 2 61 1 48
Businesswater vendor 17 515 16 762
CBONGO 2 61
Other specify 12 364 4 190
Those who pay for water mostly do so to water vendors (515) in middle Nyando and
762 in lower Nyando
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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2336
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
34 SANITATION
341 Latrine coverage
Latrine coverage is 894 in middle Nyando and 87in Lower Nyando The most common
type of toilet facility is pit latrine with no Ventilation pipe (705) in Middle Nyando and
744 in Lower Nyando followed by VIP latrine at 268 and 20 in Middle and Lower
Nyando respectively The figures are above the national latrine coverage averages
Table 9 Sanitation Situation
Study Area Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Availability of Toilet Yes 110 894 87 870
No 13 106 13 130
No of Toilet facilities One 96 857 64 736
Two 10 89 16 184
Three and Above 3 27 7 70
Not Applicable 3 27
Type of toilet Facility Flush toilet
connected to a
septic tank
2 18 2 22
Pit latrine with
ventilation pipe30 268 18 200
Pit latrine without
ventilation pipe79 705 67 744
The main reason given for lack of latrines in the area was high cost of construction at 727
in middle Nyando and 692 in lower Nyando The household without latrines either
relieve themselves in the bush (364) for middle Nyando and 538 for lower Nyando or
in the Neighbours latrines (636) middle Nyando and 385 in lower Nyando
Table 10 Reasons for Lack Of Sanitation Facilities
Reasons for No latrine Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Cost of construction is high 727 692
Do not see the need to have one 91 0
Poor soil formationcollapsible soil 33 50
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983090983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Not provided by land lord 08 30
Others 0 10
Where people relieve themselves
(those without latrines)
Frequency
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Bush Outside 4 364 7 538
Neighborrsquos Latrine 7 636 5 385
Ensuring adequate sanitation facilities is a Millennium Development Goal that Kenya shares
with other countries A household is classified as having an improved toilet if the toilet is
used only by members of one household (ie it is not shared) and if the facility used by the
household separates the waste from human contact (WHOUNICEF Joint MonitoringProgramme for Water Supply and Sanitation 2004) According to KDH report 20082009 the
national figures show that less 60 of households uses an improved toilet facility that is not
shared with other households Urban households are only slightly more likely than rural
households to have an improved toilet facility (30 and 20 respectively) Overall 12 of
households have no toilet facility at all they are almost exclusively rural accounting for 16
of rural households
35 ENERGY SOURCE AND USE
351 House hold Energy Needs
Energy demand patterns of the study areas largely revolve around household energy end
uses such as cooking and lighting Respondents ranked cooking lighting and heating as the
three most important energy needs
352
Main House Hold Sources of Energy
The main sources of energy at household levels are wood paraffin and charcoal The table
below lists the age of farmers using the various fuel sources listed in the questionnaire
The study established that the most preferred source of household cooking energy among
the respondents is mainly firewood (at 100 in lower Nyando and 99 in middle Nyando)
This indicates overreliance on biomass and an indicator of a real challenge of forest and
vegetation degradation
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 11 Energy Source and Use
Lighting Cooking
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Biomass 08 0 1000 990
Kerosene 884 838
Biogas 08 0
Solar 66 20
Electricity 33 141 0 10
Recent National studies also Estimates of household energy use indicate that over 95 of
Kenyan population rely on wood or charcoal for energy needs Traditionally these energy
resources have been ldquofreerdquo goods however the Kenyan wood fuel supply has been rapidlydepleted by deforestation an activity also closely associated with land clearing for
agriculture and global warming via reduction of biomass to sequestrate CO 2
Consequently an energy policy that is designed to meet the needs of the majority of the
population must devote considerable attention to mainstreaming a sustainable yield of
biomass as well efficient energy technology to maximise on the biomass energy sources
The main source of energy for lighting in the area is kerosene (884 in middle Nyando and
838 in lower Nyando 66 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando and 20 in lower
Nyando use solar energy for lighting Hydro electric usage for lighting was recorded in 33
of households in middle Nyando and 141 in lower Nyando Biomass energy which
includes firewood charcoal and livestock waste burnt directly accounts for 100 of cooking
energy source in middle Nyando and 99 in lower Nyando Other renewable energy such
as biogas is not common in the area with only less than 1 of households in Nyando
utilising biogas
From the focused group discussions Initial capital cost was established as the utmost
challenge for household access to alterative and sustainable energy sources like biogas or
grid power It was further established among the biomass users 80 2 settled for firewood
as the main source of energy because of affordability lack of capacity to include other
alternatives and convenience
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983094 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
353 Availability of energy
Qualitative data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews corroborated
the finding that most households in the two study areas are energy stressed and that the
majority still used wood fuel and charcoal as the main source of energy The distancetravelled and time used to collect fuel wood has been increasing due to the declining tree
cover In parts of KORU people are cutting down trees to sell to Homaline Company as an
additional source of income A different study carried out by ICRAF in the lower and
middle Nyando areas in 2009 showed that More than 90 of the households are not self
sufficient with fuel
354 Potential for renewable energy uses
During the field studies it was observed that almost all households kept livestock A similar
study undertaken by ICRAF also showed that all households in the area keep livestock
This shows that there is a potential for use of biogas as source energy for cooking and even
lighting This would in turn reduce the existing pressure on wood products which are the
main source of energy for cooking in the area
In some farms people had also adopted tree planting especially in middle Nyando area to
supplement their energy sources This shows that agro-forestry practices at farm level can
play a key role in meeting the growing energy demand in the area with multiple benefits
such as additional income sources and soil conservation
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting
The study established that the main reason for choosing energy source either for cooking or
lighting is mainly based on availability (cooking 728 and lighting 732) This indicates that
probably the households will go for the most cost effective and readily available source of
energy
Table 12 Renewable Energy Use
Middle Nyando N=40 Lower Nyando N=19
No No
Type of Renewable
energy
Solar energy for lighting 16 400 4 211
Solar cookers 4 100 1 53
Do not know 19 475 10 526
Other 1 25 2 105
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Total 40 1000 19 1000
Middle Nyando N= 84 Lower Nyando N= 82
Challenges to
Accessing RE
High cost of start up 47 560 47 573
Not reliable 17 202 3 37
Do not know about the
technologies20 238 30 366
Other specify 2 24
Total 84 1000 82 1000
Only 175 of households in middle Nyando and 74 in lower Nyando said they use
renewable energy in their homes The most common type of renewable energy used was
solar energy for lighting (16 households n =123) in middle Nyando and 4 households (N=
100) in lower Nyando
Main source of information on renewable energy in the area is from the media (66) in both
areas The results show that there is inadequate sustained and comprehensive awareness
creation on the use of renewable energy sources in the region There is need to do as
sustained awareness creation in the area to educate the people that despite the high start-up
cost studies shows a reduction on the cost of household energy once the families start using
renewable energy because the operational recurrent costs are relatively lower when
compared with other sources of energy
356 Challenges facing renewable energy
The major challenge to accessing renewable energy technologies was the high cost of start-
up (56 middle Nyando and 57 lower Nyando) The other reasons given were on
reliability of renewable energy sources and poor knowledge on the available Renewable
energy technologies (366 in lower Nyando and 238) in middle Nyando The study
shows that among the households that have adopted renewable energy use on average 20
had been assisted (technologically and or subsidised)
Biogas and solar energy sources are considered fairly inefficient implying that more
research and development work needs to be done to improve on the efficiency The high
cost of adopting renewable energy sources makes it prohibitive for a significant portion of
the population The results is that the population still heavily relay on traditional energy
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983090983096 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
sources (biomass) yet the technologies used to extract the energy not only significantly
affect the health of women and children but is also damage to the environment
During the FGD it also emerged that the Despite availability of programmes such as the
biogas installation subsidy programme by KEBDIP people were generally unaware of it
Also during the FGDs with some of the community groups it emerged that knowledge on
renewable energy sources especially biogas production was very low This is supported by
various qualitative data that shows that knowledge on funding sources for renewable
energy technologies was generally low However the people showed interest in adopting
the use of biogas energy if the technology can be made available and affordable to them
36
AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture practices in the area gained prominence after the introduction of the Economic
Stimulus Package Through this programmes every location was supposed to be allocated
14 fishponds
Data from the fisheries offices estimates the total fishponds in Nyando District to be 1100
Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds
Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish ponds and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA
area as you go towards the lake
The ministry of fisheries has also constructed a dam along river Awasi to provide water for
fish farming in the area as well as water for domestic use
Aquaculture has been introduced in the area to try and reduce the pressure on fisheries
resources in the lake as well as provide an alternative livelihood source to the people
Table 13 Data on Fish Farming
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Households Practicing
Aquaculture
Yes 5 42 9 92
No 114 958 89 908
Total 119 1000 98 1000
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983090983097 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
The major challenge facing fish farming in the area was availability of water as most of the
river sources being perennial rivers
During the FGD and KII the reasons given for low adoption of aquaculture were listed as
Negative attitude towards fish farming as people believe that fish is found in the lake Over
reliance on lake fish Perception that fish from fish pond is not sweet perceptions on
palatability Security issues as fish are stolen from the ponds thus discouraging potential
farmers cases of pond poisoning has thus discouraging farmers High cost of start-up and
high cost of inputs Water scarcity caused by limited permanent water sources Low levels of
awareness on fish farming Poor pond management skills and High hydraulic conductivity
of soils thus low water retention capabilities Flooding was also reported to be a big
challenge in the lower Nyando area as flood waters wash away the fish ponds during rainseasons Proximity to the lake was also a major deterrence to fish farming as the people close
to the lake thought it was easier to fish in the lake
However it also emerged during this discussions that farmers who were successful in the
fish farming business were expanding and increasing the number of their ponds The
success stories of such farmers have also encouraged other people with favourable land
conditions to adopt aquaculture
This shows that with availability of water sources the potential for aquaculture is very huge
especially in lower Nyando
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
This baseline report presents the results of the data collected from the combination of field
and household surveys in two project areas as well as through review of various literatures
on interventions carried out in the area Interpretation and management recommendations
are based solely on the data
Several Livelihood intervention measures focusing on Water and sanitation aquaculture
and soil and water conservation have been put in place by different actors (both state and
non state) to try and improve the living standards of people in lower and middle Nyando
The most observable intervention measures recorded during the survey was Promotion of
Rain water harvesting at household level promotion of tree farming investment in water
storage through construction of water pans and also fish farming
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Generally access to sanitation facilities is above 85 in both areas However the prevalence
of water borne diseases is still high and therefore need to increase interventions aimed
towards improving hygiene measures such as hand washing
Majority of the households also rely on unprotected water sources for their household water
needs Future interventions should therefore focus more on increasing access to protected
water sources and also increasing the quantity of water available per capita in both the
lower and Nyando river area
Uptake of Fish farming in the area is low due to both human and non human factors as
discussed in the report Future interventions should focus more on ensuring adequate
technical support to farmers who have adopted fish farming Interventions should also focus
on creating favourable environment for new farmers to adopt aquaculture through
provision of water by investing in water storage such as earth dams and pans and also
provision of piped water
Renewable energy uptake has also been low due to low levels of awareness as well as the
perceived high start-up cost Intervention measures in this area should focus on raising
awareness on available low cost renewable energy options such as solar lanterns for
lighting The potential for biogas production is also high and therefore intervention should
focus on development of affordable biogas production technologies Tree cover is quite low
in Lower Nyando Only 34 of household plots had any trees in the vicinity (Verchot et al
2008
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983091983089 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
References
ICRAF and MOARD (2000) ldquoImproved land management in the Lake Victoria basin Final
Technical Report Start-up Phase July 1999 to June 2000rdquo ICRAF and MOARD Nairobi
Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 2006 Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem
Management Project (WKIEMP) Strategies for Integrated Land and Water Management for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Katuk-Odeyo Sub-Watershed Nyando River Basin Lake Victoria Basin
KENYA
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2009) The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing
Census lsquo Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030) Volume 1 A Ministry of
Water Resources and Regional Development (2004) Land resources Development and
Irrigation in Nyanza Province South Kano Government Printers
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L and Njui A (eds) 2004 Proceedings of aWorkshop on
Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin December 9 ndash
11 2002 Imperial Hotel Kisumu Kenya
Muriithi S Okono NA and Swallow B (eds) 2006b Developing an action plan for the Awach
watershed Western Kenya Proceedings of a workshop co-hosted by the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (NALEP
ndash National Agriculture Livestock Extension Programme 23rd May 2001 St Anna Guest House
Kisumu ICRAF Discussion Paper 2001-3
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L amp Njui A eds 2004 Proceedings of a
Workshop on Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin
Nairobi ICRAF NEMA the Water Quality Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
Management Programme (LVEMP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Environmental Authority [NEMA] (2004) Strategy for Flood Management in Lake
Victoria Basin Kenya
Verchot et al (2008) Baseline Report Nyando River Basin Western Kenya Integrated
Ecosystem Management Project Findings from the Baseline Surveys International Centre forResearch in Agroforestry Nairobi Kenya
World Agroforestry Centre (2006) Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin Final
Report of the TransVic Project World Agroforerstry Centre Occasional Paper No 7 World
Agroforestry Centre Nairobi Kenya
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets
I Water and Sanitation
Middle Nyando Lower Nya
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Target Baseline st
Water
Improved Water sources
bull Piped water intodwelling
bull plot or yard
bull Public tapstandpipe
bull Tubewellborehole
bull Protected dug well
bull
Protected spring
bull Rainwater collection
Unimproved Water sources
bull Unprotected dug well
bull Unprotected spring
bull Cart with small tankdrum
bull Bottled water a
bull Tanker-truck
bull Surface water (river dam
bull lake pond stream canal
bull irrigation channels)
of house hold using water fromProtected Sources
393 439
Reduce average Distance tohousehold Water source to lessthan a km
Within compound 248 Within com
lt 1km =537 lt 1km =690
gt2km = 41 gt2km = 0
Household water treatment 883 85
Average time taken to collect waterfor domestic use
lt 1 an hour =775
1-2hrs=192
gt2hrs =335
Reliability of Water supplyavailability of water
Household per-capita Water Use) lt 4 l per capita = 83 gt20lpppd
lt 4 l per ca
4- 10 l per capita =355 4- 10 l per c
10-20 l per capita =421 10-20 l per c
gt20 litres= 14 gt20L =18
Reduce water bornewashed Diarrhoeal incidences Diarrhoeal
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983089 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Nyando 84 of household perceive their water to be god to taste 48 to be safe to drink
and 77 to be clearnot turbid
Table 6 The respondents water quality perception method of treatment and incidences
of water borne diseases
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Perception on Water
Quality
Safe to drink 541 480
Clear 608 770
Good to taste 729 840
Free from odour 788 730
About 883 of households in middle Nyando treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment (891) being the use of chlorine based chemicals like water guard In
lower Nyando 85 of households surveyed treat their drinking water the most common
mode of treatment being chemical treatment (682) 481 of households interviewed in
middle Nyando reported to have had cases of typhoid infections among a family during the
past 6months 135 had cases of diarrhoea in the family Scabiesskin diseases were
recorded in 173 of the households
Figure 4 Household water treatment methods a Middle Nyando b Lower Nyando
In lower Nyando 155 of interviewed households had recorded cases of diarrheal among
family members during the past for 6 months while 50 had recorded cases of typhoid The
high number of recorded cases of water bornewater washed diseasesconditions can be
attributed to the man water source in the study areas which was found to be riverssprings
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2236
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 7 Household Incidences of Water Related Illnesses
Incidences of Water
BorneWater Washed
illnessesconditions
diarrhea 7 135 9 155
Typhoid 25 481 29 500
Scabies (skin diseases) 9 173 2 34
Trachoma 1 19
Others (specify) 10 192 18 310
The majority of the households also treat their drinking water despite the surveying
showing that cases of water borne diseases were many This could mean that household
water handling measures are poor leading to recontamination of drinking water either
during storage or during use It could also mean that the treatment methods which is
mainly chlorine based is not being administered correctly leading to under dosing
335
Payment for water supply
The average amount of money spent on water is Ksh 200-500 per month with 455 of
households in middle Nyando and 433 in lower Nyando falling in this group
Table 8 Cost of Water
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Amount Spent on Water
per month
Do not pay 9 205 8 267
Less than 200 5 114 1 33
Between Ksh 200-500 20 455 13 433
Between Ksh 500-1000 10 227 2 67
Between Ksh 1000-2000 3 100
Over Ksh 2000 3 100
To whom Water is paid Municipality 2 61 1 48
Businesswater vendor 17 515 16 762
CBONGO 2 61
Other specify 12 364 4 190
Those who pay for water mostly do so to water vendors (515) in middle Nyando and
762 in lower Nyando
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2336
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
34 SANITATION
341 Latrine coverage
Latrine coverage is 894 in middle Nyando and 87in Lower Nyando The most common
type of toilet facility is pit latrine with no Ventilation pipe (705) in Middle Nyando and
744 in Lower Nyando followed by VIP latrine at 268 and 20 in Middle and Lower
Nyando respectively The figures are above the national latrine coverage averages
Table 9 Sanitation Situation
Study Area Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Availability of Toilet Yes 110 894 87 870
No 13 106 13 130
No of Toilet facilities One 96 857 64 736
Two 10 89 16 184
Three and Above 3 27 7 70
Not Applicable 3 27
Type of toilet Facility Flush toilet
connected to a
septic tank
2 18 2 22
Pit latrine with
ventilation pipe30 268 18 200
Pit latrine without
ventilation pipe79 705 67 744
The main reason given for lack of latrines in the area was high cost of construction at 727
in middle Nyando and 692 in lower Nyando The household without latrines either
relieve themselves in the bush (364) for middle Nyando and 538 for lower Nyando or
in the Neighbours latrines (636) middle Nyando and 385 in lower Nyando
Table 10 Reasons for Lack Of Sanitation Facilities
Reasons for No latrine Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Cost of construction is high 727 692
Do not see the need to have one 91 0
Poor soil formationcollapsible soil 33 50
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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2436
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Not provided by land lord 08 30
Others 0 10
Where people relieve themselves
(those without latrines)
Frequency
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Bush Outside 4 364 7 538
Neighborrsquos Latrine 7 636 5 385
Ensuring adequate sanitation facilities is a Millennium Development Goal that Kenya shares
with other countries A household is classified as having an improved toilet if the toilet is
used only by members of one household (ie it is not shared) and if the facility used by the
household separates the waste from human contact (WHOUNICEF Joint MonitoringProgramme for Water Supply and Sanitation 2004) According to KDH report 20082009 the
national figures show that less 60 of households uses an improved toilet facility that is not
shared with other households Urban households are only slightly more likely than rural
households to have an improved toilet facility (30 and 20 respectively) Overall 12 of
households have no toilet facility at all they are almost exclusively rural accounting for 16
of rural households
35 ENERGY SOURCE AND USE
351 House hold Energy Needs
Energy demand patterns of the study areas largely revolve around household energy end
uses such as cooking and lighting Respondents ranked cooking lighting and heating as the
three most important energy needs
352
Main House Hold Sources of Energy
The main sources of energy at household levels are wood paraffin and charcoal The table
below lists the age of farmers using the various fuel sources listed in the questionnaire
The study established that the most preferred source of household cooking energy among
the respondents is mainly firewood (at 100 in lower Nyando and 99 in middle Nyando)
This indicates overreliance on biomass and an indicator of a real challenge of forest and
vegetation degradation
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2536
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 11 Energy Source and Use
Lighting Cooking
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Biomass 08 0 1000 990
Kerosene 884 838
Biogas 08 0
Solar 66 20
Electricity 33 141 0 10
Recent National studies also Estimates of household energy use indicate that over 95 of
Kenyan population rely on wood or charcoal for energy needs Traditionally these energy
resources have been ldquofreerdquo goods however the Kenyan wood fuel supply has been rapidlydepleted by deforestation an activity also closely associated with land clearing for
agriculture and global warming via reduction of biomass to sequestrate CO 2
Consequently an energy policy that is designed to meet the needs of the majority of the
population must devote considerable attention to mainstreaming a sustainable yield of
biomass as well efficient energy technology to maximise on the biomass energy sources
The main source of energy for lighting in the area is kerosene (884 in middle Nyando and
838 in lower Nyando 66 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando and 20 in lower
Nyando use solar energy for lighting Hydro electric usage for lighting was recorded in 33
of households in middle Nyando and 141 in lower Nyando Biomass energy which
includes firewood charcoal and livestock waste burnt directly accounts for 100 of cooking
energy source in middle Nyando and 99 in lower Nyando Other renewable energy such
as biogas is not common in the area with only less than 1 of households in Nyando
utilising biogas
From the focused group discussions Initial capital cost was established as the utmost
challenge for household access to alterative and sustainable energy sources like biogas or
grid power It was further established among the biomass users 80 2 settled for firewood
as the main source of energy because of affordability lack of capacity to include other
alternatives and convenience
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2636
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983094 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
353 Availability of energy
Qualitative data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews corroborated
the finding that most households in the two study areas are energy stressed and that the
majority still used wood fuel and charcoal as the main source of energy The distancetravelled and time used to collect fuel wood has been increasing due to the declining tree
cover In parts of KORU people are cutting down trees to sell to Homaline Company as an
additional source of income A different study carried out by ICRAF in the lower and
middle Nyando areas in 2009 showed that More than 90 of the households are not self
sufficient with fuel
354 Potential for renewable energy uses
During the field studies it was observed that almost all households kept livestock A similar
study undertaken by ICRAF also showed that all households in the area keep livestock
This shows that there is a potential for use of biogas as source energy for cooking and even
lighting This would in turn reduce the existing pressure on wood products which are the
main source of energy for cooking in the area
In some farms people had also adopted tree planting especially in middle Nyando area to
supplement their energy sources This shows that agro-forestry practices at farm level can
play a key role in meeting the growing energy demand in the area with multiple benefits
such as additional income sources and soil conservation
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting
The study established that the main reason for choosing energy source either for cooking or
lighting is mainly based on availability (cooking 728 and lighting 732) This indicates that
probably the households will go for the most cost effective and readily available source of
energy
Table 12 Renewable Energy Use
Middle Nyando N=40 Lower Nyando N=19
No No
Type of Renewable
energy
Solar energy for lighting 16 400 4 211
Solar cookers 4 100 1 53
Do not know 19 475 10 526
Other 1 25 2 105
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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2736
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Total 40 1000 19 1000
Middle Nyando N= 84 Lower Nyando N= 82
Challenges to
Accessing RE
High cost of start up 47 560 47 573
Not reliable 17 202 3 37
Do not know about the
technologies20 238 30 366
Other specify 2 24
Total 84 1000 82 1000
Only 175 of households in middle Nyando and 74 in lower Nyando said they use
renewable energy in their homes The most common type of renewable energy used was
solar energy for lighting (16 households n =123) in middle Nyando and 4 households (N=
100) in lower Nyando
Main source of information on renewable energy in the area is from the media (66) in both
areas The results show that there is inadequate sustained and comprehensive awareness
creation on the use of renewable energy sources in the region There is need to do as
sustained awareness creation in the area to educate the people that despite the high start-up
cost studies shows a reduction on the cost of household energy once the families start using
renewable energy because the operational recurrent costs are relatively lower when
compared with other sources of energy
356 Challenges facing renewable energy
The major challenge to accessing renewable energy technologies was the high cost of start-
up (56 middle Nyando and 57 lower Nyando) The other reasons given were on
reliability of renewable energy sources and poor knowledge on the available Renewable
energy technologies (366 in lower Nyando and 238) in middle Nyando The study
shows that among the households that have adopted renewable energy use on average 20
had been assisted (technologically and or subsidised)
Biogas and solar energy sources are considered fairly inefficient implying that more
research and development work needs to be done to improve on the efficiency The high
cost of adopting renewable energy sources makes it prohibitive for a significant portion of
the population The results is that the population still heavily relay on traditional energy
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983096 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
sources (biomass) yet the technologies used to extract the energy not only significantly
affect the health of women and children but is also damage to the environment
During the FGD it also emerged that the Despite availability of programmes such as the
biogas installation subsidy programme by KEBDIP people were generally unaware of it
Also during the FGDs with some of the community groups it emerged that knowledge on
renewable energy sources especially biogas production was very low This is supported by
various qualitative data that shows that knowledge on funding sources for renewable
energy technologies was generally low However the people showed interest in adopting
the use of biogas energy if the technology can be made available and affordable to them
36
AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture practices in the area gained prominence after the introduction of the Economic
Stimulus Package Through this programmes every location was supposed to be allocated
14 fishponds
Data from the fisheries offices estimates the total fishponds in Nyando District to be 1100
Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds
Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish ponds and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA
area as you go towards the lake
The ministry of fisheries has also constructed a dam along river Awasi to provide water for
fish farming in the area as well as water for domestic use
Aquaculture has been introduced in the area to try and reduce the pressure on fisheries
resources in the lake as well as provide an alternative livelihood source to the people
Table 13 Data on Fish Farming
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Households Practicing
Aquaculture
Yes 5 42 9 92
No 114 958 89 908
Total 119 1000 98 1000
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2936
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983097 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
The major challenge facing fish farming in the area was availability of water as most of the
river sources being perennial rivers
During the FGD and KII the reasons given for low adoption of aquaculture were listed as
Negative attitude towards fish farming as people believe that fish is found in the lake Over
reliance on lake fish Perception that fish from fish pond is not sweet perceptions on
palatability Security issues as fish are stolen from the ponds thus discouraging potential
farmers cases of pond poisoning has thus discouraging farmers High cost of start-up and
high cost of inputs Water scarcity caused by limited permanent water sources Low levels of
awareness on fish farming Poor pond management skills and High hydraulic conductivity
of soils thus low water retention capabilities Flooding was also reported to be a big
challenge in the lower Nyando area as flood waters wash away the fish ponds during rainseasons Proximity to the lake was also a major deterrence to fish farming as the people close
to the lake thought it was easier to fish in the lake
However it also emerged during this discussions that farmers who were successful in the
fish farming business were expanding and increasing the number of their ponds The
success stories of such farmers have also encouraged other people with favourable land
conditions to adopt aquaculture
This shows that with availability of water sources the potential for aquaculture is very huge
especially in lower Nyando
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
This baseline report presents the results of the data collected from the combination of field
and household surveys in two project areas as well as through review of various literatures
on interventions carried out in the area Interpretation and management recommendations
are based solely on the data
Several Livelihood intervention measures focusing on Water and sanitation aquaculture
and soil and water conservation have been put in place by different actors (both state and
non state) to try and improve the living standards of people in lower and middle Nyando
The most observable intervention measures recorded during the survey was Promotion of
Rain water harvesting at household level promotion of tree farming investment in water
storage through construction of water pans and also fish farming
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Generally access to sanitation facilities is above 85 in both areas However the prevalence
of water borne diseases is still high and therefore need to increase interventions aimed
towards improving hygiene measures such as hand washing
Majority of the households also rely on unprotected water sources for their household water
needs Future interventions should therefore focus more on increasing access to protected
water sources and also increasing the quantity of water available per capita in both the
lower and Nyando river area
Uptake of Fish farming in the area is low due to both human and non human factors as
discussed in the report Future interventions should focus more on ensuring adequate
technical support to farmers who have adopted fish farming Interventions should also focus
on creating favourable environment for new farmers to adopt aquaculture through
provision of water by investing in water storage such as earth dams and pans and also
provision of piped water
Renewable energy uptake has also been low due to low levels of awareness as well as the
perceived high start-up cost Intervention measures in this area should focus on raising
awareness on available low cost renewable energy options such as solar lanterns for
lighting The potential for biogas production is also high and therefore intervention should
focus on development of affordable biogas production technologies Tree cover is quite low
in Lower Nyando Only 34 of household plots had any trees in the vicinity (Verchot et al
2008
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983089 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
References
ICRAF and MOARD (2000) ldquoImproved land management in the Lake Victoria basin Final
Technical Report Start-up Phase July 1999 to June 2000rdquo ICRAF and MOARD Nairobi
Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 2006 Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem
Management Project (WKIEMP) Strategies for Integrated Land and Water Management for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Katuk-Odeyo Sub-Watershed Nyando River Basin Lake Victoria Basin
KENYA
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2009) The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing
Census lsquo Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030) Volume 1 A Ministry of
Water Resources and Regional Development (2004) Land resources Development and
Irrigation in Nyanza Province South Kano Government Printers
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L and Njui A (eds) 2004 Proceedings of aWorkshop on
Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin December 9 ndash
11 2002 Imperial Hotel Kisumu Kenya
Muriithi S Okono NA and Swallow B (eds) 2006b Developing an action plan for the Awach
watershed Western Kenya Proceedings of a workshop co-hosted by the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (NALEP
ndash National Agriculture Livestock Extension Programme 23rd May 2001 St Anna Guest House
Kisumu ICRAF Discussion Paper 2001-3
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L amp Njui A eds 2004 Proceedings of a
Workshop on Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin
Nairobi ICRAF NEMA the Water Quality Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
Management Programme (LVEMP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Environmental Authority [NEMA] (2004) Strategy for Flood Management in Lake
Victoria Basin Kenya
Verchot et al (2008) Baseline Report Nyando River Basin Western Kenya Integrated
Ecosystem Management Project Findings from the Baseline Surveys International Centre forResearch in Agroforestry Nairobi Kenya
World Agroforestry Centre (2006) Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin Final
Report of the TransVic Project World Agroforerstry Centre Occasional Paper No 7 World
Agroforestry Centre Nairobi Kenya
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets
I Water and Sanitation
Middle Nyando Lower Nya
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Target Baseline st
Water
Improved Water sources
bull Piped water intodwelling
bull plot or yard
bull Public tapstandpipe
bull Tubewellborehole
bull Protected dug well
bull
Protected spring
bull Rainwater collection
Unimproved Water sources
bull Unprotected dug well
bull Unprotected spring
bull Cart with small tankdrum
bull Bottled water a
bull Tanker-truck
bull Surface water (river dam
bull lake pond stream canal
bull irrigation channels)
of house hold using water fromProtected Sources
393 439
Reduce average Distance tohousehold Water source to lessthan a km
Within compound 248 Within com
lt 1km =537 lt 1km =690
gt2km = 41 gt2km = 0
Household water treatment 883 85
Average time taken to collect waterfor domestic use
lt 1 an hour =775
1-2hrs=192
gt2hrs =335
Reliability of Water supplyavailability of water
Household per-capita Water Use) lt 4 l per capita = 83 gt20lpppd
lt 4 l per ca
4- 10 l per capita =355 4- 10 l per c
10-20 l per capita =421 10-20 l per c
gt20 litres= 14 gt20L =18
Reduce water bornewashed Diarrhoeal incidences Diarrhoeal
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3436
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3536
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 7 Household Incidences of Water Related Illnesses
Incidences of Water
BorneWater Washed
illnessesconditions
diarrhea 7 135 9 155
Typhoid 25 481 29 500
Scabies (skin diseases) 9 173 2 34
Trachoma 1 19
Others (specify) 10 192 18 310
The majority of the households also treat their drinking water despite the surveying
showing that cases of water borne diseases were many This could mean that household
water handling measures are poor leading to recontamination of drinking water either
during storage or during use It could also mean that the treatment methods which is
mainly chlorine based is not being administered correctly leading to under dosing
335
Payment for water supply
The average amount of money spent on water is Ksh 200-500 per month with 455 of
households in middle Nyando and 433 in lower Nyando falling in this group
Table 8 Cost of Water
Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Amount Spent on Water
per month
Do not pay 9 205 8 267
Less than 200 5 114 1 33
Between Ksh 200-500 20 455 13 433
Between Ksh 500-1000 10 227 2 67
Between Ksh 1000-2000 3 100
Over Ksh 2000 3 100
To whom Water is paid Municipality 2 61 1 48
Businesswater vendor 17 515 16 762
CBONGO 2 61
Other specify 12 364 4 190
Those who pay for water mostly do so to water vendors (515) in middle Nyando and
762 in lower Nyando
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2336
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
34 SANITATION
341 Latrine coverage
Latrine coverage is 894 in middle Nyando and 87in Lower Nyando The most common
type of toilet facility is pit latrine with no Ventilation pipe (705) in Middle Nyando and
744 in Lower Nyando followed by VIP latrine at 268 and 20 in Middle and Lower
Nyando respectively The figures are above the national latrine coverage averages
Table 9 Sanitation Situation
Study Area Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Availability of Toilet Yes 110 894 87 870
No 13 106 13 130
No of Toilet facilities One 96 857 64 736
Two 10 89 16 184
Three and Above 3 27 7 70
Not Applicable 3 27
Type of toilet Facility Flush toilet
connected to a
septic tank
2 18 2 22
Pit latrine with
ventilation pipe30 268 18 200
Pit latrine without
ventilation pipe79 705 67 744
The main reason given for lack of latrines in the area was high cost of construction at 727
in middle Nyando and 692 in lower Nyando The household without latrines either
relieve themselves in the bush (364) for middle Nyando and 538 for lower Nyando or
in the Neighbours latrines (636) middle Nyando and 385 in lower Nyando
Table 10 Reasons for Lack Of Sanitation Facilities
Reasons for No latrine Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Cost of construction is high 727 692
Do not see the need to have one 91 0
Poor soil formationcollapsible soil 33 50
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
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Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Not provided by land lord 08 30
Others 0 10
Where people relieve themselves
(those without latrines)
Frequency
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Bush Outside 4 364 7 538
Neighborrsquos Latrine 7 636 5 385
Ensuring adequate sanitation facilities is a Millennium Development Goal that Kenya shares
with other countries A household is classified as having an improved toilet if the toilet is
used only by members of one household (ie it is not shared) and if the facility used by the
household separates the waste from human contact (WHOUNICEF Joint MonitoringProgramme for Water Supply and Sanitation 2004) According to KDH report 20082009 the
national figures show that less 60 of households uses an improved toilet facility that is not
shared with other households Urban households are only slightly more likely than rural
households to have an improved toilet facility (30 and 20 respectively) Overall 12 of
households have no toilet facility at all they are almost exclusively rural accounting for 16
of rural households
35 ENERGY SOURCE AND USE
351 House hold Energy Needs
Energy demand patterns of the study areas largely revolve around household energy end
uses such as cooking and lighting Respondents ranked cooking lighting and heating as the
three most important energy needs
352
Main House Hold Sources of Energy
The main sources of energy at household levels are wood paraffin and charcoal The table
below lists the age of farmers using the various fuel sources listed in the questionnaire
The study established that the most preferred source of household cooking energy among
the respondents is mainly firewood (at 100 in lower Nyando and 99 in middle Nyando)
This indicates overreliance on biomass and an indicator of a real challenge of forest and
vegetation degradation
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2536
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 11 Energy Source and Use
Lighting Cooking
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Biomass 08 0 1000 990
Kerosene 884 838
Biogas 08 0
Solar 66 20
Electricity 33 141 0 10
Recent National studies also Estimates of household energy use indicate that over 95 of
Kenyan population rely on wood or charcoal for energy needs Traditionally these energy
resources have been ldquofreerdquo goods however the Kenyan wood fuel supply has been rapidlydepleted by deforestation an activity also closely associated with land clearing for
agriculture and global warming via reduction of biomass to sequestrate CO 2
Consequently an energy policy that is designed to meet the needs of the majority of the
population must devote considerable attention to mainstreaming a sustainable yield of
biomass as well efficient energy technology to maximise on the biomass energy sources
The main source of energy for lighting in the area is kerosene (884 in middle Nyando and
838 in lower Nyando 66 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando and 20 in lower
Nyando use solar energy for lighting Hydro electric usage for lighting was recorded in 33
of households in middle Nyando and 141 in lower Nyando Biomass energy which
includes firewood charcoal and livestock waste burnt directly accounts for 100 of cooking
energy source in middle Nyando and 99 in lower Nyando Other renewable energy such
as biogas is not common in the area with only less than 1 of households in Nyando
utilising biogas
From the focused group discussions Initial capital cost was established as the utmost
challenge for household access to alterative and sustainable energy sources like biogas or
grid power It was further established among the biomass users 80 2 settled for firewood
as the main source of energy because of affordability lack of capacity to include other
alternatives and convenience
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2636
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983094 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
353 Availability of energy
Qualitative data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews corroborated
the finding that most households in the two study areas are energy stressed and that the
majority still used wood fuel and charcoal as the main source of energy The distancetravelled and time used to collect fuel wood has been increasing due to the declining tree
cover In parts of KORU people are cutting down trees to sell to Homaline Company as an
additional source of income A different study carried out by ICRAF in the lower and
middle Nyando areas in 2009 showed that More than 90 of the households are not self
sufficient with fuel
354 Potential for renewable energy uses
During the field studies it was observed that almost all households kept livestock A similar
study undertaken by ICRAF also showed that all households in the area keep livestock
This shows that there is a potential for use of biogas as source energy for cooking and even
lighting This would in turn reduce the existing pressure on wood products which are the
main source of energy for cooking in the area
In some farms people had also adopted tree planting especially in middle Nyando area to
supplement their energy sources This shows that agro-forestry practices at farm level can
play a key role in meeting the growing energy demand in the area with multiple benefits
such as additional income sources and soil conservation
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting
The study established that the main reason for choosing energy source either for cooking or
lighting is mainly based on availability (cooking 728 and lighting 732) This indicates that
probably the households will go for the most cost effective and readily available source of
energy
Table 12 Renewable Energy Use
Middle Nyando N=40 Lower Nyando N=19
No No
Type of Renewable
energy
Solar energy for lighting 16 400 4 211
Solar cookers 4 100 1 53
Do not know 19 475 10 526
Other 1 25 2 105
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2736
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Total 40 1000 19 1000
Middle Nyando N= 84 Lower Nyando N= 82
Challenges to
Accessing RE
High cost of start up 47 560 47 573
Not reliable 17 202 3 37
Do not know about the
technologies20 238 30 366
Other specify 2 24
Total 84 1000 82 1000
Only 175 of households in middle Nyando and 74 in lower Nyando said they use
renewable energy in their homes The most common type of renewable energy used was
solar energy for lighting (16 households n =123) in middle Nyando and 4 households (N=
100) in lower Nyando
Main source of information on renewable energy in the area is from the media (66) in both
areas The results show that there is inadequate sustained and comprehensive awareness
creation on the use of renewable energy sources in the region There is need to do as
sustained awareness creation in the area to educate the people that despite the high start-up
cost studies shows a reduction on the cost of household energy once the families start using
renewable energy because the operational recurrent costs are relatively lower when
compared with other sources of energy
356 Challenges facing renewable energy
The major challenge to accessing renewable energy technologies was the high cost of start-
up (56 middle Nyando and 57 lower Nyando) The other reasons given were on
reliability of renewable energy sources and poor knowledge on the available Renewable
energy technologies (366 in lower Nyando and 238) in middle Nyando The study
shows that among the households that have adopted renewable energy use on average 20
had been assisted (technologically and or subsidised)
Biogas and solar energy sources are considered fairly inefficient implying that more
research and development work needs to be done to improve on the efficiency The high
cost of adopting renewable energy sources makes it prohibitive for a significant portion of
the population The results is that the population still heavily relay on traditional energy
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2836
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983096 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
sources (biomass) yet the technologies used to extract the energy not only significantly
affect the health of women and children but is also damage to the environment
During the FGD it also emerged that the Despite availability of programmes such as the
biogas installation subsidy programme by KEBDIP people were generally unaware of it
Also during the FGDs with some of the community groups it emerged that knowledge on
renewable energy sources especially biogas production was very low This is supported by
various qualitative data that shows that knowledge on funding sources for renewable
energy technologies was generally low However the people showed interest in adopting
the use of biogas energy if the technology can be made available and affordable to them
36
AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture practices in the area gained prominence after the introduction of the Economic
Stimulus Package Through this programmes every location was supposed to be allocated
14 fishponds
Data from the fisheries offices estimates the total fishponds in Nyando District to be 1100
Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds
Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish ponds and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA
area as you go towards the lake
The ministry of fisheries has also constructed a dam along river Awasi to provide water for
fish farming in the area as well as water for domestic use
Aquaculture has been introduced in the area to try and reduce the pressure on fisheries
resources in the lake as well as provide an alternative livelihood source to the people
Table 13 Data on Fish Farming
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Households Practicing
Aquaculture
Yes 5 42 9 92
No 114 958 89 908
Total 119 1000 98 1000
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2936
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983097 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
The major challenge facing fish farming in the area was availability of water as most of the
river sources being perennial rivers
During the FGD and KII the reasons given for low adoption of aquaculture were listed as
Negative attitude towards fish farming as people believe that fish is found in the lake Over
reliance on lake fish Perception that fish from fish pond is not sweet perceptions on
palatability Security issues as fish are stolen from the ponds thus discouraging potential
farmers cases of pond poisoning has thus discouraging farmers High cost of start-up and
high cost of inputs Water scarcity caused by limited permanent water sources Low levels of
awareness on fish farming Poor pond management skills and High hydraulic conductivity
of soils thus low water retention capabilities Flooding was also reported to be a big
challenge in the lower Nyando area as flood waters wash away the fish ponds during rainseasons Proximity to the lake was also a major deterrence to fish farming as the people close
to the lake thought it was easier to fish in the lake
However it also emerged during this discussions that farmers who were successful in the
fish farming business were expanding and increasing the number of their ponds The
success stories of such farmers have also encouraged other people with favourable land
conditions to adopt aquaculture
This shows that with availability of water sources the potential for aquaculture is very huge
especially in lower Nyando
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
This baseline report presents the results of the data collected from the combination of field
and household surveys in two project areas as well as through review of various literatures
on interventions carried out in the area Interpretation and management recommendations
are based solely on the data
Several Livelihood intervention measures focusing on Water and sanitation aquaculture
and soil and water conservation have been put in place by different actors (both state and
non state) to try and improve the living standards of people in lower and middle Nyando
The most observable intervention measures recorded during the survey was Promotion of
Rain water harvesting at household level promotion of tree farming investment in water
storage through construction of water pans and also fish farming
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3036
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Generally access to sanitation facilities is above 85 in both areas However the prevalence
of water borne diseases is still high and therefore need to increase interventions aimed
towards improving hygiene measures such as hand washing
Majority of the households also rely on unprotected water sources for their household water
needs Future interventions should therefore focus more on increasing access to protected
water sources and also increasing the quantity of water available per capita in both the
lower and Nyando river area
Uptake of Fish farming in the area is low due to both human and non human factors as
discussed in the report Future interventions should focus more on ensuring adequate
technical support to farmers who have adopted fish farming Interventions should also focus
on creating favourable environment for new farmers to adopt aquaculture through
provision of water by investing in water storage such as earth dams and pans and also
provision of piped water
Renewable energy uptake has also been low due to low levels of awareness as well as the
perceived high start-up cost Intervention measures in this area should focus on raising
awareness on available low cost renewable energy options such as solar lanterns for
lighting The potential for biogas production is also high and therefore intervention should
focus on development of affordable biogas production technologies Tree cover is quite low
in Lower Nyando Only 34 of household plots had any trees in the vicinity (Verchot et al
2008
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3136
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983089 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
References
ICRAF and MOARD (2000) ldquoImproved land management in the Lake Victoria basin Final
Technical Report Start-up Phase July 1999 to June 2000rdquo ICRAF and MOARD Nairobi
Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 2006 Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem
Management Project (WKIEMP) Strategies for Integrated Land and Water Management for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Katuk-Odeyo Sub-Watershed Nyando River Basin Lake Victoria Basin
KENYA
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2009) The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing
Census lsquo Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030) Volume 1 A Ministry of
Water Resources and Regional Development (2004) Land resources Development and
Irrigation in Nyanza Province South Kano Government Printers
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L and Njui A (eds) 2004 Proceedings of aWorkshop on
Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin December 9 ndash
11 2002 Imperial Hotel Kisumu Kenya
Muriithi S Okono NA and Swallow B (eds) 2006b Developing an action plan for the Awach
watershed Western Kenya Proceedings of a workshop co-hosted by the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (NALEP
ndash National Agriculture Livestock Extension Programme 23rd May 2001 St Anna Guest House
Kisumu ICRAF Discussion Paper 2001-3
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L amp Njui A eds 2004 Proceedings of a
Workshop on Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin
Nairobi ICRAF NEMA the Water Quality Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
Management Programme (LVEMP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Environmental Authority [NEMA] (2004) Strategy for Flood Management in Lake
Victoria Basin Kenya
Verchot et al (2008) Baseline Report Nyando River Basin Western Kenya Integrated
Ecosystem Management Project Findings from the Baseline Surveys International Centre forResearch in Agroforestry Nairobi Kenya
World Agroforestry Centre (2006) Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin Final
Report of the TransVic Project World Agroforerstry Centre Occasional Paper No 7 World
Agroforestry Centre Nairobi Kenya
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3236
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets
I Water and Sanitation
Middle Nyando Lower Nya
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Target Baseline st
Water
Improved Water sources
bull Piped water intodwelling
bull plot or yard
bull Public tapstandpipe
bull Tubewellborehole
bull Protected dug well
bull
Protected spring
bull Rainwater collection
Unimproved Water sources
bull Unprotected dug well
bull Unprotected spring
bull Cart with small tankdrum
bull Bottled water a
bull Tanker-truck
bull Surface water (river dam
bull lake pond stream canal
bull irrigation channels)
of house hold using water fromProtected Sources
393 439
Reduce average Distance tohousehold Water source to lessthan a km
Within compound 248 Within com
lt 1km =537 lt 1km =690
gt2km = 41 gt2km = 0
Household water treatment 883 85
Average time taken to collect waterfor domestic use
lt 1 an hour =775
1-2hrs=192
gt2hrs =335
Reliability of Water supplyavailability of water
Household per-capita Water Use) lt 4 l per capita = 83 gt20lpppd
lt 4 l per ca
4- 10 l per capita =355 4- 10 l per c
10-20 l per capita =421 10-20 l per c
gt20 litres= 14 gt20L =18
Reduce water bornewashed Diarrhoeal incidences Diarrhoeal
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3336
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3436
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3536
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3636
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2336
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
34 SANITATION
341 Latrine coverage
Latrine coverage is 894 in middle Nyando and 87in Lower Nyando The most common
type of toilet facility is pit latrine with no Ventilation pipe (705) in Middle Nyando and
744 in Lower Nyando followed by VIP latrine at 268 and 20 in Middle and Lower
Nyando respectively The figures are above the national latrine coverage averages
Table 9 Sanitation Situation
Study Area Middle Nyando N=123 Lower Nyando N=100
No No
Availability of Toilet Yes 110 894 87 870
No 13 106 13 130
No of Toilet facilities One 96 857 64 736
Two 10 89 16 184
Three and Above 3 27 7 70
Not Applicable 3 27
Type of toilet Facility Flush toilet
connected to a
septic tank
2 18 2 22
Pit latrine with
ventilation pipe30 268 18 200
Pit latrine without
ventilation pipe79 705 67 744
The main reason given for lack of latrines in the area was high cost of construction at 727
in middle Nyando and 692 in lower Nyando The household without latrines either
relieve themselves in the bush (364) for middle Nyando and 538 for lower Nyando or
in the Neighbours latrines (636) middle Nyando and 385 in lower Nyando
Table 10 Reasons for Lack Of Sanitation Facilities
Reasons for No latrine Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Cost of construction is high 727 692
Do not see the need to have one 91 0
Poor soil formationcollapsible soil 33 50
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2436
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Not provided by land lord 08 30
Others 0 10
Where people relieve themselves
(those without latrines)
Frequency
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Bush Outside 4 364 7 538
Neighborrsquos Latrine 7 636 5 385
Ensuring adequate sanitation facilities is a Millennium Development Goal that Kenya shares
with other countries A household is classified as having an improved toilet if the toilet is
used only by members of one household (ie it is not shared) and if the facility used by the
household separates the waste from human contact (WHOUNICEF Joint MonitoringProgramme for Water Supply and Sanitation 2004) According to KDH report 20082009 the
national figures show that less 60 of households uses an improved toilet facility that is not
shared with other households Urban households are only slightly more likely than rural
households to have an improved toilet facility (30 and 20 respectively) Overall 12 of
households have no toilet facility at all they are almost exclusively rural accounting for 16
of rural households
35 ENERGY SOURCE AND USE
351 House hold Energy Needs
Energy demand patterns of the study areas largely revolve around household energy end
uses such as cooking and lighting Respondents ranked cooking lighting and heating as the
three most important energy needs
352
Main House Hold Sources of Energy
The main sources of energy at household levels are wood paraffin and charcoal The table
below lists the age of farmers using the various fuel sources listed in the questionnaire
The study established that the most preferred source of household cooking energy among
the respondents is mainly firewood (at 100 in lower Nyando and 99 in middle Nyando)
This indicates overreliance on biomass and an indicator of a real challenge of forest and
vegetation degradation
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2536
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 11 Energy Source and Use
Lighting Cooking
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Biomass 08 0 1000 990
Kerosene 884 838
Biogas 08 0
Solar 66 20
Electricity 33 141 0 10
Recent National studies also Estimates of household energy use indicate that over 95 of
Kenyan population rely on wood or charcoal for energy needs Traditionally these energy
resources have been ldquofreerdquo goods however the Kenyan wood fuel supply has been rapidlydepleted by deforestation an activity also closely associated with land clearing for
agriculture and global warming via reduction of biomass to sequestrate CO 2
Consequently an energy policy that is designed to meet the needs of the majority of the
population must devote considerable attention to mainstreaming a sustainable yield of
biomass as well efficient energy technology to maximise on the biomass energy sources
The main source of energy for lighting in the area is kerosene (884 in middle Nyando and
838 in lower Nyando 66 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando and 20 in lower
Nyando use solar energy for lighting Hydro electric usage for lighting was recorded in 33
of households in middle Nyando and 141 in lower Nyando Biomass energy which
includes firewood charcoal and livestock waste burnt directly accounts for 100 of cooking
energy source in middle Nyando and 99 in lower Nyando Other renewable energy such
as biogas is not common in the area with only less than 1 of households in Nyando
utilising biogas
From the focused group discussions Initial capital cost was established as the utmost
challenge for household access to alterative and sustainable energy sources like biogas or
grid power It was further established among the biomass users 80 2 settled for firewood
as the main source of energy because of affordability lack of capacity to include other
alternatives and convenience
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2636
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983094 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
353 Availability of energy
Qualitative data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews corroborated
the finding that most households in the two study areas are energy stressed and that the
majority still used wood fuel and charcoal as the main source of energy The distancetravelled and time used to collect fuel wood has been increasing due to the declining tree
cover In parts of KORU people are cutting down trees to sell to Homaline Company as an
additional source of income A different study carried out by ICRAF in the lower and
middle Nyando areas in 2009 showed that More than 90 of the households are not self
sufficient with fuel
354 Potential for renewable energy uses
During the field studies it was observed that almost all households kept livestock A similar
study undertaken by ICRAF also showed that all households in the area keep livestock
This shows that there is a potential for use of biogas as source energy for cooking and even
lighting This would in turn reduce the existing pressure on wood products which are the
main source of energy for cooking in the area
In some farms people had also adopted tree planting especially in middle Nyando area to
supplement their energy sources This shows that agro-forestry practices at farm level can
play a key role in meeting the growing energy demand in the area with multiple benefits
such as additional income sources and soil conservation
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting
The study established that the main reason for choosing energy source either for cooking or
lighting is mainly based on availability (cooking 728 and lighting 732) This indicates that
probably the households will go for the most cost effective and readily available source of
energy
Table 12 Renewable Energy Use
Middle Nyando N=40 Lower Nyando N=19
No No
Type of Renewable
energy
Solar energy for lighting 16 400 4 211
Solar cookers 4 100 1 53
Do not know 19 475 10 526
Other 1 25 2 105
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2736
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Total 40 1000 19 1000
Middle Nyando N= 84 Lower Nyando N= 82
Challenges to
Accessing RE
High cost of start up 47 560 47 573
Not reliable 17 202 3 37
Do not know about the
technologies20 238 30 366
Other specify 2 24
Total 84 1000 82 1000
Only 175 of households in middle Nyando and 74 in lower Nyando said they use
renewable energy in their homes The most common type of renewable energy used was
solar energy for lighting (16 households n =123) in middle Nyando and 4 households (N=
100) in lower Nyando
Main source of information on renewable energy in the area is from the media (66) in both
areas The results show that there is inadequate sustained and comprehensive awareness
creation on the use of renewable energy sources in the region There is need to do as
sustained awareness creation in the area to educate the people that despite the high start-up
cost studies shows a reduction on the cost of household energy once the families start using
renewable energy because the operational recurrent costs are relatively lower when
compared with other sources of energy
356 Challenges facing renewable energy
The major challenge to accessing renewable energy technologies was the high cost of start-
up (56 middle Nyando and 57 lower Nyando) The other reasons given were on
reliability of renewable energy sources and poor knowledge on the available Renewable
energy technologies (366 in lower Nyando and 238) in middle Nyando The study
shows that among the households that have adopted renewable energy use on average 20
had been assisted (technologically and or subsidised)
Biogas and solar energy sources are considered fairly inefficient implying that more
research and development work needs to be done to improve on the efficiency The high
cost of adopting renewable energy sources makes it prohibitive for a significant portion of
the population The results is that the population still heavily relay on traditional energy
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2836
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983096 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
sources (biomass) yet the technologies used to extract the energy not only significantly
affect the health of women and children but is also damage to the environment
During the FGD it also emerged that the Despite availability of programmes such as the
biogas installation subsidy programme by KEBDIP people were generally unaware of it
Also during the FGDs with some of the community groups it emerged that knowledge on
renewable energy sources especially biogas production was very low This is supported by
various qualitative data that shows that knowledge on funding sources for renewable
energy technologies was generally low However the people showed interest in adopting
the use of biogas energy if the technology can be made available and affordable to them
36
AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture practices in the area gained prominence after the introduction of the Economic
Stimulus Package Through this programmes every location was supposed to be allocated
14 fishponds
Data from the fisheries offices estimates the total fishponds in Nyando District to be 1100
Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds
Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish ponds and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA
area as you go towards the lake
The ministry of fisheries has also constructed a dam along river Awasi to provide water for
fish farming in the area as well as water for domestic use
Aquaculture has been introduced in the area to try and reduce the pressure on fisheries
resources in the lake as well as provide an alternative livelihood source to the people
Table 13 Data on Fish Farming
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Households Practicing
Aquaculture
Yes 5 42 9 92
No 114 958 89 908
Total 119 1000 98 1000
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2936
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983097 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
The major challenge facing fish farming in the area was availability of water as most of the
river sources being perennial rivers
During the FGD and KII the reasons given for low adoption of aquaculture were listed as
Negative attitude towards fish farming as people believe that fish is found in the lake Over
reliance on lake fish Perception that fish from fish pond is not sweet perceptions on
palatability Security issues as fish are stolen from the ponds thus discouraging potential
farmers cases of pond poisoning has thus discouraging farmers High cost of start-up and
high cost of inputs Water scarcity caused by limited permanent water sources Low levels of
awareness on fish farming Poor pond management skills and High hydraulic conductivity
of soils thus low water retention capabilities Flooding was also reported to be a big
challenge in the lower Nyando area as flood waters wash away the fish ponds during rainseasons Proximity to the lake was also a major deterrence to fish farming as the people close
to the lake thought it was easier to fish in the lake
However it also emerged during this discussions that farmers who were successful in the
fish farming business were expanding and increasing the number of their ponds The
success stories of such farmers have also encouraged other people with favourable land
conditions to adopt aquaculture
This shows that with availability of water sources the potential for aquaculture is very huge
especially in lower Nyando
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
This baseline report presents the results of the data collected from the combination of field
and household surveys in two project areas as well as through review of various literatures
on interventions carried out in the area Interpretation and management recommendations
are based solely on the data
Several Livelihood intervention measures focusing on Water and sanitation aquaculture
and soil and water conservation have been put in place by different actors (both state and
non state) to try and improve the living standards of people in lower and middle Nyando
The most observable intervention measures recorded during the survey was Promotion of
Rain water harvesting at household level promotion of tree farming investment in water
storage through construction of water pans and also fish farming
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3036
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Generally access to sanitation facilities is above 85 in both areas However the prevalence
of water borne diseases is still high and therefore need to increase interventions aimed
towards improving hygiene measures such as hand washing
Majority of the households also rely on unprotected water sources for their household water
needs Future interventions should therefore focus more on increasing access to protected
water sources and also increasing the quantity of water available per capita in both the
lower and Nyando river area
Uptake of Fish farming in the area is low due to both human and non human factors as
discussed in the report Future interventions should focus more on ensuring adequate
technical support to farmers who have adopted fish farming Interventions should also focus
on creating favourable environment for new farmers to adopt aquaculture through
provision of water by investing in water storage such as earth dams and pans and also
provision of piped water
Renewable energy uptake has also been low due to low levels of awareness as well as the
perceived high start-up cost Intervention measures in this area should focus on raising
awareness on available low cost renewable energy options such as solar lanterns for
lighting The potential for biogas production is also high and therefore intervention should
focus on development of affordable biogas production technologies Tree cover is quite low
in Lower Nyando Only 34 of household plots had any trees in the vicinity (Verchot et al
2008
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3136
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983089 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
References
ICRAF and MOARD (2000) ldquoImproved land management in the Lake Victoria basin Final
Technical Report Start-up Phase July 1999 to June 2000rdquo ICRAF and MOARD Nairobi
Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 2006 Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem
Management Project (WKIEMP) Strategies for Integrated Land and Water Management for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Katuk-Odeyo Sub-Watershed Nyando River Basin Lake Victoria Basin
KENYA
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2009) The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing
Census lsquo Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030) Volume 1 A Ministry of
Water Resources and Regional Development (2004) Land resources Development and
Irrigation in Nyanza Province South Kano Government Printers
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L and Njui A (eds) 2004 Proceedings of aWorkshop on
Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin December 9 ndash
11 2002 Imperial Hotel Kisumu Kenya
Muriithi S Okono NA and Swallow B (eds) 2006b Developing an action plan for the Awach
watershed Western Kenya Proceedings of a workshop co-hosted by the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (NALEP
ndash National Agriculture Livestock Extension Programme 23rd May 2001 St Anna Guest House
Kisumu ICRAF Discussion Paper 2001-3
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L amp Njui A eds 2004 Proceedings of a
Workshop on Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin
Nairobi ICRAF NEMA the Water Quality Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
Management Programme (LVEMP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Environmental Authority [NEMA] (2004) Strategy for Flood Management in Lake
Victoria Basin Kenya
Verchot et al (2008) Baseline Report Nyando River Basin Western Kenya Integrated
Ecosystem Management Project Findings from the Baseline Surveys International Centre forResearch in Agroforestry Nairobi Kenya
World Agroforestry Centre (2006) Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin Final
Report of the TransVic Project World Agroforerstry Centre Occasional Paper No 7 World
Agroforestry Centre Nairobi Kenya
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3236
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets
I Water and Sanitation
Middle Nyando Lower Nya
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Target Baseline st
Water
Improved Water sources
bull Piped water intodwelling
bull plot or yard
bull Public tapstandpipe
bull Tubewellborehole
bull Protected dug well
bull
Protected spring
bull Rainwater collection
Unimproved Water sources
bull Unprotected dug well
bull Unprotected spring
bull Cart with small tankdrum
bull Bottled water a
bull Tanker-truck
bull Surface water (river dam
bull lake pond stream canal
bull irrigation channels)
of house hold using water fromProtected Sources
393 439
Reduce average Distance tohousehold Water source to lessthan a km
Within compound 248 Within com
lt 1km =537 lt 1km =690
gt2km = 41 gt2km = 0
Household water treatment 883 85
Average time taken to collect waterfor domestic use
lt 1 an hour =775
1-2hrs=192
gt2hrs =335
Reliability of Water supplyavailability of water
Household per-capita Water Use) lt 4 l per capita = 83 gt20lpppd
lt 4 l per ca
4- 10 l per capita =355 4- 10 l per c
10-20 l per capita =421 10-20 l per c
gt20 litres= 14 gt20L =18
Reduce water bornewashed Diarrhoeal incidences Diarrhoeal
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3336
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3436
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3536
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3636
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2436
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Not provided by land lord 08 30
Others 0 10
Where people relieve themselves
(those without latrines)
Frequency
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Bush Outside 4 364 7 538
Neighborrsquos Latrine 7 636 5 385
Ensuring adequate sanitation facilities is a Millennium Development Goal that Kenya shares
with other countries A household is classified as having an improved toilet if the toilet is
used only by members of one household (ie it is not shared) and if the facility used by the
household separates the waste from human contact (WHOUNICEF Joint MonitoringProgramme for Water Supply and Sanitation 2004) According to KDH report 20082009 the
national figures show that less 60 of households uses an improved toilet facility that is not
shared with other households Urban households are only slightly more likely than rural
households to have an improved toilet facility (30 and 20 respectively) Overall 12 of
households have no toilet facility at all they are almost exclusively rural accounting for 16
of rural households
35 ENERGY SOURCE AND USE
351 House hold Energy Needs
Energy demand patterns of the study areas largely revolve around household energy end
uses such as cooking and lighting Respondents ranked cooking lighting and heating as the
three most important energy needs
352
Main House Hold Sources of Energy
The main sources of energy at household levels are wood paraffin and charcoal The table
below lists the age of farmers using the various fuel sources listed in the questionnaire
The study established that the most preferred source of household cooking energy among
the respondents is mainly firewood (at 100 in lower Nyando and 99 in middle Nyando)
This indicates overreliance on biomass and an indicator of a real challenge of forest and
vegetation degradation
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2536
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 11 Energy Source and Use
Lighting Cooking
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Biomass 08 0 1000 990
Kerosene 884 838
Biogas 08 0
Solar 66 20
Electricity 33 141 0 10
Recent National studies also Estimates of household energy use indicate that over 95 of
Kenyan population rely on wood or charcoal for energy needs Traditionally these energy
resources have been ldquofreerdquo goods however the Kenyan wood fuel supply has been rapidlydepleted by deforestation an activity also closely associated with land clearing for
agriculture and global warming via reduction of biomass to sequestrate CO 2
Consequently an energy policy that is designed to meet the needs of the majority of the
population must devote considerable attention to mainstreaming a sustainable yield of
biomass as well efficient energy technology to maximise on the biomass energy sources
The main source of energy for lighting in the area is kerosene (884 in middle Nyando and
838 in lower Nyando 66 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando and 20 in lower
Nyando use solar energy for lighting Hydro electric usage for lighting was recorded in 33
of households in middle Nyando and 141 in lower Nyando Biomass energy which
includes firewood charcoal and livestock waste burnt directly accounts for 100 of cooking
energy source in middle Nyando and 99 in lower Nyando Other renewable energy such
as biogas is not common in the area with only less than 1 of households in Nyando
utilising biogas
From the focused group discussions Initial capital cost was established as the utmost
challenge for household access to alterative and sustainable energy sources like biogas or
grid power It was further established among the biomass users 80 2 settled for firewood
as the main source of energy because of affordability lack of capacity to include other
alternatives and convenience
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2636
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983094 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
353 Availability of energy
Qualitative data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews corroborated
the finding that most households in the two study areas are energy stressed and that the
majority still used wood fuel and charcoal as the main source of energy The distancetravelled and time used to collect fuel wood has been increasing due to the declining tree
cover In parts of KORU people are cutting down trees to sell to Homaline Company as an
additional source of income A different study carried out by ICRAF in the lower and
middle Nyando areas in 2009 showed that More than 90 of the households are not self
sufficient with fuel
354 Potential for renewable energy uses
During the field studies it was observed that almost all households kept livestock A similar
study undertaken by ICRAF also showed that all households in the area keep livestock
This shows that there is a potential for use of biogas as source energy for cooking and even
lighting This would in turn reduce the existing pressure on wood products which are the
main source of energy for cooking in the area
In some farms people had also adopted tree planting especially in middle Nyando area to
supplement their energy sources This shows that agro-forestry practices at farm level can
play a key role in meeting the growing energy demand in the area with multiple benefits
such as additional income sources and soil conservation
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting
The study established that the main reason for choosing energy source either for cooking or
lighting is mainly based on availability (cooking 728 and lighting 732) This indicates that
probably the households will go for the most cost effective and readily available source of
energy
Table 12 Renewable Energy Use
Middle Nyando N=40 Lower Nyando N=19
No No
Type of Renewable
energy
Solar energy for lighting 16 400 4 211
Solar cookers 4 100 1 53
Do not know 19 475 10 526
Other 1 25 2 105
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2736
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Total 40 1000 19 1000
Middle Nyando N= 84 Lower Nyando N= 82
Challenges to
Accessing RE
High cost of start up 47 560 47 573
Not reliable 17 202 3 37
Do not know about the
technologies20 238 30 366
Other specify 2 24
Total 84 1000 82 1000
Only 175 of households in middle Nyando and 74 in lower Nyando said they use
renewable energy in their homes The most common type of renewable energy used was
solar energy for lighting (16 households n =123) in middle Nyando and 4 households (N=
100) in lower Nyando
Main source of information on renewable energy in the area is from the media (66) in both
areas The results show that there is inadequate sustained and comprehensive awareness
creation on the use of renewable energy sources in the region There is need to do as
sustained awareness creation in the area to educate the people that despite the high start-up
cost studies shows a reduction on the cost of household energy once the families start using
renewable energy because the operational recurrent costs are relatively lower when
compared with other sources of energy
356 Challenges facing renewable energy
The major challenge to accessing renewable energy technologies was the high cost of start-
up (56 middle Nyando and 57 lower Nyando) The other reasons given were on
reliability of renewable energy sources and poor knowledge on the available Renewable
energy technologies (366 in lower Nyando and 238) in middle Nyando The study
shows that among the households that have adopted renewable energy use on average 20
had been assisted (technologically and or subsidised)
Biogas and solar energy sources are considered fairly inefficient implying that more
research and development work needs to be done to improve on the efficiency The high
cost of adopting renewable energy sources makes it prohibitive for a significant portion of
the population The results is that the population still heavily relay on traditional energy
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2836
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983096 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
sources (biomass) yet the technologies used to extract the energy not only significantly
affect the health of women and children but is also damage to the environment
During the FGD it also emerged that the Despite availability of programmes such as the
biogas installation subsidy programme by KEBDIP people were generally unaware of it
Also during the FGDs with some of the community groups it emerged that knowledge on
renewable energy sources especially biogas production was very low This is supported by
various qualitative data that shows that knowledge on funding sources for renewable
energy technologies was generally low However the people showed interest in adopting
the use of biogas energy if the technology can be made available and affordable to them
36
AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture practices in the area gained prominence after the introduction of the Economic
Stimulus Package Through this programmes every location was supposed to be allocated
14 fishponds
Data from the fisheries offices estimates the total fishponds in Nyando District to be 1100
Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds
Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish ponds and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA
area as you go towards the lake
The ministry of fisheries has also constructed a dam along river Awasi to provide water for
fish farming in the area as well as water for domestic use
Aquaculture has been introduced in the area to try and reduce the pressure on fisheries
resources in the lake as well as provide an alternative livelihood source to the people
Table 13 Data on Fish Farming
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Households Practicing
Aquaculture
Yes 5 42 9 92
No 114 958 89 908
Total 119 1000 98 1000
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2936
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983097 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
The major challenge facing fish farming in the area was availability of water as most of the
river sources being perennial rivers
During the FGD and KII the reasons given for low adoption of aquaculture were listed as
Negative attitude towards fish farming as people believe that fish is found in the lake Over
reliance on lake fish Perception that fish from fish pond is not sweet perceptions on
palatability Security issues as fish are stolen from the ponds thus discouraging potential
farmers cases of pond poisoning has thus discouraging farmers High cost of start-up and
high cost of inputs Water scarcity caused by limited permanent water sources Low levels of
awareness on fish farming Poor pond management skills and High hydraulic conductivity
of soils thus low water retention capabilities Flooding was also reported to be a big
challenge in the lower Nyando area as flood waters wash away the fish ponds during rainseasons Proximity to the lake was also a major deterrence to fish farming as the people close
to the lake thought it was easier to fish in the lake
However it also emerged during this discussions that farmers who were successful in the
fish farming business were expanding and increasing the number of their ponds The
success stories of such farmers have also encouraged other people with favourable land
conditions to adopt aquaculture
This shows that with availability of water sources the potential for aquaculture is very huge
especially in lower Nyando
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
This baseline report presents the results of the data collected from the combination of field
and household surveys in two project areas as well as through review of various literatures
on interventions carried out in the area Interpretation and management recommendations
are based solely on the data
Several Livelihood intervention measures focusing on Water and sanitation aquaculture
and soil and water conservation have been put in place by different actors (both state and
non state) to try and improve the living standards of people in lower and middle Nyando
The most observable intervention measures recorded during the survey was Promotion of
Rain water harvesting at household level promotion of tree farming investment in water
storage through construction of water pans and also fish farming
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3036
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Generally access to sanitation facilities is above 85 in both areas However the prevalence
of water borne diseases is still high and therefore need to increase interventions aimed
towards improving hygiene measures such as hand washing
Majority of the households also rely on unprotected water sources for their household water
needs Future interventions should therefore focus more on increasing access to protected
water sources and also increasing the quantity of water available per capita in both the
lower and Nyando river area
Uptake of Fish farming in the area is low due to both human and non human factors as
discussed in the report Future interventions should focus more on ensuring adequate
technical support to farmers who have adopted fish farming Interventions should also focus
on creating favourable environment for new farmers to adopt aquaculture through
provision of water by investing in water storage such as earth dams and pans and also
provision of piped water
Renewable energy uptake has also been low due to low levels of awareness as well as the
perceived high start-up cost Intervention measures in this area should focus on raising
awareness on available low cost renewable energy options such as solar lanterns for
lighting The potential for biogas production is also high and therefore intervention should
focus on development of affordable biogas production technologies Tree cover is quite low
in Lower Nyando Only 34 of household plots had any trees in the vicinity (Verchot et al
2008
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3136
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983089 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
References
ICRAF and MOARD (2000) ldquoImproved land management in the Lake Victoria basin Final
Technical Report Start-up Phase July 1999 to June 2000rdquo ICRAF and MOARD Nairobi
Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 2006 Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem
Management Project (WKIEMP) Strategies for Integrated Land and Water Management for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Katuk-Odeyo Sub-Watershed Nyando River Basin Lake Victoria Basin
KENYA
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2009) The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing
Census lsquo Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030) Volume 1 A Ministry of
Water Resources and Regional Development (2004) Land resources Development and
Irrigation in Nyanza Province South Kano Government Printers
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L and Njui A (eds) 2004 Proceedings of aWorkshop on
Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin December 9 ndash
11 2002 Imperial Hotel Kisumu Kenya
Muriithi S Okono NA and Swallow B (eds) 2006b Developing an action plan for the Awach
watershed Western Kenya Proceedings of a workshop co-hosted by the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (NALEP
ndash National Agriculture Livestock Extension Programme 23rd May 2001 St Anna Guest House
Kisumu ICRAF Discussion Paper 2001-3
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L amp Njui A eds 2004 Proceedings of a
Workshop on Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin
Nairobi ICRAF NEMA the Water Quality Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
Management Programme (LVEMP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Environmental Authority [NEMA] (2004) Strategy for Flood Management in Lake
Victoria Basin Kenya
Verchot et al (2008) Baseline Report Nyando River Basin Western Kenya Integrated
Ecosystem Management Project Findings from the Baseline Surveys International Centre forResearch in Agroforestry Nairobi Kenya
World Agroforestry Centre (2006) Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin Final
Report of the TransVic Project World Agroforerstry Centre Occasional Paper No 7 World
Agroforestry Centre Nairobi Kenya
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3236
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets
I Water and Sanitation
Middle Nyando Lower Nya
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Target Baseline st
Water
Improved Water sources
bull Piped water intodwelling
bull plot or yard
bull Public tapstandpipe
bull Tubewellborehole
bull Protected dug well
bull
Protected spring
bull Rainwater collection
Unimproved Water sources
bull Unprotected dug well
bull Unprotected spring
bull Cart with small tankdrum
bull Bottled water a
bull Tanker-truck
bull Surface water (river dam
bull lake pond stream canal
bull irrigation channels)
of house hold using water fromProtected Sources
393 439
Reduce average Distance tohousehold Water source to lessthan a km
Within compound 248 Within com
lt 1km =537 lt 1km =690
gt2km = 41 gt2km = 0
Household water treatment 883 85
Average time taken to collect waterfor domestic use
lt 1 an hour =775
1-2hrs=192
gt2hrs =335
Reliability of Water supplyavailability of water
Household per-capita Water Use) lt 4 l per capita = 83 gt20lpppd
lt 4 l per ca
4- 10 l per capita =355 4- 10 l per c
10-20 l per capita =421 10-20 l per c
gt20 litres= 14 gt20L =18
Reduce water bornewashed Diarrhoeal incidences Diarrhoeal
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3336
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3436
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3536
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3636
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2536
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Table 11 Energy Source and Use
Lighting Cooking
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
Biomass 08 0 1000 990
Kerosene 884 838
Biogas 08 0
Solar 66 20
Electricity 33 141 0 10
Recent National studies also Estimates of household energy use indicate that over 95 of
Kenyan population rely on wood or charcoal for energy needs Traditionally these energy
resources have been ldquofreerdquo goods however the Kenyan wood fuel supply has been rapidlydepleted by deforestation an activity also closely associated with land clearing for
agriculture and global warming via reduction of biomass to sequestrate CO 2
Consequently an energy policy that is designed to meet the needs of the majority of the
population must devote considerable attention to mainstreaming a sustainable yield of
biomass as well efficient energy technology to maximise on the biomass energy sources
The main source of energy for lighting in the area is kerosene (884 in middle Nyando and
838 in lower Nyando 66 of households surveyed in Middle Nyando and 20 in lower
Nyando use solar energy for lighting Hydro electric usage for lighting was recorded in 33
of households in middle Nyando and 141 in lower Nyando Biomass energy which
includes firewood charcoal and livestock waste burnt directly accounts for 100 of cooking
energy source in middle Nyando and 99 in lower Nyando Other renewable energy such
as biogas is not common in the area with only less than 1 of households in Nyando
utilising biogas
From the focused group discussions Initial capital cost was established as the utmost
challenge for household access to alterative and sustainable energy sources like biogas or
grid power It was further established among the biomass users 80 2 settled for firewood
as the main source of energy because of affordability lack of capacity to include other
alternatives and convenience
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2636
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983094 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
353 Availability of energy
Qualitative data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews corroborated
the finding that most households in the two study areas are energy stressed and that the
majority still used wood fuel and charcoal as the main source of energy The distancetravelled and time used to collect fuel wood has been increasing due to the declining tree
cover In parts of KORU people are cutting down trees to sell to Homaline Company as an
additional source of income A different study carried out by ICRAF in the lower and
middle Nyando areas in 2009 showed that More than 90 of the households are not self
sufficient with fuel
354 Potential for renewable energy uses
During the field studies it was observed that almost all households kept livestock A similar
study undertaken by ICRAF also showed that all households in the area keep livestock
This shows that there is a potential for use of biogas as source energy for cooking and even
lighting This would in turn reduce the existing pressure on wood products which are the
main source of energy for cooking in the area
In some farms people had also adopted tree planting especially in middle Nyando area to
supplement their energy sources This shows that agro-forestry practices at farm level can
play a key role in meeting the growing energy demand in the area with multiple benefits
such as additional income sources and soil conservation
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting
The study established that the main reason for choosing energy source either for cooking or
lighting is mainly based on availability (cooking 728 and lighting 732) This indicates that
probably the households will go for the most cost effective and readily available source of
energy
Table 12 Renewable Energy Use
Middle Nyando N=40 Lower Nyando N=19
No No
Type of Renewable
energy
Solar energy for lighting 16 400 4 211
Solar cookers 4 100 1 53
Do not know 19 475 10 526
Other 1 25 2 105
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2736
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Total 40 1000 19 1000
Middle Nyando N= 84 Lower Nyando N= 82
Challenges to
Accessing RE
High cost of start up 47 560 47 573
Not reliable 17 202 3 37
Do not know about the
technologies20 238 30 366
Other specify 2 24
Total 84 1000 82 1000
Only 175 of households in middle Nyando and 74 in lower Nyando said they use
renewable energy in their homes The most common type of renewable energy used was
solar energy for lighting (16 households n =123) in middle Nyando and 4 households (N=
100) in lower Nyando
Main source of information on renewable energy in the area is from the media (66) in both
areas The results show that there is inadequate sustained and comprehensive awareness
creation on the use of renewable energy sources in the region There is need to do as
sustained awareness creation in the area to educate the people that despite the high start-up
cost studies shows a reduction on the cost of household energy once the families start using
renewable energy because the operational recurrent costs are relatively lower when
compared with other sources of energy
356 Challenges facing renewable energy
The major challenge to accessing renewable energy technologies was the high cost of start-
up (56 middle Nyando and 57 lower Nyando) The other reasons given were on
reliability of renewable energy sources and poor knowledge on the available Renewable
energy technologies (366 in lower Nyando and 238) in middle Nyando The study
shows that among the households that have adopted renewable energy use on average 20
had been assisted (technologically and or subsidised)
Biogas and solar energy sources are considered fairly inefficient implying that more
research and development work needs to be done to improve on the efficiency The high
cost of adopting renewable energy sources makes it prohibitive for a significant portion of
the population The results is that the population still heavily relay on traditional energy
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2836
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983096 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
sources (biomass) yet the technologies used to extract the energy not only significantly
affect the health of women and children but is also damage to the environment
During the FGD it also emerged that the Despite availability of programmes such as the
biogas installation subsidy programme by KEBDIP people were generally unaware of it
Also during the FGDs with some of the community groups it emerged that knowledge on
renewable energy sources especially biogas production was very low This is supported by
various qualitative data that shows that knowledge on funding sources for renewable
energy technologies was generally low However the people showed interest in adopting
the use of biogas energy if the technology can be made available and affordable to them
36
AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture practices in the area gained prominence after the introduction of the Economic
Stimulus Package Through this programmes every location was supposed to be allocated
14 fishponds
Data from the fisheries offices estimates the total fishponds in Nyando District to be 1100
Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds
Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish ponds and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA
area as you go towards the lake
The ministry of fisheries has also constructed a dam along river Awasi to provide water for
fish farming in the area as well as water for domestic use
Aquaculture has been introduced in the area to try and reduce the pressure on fisheries
resources in the lake as well as provide an alternative livelihood source to the people
Table 13 Data on Fish Farming
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Households Practicing
Aquaculture
Yes 5 42 9 92
No 114 958 89 908
Total 119 1000 98 1000
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2936
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983097 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
The major challenge facing fish farming in the area was availability of water as most of the
river sources being perennial rivers
During the FGD and KII the reasons given for low adoption of aquaculture were listed as
Negative attitude towards fish farming as people believe that fish is found in the lake Over
reliance on lake fish Perception that fish from fish pond is not sweet perceptions on
palatability Security issues as fish are stolen from the ponds thus discouraging potential
farmers cases of pond poisoning has thus discouraging farmers High cost of start-up and
high cost of inputs Water scarcity caused by limited permanent water sources Low levels of
awareness on fish farming Poor pond management skills and High hydraulic conductivity
of soils thus low water retention capabilities Flooding was also reported to be a big
challenge in the lower Nyando area as flood waters wash away the fish ponds during rainseasons Proximity to the lake was also a major deterrence to fish farming as the people close
to the lake thought it was easier to fish in the lake
However it also emerged during this discussions that farmers who were successful in the
fish farming business were expanding and increasing the number of their ponds The
success stories of such farmers have also encouraged other people with favourable land
conditions to adopt aquaculture
This shows that with availability of water sources the potential for aquaculture is very huge
especially in lower Nyando
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
This baseline report presents the results of the data collected from the combination of field
and household surveys in two project areas as well as through review of various literatures
on interventions carried out in the area Interpretation and management recommendations
are based solely on the data
Several Livelihood intervention measures focusing on Water and sanitation aquaculture
and soil and water conservation have been put in place by different actors (both state and
non state) to try and improve the living standards of people in lower and middle Nyando
The most observable intervention measures recorded during the survey was Promotion of
Rain water harvesting at household level promotion of tree farming investment in water
storage through construction of water pans and also fish farming
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3036
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Generally access to sanitation facilities is above 85 in both areas However the prevalence
of water borne diseases is still high and therefore need to increase interventions aimed
towards improving hygiene measures such as hand washing
Majority of the households also rely on unprotected water sources for their household water
needs Future interventions should therefore focus more on increasing access to protected
water sources and also increasing the quantity of water available per capita in both the
lower and Nyando river area
Uptake of Fish farming in the area is low due to both human and non human factors as
discussed in the report Future interventions should focus more on ensuring adequate
technical support to farmers who have adopted fish farming Interventions should also focus
on creating favourable environment for new farmers to adopt aquaculture through
provision of water by investing in water storage such as earth dams and pans and also
provision of piped water
Renewable energy uptake has also been low due to low levels of awareness as well as the
perceived high start-up cost Intervention measures in this area should focus on raising
awareness on available low cost renewable energy options such as solar lanterns for
lighting The potential for biogas production is also high and therefore intervention should
focus on development of affordable biogas production technologies Tree cover is quite low
in Lower Nyando Only 34 of household plots had any trees in the vicinity (Verchot et al
2008
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3136
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983089 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
References
ICRAF and MOARD (2000) ldquoImproved land management in the Lake Victoria basin Final
Technical Report Start-up Phase July 1999 to June 2000rdquo ICRAF and MOARD Nairobi
Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 2006 Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem
Management Project (WKIEMP) Strategies for Integrated Land and Water Management for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Katuk-Odeyo Sub-Watershed Nyando River Basin Lake Victoria Basin
KENYA
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2009) The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing
Census lsquo Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030) Volume 1 A Ministry of
Water Resources and Regional Development (2004) Land resources Development and
Irrigation in Nyanza Province South Kano Government Printers
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L and Njui A (eds) 2004 Proceedings of aWorkshop on
Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin December 9 ndash
11 2002 Imperial Hotel Kisumu Kenya
Muriithi S Okono NA and Swallow B (eds) 2006b Developing an action plan for the Awach
watershed Western Kenya Proceedings of a workshop co-hosted by the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (NALEP
ndash National Agriculture Livestock Extension Programme 23rd May 2001 St Anna Guest House
Kisumu ICRAF Discussion Paper 2001-3
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L amp Njui A eds 2004 Proceedings of a
Workshop on Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin
Nairobi ICRAF NEMA the Water Quality Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
Management Programme (LVEMP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Environmental Authority [NEMA] (2004) Strategy for Flood Management in Lake
Victoria Basin Kenya
Verchot et al (2008) Baseline Report Nyando River Basin Western Kenya Integrated
Ecosystem Management Project Findings from the Baseline Surveys International Centre forResearch in Agroforestry Nairobi Kenya
World Agroforestry Centre (2006) Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin Final
Report of the TransVic Project World Agroforerstry Centre Occasional Paper No 7 World
Agroforestry Centre Nairobi Kenya
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3236
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets
I Water and Sanitation
Middle Nyando Lower Nya
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Target Baseline st
Water
Improved Water sources
bull Piped water intodwelling
bull plot or yard
bull Public tapstandpipe
bull Tubewellborehole
bull Protected dug well
bull
Protected spring
bull Rainwater collection
Unimproved Water sources
bull Unprotected dug well
bull Unprotected spring
bull Cart with small tankdrum
bull Bottled water a
bull Tanker-truck
bull Surface water (river dam
bull lake pond stream canal
bull irrigation channels)
of house hold using water fromProtected Sources
393 439
Reduce average Distance tohousehold Water source to lessthan a km
Within compound 248 Within com
lt 1km =537 lt 1km =690
gt2km = 41 gt2km = 0
Household water treatment 883 85
Average time taken to collect waterfor domestic use
lt 1 an hour =775
1-2hrs=192
gt2hrs =335
Reliability of Water supplyavailability of water
Household per-capita Water Use) lt 4 l per capita = 83 gt20lpppd
lt 4 l per ca
4- 10 l per capita =355 4- 10 l per c
10-20 l per capita =421 10-20 l per c
gt20 litres= 14 gt20L =18
Reduce water bornewashed Diarrhoeal incidences Diarrhoeal
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3336
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3436
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3536
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3636
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2636
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983094 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
353 Availability of energy
Qualitative data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews corroborated
the finding that most households in the two study areas are energy stressed and that the
majority still used wood fuel and charcoal as the main source of energy The distancetravelled and time used to collect fuel wood has been increasing due to the declining tree
cover In parts of KORU people are cutting down trees to sell to Homaline Company as an
additional source of income A different study carried out by ICRAF in the lower and
middle Nyando areas in 2009 showed that More than 90 of the households are not self
sufficient with fuel
354 Potential for renewable energy uses
During the field studies it was observed that almost all households kept livestock A similar
study undertaken by ICRAF also showed that all households in the area keep livestock
This shows that there is a potential for use of biogas as source energy for cooking and even
lighting This would in turn reduce the existing pressure on wood products which are the
main source of energy for cooking in the area
In some farms people had also adopted tree planting especially in middle Nyando area to
supplement their energy sources This shows that agro-forestry practices at farm level can
play a key role in meeting the growing energy demand in the area with multiple benefits
such as additional income sources and soil conservation
355 Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting
The study established that the main reason for choosing energy source either for cooking or
lighting is mainly based on availability (cooking 728 and lighting 732) This indicates that
probably the households will go for the most cost effective and readily available source of
energy
Table 12 Renewable Energy Use
Middle Nyando N=40 Lower Nyando N=19
No No
Type of Renewable
energy
Solar energy for lighting 16 400 4 211
Solar cookers 4 100 1 53
Do not know 19 475 10 526
Other 1 25 2 105
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2736
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Total 40 1000 19 1000
Middle Nyando N= 84 Lower Nyando N= 82
Challenges to
Accessing RE
High cost of start up 47 560 47 573
Not reliable 17 202 3 37
Do not know about the
technologies20 238 30 366
Other specify 2 24
Total 84 1000 82 1000
Only 175 of households in middle Nyando and 74 in lower Nyando said they use
renewable energy in their homes The most common type of renewable energy used was
solar energy for lighting (16 households n =123) in middle Nyando and 4 households (N=
100) in lower Nyando
Main source of information on renewable energy in the area is from the media (66) in both
areas The results show that there is inadequate sustained and comprehensive awareness
creation on the use of renewable energy sources in the region There is need to do as
sustained awareness creation in the area to educate the people that despite the high start-up
cost studies shows a reduction on the cost of household energy once the families start using
renewable energy because the operational recurrent costs are relatively lower when
compared with other sources of energy
356 Challenges facing renewable energy
The major challenge to accessing renewable energy technologies was the high cost of start-
up (56 middle Nyando and 57 lower Nyando) The other reasons given were on
reliability of renewable energy sources and poor knowledge on the available Renewable
energy technologies (366 in lower Nyando and 238) in middle Nyando The study
shows that among the households that have adopted renewable energy use on average 20
had been assisted (technologically and or subsidised)
Biogas and solar energy sources are considered fairly inefficient implying that more
research and development work needs to be done to improve on the efficiency The high
cost of adopting renewable energy sources makes it prohibitive for a significant portion of
the population The results is that the population still heavily relay on traditional energy
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2836
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983096 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
sources (biomass) yet the technologies used to extract the energy not only significantly
affect the health of women and children but is also damage to the environment
During the FGD it also emerged that the Despite availability of programmes such as the
biogas installation subsidy programme by KEBDIP people were generally unaware of it
Also during the FGDs with some of the community groups it emerged that knowledge on
renewable energy sources especially biogas production was very low This is supported by
various qualitative data that shows that knowledge on funding sources for renewable
energy technologies was generally low However the people showed interest in adopting
the use of biogas energy if the technology can be made available and affordable to them
36
AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture practices in the area gained prominence after the introduction of the Economic
Stimulus Package Through this programmes every location was supposed to be allocated
14 fishponds
Data from the fisheries offices estimates the total fishponds in Nyando District to be 1100
Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds
Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish ponds and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA
area as you go towards the lake
The ministry of fisheries has also constructed a dam along river Awasi to provide water for
fish farming in the area as well as water for domestic use
Aquaculture has been introduced in the area to try and reduce the pressure on fisheries
resources in the lake as well as provide an alternative livelihood source to the people
Table 13 Data on Fish Farming
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Households Practicing
Aquaculture
Yes 5 42 9 92
No 114 958 89 908
Total 119 1000 98 1000
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2936
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983097 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
The major challenge facing fish farming in the area was availability of water as most of the
river sources being perennial rivers
During the FGD and KII the reasons given for low adoption of aquaculture were listed as
Negative attitude towards fish farming as people believe that fish is found in the lake Over
reliance on lake fish Perception that fish from fish pond is not sweet perceptions on
palatability Security issues as fish are stolen from the ponds thus discouraging potential
farmers cases of pond poisoning has thus discouraging farmers High cost of start-up and
high cost of inputs Water scarcity caused by limited permanent water sources Low levels of
awareness on fish farming Poor pond management skills and High hydraulic conductivity
of soils thus low water retention capabilities Flooding was also reported to be a big
challenge in the lower Nyando area as flood waters wash away the fish ponds during rainseasons Proximity to the lake was also a major deterrence to fish farming as the people close
to the lake thought it was easier to fish in the lake
However it also emerged during this discussions that farmers who were successful in the
fish farming business were expanding and increasing the number of their ponds The
success stories of such farmers have also encouraged other people with favourable land
conditions to adopt aquaculture
This shows that with availability of water sources the potential for aquaculture is very huge
especially in lower Nyando
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
This baseline report presents the results of the data collected from the combination of field
and household surveys in two project areas as well as through review of various literatures
on interventions carried out in the area Interpretation and management recommendations
are based solely on the data
Several Livelihood intervention measures focusing on Water and sanitation aquaculture
and soil and water conservation have been put in place by different actors (both state and
non state) to try and improve the living standards of people in lower and middle Nyando
The most observable intervention measures recorded during the survey was Promotion of
Rain water harvesting at household level promotion of tree farming investment in water
storage through construction of water pans and also fish farming
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3036
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Generally access to sanitation facilities is above 85 in both areas However the prevalence
of water borne diseases is still high and therefore need to increase interventions aimed
towards improving hygiene measures such as hand washing
Majority of the households also rely on unprotected water sources for their household water
needs Future interventions should therefore focus more on increasing access to protected
water sources and also increasing the quantity of water available per capita in both the
lower and Nyando river area
Uptake of Fish farming in the area is low due to both human and non human factors as
discussed in the report Future interventions should focus more on ensuring adequate
technical support to farmers who have adopted fish farming Interventions should also focus
on creating favourable environment for new farmers to adopt aquaculture through
provision of water by investing in water storage such as earth dams and pans and also
provision of piped water
Renewable energy uptake has also been low due to low levels of awareness as well as the
perceived high start-up cost Intervention measures in this area should focus on raising
awareness on available low cost renewable energy options such as solar lanterns for
lighting The potential for biogas production is also high and therefore intervention should
focus on development of affordable biogas production technologies Tree cover is quite low
in Lower Nyando Only 34 of household plots had any trees in the vicinity (Verchot et al
2008
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3136
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983089 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
References
ICRAF and MOARD (2000) ldquoImproved land management in the Lake Victoria basin Final
Technical Report Start-up Phase July 1999 to June 2000rdquo ICRAF and MOARD Nairobi
Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 2006 Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem
Management Project (WKIEMP) Strategies for Integrated Land and Water Management for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Katuk-Odeyo Sub-Watershed Nyando River Basin Lake Victoria Basin
KENYA
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2009) The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing
Census lsquo Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030) Volume 1 A Ministry of
Water Resources and Regional Development (2004) Land resources Development and
Irrigation in Nyanza Province South Kano Government Printers
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L and Njui A (eds) 2004 Proceedings of aWorkshop on
Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin December 9 ndash
11 2002 Imperial Hotel Kisumu Kenya
Muriithi S Okono NA and Swallow B (eds) 2006b Developing an action plan for the Awach
watershed Western Kenya Proceedings of a workshop co-hosted by the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (NALEP
ndash National Agriculture Livestock Extension Programme 23rd May 2001 St Anna Guest House
Kisumu ICRAF Discussion Paper 2001-3
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L amp Njui A eds 2004 Proceedings of a
Workshop on Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin
Nairobi ICRAF NEMA the Water Quality Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
Management Programme (LVEMP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Environmental Authority [NEMA] (2004) Strategy for Flood Management in Lake
Victoria Basin Kenya
Verchot et al (2008) Baseline Report Nyando River Basin Western Kenya Integrated
Ecosystem Management Project Findings from the Baseline Surveys International Centre forResearch in Agroforestry Nairobi Kenya
World Agroforestry Centre (2006) Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin Final
Report of the TransVic Project World Agroforerstry Centre Occasional Paper No 7 World
Agroforestry Centre Nairobi Kenya
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3236
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets
I Water and Sanitation
Middle Nyando Lower Nya
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Target Baseline st
Water
Improved Water sources
bull Piped water intodwelling
bull plot or yard
bull Public tapstandpipe
bull Tubewellborehole
bull Protected dug well
bull
Protected spring
bull Rainwater collection
Unimproved Water sources
bull Unprotected dug well
bull Unprotected spring
bull Cart with small tankdrum
bull Bottled water a
bull Tanker-truck
bull Surface water (river dam
bull lake pond stream canal
bull irrigation channels)
of house hold using water fromProtected Sources
393 439
Reduce average Distance tohousehold Water source to lessthan a km
Within compound 248 Within com
lt 1km =537 lt 1km =690
gt2km = 41 gt2km = 0
Household water treatment 883 85
Average time taken to collect waterfor domestic use
lt 1 an hour =775
1-2hrs=192
gt2hrs =335
Reliability of Water supplyavailability of water
Household per-capita Water Use) lt 4 l per capita = 83 gt20lpppd
lt 4 l per ca
4- 10 l per capita =355 4- 10 l per c
10-20 l per capita =421 10-20 l per c
gt20 litres= 14 gt20L =18
Reduce water bornewashed Diarrhoeal incidences Diarrhoeal
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3336
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3436
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3536
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3636
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2736
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983095 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Total 40 1000 19 1000
Middle Nyando N= 84 Lower Nyando N= 82
Challenges to
Accessing RE
High cost of start up 47 560 47 573
Not reliable 17 202 3 37
Do not know about the
technologies20 238 30 366
Other specify 2 24
Total 84 1000 82 1000
Only 175 of households in middle Nyando and 74 in lower Nyando said they use
renewable energy in their homes The most common type of renewable energy used was
solar energy for lighting (16 households n =123) in middle Nyando and 4 households (N=
100) in lower Nyando
Main source of information on renewable energy in the area is from the media (66) in both
areas The results show that there is inadequate sustained and comprehensive awareness
creation on the use of renewable energy sources in the region There is need to do as
sustained awareness creation in the area to educate the people that despite the high start-up
cost studies shows a reduction on the cost of household energy once the families start using
renewable energy because the operational recurrent costs are relatively lower when
compared with other sources of energy
356 Challenges facing renewable energy
The major challenge to accessing renewable energy technologies was the high cost of start-
up (56 middle Nyando and 57 lower Nyando) The other reasons given were on
reliability of renewable energy sources and poor knowledge on the available Renewable
energy technologies (366 in lower Nyando and 238) in middle Nyando The study
shows that among the households that have adopted renewable energy use on average 20
had been assisted (technologically and or subsidised)
Biogas and solar energy sources are considered fairly inefficient implying that more
research and development work needs to be done to improve on the efficiency The high
cost of adopting renewable energy sources makes it prohibitive for a significant portion of
the population The results is that the population still heavily relay on traditional energy
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2836
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983096 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
sources (biomass) yet the technologies used to extract the energy not only significantly
affect the health of women and children but is also damage to the environment
During the FGD it also emerged that the Despite availability of programmes such as the
biogas installation subsidy programme by KEBDIP people were generally unaware of it
Also during the FGDs with some of the community groups it emerged that knowledge on
renewable energy sources especially biogas production was very low This is supported by
various qualitative data that shows that knowledge on funding sources for renewable
energy technologies was generally low However the people showed interest in adopting
the use of biogas energy if the technology can be made available and affordable to them
36
AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture practices in the area gained prominence after the introduction of the Economic
Stimulus Package Through this programmes every location was supposed to be allocated
14 fishponds
Data from the fisheries offices estimates the total fishponds in Nyando District to be 1100
Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds
Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish ponds and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA
area as you go towards the lake
The ministry of fisheries has also constructed a dam along river Awasi to provide water for
fish farming in the area as well as water for domestic use
Aquaculture has been introduced in the area to try and reduce the pressure on fisheries
resources in the lake as well as provide an alternative livelihood source to the people
Table 13 Data on Fish Farming
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Households Practicing
Aquaculture
Yes 5 42 9 92
No 114 958 89 908
Total 119 1000 98 1000
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2936
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983097 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
The major challenge facing fish farming in the area was availability of water as most of the
river sources being perennial rivers
During the FGD and KII the reasons given for low adoption of aquaculture were listed as
Negative attitude towards fish farming as people believe that fish is found in the lake Over
reliance on lake fish Perception that fish from fish pond is not sweet perceptions on
palatability Security issues as fish are stolen from the ponds thus discouraging potential
farmers cases of pond poisoning has thus discouraging farmers High cost of start-up and
high cost of inputs Water scarcity caused by limited permanent water sources Low levels of
awareness on fish farming Poor pond management skills and High hydraulic conductivity
of soils thus low water retention capabilities Flooding was also reported to be a big
challenge in the lower Nyando area as flood waters wash away the fish ponds during rainseasons Proximity to the lake was also a major deterrence to fish farming as the people close
to the lake thought it was easier to fish in the lake
However it also emerged during this discussions that farmers who were successful in the
fish farming business were expanding and increasing the number of their ponds The
success stories of such farmers have also encouraged other people with favourable land
conditions to adopt aquaculture
This shows that with availability of water sources the potential for aquaculture is very huge
especially in lower Nyando
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
This baseline report presents the results of the data collected from the combination of field
and household surveys in two project areas as well as through review of various literatures
on interventions carried out in the area Interpretation and management recommendations
are based solely on the data
Several Livelihood intervention measures focusing on Water and sanitation aquaculture
and soil and water conservation have been put in place by different actors (both state and
non state) to try and improve the living standards of people in lower and middle Nyando
The most observable intervention measures recorded during the survey was Promotion of
Rain water harvesting at household level promotion of tree farming investment in water
storage through construction of water pans and also fish farming
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3036
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Generally access to sanitation facilities is above 85 in both areas However the prevalence
of water borne diseases is still high and therefore need to increase interventions aimed
towards improving hygiene measures such as hand washing
Majority of the households also rely on unprotected water sources for their household water
needs Future interventions should therefore focus more on increasing access to protected
water sources and also increasing the quantity of water available per capita in both the
lower and Nyando river area
Uptake of Fish farming in the area is low due to both human and non human factors as
discussed in the report Future interventions should focus more on ensuring adequate
technical support to farmers who have adopted fish farming Interventions should also focus
on creating favourable environment for new farmers to adopt aquaculture through
provision of water by investing in water storage such as earth dams and pans and also
provision of piped water
Renewable energy uptake has also been low due to low levels of awareness as well as the
perceived high start-up cost Intervention measures in this area should focus on raising
awareness on available low cost renewable energy options such as solar lanterns for
lighting The potential for biogas production is also high and therefore intervention should
focus on development of affordable biogas production technologies Tree cover is quite low
in Lower Nyando Only 34 of household plots had any trees in the vicinity (Verchot et al
2008
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3136
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983089 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
References
ICRAF and MOARD (2000) ldquoImproved land management in the Lake Victoria basin Final
Technical Report Start-up Phase July 1999 to June 2000rdquo ICRAF and MOARD Nairobi
Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 2006 Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem
Management Project (WKIEMP) Strategies for Integrated Land and Water Management for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Katuk-Odeyo Sub-Watershed Nyando River Basin Lake Victoria Basin
KENYA
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2009) The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing
Census lsquo Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030) Volume 1 A Ministry of
Water Resources and Regional Development (2004) Land resources Development and
Irrigation in Nyanza Province South Kano Government Printers
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L and Njui A (eds) 2004 Proceedings of aWorkshop on
Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin December 9 ndash
11 2002 Imperial Hotel Kisumu Kenya
Muriithi S Okono NA and Swallow B (eds) 2006b Developing an action plan for the Awach
watershed Western Kenya Proceedings of a workshop co-hosted by the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (NALEP
ndash National Agriculture Livestock Extension Programme 23rd May 2001 St Anna Guest House
Kisumu ICRAF Discussion Paper 2001-3
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L amp Njui A eds 2004 Proceedings of a
Workshop on Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin
Nairobi ICRAF NEMA the Water Quality Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
Management Programme (LVEMP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Environmental Authority [NEMA] (2004) Strategy for Flood Management in Lake
Victoria Basin Kenya
Verchot et al (2008) Baseline Report Nyando River Basin Western Kenya Integrated
Ecosystem Management Project Findings from the Baseline Surveys International Centre forResearch in Agroforestry Nairobi Kenya
World Agroforestry Centre (2006) Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin Final
Report of the TransVic Project World Agroforerstry Centre Occasional Paper No 7 World
Agroforestry Centre Nairobi Kenya
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3236
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets
I Water and Sanitation
Middle Nyando Lower Nya
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Target Baseline st
Water
Improved Water sources
bull Piped water intodwelling
bull plot or yard
bull Public tapstandpipe
bull Tubewellborehole
bull Protected dug well
bull
Protected spring
bull Rainwater collection
Unimproved Water sources
bull Unprotected dug well
bull Unprotected spring
bull Cart with small tankdrum
bull Bottled water a
bull Tanker-truck
bull Surface water (river dam
bull lake pond stream canal
bull irrigation channels)
of house hold using water fromProtected Sources
393 439
Reduce average Distance tohousehold Water source to lessthan a km
Within compound 248 Within com
lt 1km =537 lt 1km =690
gt2km = 41 gt2km = 0
Household water treatment 883 85
Average time taken to collect waterfor domestic use
lt 1 an hour =775
1-2hrs=192
gt2hrs =335
Reliability of Water supplyavailability of water
Household per-capita Water Use) lt 4 l per capita = 83 gt20lpppd
lt 4 l per ca
4- 10 l per capita =355 4- 10 l per c
10-20 l per capita =421 10-20 l per c
gt20 litres= 14 gt20L =18
Reduce water bornewashed Diarrhoeal incidences Diarrhoeal
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3336
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3436
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3536
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3636
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2836
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983096 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
sources (biomass) yet the technologies used to extract the energy not only significantly
affect the health of women and children but is also damage to the environment
During the FGD it also emerged that the Despite availability of programmes such as the
biogas installation subsidy programme by KEBDIP people were generally unaware of it
Also during the FGDs with some of the community groups it emerged that knowledge on
renewable energy sources especially biogas production was very low This is supported by
various qualitative data that shows that knowledge on funding sources for renewable
energy technologies was generally low However the people showed interest in adopting
the use of biogas energy if the technology can be made available and affordable to them
36
AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture practices in the area gained prominence after the introduction of the Economic
Stimulus Package Through this programmes every location was supposed to be allocated
14 fishponds
Data from the fisheries offices estimates the total fishponds in Nyando District to be 1100
Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds
Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish ponds and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA
area as you go towards the lake
The ministry of fisheries has also constructed a dam along river Awasi to provide water for
fish farming in the area as well as water for domestic use
Aquaculture has been introduced in the area to try and reduce the pressure on fisheries
resources in the lake as well as provide an alternative livelihood source to the people
Table 13 Data on Fish Farming
Middle Nyando
N=123
Lower Nyando
N=100
No No
Households Practicing
Aquaculture
Yes 5 42 9 92
No 114 958 89 908
Total 119 1000 98 1000
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2936
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983097 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
The major challenge facing fish farming in the area was availability of water as most of the
river sources being perennial rivers
During the FGD and KII the reasons given for low adoption of aquaculture were listed as
Negative attitude towards fish farming as people believe that fish is found in the lake Over
reliance on lake fish Perception that fish from fish pond is not sweet perceptions on
palatability Security issues as fish are stolen from the ponds thus discouraging potential
farmers cases of pond poisoning has thus discouraging farmers High cost of start-up and
high cost of inputs Water scarcity caused by limited permanent water sources Low levels of
awareness on fish farming Poor pond management skills and High hydraulic conductivity
of soils thus low water retention capabilities Flooding was also reported to be a big
challenge in the lower Nyando area as flood waters wash away the fish ponds during rainseasons Proximity to the lake was also a major deterrence to fish farming as the people close
to the lake thought it was easier to fish in the lake
However it also emerged during this discussions that farmers who were successful in the
fish farming business were expanding and increasing the number of their ponds The
success stories of such farmers have also encouraged other people with favourable land
conditions to adopt aquaculture
This shows that with availability of water sources the potential for aquaculture is very huge
especially in lower Nyando
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
This baseline report presents the results of the data collected from the combination of field
and household surveys in two project areas as well as through review of various literatures
on interventions carried out in the area Interpretation and management recommendations
are based solely on the data
Several Livelihood intervention measures focusing on Water and sanitation aquaculture
and soil and water conservation have been put in place by different actors (both state and
non state) to try and improve the living standards of people in lower and middle Nyando
The most observable intervention measures recorded during the survey was Promotion of
Rain water harvesting at household level promotion of tree farming investment in water
storage through construction of water pans and also fish farming
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3036
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Generally access to sanitation facilities is above 85 in both areas However the prevalence
of water borne diseases is still high and therefore need to increase interventions aimed
towards improving hygiene measures such as hand washing
Majority of the households also rely on unprotected water sources for their household water
needs Future interventions should therefore focus more on increasing access to protected
water sources and also increasing the quantity of water available per capita in both the
lower and Nyando river area
Uptake of Fish farming in the area is low due to both human and non human factors as
discussed in the report Future interventions should focus more on ensuring adequate
technical support to farmers who have adopted fish farming Interventions should also focus
on creating favourable environment for new farmers to adopt aquaculture through
provision of water by investing in water storage such as earth dams and pans and also
provision of piped water
Renewable energy uptake has also been low due to low levels of awareness as well as the
perceived high start-up cost Intervention measures in this area should focus on raising
awareness on available low cost renewable energy options such as solar lanterns for
lighting The potential for biogas production is also high and therefore intervention should
focus on development of affordable biogas production technologies Tree cover is quite low
in Lower Nyando Only 34 of household plots had any trees in the vicinity (Verchot et al
2008
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3136
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983089 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
References
ICRAF and MOARD (2000) ldquoImproved land management in the Lake Victoria basin Final
Technical Report Start-up Phase July 1999 to June 2000rdquo ICRAF and MOARD Nairobi
Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 2006 Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem
Management Project (WKIEMP) Strategies for Integrated Land and Water Management for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Katuk-Odeyo Sub-Watershed Nyando River Basin Lake Victoria Basin
KENYA
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2009) The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing
Census lsquo Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030) Volume 1 A Ministry of
Water Resources and Regional Development (2004) Land resources Development and
Irrigation in Nyanza Province South Kano Government Printers
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L and Njui A (eds) 2004 Proceedings of aWorkshop on
Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin December 9 ndash
11 2002 Imperial Hotel Kisumu Kenya
Muriithi S Okono NA and Swallow B (eds) 2006b Developing an action plan for the Awach
watershed Western Kenya Proceedings of a workshop co-hosted by the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (NALEP
ndash National Agriculture Livestock Extension Programme 23rd May 2001 St Anna Guest House
Kisumu ICRAF Discussion Paper 2001-3
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L amp Njui A eds 2004 Proceedings of a
Workshop on Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin
Nairobi ICRAF NEMA the Water Quality Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
Management Programme (LVEMP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Environmental Authority [NEMA] (2004) Strategy for Flood Management in Lake
Victoria Basin Kenya
Verchot et al (2008) Baseline Report Nyando River Basin Western Kenya Integrated
Ecosystem Management Project Findings from the Baseline Surveys International Centre forResearch in Agroforestry Nairobi Kenya
World Agroforestry Centre (2006) Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin Final
Report of the TransVic Project World Agroforerstry Centre Occasional Paper No 7 World
Agroforestry Centre Nairobi Kenya
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3236
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets
I Water and Sanitation
Middle Nyando Lower Nya
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Target Baseline st
Water
Improved Water sources
bull Piped water intodwelling
bull plot or yard
bull Public tapstandpipe
bull Tubewellborehole
bull Protected dug well
bull
Protected spring
bull Rainwater collection
Unimproved Water sources
bull Unprotected dug well
bull Unprotected spring
bull Cart with small tankdrum
bull Bottled water a
bull Tanker-truck
bull Surface water (river dam
bull lake pond stream canal
bull irrigation channels)
of house hold using water fromProtected Sources
393 439
Reduce average Distance tohousehold Water source to lessthan a km
Within compound 248 Within com
lt 1km =537 lt 1km =690
gt2km = 41 gt2km = 0
Household water treatment 883 85
Average time taken to collect waterfor domestic use
lt 1 an hour =775
1-2hrs=192
gt2hrs =335
Reliability of Water supplyavailability of water
Household per-capita Water Use) lt 4 l per capita = 83 gt20lpppd
lt 4 l per ca
4- 10 l per capita =355 4- 10 l per c
10-20 l per capita =421 10-20 l per c
gt20 litres= 14 gt20L =18
Reduce water bornewashed Diarrhoeal incidences Diarrhoeal
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3336
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3436
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3536
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3636
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 2936
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983090983097 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
The major challenge facing fish farming in the area was availability of water as most of the
river sources being perennial rivers
During the FGD and KII the reasons given for low adoption of aquaculture were listed as
Negative attitude towards fish farming as people believe that fish is found in the lake Over
reliance on lake fish Perception that fish from fish pond is not sweet perceptions on
palatability Security issues as fish are stolen from the ponds thus discouraging potential
farmers cases of pond poisoning has thus discouraging farmers High cost of start-up and
high cost of inputs Water scarcity caused by limited permanent water sources Low levels of
awareness on fish farming Poor pond management skills and High hydraulic conductivity
of soils thus low water retention capabilities Flooding was also reported to be a big
challenge in the lower Nyando area as flood waters wash away the fish ponds during rainseasons Proximity to the lake was also a major deterrence to fish farming as the people close
to the lake thought it was easier to fish in the lake
However it also emerged during this discussions that farmers who were successful in the
fish farming business were expanding and increasing the number of their ponds The
success stories of such farmers have also encouraged other people with favourable land
conditions to adopt aquaculture
This shows that with availability of water sources the potential for aquaculture is very huge
especially in lower Nyando
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
This baseline report presents the results of the data collected from the combination of field
and household surveys in two project areas as well as through review of various literatures
on interventions carried out in the area Interpretation and management recommendations
are based solely on the data
Several Livelihood intervention measures focusing on Water and sanitation aquaculture
and soil and water conservation have been put in place by different actors (both state and
non state) to try and improve the living standards of people in lower and middle Nyando
The most observable intervention measures recorded during the survey was Promotion of
Rain water harvesting at household level promotion of tree farming investment in water
storage through construction of water pans and also fish farming
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3036
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Generally access to sanitation facilities is above 85 in both areas However the prevalence
of water borne diseases is still high and therefore need to increase interventions aimed
towards improving hygiene measures such as hand washing
Majority of the households also rely on unprotected water sources for their household water
needs Future interventions should therefore focus more on increasing access to protected
water sources and also increasing the quantity of water available per capita in both the
lower and Nyando river area
Uptake of Fish farming in the area is low due to both human and non human factors as
discussed in the report Future interventions should focus more on ensuring adequate
technical support to farmers who have adopted fish farming Interventions should also focus
on creating favourable environment for new farmers to adopt aquaculture through
provision of water by investing in water storage such as earth dams and pans and also
provision of piped water
Renewable energy uptake has also been low due to low levels of awareness as well as the
perceived high start-up cost Intervention measures in this area should focus on raising
awareness on available low cost renewable energy options such as solar lanterns for
lighting The potential for biogas production is also high and therefore intervention should
focus on development of affordable biogas production technologies Tree cover is quite low
in Lower Nyando Only 34 of household plots had any trees in the vicinity (Verchot et al
2008
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3136
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983089 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
References
ICRAF and MOARD (2000) ldquoImproved land management in the Lake Victoria basin Final
Technical Report Start-up Phase July 1999 to June 2000rdquo ICRAF and MOARD Nairobi
Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 2006 Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem
Management Project (WKIEMP) Strategies for Integrated Land and Water Management for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Katuk-Odeyo Sub-Watershed Nyando River Basin Lake Victoria Basin
KENYA
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2009) The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing
Census lsquo Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030) Volume 1 A Ministry of
Water Resources and Regional Development (2004) Land resources Development and
Irrigation in Nyanza Province South Kano Government Printers
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L and Njui A (eds) 2004 Proceedings of aWorkshop on
Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin December 9 ndash
11 2002 Imperial Hotel Kisumu Kenya
Muriithi S Okono NA and Swallow B (eds) 2006b Developing an action plan for the Awach
watershed Western Kenya Proceedings of a workshop co-hosted by the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (NALEP
ndash National Agriculture Livestock Extension Programme 23rd May 2001 St Anna Guest House
Kisumu ICRAF Discussion Paper 2001-3
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L amp Njui A eds 2004 Proceedings of a
Workshop on Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin
Nairobi ICRAF NEMA the Water Quality Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
Management Programme (LVEMP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Environmental Authority [NEMA] (2004) Strategy for Flood Management in Lake
Victoria Basin Kenya
Verchot et al (2008) Baseline Report Nyando River Basin Western Kenya Integrated
Ecosystem Management Project Findings from the Baseline Surveys International Centre forResearch in Agroforestry Nairobi Kenya
World Agroforestry Centre (2006) Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin Final
Report of the TransVic Project World Agroforerstry Centre Occasional Paper No 7 World
Agroforestry Centre Nairobi Kenya
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3236
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets
I Water and Sanitation
Middle Nyando Lower Nya
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Target Baseline st
Water
Improved Water sources
bull Piped water intodwelling
bull plot or yard
bull Public tapstandpipe
bull Tubewellborehole
bull Protected dug well
bull
Protected spring
bull Rainwater collection
Unimproved Water sources
bull Unprotected dug well
bull Unprotected spring
bull Cart with small tankdrum
bull Bottled water a
bull Tanker-truck
bull Surface water (river dam
bull lake pond stream canal
bull irrigation channels)
of house hold using water fromProtected Sources
393 439
Reduce average Distance tohousehold Water source to lessthan a km
Within compound 248 Within com
lt 1km =537 lt 1km =690
gt2km = 41 gt2km = 0
Household water treatment 883 85
Average time taken to collect waterfor domestic use
lt 1 an hour =775
1-2hrs=192
gt2hrs =335
Reliability of Water supplyavailability of water
Household per-capita Water Use) lt 4 l per capita = 83 gt20lpppd
lt 4 l per ca
4- 10 l per capita =355 4- 10 l per c
10-20 l per capita =421 10-20 l per c
gt20 litres= 14 gt20L =18
Reduce water bornewashed Diarrhoeal incidences Diarrhoeal
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3336
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3436
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3536
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3636
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3036
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983088 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
Generally access to sanitation facilities is above 85 in both areas However the prevalence
of water borne diseases is still high and therefore need to increase interventions aimed
towards improving hygiene measures such as hand washing
Majority of the households also rely on unprotected water sources for their household water
needs Future interventions should therefore focus more on increasing access to protected
water sources and also increasing the quantity of water available per capita in both the
lower and Nyando river area
Uptake of Fish farming in the area is low due to both human and non human factors as
discussed in the report Future interventions should focus more on ensuring adequate
technical support to farmers who have adopted fish farming Interventions should also focus
on creating favourable environment for new farmers to adopt aquaculture through
provision of water by investing in water storage such as earth dams and pans and also
provision of piped water
Renewable energy uptake has also been low due to low levels of awareness as well as the
perceived high start-up cost Intervention measures in this area should focus on raising
awareness on available low cost renewable energy options such as solar lanterns for
lighting The potential for biogas production is also high and therefore intervention should
focus on development of affordable biogas production technologies Tree cover is quite low
in Lower Nyando Only 34 of household plots had any trees in the vicinity (Verchot et al
2008
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3136
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983089 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
References
ICRAF and MOARD (2000) ldquoImproved land management in the Lake Victoria basin Final
Technical Report Start-up Phase July 1999 to June 2000rdquo ICRAF and MOARD Nairobi
Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 2006 Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem
Management Project (WKIEMP) Strategies for Integrated Land and Water Management for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Katuk-Odeyo Sub-Watershed Nyando River Basin Lake Victoria Basin
KENYA
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2009) The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing
Census lsquo Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030) Volume 1 A Ministry of
Water Resources and Regional Development (2004) Land resources Development and
Irrigation in Nyanza Province South Kano Government Printers
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L and Njui A (eds) 2004 Proceedings of aWorkshop on
Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin December 9 ndash
11 2002 Imperial Hotel Kisumu Kenya
Muriithi S Okono NA and Swallow B (eds) 2006b Developing an action plan for the Awach
watershed Western Kenya Proceedings of a workshop co-hosted by the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (NALEP
ndash National Agriculture Livestock Extension Programme 23rd May 2001 St Anna Guest House
Kisumu ICRAF Discussion Paper 2001-3
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L amp Njui A eds 2004 Proceedings of a
Workshop on Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin
Nairobi ICRAF NEMA the Water Quality Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
Management Programme (LVEMP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Environmental Authority [NEMA] (2004) Strategy for Flood Management in Lake
Victoria Basin Kenya
Verchot et al (2008) Baseline Report Nyando River Basin Western Kenya Integrated
Ecosystem Management Project Findings from the Baseline Surveys International Centre forResearch in Agroforestry Nairobi Kenya
World Agroforestry Centre (2006) Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin Final
Report of the TransVic Project World Agroforerstry Centre Occasional Paper No 7 World
Agroforestry Centre Nairobi Kenya
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3236
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets
I Water and Sanitation
Middle Nyando Lower Nya
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Target Baseline st
Water
Improved Water sources
bull Piped water intodwelling
bull plot or yard
bull Public tapstandpipe
bull Tubewellborehole
bull Protected dug well
bull
Protected spring
bull Rainwater collection
Unimproved Water sources
bull Unprotected dug well
bull Unprotected spring
bull Cart with small tankdrum
bull Bottled water a
bull Tanker-truck
bull Surface water (river dam
bull lake pond stream canal
bull irrigation channels)
of house hold using water fromProtected Sources
393 439
Reduce average Distance tohousehold Water source to lessthan a km
Within compound 248 Within com
lt 1km =537 lt 1km =690
gt2km = 41 gt2km = 0
Household water treatment 883 85
Average time taken to collect waterfor domestic use
lt 1 an hour =775
1-2hrs=192
gt2hrs =335
Reliability of Water supplyavailability of water
Household per-capita Water Use) lt 4 l per capita = 83 gt20lpppd
lt 4 l per ca
4- 10 l per capita =355 4- 10 l per c
10-20 l per capita =421 10-20 l per c
gt20 litres= 14 gt20L =18
Reduce water bornewashed Diarrhoeal incidences Diarrhoeal
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3336
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3436
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3536
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3636
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3136
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983089 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
References
ICRAF and MOARD (2000) ldquoImproved land management in the Lake Victoria basin Final
Technical Report Start-up Phase July 1999 to June 2000rdquo ICRAF and MOARD Nairobi
Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 2006 Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem
Management Project (WKIEMP) Strategies for Integrated Land and Water Management for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Katuk-Odeyo Sub-Watershed Nyando River Basin Lake Victoria Basin
KENYA
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2009) The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing
Census lsquo Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030) Volume 1 A Ministry of
Water Resources and Regional Development (2004) Land resources Development and
Irrigation in Nyanza Province South Kano Government Printers
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L and Njui A (eds) 2004 Proceedings of aWorkshop on
Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin December 9 ndash
11 2002 Imperial Hotel Kisumu Kenya
Muriithi S Okono NA and Swallow B (eds) 2006b Developing an action plan for the Awach
watershed Western Kenya Proceedings of a workshop co-hosted by the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (NALEP
ndash National Agriculture Livestock Extension Programme 23rd May 2001 St Anna Guest House
Kisumu ICRAF Discussion Paper 2001-3
Mungai D Swallow B Mburu J Onyango L amp Njui A eds 2004 Proceedings of a
Workshop on Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin
Nairobi ICRAF NEMA the Water Quality Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
Management Programme (LVEMP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Environmental Authority [NEMA] (2004) Strategy for Flood Management in Lake
Victoria Basin Kenya
Verchot et al (2008) Baseline Report Nyando River Basin Western Kenya Integrated
Ecosystem Management Project Findings from the Baseline Surveys International Centre forResearch in Agroforestry Nairobi Kenya
World Agroforestry Centre (2006) Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin Final
Report of the TransVic Project World Agroforerstry Centre Occasional Paper No 7 World
Agroforestry Centre Nairobi Kenya
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3236
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets
I Water and Sanitation
Middle Nyando Lower Nya
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Target Baseline st
Water
Improved Water sources
bull Piped water intodwelling
bull plot or yard
bull Public tapstandpipe
bull Tubewellborehole
bull Protected dug well
bull
Protected spring
bull Rainwater collection
Unimproved Water sources
bull Unprotected dug well
bull Unprotected spring
bull Cart with small tankdrum
bull Bottled water a
bull Tanker-truck
bull Surface water (river dam
bull lake pond stream canal
bull irrigation channels)
of house hold using water fromProtected Sources
393 439
Reduce average Distance tohousehold Water source to lessthan a km
Within compound 248 Within com
lt 1km =537 lt 1km =690
gt2km = 41 gt2km = 0
Household water treatment 883 85
Average time taken to collect waterfor domestic use
lt 1 an hour =775
1-2hrs=192
gt2hrs =335
Reliability of Water supplyavailability of water
Household per-capita Water Use) lt 4 l per capita = 83 gt20lpppd
lt 4 l per ca
4- 10 l per capita =355 4- 10 l per c
10-20 l per capita =421 10-20 l per c
gt20 litres= 14 gt20L =18
Reduce water bornewashed Diarrhoeal incidences Diarrhoeal
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3336
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3436
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3536
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3636
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3236
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983090 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
ANNEX 1 Baseline indicators and Targets
I Water and Sanitation
Middle Nyando Lower Nya
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Target Baseline st
Water
Improved Water sources
bull Piped water intodwelling
bull plot or yard
bull Public tapstandpipe
bull Tubewellborehole
bull Protected dug well
bull
Protected spring
bull Rainwater collection
Unimproved Water sources
bull Unprotected dug well
bull Unprotected spring
bull Cart with small tankdrum
bull Bottled water a
bull Tanker-truck
bull Surface water (river dam
bull lake pond stream canal
bull irrigation channels)
of house hold using water fromProtected Sources
393 439
Reduce average Distance tohousehold Water source to lessthan a km
Within compound 248 Within com
lt 1km =537 lt 1km =690
gt2km = 41 gt2km = 0
Household water treatment 883 85
Average time taken to collect waterfor domestic use
lt 1 an hour =775
1-2hrs=192
gt2hrs =335
Reliability of Water supplyavailability of water
Household per-capita Water Use) lt 4 l per capita = 83 gt20lpppd
lt 4 l per ca
4- 10 l per capita =355 4- 10 l per c
10-20 l per capita =421 10-20 l per c
gt20 litres= 14 gt20L =18
Reduce water bornewashed Diarrhoeal incidences Diarrhoeal
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3336
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3436
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3536
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3636
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3336
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983091 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
diseases =135 =155
Typhoid = 481 Typhoid = 5
Skin diseases =173 Skin disease
Sanitation Households with access tosanitation facilities
894 Increaseto 100toachieve0 opendefecation
87
MPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Flush or pour ndashflush to- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pit
latrine Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Households with access toimproved sanitation facilities
Normal Pit Latrine =705 Normal Pit
VIP latrine =268 VIP latrine
Flush toilets connected toseptic=18
Flush toileseptic=22
II Energy Renewable Energy
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
House hold
Energy Source
Households adopting sustainable energy
sources
Household using RE =175 Househ
Solar energy (lighting)=66 Solar en
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3436
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3536
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3636
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3436
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983092 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
household energy Biomass energy for cooking= 100 Biomas
Kerosene lighting=884 Kerosen
Electricity= 33 Electric
Indicators Action Point Targets
Knowledge on renewable energy
technologies
Awareness creation on available renewable energy
technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology
such as solar lanterns and solar cookers
Promotion of biogas at house hold levels
Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement
sources of wood fuel
Training of local groups on biogas installation
Training of local groups on solar energy
Adoptio
technol
residen
Adoption of renewable energy
technologies
At leas
energy
Readily availability of options for
renewable energy technology and
installation capacity
At leas
installa
Affordability of renewable energy
technologies
Technology transfer through trainings
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3536
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3636
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3536
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
983091983093 983164 983120 983137 983143 983141
III Aqua cultural Interventions
Middle Nyando Lower N
Component Key Indicators Baseline status Baselin
Aquaculture No Of farmers adopting Aquaculture Household with fish ponds =42 Househ
Average no Of fish ponds =1 Averag
Assistance in starting fish farming
= 24
Assistan
20
Indicators Action Point Targets
No Of new Fish farmers after project
intervention
Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the
area
Promotion of affordable and available technology for
fish farming such as pond lining to reduce water
seepage
Training of community members to offer extension
services to other fish farmers
Value addition to fish farming
Provision of value chain services
Adoptio
50 of
favorab
Awareness level on fish farming in project
areas
At leas
farming
Availability of adequate extension services
for fish farming
Access to financing for aquaculture
practices
Market
registra
market
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3636
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites
8102019 Final Livelihood Baseline Study for River Nyando 8 2012
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullfinal-livelihood-baseline-study-for-river-nyando-8-2012 3636
Baseline Report Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)
Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites